Big Ideas Practice A and B Answer Keys-1 PDF

Answers
1.1 Practice B
Chapter 1
1. Sample answer: A, B, D
1.1 Start Thinking  
When the vertex of the triangle is moved in any 2. AB, EF
direction, its angle measure also changes. Because
3. D, E, F 4. plane C
all three sides of the triangle are connected, this also
affects the other angles; If one angle becomes lesser,  
5. Sample answer: EG, EF
the sum of the other angles must become greater, and
vice versa. All angles must be in relation to one another
6. C, E 7. E
so that the sum of their angles always equals the same
amount (180°). 8. Sample answer: C
1.1 Warm Up 9. 10. M

B
1. triangle 2. pentagon 3. hexagon A

N
C
4. octagon 5. rhombus 6. decagon
1.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up

1. b = 64 2. a = 26 3. c = 104 11. a
b
4. p = 5 5. c = 92 6. u = 44
1.1 Practice A
1. Sample answer: C, E
  c
2. Sample answer: AB, CD
3. plane G 4. line s 12. plane; Because three points determine a plane, the
5. Sample answer: N, T, W
three feet of a tripod create a plane on the ground.
6. Sample answer: M, N, V 13.

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
7. V
ray
14.
8. A −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
segment
c
15. infinite; zero
1.1 Enrichment and Extension

9. Sample answer: 10. X
1. Sample answer: plane PMR, plane PQO,
H
plane PON
G
M C D 2. PO 3. ST , SR , SN
4. no; yes 5. VW

11. Sample answer: L 12. EF
6. plane TXW and plane VWX
13. M 14. Sample answer: A
7. plane ZVT, plane ZYT, plane ZVW
15. point, line
8. yes; The only place where all planes will meet in
the pyramid is at point T.
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry A1

All rights reserved. Answers
Answers
9. yes; When substituted into each equation, it is a 6. 8 7. 21 8. 17
solution.
9. The ruler is lined up at the 2-inch mark;
10. no; It is not a solution to either equation. AB = 2 − 5.25 = 3.25
1.1 Puzzle Time
10. 32 in.
I’LL MEET YOU HALFWAY IN THE MIDDLE FOR

A SPLIT 11. true; F is on EG between E and G.
1.2 Start Thinking 

12. true; C is on BD between B and D.
Set the compass to be more than half the length of the
line segment. Draw a semicircle with the compass. 13. false; A, B, and F are not collinear.
Turn the compass around and do the same from the
other side, so that the semicircles intersect above and 1.2 Practice B
below the line. Use the straightedge to connect the two 1. 87 in. 2. 2 18 in.
intersections. The point where the new line intersects
the original line is the midpoint of the original line. 3. y 4. y
4 4
A B
1.2 Warm Up B
−8 −4 4 x 4 8 x
1–8. 8
y
D A
−4 −4
C D
F C
4 −8
D G
H B
−8 −4 4 C 8 x yes yes
E
−4
A 5. 18 6. 12 7. 12.1
−8
8. about 1020 mi
1.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up 9. 2 x + 25 = x + 32; x = 7; AB = 27; BC = 12;

31
1. 18 2. 1 34 3. 4 AC = 39
10. 13 x − 4 = 74; x = 6; AB = 53; BC = 21;

4. 14 5. 54 6. 7 53 AC = 74
1.2 Practice A 11. 51.8 mi; the third day
1. 1 14 in. 2. 2 85 in. 1.2 Enrichment and Extension

1. a. 25 b. 45 c. 50 d. 70 e. 7 f. 95
3. S
2
y 4. 2
y
T
T 2. a. 2 b. 3 c. 9 d. 7 e. 9 f. 5
−2 2 4 x −2 2 4 x
−2
V
−2
S 3. DG or IL 4. BD 5. BF
U V
−4
U
−4
6. x 2 + x 2 + 9 x = 56; x = 72 ; LM = 49
4
; MN = 175
4
no yes 7. x +2 x + 1 = 13; x = 16; LM = 4; MN = 9

5. y
S
1 2 14 1 1
2 8. + 3+ = + ; x = − ; LM = 2;
2x 3 3 x 2
−2 2 4 x 8
U
LN =
V
−2 3
T
−4
1.2 Puzzle Time
yes HE WAS A GOOD RULER
A2 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Answers All rights reserved.
Answers
1.3 Start Thinking 10. no; If one side of the square is s, then the length of
Plot the two points. Draw a right triangle containing the diagonal is s2 + s2 = 2s 2 = s 2.
those points as vertices, along with a third point.
Using the coordinate plane, calculate the side lengths 11. yes; Sample answer: A segment can be bisected by
of the legs 5 and 1. Then use the Pythagorean two different lines.
Theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse,
12. about 2 mi; about 10.5 mi
52 + 12 = 26 ≈ 5.1. This is the distance in
blocks between the points. 1.3 Enrichment and Extension
1.3 Warm Up  3 x1 + x2 3 y1 + y2   x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
1.  , ,  , ,
 4 4   2 2 
1. 2 2. 12 3. − 2 4. 12
 x1 + 3x2 y1 + 3 y2 
 , 
 4 4 
x = 62 x = 140 3. x = 69 x = 109
1. 2. 4.
( ) ( )
2. a. − 3, 72 , ( − 2, 5), −1, 13
2
1.3 Practice A
 b. (− 112, 5), (−1, 6), ( 72 , 7)
1. line d; 30 2. ML; 11
 3. 13; − b 4. (12, − 3) and ( − 4, − 3)
3. MR; 28 4. M; 26
5. yes; The distance between each vertex is 5.
5. X M Y
6. ( 2, 1, 6) (
7. − 52 , 6, − 52 ) 8. ( 72 , 92 , 32 )
6. A
9. 6 10. 107 11. 89
1.3 Puzzle Time

M IT WANTED TO BE REDUCED
1.4 Start Thinking

quad-, penta-, hexa-; Sample answer: A quadraphonic
B
sound is a form of surround sound involving four
speakers. A pentathlon is an athletic competition for
7. (3, 2) 8. ( 4, 4) 9. ( 2, 7) individuals consisting of five events. A hexapod is an
animal having six feet, typically with three distinct sets
10. ( − 7, − 7) 11. 5 12. about 6.3 of two legs.
13. about 5.7 cm; about 2.8 cm; The center of the 1.4 Warm Up
square is the segment bisector of the diagonal. 1. P = 36 cm, A = 60 cm 2
14. 60 ft
2. P = 274 in., A = 4386 in.2
1.3 Practice B
 3. P = 25.24 in., A = 39.8161 in.2
1. MW ; 38 2. line ; 30
4. P = 24 cm, A = 28 cm 2
3.
E M F
Not drawn to scale 1.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up
1. 66 cm 2. 104 m
4. ( 2, 7) 5. (0, 3) 6. (3, 0)
7. (5, 13) 8. about 3.2 9. 5

Answers
1.4 Practice A 1.5 Practice A
1. quadrilateral; convex 2. hexagon; concave 1. ∠XYZ , ∠ZYX , ∠Y
3. about 16.5 units 4. 21 square units 2. ∠PQR, ∠RQS , ∠SQP
5. 28 square units 6. about 22.6 units 3. 110°; obtuse 4. ∠BEH , ∠CFI

