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Lecture #2: Key Data Communication Terminology

This document defines key data communication terminology like links, paths, circuits, and packets. It explains that a network connects nodes through communication links and discusses why networks are needed when devices are far apart or numerous. Distributed processing and its advantages are also covered, along with network criteria like performance, reliability, and security. Finally, common network applications are listed, such as marketing, financial services, manufacturing, and teleconferencing.

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Arjun Manandhar
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41 views5 pages

Lecture #2: Key Data Communication Terminology

This document defines key data communication terminology like links, paths, circuits, and packets. It explains that a network connects nodes through communication links and discusses why networks are needed when devices are far apart or numerous. Distributed processing and its advantages are also covered, along with network criteria like performance, reliability, and security. Finally, common network applications are listed, such as marketing, financial services, manufacturing, and teleconferencing.

Uploaded by

Arjun Manandhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE #2

KEY DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY

 Link: connects adjacent nodes


Wires, Cables , Any thing that physically connects two nodes

 Path: end-to-end route within a network

 Circuit: the conduit over which data travels

 Packetzing: dividing messages into fixed-length packets prior to transmission


over a network’s communication media

 Routing: determining a message’s path from sending to receiving nodes

 The transmission medium may itself be a network, so route needs to


be specified

Network

“A NETWORK is a set of devices (Nodes) connected by Communication Links”

 Node: Can be a Computer, Printer or any other device capable of sending or


receiving

 The links connecting Nodes are called COMMUNICATION CHANNELS


Networks- Why we need Them?

Networks- Why we need Them?

It is often impractical for devices to be directly connected for two major reasons::::::::

o The devices are very far apart. They are expensive to connect just two devices
with one in Lahore and other in Islamabad
o Large set of devices would need impractical number of connections e .g.
Telephone Lines in the world and all the computers owned by a single
organization

Solution to the Problem=Networks

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o Solution is to connect all devices to a central system known as a NETWORK in
which all terminals or computers share the links.

o Two Main Classifications of the Networks

 LANS
 WANS

DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

o Instead of a single large machine being responsible for all aspects of a process ,
each separate computer handles a subset of the task
 Example – Project Given as a part of the Course
 Example – Office Work

Advantages of Distributed Processing

 Security

A system designer can limit the kind of interaction that a given user can have with
the entire system.

 For example : Bank’s ATM

 Distributed Data bases

No one system need to provide storage capacity for the entire database

 For example WWW gives user access to pages stored anywhere on


Internet

 Faster Problem Solving

Multiple computers working on a problem can solve a problem faster than a


computer working alone

 Security through Redundancy

Multiple computers running the same program provide security through


redundancy
If one computer hardware breaks down others cover up

 Collaborative Processing

Both multiple computers and multiple users can interact for a task

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Network Criteria

 Performance

Can be measured in many ways including Transit and Response Time

o Depends on a no. of Factors:

 Number of USERS
 Type of Transmission Medium
 Hardware
 Software
 Network Criteria

 Number of USERS

 Large Number of concurrent users slow network


 Design of a network
 Peak Load Periods
 Network Criteria
 Type of Transmission Medium

 Medium defines speed at which data can travel


 Fiber Optic Cable
 100Mbps and 10 Mbps
 Hardware
 Software
 Hardware

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 Effect speed and the capacity of transmission
 Fast computer with large storage capacity
 Software
 Network Criteria

 Software

 Software processes data at sender , receiver and


intermediate nodes
 All communication steps need software:
 Moving message from node to node
 Transforming,
 Processing at the sender and receiver
 Error Free Delivery
Well designed software can speed up the process

 Reliability

o Depends on a no. of Factors:

 Frequency of Failure
 Recovery Time of a Network after Failure
 Catastrophe
 Fire , Earthquake or Theft

 Security

o Unauthorized Access

 Sensitive data
 Protection at multiple levels:
 Lower level: Passwords and user ID codes
 Upper Level: Encryption

o Viruses

Network Applications

 Marketing and Sales

o Marketing

 Collect, exchange and analyze data relating to the customers needs


 Product development cycles

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o Sales

 Tele shopping,
 On line reservation systems

 Financial Services

o Online Banking
o Foreign Exchange Transfers
o Rates

 Manufacturing

o Computer Aided Design


o Computer Assisted Manufacturing
o Network Applications

 Electronic Messaging

 Teleconferencing

o Conferences to occur w/o participants at the same place


o Chat
o Voice Conferencing
o Video Conferencing

 Cable Television

Summary

 Key Data Communication Terminology


 Networks and Why we need Them?
 Distributed Processing
 Network Criteria
 Network Applications

Reading Sections
 Section 1.3, “Data Communications and Networking” 2nd Edition by Behrouz A.
Forouzan
 Sections 1.3, “Data and Computer Communication” 6th Edition by William
Stallings

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