MODULE3:

Classi
cal
Rhet
ori
cvs.Moder
nRhet
ori
c

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thet
ent
ati
veemer
genceofamoder
noranewr
het
ori
chasbeenchar
act
eri
zedbot
hby
t
heat
tempt
stor
ecov
erandr
e-exami
net
heconcept
sorcl
assi
calr
het
ori
candt
odef
ine
i
tsel
fagai
nstt
hecl
assi
calt
radi
ti
on.They
ear
ssi
nce1959hav
ewi
tnessednumer
ous
at
tempt
stodef
inemoder
nrhet
ori
cmor
eful
l
y,at
tempt
sthatconsi
stent
lyhav
erest
ed
ondi
sti
nct
ionsdr
awnbet
weencl
assi
calr
het
ori
candanewsy
stem.Focusi
ngpr
imar
il
y
on di
sti
nct
ion bet
ween t
he “
old”and t
he “
new”r
het
ori
c has l
ed t
o unf
ort
unat
e
ov
ersi
mpl
i
ficat
ions and di
stor
ti
ons.Consequent
ly,i
ts pur
pose i
sto sur
vey t
he
di
sti
nct
iont
ypi
cal
l
ybet
weent
radi
ti
onalandmoder
nrhet
ori
c,t
osuggestwhyt
hese
di
sti
nct
ionsar
einaccur
ateand,mosti
mpor
tant
ly,t
onot
ethecompel
l
ingsi
mil
ari
ti
es
bet
weent
radi
ti
onalandmoder
nrhet
ori
c.Thesesi
mil
ari
ti
escanhel
pcl
ari
fyt
hef
eat
ures
essent
ial
stoanydy
nami
ctheor
yofr
het
ori
c.

Maj
orDi
sti
nct
ionTy
pical
l
yDr
awnBet
weenCl
assi
cal
andModer
nRhet
ori
c

Cl
assi
cal
Rhet
ori
c
 Mani
sar
ati
onalani
mall
i
vingi
nasoci
etymar
kedbysoci
alcohesi
onandagr
eed
uponv
alues.
 Emphasi
sisonl
ogi
cal
proof
s
 Rhet
or-
audi
encer
elat
ionshi
pisant
agoni
sti
c,char
act
eri
zedbymani
pul
ati
ve,one-
waycommuni
cat
ion.
 Goal
isper
suasi
on.

Moder
nRhet
ori
c
 Mani
ssy
mbol
-usi
ngani
mal
li
vi
ngi
naf
ragmentsoci
ety
.
 Emphasi
sisonemot
ional
proof
s
 Rhet
or-
audi
encer
elat
ionshi
piscooper
ati
ve,char
act
eri
zedbyempat
het
ic,t
wo-
 waycommuni
cat
ion.
 Goal
iscommuni
cat
ion.

Si
mil
ari
ti
es and Qual
i
fyi
ng Di
sti
nct
ions Bet
ween Cl
assi
caland Moder
n
Rhet
ori
c

1)Bot
hcl
assi
calandmoder
nrhet
ori
cvi
ew manasal
anguage-
usi
ngani
malwho
uni
tesr
easonandemot
ioni
ndi
scour
sewi
thanot
her
.

Qual
i
fyi
ngDi
sti
nct
ion
Ar
ist
oleaddr
esseshi
msel
fpr
imar
il
ytot
heor
aluseofl
anguage;
our
sispr
imar
il
y
anageofpr
int
.

2)I
nbot
hper
iodsr
het
ori
cpr
ovi
desady
nami
cmet
hodol
ogywher
ebyr
het
orand
audi
encemayj
oint
lyhav
eaccesst
oknowl
edge.

Qual
i
fyi
ngDi
sti
nct
ion
Accor
dingt
oAr
ist
otl
e,r
het
orandaudi
encecomei
ntoast
ateofknowi
ngwhi
ch
pl
acest
hem i
nacl
ear
lydef
inedr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
hewor
ldandwi
theachot
her
medi
ated by t
hei
rlanguage.The pr
evai
l
ing moder
nistwor
ldv
iew compel
s
r
het
ori
ctooper
atewi
thoutanysuchcl
ear
lyar
ti
cul
atedt
heor
yoft
heknowerand
t
heknown.

3)I
n bot
h per
iod r
het
ori
c has t
he pot
ent
ialt
o cl
ari
fyand i
nfor
m act
ivi
ti
es i
n
numer
ousr
elat
edf
iel
ds.

Qual
i
fyi
ngDi
sti
nct
ion
Ar
ist
otl
e’
stheor
yest
abl
i
shesr
het
ori
casanar
tandr
elat
esi
tcl
ear
lyt
oal
lfi
eldsof
knowl
edge.Despi
tet
heef
for
tsofmoder
nrhet
ori
cians,wel
ackanysy
stemat
ic,
gener
all
yaccept
edt
heor
ytoi
nfor
m cur
rentpr
act
ice.
Concl
usi
on

Thedi
sti
nct
ionsconcer
nsnott
henot
ionofman,t
henat
ureofpr
oof
,thespeaker
-
audi
encer
elat
ionshi
p,nort
hegoalofr
het
ori
c,i
nst
ead,t
hisdi
sti
nct
ionconcer
nst
he
nat
ure and st
atus ofknowl
edge.ForAr
ist
otl
e,knowl
edge may be ei
theroft
he
necessar
yort
hecondi
ti
onal
.Inaddi
ti
on,
Ari
stot
le’
sRhet
ori
cpr
ovi
dedat
heor
ythatwas
i
nti
mat
elyr
elat
edt
opr
act
ice.Fort
heGr
eeks,andi
ndeedf
ort
heRomanswhof
oll
owed
t
hem,r
het
ori
cwasapr
act
icalar
tofdi
scour
sewhi
chpl
ayedacent
ralr
olei
neducat
ion
and i
nthe dai
l
y af
fai
rs ofci
ti
zens.Bot
hrhet
ori
cvi
ews Ar
ist
otl
e’
s wor
k whi
ch
est
abl
i
shedat
heor
eti
calr
elat
ionshi
pamongbel
i
ef,
language,
andact
iont
hatser
veasa
wayofknowi
ngandagui
det
oact
iont
hroughoutaper
son’
sli
fe.

Sour
ce:

Ede,Li
sa;Lunsf
ord,Andr
ea.(
1982)
.OnDi
sti
nct
ionBet
weenCl
assi
calandModer
n
Rhet
ori
c. Dat
e Ret
ri
eved Sept
ember 27, 2019 f
rom
ht
tps:
//f
il
es.
eri
c.ed.
gov
/ful
l
text
/ED220866.
pdf