7. about 10.5 units 8. 32 square units
5. ∠AGD, ∠EBH , ∠BHE , ∠FCI , ∠CIF
9. 12 square units 10. 44 square units
6. 92° 7. 44° 8. 55° 9. x = 33
11. (1, − 3); 14 square units
10. a. Sample answer: ∠EFG is acute, ∠DFE is right,
∠FBC is obtuse, ∠ABC is straight.
12. a. 360 ft b. 240 ft c. $1000
b. 31 angles
1.4 Practice B c. 70°
1. heptagon; convex 2. decagon; concave
d. 110°
3. about 22.2 units 4. 7.5 square units
1.5 Practice B
5. 28 square units 6. about 13.2 units 1. 50°; acute 2. 90°; right
7. about 24.6 units 8. 6 square units 3. 130°; obtuse 4. 180°; straight

5. 44° 6. 46° 7. 47° 8. 23°
2
11. a. 65 ft b. 40 ft c. $242.50
9. yes; Because an acute angle is less than 90°, the
12. 4 mi sum of three acute angles can be equal to 180°.
1.4 Enrichment and Extension 10. a. Sample answer: ∠ACE is acute, ∠AEC is right,
1. 24 square units 2. x = − 4 or x = 8 ∠CDE is straight.
b. ∠DAE
3. a. about 0.063 square units c. 58°
b. about 32 squares
d. 119°
c. about 2 square units
4. about 1 square unit
1. 6 < x < 51
1.4 Puzzle Time
2. m∠DEG = 40°, m∠FEG = 24°
TOO MANY PROBLEMS
3. 6; 24° 4. 2 3
1.5 Start Thinking
If the angle is larger than a right angle, it is obtuse. If 5. 100° 6. x = 5, y = 12
the angle is smaller than a right angle, it is acute.
7.
1.5 Warm Up B
1. x = 70° 2. r = 179° 3. n = 144°

130°
4. y = 90° 5. t = 65° 6. w = 120°
D A C

1. r = 40° 2. w = 25° 3. y = 40° 4. v = 45° E
F

Answers
8. 45° 9. 45° 10. 175° 14. a. Sample answer: ∠1, ∠ 2
11. 95° 12. 140° 13. 140° b. Sample answer: ∠2, ∠5

c. ∠6 and ∠5, ∠8 and ∠5
1.5 Puzzle Time
d. 60°; ∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles so they have
IS A CARRIER
the same angle measure.
1.6 Start Thinking
1.6 Practice B
The angle formed is now greater than 180°. So, add the
1. ∠AEB and ∠BEC 2. ∠BEC and ∠HFJ
angle formed from the negative x-axis to its position in
Quadrant III to 180° to get the total angle measure. 3. ∠CED and ∠HFK
1.6 Warm Up 4. 19° 5. 153.3°

1. x =3 2. c = −1 3. x = −1
6. m∠ABC = 84°, m∠CBD = 96°
4. n = 2 5. x = −15 6. x = − 4
7. m∠WXY = 23°, m∠YXZ = 67°
1.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up 8. ∠1 and ∠2, ∠3 and ∠2

1. n − 14 = 8, n = 22
9. ∠7 and ∠8
2. 2(5n − 6) = 18, n = 3
10. yes; The sides form two pairs of opposite rays.
3. 14 = 7( n − 2), n = 4 11. no; The sides do not form two pairs of opposite
rays.
4. 2( x + 6) =  x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) + 5, x = 1,
x + 2 = 3, x + 4 = 5, x + 6 = 7 12. x + ( 2 x + 9) = 90; 27° and 63°
1.6 Practice A 13 x + 4 x = 180; 36° and 144°

1. ∠FJG, ∠GJH 2. ∠CAD, ∠EJF
( )
14. x + 12 x + 51 = 180; 86° and 94°
3. ∠BAC , ∠EJG
15. never; The sum of the angle measures of a linear
4. 54° 5. 105° pair is 180°.
6. m∠WXY = 149°, m∠YXZ = 31° 16. sometimes; When the sides of two angles form two
pairs of opposite rays that meet at a 90° angle, the
7. m∠ABC = 48°, m∠CBD = 42°
sum of the angle measures is 180°.
8. ∠4 and ∠5 1.6 Enrichment and Extension
9. yes; The sides form two pairs of opposite rays. 1. supplementary 2. complementary
10. no; The sides do not form two pairs of opposite 3. neither 4. supplementary
rays.
5. neither 6. complementary
11. x + ( x + 24) = 180; 78° and 102°
7. complementary: not possible, supplementary: 15 π
12. x + 3x = 90; 22.5° and 67.5°
8. complementary: not possible, supplementary: 19
42
π
( )
13. x + 12 x − 15 = 180; 50° and 130°
9. complementary: 11 14 π
π , supplementary: 17
34
1 π , supplementary: 3 π
10. complementary: 10 5

Answers
2 π , supplementary: 25 π
11. complementary: 21 69. perimeter = 27 km, area = 30.375 km 2
42
70. perimeter = 55.2 cm, area = 126.96 cm 2

12. complementary: not possible, supplementary: 18 π
71. perimeter = 30.4 in., area = 57.76 in.2

1.6 Puzzle Time
BECAUSE THE TEACHER SAID IT WAS A PIECE 72. 52 in. 73. 2976 in.2
OF CAKE
74. 1008 ft 2 75. 160 ft 2
Cumulative Review
1. 1 2. 6 3. 2 4. 16 76. a ≥ 8
5. 6 6. 25 7. 4 8. 3 0 2 4 6 8 10
9. 13 10. 27 11. 25 12. 17 77. b > −1
13. 3 14. 4 15. 12 16. 22 −1
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
17. 2 18. 2 19. 4 20. −1
78. c < −19
21. 1 22. − 6 23. 6 24. − 6
−19
25. 3 26. − 4 27. 3 28. 1 −30 −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0
29. 9 30. − 7 31. 4 32. 8 79. d ≤ −14

−14
33. 7 34. 4 35. 4 36. 5
−20 −16 −12 −8 −4 0
37. 7 38. 8 39. 4 40. 6

80. f > 27
41. 4 42. 3 43. 8 44. 3 27
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
45. 5 46. 6 47. x = 11
48. x = − 45 49. x = − 32 50. x = − 39 81. g ≤ 35

35
51. x = 16 52. x = 103 53. x = 16 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
54. x = − 32 55. x = 5 56. x = − 8

82. h ≥ − 8
57. x = − 8 58. x = 11 59. x = 30 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0
60. x = − 282 61. x = 64 62. x = −104

83. j < 4
63. perimeter = 24 cm, area = 24 cm 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
64. perimeter = 20 mi, area = 16 mi 2 84. k < 12
65. perimeter = 24 in., area = 36 in.2 0 4 8 12 16 20
66. perimeter = 26 yd, area = 42.25 yd 2 85. m < − 6
67. perimeter = 30 mm, area = 37.5 mm 2 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0
68. perimeter = 18 ft, area = 19.25 ft 2

Answers
86. n ≥ − 4 117. y
4
A B
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
C
87. p ≥ 9 −4 −2 D 2 4 x
−2
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 −4
88. s ≥ − 21 AB ≅ CD
−21
118. y
−32 −28 −24 −20 −16 −12 −8 −4 0 C D
4
B
89. t ≥ − 22 2
−22
−4 2 4 x
−24 −20 −16 −12 −8 −4 0 A
−2
90. u > 52
52 AB ≅ CD
0 20 40 60 80 100
119. 4
y
91. v > 60 D
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
−4 −2 2 4 x
C
92. x = −13 93. x = − 3 94. x = −13 A B
−4
95. x = 6 96. x = 9 97. x = − 6
AB ≅ CD
98. x = − 8 99. x = 2 100. x = − 3
120. 45 121. 49 122. 7
101. x = − 60 102. x = − 36 103. x = −16
104. x = −13 105. x = 13 106. x = 3

