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    Early Modern: Ottoman Egypt (1517-1867) : Ottoman Turks Ottoman Empire

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    sajmir
    1) Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and ruled as a province, but continued to be influenced by the Egyptian Mamluk military caste that had ruled for centuries. 2) In 1798, Egypt was invaded by French forces under Napoleon, then occupied by Ottoman and British forces after the French were defeated. 3) In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander, seized power in Egypt and massacred the remaining Mamluks, establishing himself as the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty that would rule Egypt until 1952.

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    Early Modern: Ottoman Egypt (1517-1867) : Ottoman Turks Ottoman Empire

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    sajmir
    28 views3 pages
    1) Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and ruled as a province, but continued to be influenced by the Egyptian Mamluk military caste that had ruled for centuries. 2) In 1798, Egypt was invaded by French forces under Napoleon, then occupied by Ottoman and British forces after the French were defeated. 3) In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander, seized power in Egypt and massacred the remaining Mamluks, establishing himself as the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty that would rule Egypt until 1952.

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    HISTORY OF EGYPT

    Original Title

    EGYPT

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    1) Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and ruled as a province, but continued to be influenced by the Egyptian Mamluk military caste that had ruled for centuries. 2) In 1798, Egypt was invaded by French forces under Napoleon, then occupied by Ottoman and British forces after the French were defeated. 3) In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander, seized power in Egypt and massacred the remaining Mamluks, establishing himself as the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty that would rule Egypt until 1952.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    28 views3 pages

    Early Modern: Ottoman Egypt (1517-1867) : Ottoman Turks Ottoman Empire

    Uploaded by

    sajmir
    1) Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and ruled as a province, but continued to be influenced by the Egyptian Mamluk military caste that had ruled for centuries. 2) In 1798, Egypt was invaded by French forces under Napoleon, then occupied by Ottoman and British forces after the French were defeated. 3) In 1805, Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander, seized power in Egypt and massacred the remaining Mamluks, establishing himself as the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty that would rule Egypt until 1952.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Early modern: Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)

    Main article: Egypt Eyalet


    Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1517, after which it became a province of
    the Ottoman Empire. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions.
    [38]
     The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable
    to foreign invasion. Portuguese traders took over their trade. [38] Between 1687 and 1731, Egypt
    experienced six famines.[40] The 1784 famine cost it roughly one-sixth of its population. [41]
    Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control, due in part to the continuing
    power and influence of the Mamluks, the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for
    centuries.

    Napoleon defeated the Mamluk troops in the Battle of the Pyramids, 21 July 1798, painted by Lejeune.

    Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the French forces
    of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 (see French campaign in Egypt and Syria). After the French were
    defeated by the British, a power vacuum was created in Egypt, and a three-way power struggle
    ensued between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries,
    and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans.
    The Muhammad Ali dynasty
    Main article: History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty

    Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty


    Muhammad Ali was the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the first Khedive of Egypt and Sudan.

    After the French were expelled, power was seized in 1805 by Muhammad Ali Pasha,
    an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt. While he carried the title of viceroy of
    Egypt, his subordination to the Ottoman porte was merely nominal. [citation needed] Muhammad
    Ali massacred the Mamluks and established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of
    1952.
    The introduction in 1820 of long-staple cotton transformed its agriculture into a cash-
    crop monoculture before the end of the century, concentrating land ownership and shifting
    production towards international markets.[42]
    Muhammad Ali annexed Northern Sudan (1820–1824), Syria (1833), and parts
    of Arabia and Anatolia; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire
    itself, forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans. His military ambition required him
    to modernise the country: he built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and
    reformed the civil service.[42]
    He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise
    Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire in a way showing various similarities to the
    Soviet strategies (without communism) conducted in the 20th century. [43]
    Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of
    the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th
    century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers
    and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers became mandatory; the new concepts were
    furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth
    as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded
    from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this
    newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt. [44]
    The policy that Mohammad Ali Pasha followed during his reign explains partly why the numeracy in
    Egypt compared to other North-African and Middle-Eastern countries increased only at a remarkably
    small rate, as investment in further education only took place in the military and industrial sector. [45]
    Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim (in September 1848), then by a
    grandson Abbas I (in November 1848), then by Said (in 1854), and Isma'il (in 1863) who encouraged
    science and agriculture and banned slavery in Egypt. [43]

    Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914)


    Main article: Khedivate of Egypt
    Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province. It was granted
    the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867, a legal status which was to remain in
    place until 1914 although the Ottomans had no power or presence.
    The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction was
    financed by European banks. Large sums also went to patronage and corruption. New taxes caused
    popular discontent. In 1875 Isma'il avoided bankruptcy by selling all Egypt's shares in the canal to
    the British government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and
    French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders
    behind them, were the real power in the Government." [46]
    Other circumstances like epidemic diseases (cattle disease in the 1880s), floods and wars drove the
    economic downturn and increased Egypt's dependency on foreign debt even further. [47]
    Local dissatisfaction with the Khedive and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first
    nationalist groupings in 1879, with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure. After increasing tensions and
    nationalist revolts, the United Kingdom invaded Egypt in 1882, crushing the Egyptian army at
    the battle of Tel El Kebir and military occupying the country.[48] Following this, the Khedivate became
    a de facto British protectorate under nominal Ottoman sovereignty. [49]
    In 1899 the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement was signed: the Agreement stated that Sudan
    would be jointly governed by the Khedivate of Egypt and the United Kingdom. However, actual
    control of Sudan was in British hands only.
    In 1906, the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement.

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