123. 12 124. M 32 , 7 ( ) (
125. M − 32 , 12 )
107. x = − 2 108. x =1 109. x = 7 126. H (3, 7) 127. H (3, −1)
110. x = −1 111. x = 9 112. x =1 128. 58 129. 272 or 4 17
113. x = 8 114. x = 48 115. x = 7 130. 17 131. 170

116. y
A
4
B 132. 13 133. 232 or 2 58
2
C
134. 514 135. 117 or 3 13
−4 −2 4 x
−2 136. 202 137. 29

D
−4
138. m∠ABD = 50°, m∠DBC = 40°
AB ≅ CD 139. m∠LMP = 82°, m∠PMN = 98°

Answers
Chapter 2 2.1 Practice B
2.1 Start Thinking 1. If you like to eat, then you are a good cook.
Sample answer: If an animal is a horse, then it is a 2. If an animal is a bear, then it is a mammal.

mammal; If an animal is not a mammal, then it cannot
be a horse. Any fact stated in the form of an "if-then" 3. a. If a tree is an oak tree, then it is a deciduous tree;
statement could be used, as long as it is factual and true
leads the reader to believe the original statement as a b. If a tree is a deciduous tree, then it is an oak tree;
result. false
2.1 Warm Up c. If a tree is not an oak tree, then it is not a
deciduous tree; false
1. hexagon 2. right
d. If a tree is not a deciduous tree, then it is not an
3. complementary 4. straight oak tree; true
2.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up 4. true; Vertical angles share opposite rays.
1. (6, 1) 2. ( −1, 1) (
3. 2, 7
2 ) 4. ( − 5, 1) 5. false; The angles of a parallelogram are not always
perpendicular.
2.1 Practice A
6. A quadrilateral is a rectangle if and only if it has all
1. If you like the ocean, then you are a good swimmer. perpendicular sides.
2. If it is raining outside, then it is cold. 7. yes; By definition, true statements always have true
3. If you are a child, then you must attend school. contrapositives.
8. If x = 7, then 3x + 2 = 23.
4. If angles are congruent, then they have equal angle
measures.
9. If m∠ILH = 38°, then m∠GLH = 52° because
5. a. conditional: If an animal is a puppy, then it is a they are complementary angles. If m∠ILH = 38°,
dog; true then m∠FLK = 38° because they are vertical
b. If an animal is a dog, then it is a puppy; false angles. If m∠GLH = 52°, then m∠KLJ = 52°
c. If an animal is not a puppy, then it is not a dog; because they are vertical angles.
false
d. If an animal is not a dog, then it is not a puppy;
true p q p∨ q p q  p ∧ q
6. true; By definition, the sum of two complementary T T T F F F

angles is 90°.
T F T F T F
7. false; The sides are not congruent. F T T T F F
8. An angle is obtuse if and only if the angle measure F F F T T T
is greater than 90° and less than 180°.
9. Two angles are supplementary if and only if the

 p ∨ q ( p ∨  q) ∧  p (  p ∧  q) ∨  q
sum of their angle measures is 180°.
F F F
10. yes; By definition, the negation of a true sentence is T F T
false, and the negation of a false sentence is true.
T T F
11. Sample answer: If two angles are not
complementary, then the sum of their angle T T T
measures is 180°.
2.1 Puzzle Time
A SPELLING BEE

Answers
2.2 Start Thinking 14. P = ns
yes; Sample answer:
2.2 Practice B
Statement 1: “If I can go sledding, then there is snow on
1. The list items are letters in alphabetical order
the ground.”
followed by numbers in decreasing numerical order
Statement 2: “If there is snow on the ground, then it is starting with 26; D, 23
cold outside.”
Statement 3: “If I can go sledding, then it is cold 2. The pattern is a sequence of spider webs, each web
outside.”; true having one more row of webs than the previous
web.
2.2 Warm Up
1. 0.06; 0.27, 0.33 2. − 2.22; − 3.3, − 5.52
3. − 5; − 7, −12 4. 0.5; 3.9, 4.4

3. The sum of two absolute values is always positive;
5. 2; 8, 10 6. − 7; − 5, −12
Sample answer: − 3 + 7 = 3 + 7 = 10
4. The product of a number and its square is the
1. 7.5 square units 2. 6 square units
number to the third power; Sample answer:
3. 12 square units 4. 24 square units (5)(5)2 = 5( 25) = 125 = 53
2.2 Practice A 5. If the angles are right, obtuse, or any acute angle
1. The next number is one more than twice the other than 45°, then they will not be complementary.
preceding number; 95, 191
6. not possible
2. The list items are letters in alphabetical order
followed by letters in reverse alphabetical order; 7. ∠AOB and ∠DOB share a common ray.
X, D
8. not possible
3. The difference of any two even integers is always
even. Sample answer: 36 − 16 = 20 9. If it is Tuesday, then you water the flowers.
4. The product of three negative numbers is always 10. deductive reasoning; The facts of mammals and
negative. Sample answer: ( − 2)( − 3)( − 5) = − 30 laws of logic were used to draw the conclusion.
11. inductive reasoning; The conjecture is based on the

5. The bisector of a straight angle creates two right assumption that a pattern will continue.
angles.
12. no; Based on the Law of Syllogism, a series of true
6. You got wet. 7. not possible conditional statements will always be true.
8. If you study, then you will pass the class. 13. Using inductive reasoning, you can make the
9. If a straight angle is bisected, then each angle is a
conjecture that organic produce costs more than
right angle. nonorganic produce because this was true in all of
the specific cases listed in the table.
10. Law of Syllogism
11. inductive reasoning; The conjecture is based on the 1. 7 guesses
assumption that the weather pattern will continue.
2. lengths in ft: Stage 1: 1, Stage 2: 34 , Stage 3: 16
9
,
12. deductive reasoning; The conjecture is based on the
fact that 92 × 14 = 1288, which is even. 64 ;
Stage 4: 27
The expression that models the
( 43 )
n −1
13. The Rocky Mountains are taller than the pattern of the length at a given stage is .
Appalachian Mountains.

Answers
3. areas in ft 2 : Stage 1: 1, Stage 2: 89 , Stage 3: 64 , 8. Sample answer:
81
512 ;
Stage 4: 729
The expression that models that U
R
T
pattern of the shaded area at a given stage is V
( 89 )
n −1
. S
2.2 Puzzle Time

9. Sample answer:
LADY BUGS
2.3 Start Thinking D
Sample answer: doors, windows, scale, stairs, water

lines
A B
2.3 Warm Up C E
1. 148° 2. 25° 3. 31° 4. 72°

10. yes 11. no 12. yes
13. no 14. yes
1. m∠ABD = 22°, m∠CBD = 22°
15. If three points are noncollinear, then there exists
2. m∠ABD = 85°, m∠CBD = 85° exactly one plane that contains them; converse: If
there exists exactly one plane that contains three
3. m∠ABD = 33°, m∠CBD = 33°
points, then the three points are noncollinear.
4. m∠ABD = 64°, m∠CBD = 64°
inverse: If three points are collinear, then there are
multiple planes that contain all three points.
2.3 Practice A contrapositive: If there are multiple planes that
contain three points, then the three points are
1. Sample answer: There is exactly one line through
collinear; The converse, inverse, and contrapositive
points C and H. are true.
2. Sample answer: Line  contains points G and D. 16. no; Three lines must intersect each other at three
  points.
3. Sample answer: CH and GE intersect at point D.
2.3 Practice B
4. Sample answer: Points B, H, and E are noncollinear 1. Sample answer: There is exactly one line through
and define plane M. points C and G.
5. Sample answer: Plane M contains the noncollinear 
2. Sample answer: EF contains points E and F.
points B, H, and E.
6. Sample answer: Points G and E lie in Plane M so, 3. Sample answer: CG and EF intersect at point J.

GE lies in plane M. 4. Sample answer: Plane A contains the noncollinear
points D, H, and I.
7. Sample answer:
5. Sample answer: Points E and F lie in plane B. So,
Y
Q 
G EF lies in plane B.

X
A H 6. Sample answer: Planes A and B intersect at CG.
7. Sample answer:
B
D
A C

Answers
8. Sample answer: 8. A 9. Q
C
T B
B
D P
E C A
S
B X
A C
s F
9. no 10. yes 11. yes 12. no 

10. XC ; If two planes intersect, their intersection is a
13. converse: If two planes share a line, then the two line; Plane Intersection Postulate (Post. 2.7).
planes intersect. inverse: If two planes do not
intersect, then their intersection is not a line. 11. no; Points C, D, E, and X would all be collinear, but
 
contrapositive: If the intersection of two planes is line EX and CX intersect only at point X, so this is
not a line, then the two planes do not intersect; impossible.
The converse, inverse, and contrapositive are true.
12. no; This does not follow the Plane-Line Postulate
14. yes; Because three noncollinear points define a (Post. 2.6) because D lies in plane P but not in
plane, two points on a line define an infinite plane Q, and B lies in plane Q but not in plane P.
number of planes.
2.3 Puzzle Time
15. no; The line that passes through a point on a plane
does not lie in the plane unless there is another BECAUSE IT WOULD TAKE THE GEESE
point on the line that is also in the plane. FOREVER TO WALK
16. no; yes; Because of the Plane Line Postulate 2.4 Start Thinking

(Post. 2.6), EF only lies in plane Z when it Sample answer: One instance when it is necessary is
contains two points in plane Z. when there is a quotient containing the variable and
addition or subtraction in the numerator and a real
2.3 Enrichment and Extension number in the denominator;
1. There exists exactly one plane that contains both x + 4
= 20
lines m and n. −7
2. Line-Point Postulate (Post. 2.2); A line contains at
2.4 Warm Up
least two points.
1. Each side of the equation was subtracted by 23
3. Line Intersection Postulate (Post. 2.3); If two lines rather than added; f − 23 = −17;
intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point. f − 23 + 23 = −17 + 23; f = 6
4. Three Point Postulate (Post. 2.4); Through any three
2. Each side of the equation was divided by − 8,
non-collinear points, there exists exactly one plane.
8r 4 1
rather than 8; 8r = 4; = ;r =
5. Plane-Line Postulate (Post. 2.6); If two points lie in 8 8 2
a plane, then the line containing them lies in the
plane. 3. The right side of the equation was multiplied by 74
6. 7. rather than 74 ; 4m
7
= 22; ( 74 ) 74 m = ( 74 )22;
M
m = 38.5
D
r
C 4. Each side of the equation was multiplied by 6,
a b c
s n 6  n
rather than − 6; − = 3; − •  −  = − 6 • 3;
6 1  6
n = −18

Answers
2.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up 5. Equation Explanation and Reason
1. ∠ADC , ∠ADB, ∠BDC V = πr h 2 Write the equation; Given
V Divide each side by π r 2 ;
2. ∠EHG, ∠EHF , ∠GHF = h
πr2 Division Property of Equality
2.4 Practice A V Rewrite the equation;
h =
1. Equation Explanation and Reason π r2 Symmetric Property of Equality
3x + 4 = 31 Write the equation; Given
6. Equation Explanation and Reason
3x = 27 Subtract 4 from each side;
S = π rs + π r 2 Write the equation;
Subtraction Property of Equality
Given
x = 9 Divide each side by 3;
S − π r 2 = π rs Subtract π r 2 from
Division Property of Equality
each side; Subtraction
Property of Equality
S − π r2 Divide each side by π r ;
3( 2 x + 1) = 15 Write the equation; Given = s
πr Division Property of
6 x + 3 = 15 Multiply; Distributive Property Equality
6 x = 12 Subtract 3 from each side; S − π r2 Rewrite the equation;
Subtraction Property s = Symmetric Property
of Equality πr
of Equality
x = 2 Divide each side by 6;
Division Property of Equality 7. Multiplication Property of Equality
3. Equation Explanation and 8. Transitive Property of Equality

Reason
9. 30° + m∠K 10. GH 11. 3x; 21
1
2 (16 x − 8) = 2( x + 16) Write the equation;
Given 12. Equation Explanation and
8 x − 4 = 2 x + 32 Multiply; Distributive Reason
Property A = 2w + 2h Write the equation;
6 x = 36 Add 4 to each side + 2hw Given
and subtract 2 x from A − 2h = 2w + 2hw Subtract 2h from
each side; Addition each side; Subtraction
and Subtraction Property of Equality
Properties of Equality A − 2h = w( 2 + 2h) Factor w;
x = 6 Divide each side by 6; Distributive Property
Division Property of A − 2h Divide each side by
Equality = w
2 + 2 h 2 + 2h; Division
Property of Equality
A − 2h Rewrite the equation;
p = 2v Write the equation; Given w =
2 + 2h Symmetric Property
p Divide each side by 2; of Equality
= v
2 Division Property of Equality
w = 3 in.
p Rewrite the equation;
v =
2 Symmetric Property of Equality 13. P = 22 units; Commutative and Addition
Properties of Equality

Answers
2.4 Practice B 4. Equation Explanation and
1. Equation Explanation and Reason Reason
3( x − 4) + 3 = x − 2 Write the equation; 1 2 Write the
E = mv + 9.8mh
Given 2 equation; Given
3x − 12 + 3 = x − 2 Multiply; Distributive 1 2 Subtract 12 mv 2
E − mv = 9.8mh
Property 2 from each side;
2x = 7 Add 9 to each side and Subtraction
subtract x from each side; Property of
Addition and Subtraction Equality
Properties of Equality E − 12 mv 2 Divide each side
= h by 9.8m; Division
x = 3.5 Divide each side by 2; 9.8m
Division Property of Property of
Equality Equality
E − 12 mv 2 Rewrite the
2. Equation Explanation and h = equation;
9.8m
Reason Symmetric
−1( x + 5) = 3 x + ( 2 x − 1) Write the Property of
equation; Given Equality
− x − 5 = 3( x + 2 x − 1) Multiply; 5. Multiplication and Subtraction Properties of
Distributive Equality
Property
− x − 5 = 3x + 6 x − 3 Multiply; 6. Transitive and Addition Properties of Equality
Distributive
7. 60° 8. 3x + y = 5x − 2 y
Property
−10 x = 2 Add 5 to each side 9. Equation Explanation and Reason
and subtract 9x
1 Write the equation;
from each side; V = bh
2 Given
Addition and
Subtraction 2V Multiply each side by 2 and divide
= b
Properties of h each side by hl ; Multiplication and
Equality Division Properties of Equality
x = − 0.2 Divide each side 2V Rewrite the equation; Symmetric
b =
by 10; Division h Property of Equality
Property of b = 8m
Equality
10. Sample answer: m∠BCD = 65° so
3. Equation Explanation and Reason m∠GCF = 65° and m∠FCD = 115°, so
1 Write the equation; m∠FCE = m∠DCE = 57.5°
I = mr 2
2 Given
2 I = mr 2 Multiply each side by 2;
Multiplication Property of Equality
2I Divide each side by r 2 ;
= m
r2 Division Property of Equality
2I Rewrite the equation;
m =
r2 Symmetric Property of Equality

Answers
2.4 Enrichment and Extension c. r = 2%
1. 10.24
d. c = ≈ 9.85; Solve the formula
1.04
STATEMENTS REASONS
n
n = c(1 + r ), for r to yield − 1 = r.
n c
1. S = 2a + ( n − 1) d  1. Given
2 Substitute n = 10.24 and r = 0.04 into the
2 10.24
2. S • = 2a + ( n − 1) d  equation to yield − 1 = 0.04. Using the
2. Multiplication c
n Property of Equality Addition Property of Equality, add 1 to each side
S2 10.24
3. − ( n − 1) d = 2 a 3. Subtraction Property to obtain = 1.04. Next, multiply by c and
n c
of Equality
10.24
divide by 1.04 to obtain c = ≈ 9.85.
S (n − 1) d 1.04
4. − = a 4. Division Property
n 2 of Equality 2.4 Puzzle Time
MAKE APPLESAUCE
2.
2.5 Start Thinking
STATEMENTS REASONS
1 2
1. V = π h (3r − h) 1. Given
3
2. 3V = π h2 (3r − h) 2. Multiplication The formula for the area of a triangle is derived directly
Property of Equality from the formula for the area of a rectangle. By
3V drawing a diagonal, the rectangle is now split into two
3. = 3r − h 3. Division Property congruent triangles. So, each triangle is half the area of
π h2 of Equality the rectangle, and the formula for the area of a triangle
3V is A = 12 bh.
4. + h = 3r 4. Addition Property
π h2 of Equality 2.5 Warm Up
V h 1. complement: 31°, supplement: 121°
5. + = r 5. Division Property
πh 2
3 of Equality 2. complement: 70°, supplement: 160°
3. complement: 37°, supplement: 127°

3. a. Given
b. Addition Property of Equality 4. complement: 67.4°, supplement: 157.4°
c. Multiplication Property of Equality
5. complement: 62°, supplement: 152°
d. Simplify.
e. Distributive Property 6. complement: 16°, supplement: 106°
f. Subtraction Property of Equality
g. Distributive Property
1. ∠BEC , ∠DEC 2. 83°
4. a. n = c (1 + r )
3. 139° 4. 90°
b. n = c (1 + r ) Given
2.5 Practice A
n
= 1+ r Division Property of Equality 1. Symmetric Property of Segment Congruence
c
n 2. Reflexive Property of Angle Congruence
−1 = r Subtraction Property of Equality
c

Answers
3. STATEMENTS REASONS 2.5 Practice B
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ∠ A ≅ ∠B 1. Given
1.
1. AB ≅ CD 1. Given
2. m∠A = m∠B 2. Definition of
congruent angles 2. AB = CD 2. Definition of
3. m∠B = m∠A 3. Symmetric Property congruent segments
of Equality 3. CD = AB 3. Symmetric Property
4. ∠ B ≅ ∠A 4. Definition of of Equality
congruent angles 4. Definition of
4. CD ≅ AB
congruent segments
4. STATEMENTS REASONS
1. AB = AB 1. Reflexive Property 2. STATEMENTS REASONS
of Equality
1. ∠A ≅ ∠B 1. Given
2. AB ≅ AB 2. Definition of
congruent segments ∠B ≅ ∠C
2. m∠A = m∠B 2. Definition of
5. STATEMENTS REASONS m∠B = m∠C congruent angles

1. BF bisects ∠AFC 1. Given 3. m∠A = m∠C 3. Transitive Property
of Equality
2. ∠AFB ≅ ∠BFC 2. Definition of
angle bisector 4. ∠A ≅ ∠C 4. Definition of
congruent angles
3. ∠CFD ≅ ∠BFC 3. Given
4. ∠BFC ≅ ∠CFD 4. Symmetric Property
of Angle Congruence 3. STATEMENTS REASONS
(Thm. 2.2) 1. Given
1. E bisects AI
5. ∠AFB ≅ ∠CFD 5. Transitive Property
of Angle Congruence BC bisects AE
(Thm. 2.2) FH bisects EI
2. AE ≅ EI 2. Definition of midpoint
AD ≅ DE
1. AG bisects CD 1. Given
EG ≅ GI
IJ bisects CE 3. AE = EI 3. Definition of
BH bisects ED AD = DE congruent segments
2. CE = ED 2. Definition of EG = GI
CK = KE segment bisector
4. AD + AD = AE 4. Segment Addition
EF = FD EG + EG = EI Postulate (Post. 1.2)
3. 2 KE = CE 3. Definition of 5. 2 AD = AE 5. Properties of Addition
2 FD = ED segment bisector
2 EG = EI
4. 2 KE = 2 FD 4. Transitive Property 6. 2 AD = 2 EG 6. Substitution Property
of Equality of Equality
5. KE = FD 5. Division Property 7. AD = EG 7. Division Property
of Equality of Equality
6. KE ≅ FD 6. Definition of 8. AD ≅ EG 8. Definition of
congruent segments congruent segments

Answers
4. 2.5 Enrichment and Extension
1. RT = z;
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. m∠KMN = 28° 1. Given STATEMENTS REASONS
2. m∠KMN + m∠JMK 2. Definition of 1. T is the midpoint 1. Given

= 90° complementary of RS.
angles
2. RT ≅ TS 2. Definition of
3. 28° + m∠JMK 3. Substitution Property midpoint
= 90° of Equality
3. RT = TS 3. Definition of
4. m∠JMK = 62° 4. Subtraction Property congruent segments
of Equality 4. TS = z 4. Given
5. m∠PTS = 118° 5. Given 5. RT = z 5. Substitution Property
6. m∠PTS + m∠STR 6. Definition of of Equality
= 180° supplementary
angles
2. 2 z = RS ;
7. 118° + m∠STR 7. Substitution Property
= 180° of Equality STATEMENTS REASONS
8. m∠STR = 62° 8. Subtraction Property 1. T is the midpoint 1. Given

of Equality of RS.
9. m∠JMK = m∠STR 9. Transitive Property 2. RT ≅ TS 2. Definition of
of Equality midpoint
10. ∠JMK ≅ ∠STR 10. Definition of 3. RT = TS 3. Definition of
congruent angles congruent segments
4. TS = z 4. Given
5.
5. RT = z 5. Transitive Property
STATEMENTS REASONS
6. RT + TS = RS 6. Segment Addition
1. ∠ADC ≅ ∠BDE 1. Given Postulate (Post. 1.2)
2. m∠ADC = m∠BDE 2. Definition of 7. z + z = RS 7. Substitution Property
congruent angles of Equality
3. m∠ADC + m∠ADE 3. Definition of 8. 2z = RS 8. Simplify.
angles
4. m∠BDC + m∠BDE 4. Definition of
angles
5. m∠ADC + m∠ADE 5. Transitive Property
= m∠BDC + m∠BDE of Equality
6. m∠ADC + m∠ADE 6. Substitution Property

= m∠BDC + m∠ADC of Equality
7. m∠ADE = m∠BDC 7. Subtraction Property

of Equality
8. ∠ADE ≅ ∠BDC 8. Definition of
congruent angles

Answers
z 6.
3. RW = ;
2
STATEMENTS REASONS
STATEMENTS REASONS 1. m∠ZYQ = 45° 1. Given
1. T is the midpoint 1. Given
2. m∠ZQP = 45° 2. Given
of RS.
3. m∠ZYQ = m∠ZQP 3. Substitution
2. RT ≅ TS 2. Definition of Property of
midpoint Equality
3. RT = TS 3. Definition of 4. ∠ZYQ ≅ ∠ZQP 4. Definition of
congruent segments congruent angles
4. TS = z 4. Given 5. m∠XYQ + m∠ZYQ 5. Definition of
= 180° linear pair
5. RT = z 5. Transitive Property
6. W is the midpoint 6. Given 6. m∠ZQP + m∠ZQR 6. Definition of
of RT . = 180° linear pair
7. RW ≅ WT 7. Definition of 7. m∠XYQ + m∠ZYQ 7. Substitution

midpoint = m∠ZQP + m∠ZQR Property of
Equality
8. RW = WT 8. Definition of
congruent segments 8. m∠XYQ + m∠ZQP 8. Substitution
= m∠ZQP + m∠ZQR Property of
9. RW + WT = RT 9. Segment Addition
Equality
Postulate (Post. 1.2)
9. m∠XYQ = m∠ZQR 9. Subtraction
10. RW + RW = RT 10. Substitution Property
Property of
of Equality
Equality
11. 2RW = RT 11. Simplify.
10. ∠XYQ ≅ ∠ZQR 10. Definition of
RT congruent angles
12. RW = 12. Division Property
2 of Equality
2.5 Puzzle Time
z
13. RW = 13. Substitution Property THEY ALL DO
2 of Equality
2.6 Start Thinking
3a + b
4. coordinate of point P: ; coordinate of
4
5a + 3b
point Q: . Straight Obtuse Right Acute
8 Angle Angle Angle Angle
5. a. x = 10, y = 2
Sample answer: factoring polynomials
b. x = 18, y = 8 2.6 Warm Up
1. x = 9 2. y = 35 3. x = − 5
4. y = − 9 5. x = − 7 6. x = − 7

Answers
2.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up 5. STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 2. 1. Given
N
C D E 1. ∠1 and ∠2 are
supplementary.
∠1 and ∠3 are
supplementary.
2. m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° 2. Definition of
m∠1 + m∠3 = 180° supplementary
angles
3. 4.
P D 3. m∠1 + m∠ 2 3. Transitive
= m∠1 + m∠3 Property of Angle
Q F Congruence
C (Thm. 2.2)
4. m∠2 = m∠3 4. Subtraction
Property of
Equality
5. 6. 5. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 5. Definition of
L
Q
congruent angles
N N
M
M Proof: Because ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary and
P ∠1 and ∠3 are supplementary, m∠1 + m∠2 = 180°
and m∠1 + m∠3 = 180° by the definition of
supplementary angles. By the Transitive Property
2.6 Practice A of Angle Congruence (Thm. 2.2),
m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠1 + m∠3. By the Subtraction
1. ∠A ≅ ∠BDC , ∠BDC ≅ ∠EDF , ∠A ≅ ∠EDF ,
Property of Equality, m∠2 = m∠3. So,
∠CDF ≅ ∠BDE; ∠ A ≅ ∠BDC by definition
∠2 ≅ ∠3 by the definition of congruent angles.
because they have the same measure.
∠BDC ≅ ∠EDF by the Vertical Angles 2.6 Practice B
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). ∠ A ≅ ∠ EDF by
1. ∠D ≅ ∠B, ∠DAC ≅ ∠ACB, ∠BAC ≅ ∠ACD,
the Transitive Property. ∠CDF ≅ ∠BDE by the ∠BAD ≅ ∠BCD, ∠D ≅ ∠BAC , ∠B ≅ ∠BAD,
Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6).
∠D ≅ ∠BCD, and ∠B ≅ ∠BCD; ∠ D ≅ ∠ B
by the Right Angles Congruence Theorem
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠4, ∠2 ≅ ∠5, ∠3 ≅ ∠6, ∠2 ≅ ∠3,
(Thm. 2.3). ∠DAC ≅ ∠ACB and ∠BAC ≅ ∠ACD
∠2 ≅ ∠6, ∠3 ≅ ∠5, ∠5 ≅ ∠6; ∠1 ≅ ∠4,
by definition because they have the same measures.
∠2 ≅ ∠5, and ∠3 ≅ ∠ 6 by the Vertical Angles Because m∠DAC + m∠BAC = 90° and by
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). ∠2 ≅ ∠3 by the Angle Addition Postulate (Post. 1.4),
definition because they have the same measure. ∠DAC + ∠BAC ≅ ∠DAB and m∠DAB = 90°.
∠2 ≅ ∠ 6 and ∠3 ≅ ∠5 by the Transitive By the same reasoning, m∠BCD = 90°. So,
Property of Angle Congruence (Thm. 2.2). ∠BAD ≅ ∠BCD by the Right Angles Congruence
∠5 ≅ ∠ 6 by substitution. Theorem (Thm. 2.3). ∠D ≅ ∠BAD,
∠B ≅ ∠BAD, ∠D ≅ ∠BCD, and ∠B ≅ ∠BCD
3. x = 13, y = 8 4. x = 5, y = 19 by the Transitive Property.

Answers
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3, ∠2 ≅ ∠4, ∠1 ≅ ∠5, ∠2 ≅ ∠6, 7. STATEMENTS REASONS
∠4 ≅ ∠ 6; ∠1 ≅ ∠3, and ∠2 ≅ ∠ 4 by the 1. Given
1. AB ⊥ BD
∠1 ≅ ∠5 by definition because they have the same ED ⊥ BD
angle measure. Because ∠1 and ∠2 form a linear 2. ∠ABD is a right angle. 2. Definition of
pair and ∠5 and ∠6 form a linear pair, perpendicular
∠EDB is a right angle.
m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° and m∠5 + m∠6 = 180° lines
by the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8). So, by
3. m∠ABD = 90° 3. Definition of
the Congruent Supplements Theorem (Thm. 2.4), right angle
∠2 ≅ ∠6. Because ∠1 and ∠4 form a linear m∠EDB = 90°
pair and ∠5 and ∠6 form a linear pair, 4. m∠ABC + m∠CBD 4. Angle
m∠1 + m∠4 = 180° and m∠5 + m∠6 = 180° Addition
= 90°
by the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8). So, by Postulate
the Congruent Supplements Theorem (Thm. 2.4), m∠EDC + m∠CDB (Post. 1.4)
∠4 ≅ ∠6. = 90°
3. x = 8, y = 186 4. x = 4, y = 184 5. ∠ABC ≅ ∠EDC 5. Given

6. m∠ABC = m∠EDC 6. Definition of
5. congruent
is is angles
a right a right
angle. 7. m∠ABC + m∠CBD 7. Substitution
angle.
Vertical Angles
= m∠EDC + m∠CDB Property of
Given Congruence
Theorem
Right Angle Equality
Congruence
(Thm. 2.6) Right Angle
Theorem
(Thm. 2.3)
Congruence 8. m∠EDC + m∠CBD 8. Substitution
Theorem Property of
(Thm. 2.3) = m∠EDC + m∠CDB
Equality
is
a right 9. m∠CBD = m∠CDB 9. Subtraction
angle. Definition of a is Property of
right angle a right
Given
angle.
Equality
Subtraction
Property of Definition 10. ∠CBD ≅ ∠CDB 10. Definition of
are Equality of a right congruent
supplementary. angle
angles
Given Definition of
supplementary
angles
Because ∠1 is a right angle and ∠1 ≅ ∠3 by the

Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6),
∠1 ≅ ∠3 by the Right Angle Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3). Because ∠5 is a right angle,
m∠5 = 90°. ∠5 and ∠8 are supplementary angles
so, m∠5 + m∠8 = 180° by the definition of
supplementary angles. By the Subtraction Property
of Equality, m∠8 = 90°. So, ∠8 is a right angle
by the definition of a right angle. Because
∠3 and ∠8 are right angles, ∠3 ≅ ∠8 by the
Right Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.3).

1. false 2. true 3. false
4. false 5. true 6. true

Answers
8. STATEMENTS REASONS 9. STATEMENTS REASONS
1. m∠WYZ = m∠TWZ 1. Given 1. The hexagon is 1. Given
= 45° regular.
2. All interior angles 2. Definition of
2. ∠TWZ and ∠SWZ 2. Definition of
of the hexagon are regular hexagon
are a linear pair. linear pair
congruent.
∠WYZ and ∠XYW 3. ∠1 is congruent 3. Vertical Angles
are a linear pair. to an interior angle Congruence
3. ∠TWZ and ∠SWZ 3. Linear Pair of the hexagon. Theorem
Postulate (Thm. 2.6)
are supplementary.
(Post. 2.8) 4. ∠ 2 is supplementary 4. Linear Pair
∠WYZ and ∠XYW
to an interior angle Postulate
are supplementary.
of the hexagon. (Post. 2.8)
4. m∠TWZ + m∠SWZ 4. Definition of
5. ∠2 is supplementary 5. Substitution
to ∠1.
angles
m∠WYZ + m∠XYW 6. m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° 6. Definition of
angles
5. m∠TWZ + m∠SWZ 5. Transitive
= m∠WYZ + m∠XYW Property of
Equality 2.6 Puzzle Time
6. 45° + m∠SWZ 6. Substitution MAKE SURE ONE OF THEM IS A MATCH
= 45° + m∠XYW Property of
Equality Cumulative Review
1. Each additional figure has an additional inscribed
7. m∠SWZ = m∠XYW 7. Subtraction
Property of equilateral triangle in the previous triangle.
Equality
8. ∠SWZ ≅ ∠XYW 8. Definition of
congruent
angles
2. Each additional figure has a bottom row containing

one more solid circle than the previous figure.
3. Each additional figure is the same rectangle with

one more equal division.

Answers
4. Add 2 starting at 2; 10, 12 62. − 9 63. 9 64. 16 65. −16
5. Add 3 starting at 1; 13, 16 66. 16 67. 100 68. 1,000,000
6. Add 13 starting at 4; 56, 69

69. − 32 70. 3 5 71. 2 6 72. 5 5
7. Add 9 starting at 7; 43, 52
73. 2 7 74. 4 3 75. 4 2 76. 5 2
8. Multiply by 32 starting at 2; 81 , 243
8 16
77. 5 6 78. 4 10 79. 10 2 80. 8 3
3 243 , 729
9. Multiply by 4
starting at 3; 256 1024
81. 6 2 82. 6 3 83. 5 3 84. 7 3
10. Increase what you add by 1 each term. Start at 1
and start by adding 2; 15, 21 85. 2 5 86. 32 87. 73 88. 32
11. Increase what you add by 1 each term. Start at 2

and start by adding 3; 20, 27 2 5 3 4 7
89. 56 90. 91. 92.
5 3 7
12. a. 88 ft b. 468 ft 2
6
13. a. 54 in. b. 216 in. 93. 94. x = 7 95. x = − 3
2
14. 79 15. 4 16. − 29 17. − 5
96. x = 9 97. x = − 6 98. x = 2
18. 11 19. −160 20. − 22 21. 29

99. x = 5 100. x = − 6 101. x = 32
22. 44 23. − 75 24. 14 25. − 60

102. x = 14 103. x = − 2 104. x = 3
26. 24 27. 5 28. 11

105. x = 3 106. x = − 5 107. x = 2
29. − 7 s + 16 30. 27c − 19 31. 7 g + 9
108. x = 3 109. x = 7 110. x = −1
32. −16 x + 7 33. 5m + 5 34. 10r + 3
111. x = 7
35. 6 j 36. 26a − 42 37. 7 f − 23
112. a. The chair is not wood.
38. 6 y − 10 39. − 2b − 2 40. 8k − 5 b. The rug is brown.
113. a. The photograph is in color.

41. w − 2 42. 3g + 6 43. p + 3
b. Your homework is not finished.
44. b = 5 45. m = 7 46. k = 19
114. a. It is not cold outside.
47. p = 15 48. a = − 4 49. x = 3 b. The bicycle is green.
50. r = − 22 51. h = 9 52. w = 42 115. x2 + 8 x + 16 116. x2 − 4 x + 4
53. t = − 22 54. c = − 3 55. e = − 7 117. x2 − 6 x + 9 118. x 2 − 2 x + 1
56. a. 5 lunches b. 10 lunches c. $27.75 119. x 2 + 18 x + 81 120. x2 − 26 x + 169

d. $9.25 e. $37
121. 4 x2 + 16 x + 16 122. 9 x 2 − 6 x + 1
57. a. 7 push-ups b. 9 push-ups c. day 8
d. day 11 123. 25 x 2 + 60 x + 36 124. 25 x2 − 10 x + 1
58. 64 59. − 64 60. 32 61. 25 125. 9 x 2 + 48 x + 64 126. 4 x2 − 16 x + 16

Answers
127. ( x + 2)( x − 7) 128. ( x − 12)( x + 11) Chapter 3
3.1 Start Thinking
129. ( x − 7)( x + 4) 130. ( x − 5)( x − 3)
B
131. ( x − 2)( x − 3) 132. ( x + 4)( x − 9)
133. ( x + 1)( x − 1) 134. ( x + 3)( x − 3)

A C
135. ( x + 5)( x − 5) 136. (2 x − 3)( x + 4)
137. (3x − 5)( x − 7) 138. (5x + 2)( x + 4) right triangle; no; no; Because points B and C connect
perpendicular lines, you cannot plot either point to
139. x = − 8 and x = − 3
make a perpendicular segment or a parallel segment.
3.1 Warm Up
140. x = − 6 and x = 2 
1. Sample answer: BC 2. GE
141. x = −12 and x = 1 
3. CG 4. AB , BC , BD
142. x = − 9 and x = − 8  
5. Sample answer: FE and FG
143. x = − 5 and x = 4
6. Sample answer: D
144. x = −10 and x = − 7
145. x = − 3 and x = 1 1. K ( 4, 11) 2. J ( − 27, −18) 3. K ( 21, − 2)
146. x = − 5 and x = 2 3.1 Practice A

   
147. x = −11 and x = 1 1. AB and CD 2. AC and CD
 
3. no; AB  CD and by the Parallel Postulate (Post.
148. x = − 32 and x = 5 
3.1), there is exactly one line parallel to AB through
149. x = − 54 and x = 3
point C.
4. no; They are intersecting lines.

150. x = − 13 and x = 72
5. ∠2 and ∠8, ∠3 and ∠5
151. a. 7 words per min
6. ∠1 and ∠7, ∠4 and ∠6
b. 87.5 words
c. 105 words 7. ∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠7, ∠4 and ∠8
d. 17.5 words
8. ∠2 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠8
9. no; By definition, skew lines are not coplaner.
10. 2 pairs; 4 pairs; ( 2 n − 2) pairs
   

11. a. AB and CD , AC and BD
   
b. AC and CD , BD and CD
c. ∠2 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠8

Answers a
d. ∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠7, 2. b
∠4 and ∠8 c
e. ∠2 and ∠8, ∠3 and ∠5
f. ∠1 and ∠7, ∠4 and ∠6
Line a appears to be parallel to line c; If two lines
are parallel to the same line, then they are parallel
3.1 Practice B
to each other.
1. lines c and d 2. lines e and f
3. n
3. Sample answer: lines c and e
4. planes A and B
5. no; lines f and g appear to be coplanar and although

they do not intersect, there is not enough m
information to determine that the lines are parallel.
6. no; lines e and g appear to be coplanar and intersect

Line  seems to be parallel to line n; If two lines are
at a 90° angle, but there is not enough information perpendicular to the same line, then they are
to determine that the lines are perpendicular. parallel to each other.
7. alternate interior 8. corresponding
4.
9. alternate exterior 10. corresponding
m P
11. consecutive exterior
n
12. no; The lines do not intersect, however they could
be coplanar to a third plane.
13. a. true; The road and the sidewalk appear to lie in

5. A
the same plane and they do not intersect.
b. false; The road and the crosswalk appear to
intersect.
c. true; A properly installed stop sign intersects the
ground at a 90° angle. B

1. yes; The two lines of intersection are coplanar 6. a. ∠5, ∠11, ∠17
because they are both in the third plane. The two b. ∠5, ∠9, ∠17
lines do not intersect because they are in parallel
c. ∠8, ∠12, ∠17
planes. Because they are coplanar and do not
intersect, they are parallel. d. ∠ 7, ∠9, ∠18
e. ∠ 2, ∠10, ∠14
f. ∠ 4, ∠10, ∠16
g. ∠3, ∠11, ∠15
h. ∠15
3.1 Puzzle Time

A YARDSTICK

Answers
3.2 Start Thinking 3.2 Practice A
t 1. m∠1 = 87°, m∠ 2 = 93°; m∠1 = 87° by the
1 2 Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2).
3 4 m∠2 = 93° by the Consecutive Interior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.4).
5 6
2. m∠1 = 78°, m∠ 2 = 78°; m∠1 = 78° by the
7 8 m
Corresponding Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1).
m∠2 = 78° by the Alternate Exterior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.3).
one angle measure; With the measurement of one of
the angles, you can use the properties of corresponding
3. 8; 37° = (6 x − 11)°
angles, alternative interior angles, alternate exterior
angles, and consecutive interior angles to find the other 48 = 6 x
seven measurements. 8 = x
3.2 Warm Up 4. 10; m∠2 + 142° = 180°
1. 34° 2. 17° 3. 147° 2 ( x + 9) ° + 142° = 180°
4. 53° 5. 86° 6. 84° 2 x + 18 + 142 = 180
2 x + 160 = 180
2 x = 20
1.
x = 10
R
5. m∠1 = 112°, m∠ 2 = 68°, m∠3 = 112°; Because
45°
the 112° angle is a vertical angle to ∠1, by the
Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
they are congruent. Because ∠1 and ∠2 are
consecutive interior angles, they are supplementary
by the Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.4). Because the given 112° angle and ∠3
2. R
B are alternate exterior angles, they are congruent by
the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.3).
D
A C
6. m∠1 = 45°, m∠ 2 = 45°, m∠3 = 135°; Because
the given 45° angle is a corresponding angle with
∠1, and ∠1 is a corresponding angle with ∠2 , they
3. R are all congruent by the Corresponding Angles
D Theorem (Thm. 3.1). Because the 45° angle is a
A B consecutive interior angle with ∠3, they are
C supplementary by the Consecutive Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.4).
4.
R S
x y

Answers
7. t 3. 16; ( x + 24) ° = (3 x − 8) °
1
x + 32 = 3 x
2 p
32 = 2 x
3 16 = x
q
2
4. 51; ( x + 27)° + (3 x − 25)° = 180°
3
2
x + 18 + 3 x − 25 = 180
STATEMENTS REASONS 3
1. p  q 1. Given 11
x −7 = 180
3
2. m∠1 + m∠2 = 180° 2. Linear Pair
x = 51
Postulate
(Post. 2.8) 5. m∠1 = 102°, m∠ 2 = 102°, m∠3 = 78°; Because
3. m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° 3. Consecutive the given 102° angle is an alternate interior angle
Interior Angles with ∠1, they are congruent by the Alternate
Theorem Interior Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 3.2).
(Thm. 3.4) Because the given 102° angle and ∠2 are alternate
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 4. Congruent exterior angles, they are congruent by the Alternate
Supplements Exterior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.3). Because ∠2
Theorem and ∠3 are a linear pair, they are supplementary by
(Thm. 2.4) the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8).
6. m∠1 = 68°, m∠ 2 = 68°, m∠3 = 112°; Because

8. STATEMENTS REASONS the given 68° angle and ∠1 are corresponding
angles, they are congruent by the Corresponding
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1. Given
Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1). Because ∠1 and ∠2
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Vertical Angles are alternate exterior angles, they are congruent by
Congruence the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.3).
Theorem Because angle ∠2 and ∠3 are consecutive angles,
(Thm. 2.6) they are supplementary by the Consecutive Interior
3. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 3. Transitive Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4).
Property of Angle
7. m∠1 = 110°, m∠ 2 = 70°; Because
Congruence
(Thm. 2.2) (3 x + 5) ° = ( 4 x − 30) °, the value of x is 35. So,
(3 x + 5) ° = 110° and ( 4 x − 30) ° = 110°. By
m∠1 = 90°; Because ∠1 is congruent and the Corresponding Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1),
supplementary to ∠ 2, the measure of each angle m∠1 = 110°. By the Linear Pair Postulate
is 90°. (Post 2.8), m∠2 = 70°.
3.2 Practice B
1. m∠1 = 41°, m∠ 2 = 41°; m∠1 = 41° by the
Corresponding Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1).
m∠2 = 41° by the Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6).
2. m∠1 = 124°, m∠ 2 = 124°; m∠1 = 124° by the

Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.3).
m∠2 = 124° by the Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6).

Answers
8. ∠3, ∠5, ∠6, ∠7, ∠9, and ∠10; Because ∠1 and 4. m∠1 = 35°, m∠2 = 145°, m∠3 = 111°,
∠3 are supplementary to ∠2 by the Consecutive m∠4 = 69°, m∠5 = 111°, m∠6 = 69°,
Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4), ∠1 ≅ ∠3 by m∠7 = 145°, m∠8 = 35°, m∠9 = 69°,
the Congruent Supplements Theorem (Thm. 2.4). m∠10 = 111°, m∠11 = 69°, m∠12 = 111°,
∠1 ≅ ∠5 and ∠1 ≅ ∠7 by the Alternate Interior m∠13 = 76°, m∠14 = 104°, m∠15 = 76°,
Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.3). ∠1 ≅ ∠6 by the m∠16 = 104°, m∠17 = 104°, m∠18 = 76°,
Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). m∠19 = 104°, m∠20 = 76°
Because ∠3 ≅ ∠9 by the Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6), ∠1 ≅ ∠9 by 5. m∠1 = 100°, m∠2 = 80°, m∠3 = 80°,
the Transitive Property of Angle Congruence m∠4 = 100°, m∠5 = 100°, m∠6 = 56°,
(Thm. 2.2). Because ∠5 ≅ ∠10 by the Vertical m∠7 = 24°, m∠8 = 24°, m∠9 = 56°,
Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6), m∠10 = 100°, m∠11 = 156°, m∠12 = 24°,
∠1 ≅ ∠10 by the Transitive Property of Angle
m∠13 = 24°, m∠14 = 156°, m∠15 = 124°,
Congruence (Thm. 2.2).
m∠16 = 56°, m∠17 = 124°, m∠18 = 56°,
3.2 Enrichment and Extension m∠19 = 100°, m∠20 = 80°, m∠21 = 100°,
1. x = 65, y = 60 2. x = 13, y = 12 m∠22 = 80°, m∠23 = 156°, m∠24 = 24°,
m∠25 = 24°, m∠26 = 156°, m∠27 = 100°,
3. A D m∠28 = 56°, m∠29 = 24°, m∠30 = 24°,
m∠31 = 56°, m∠32 = 100°
3.2 Puzzle Time

GEOMETRY
B C 3.3 Start Thinking
STATEMENTS REASONS streets

walkways
1. AB  DC , AD  BC 1. Given
60°
2. ∠A and ∠B are 2. Consecutive Shopping
supplementary. Interior Angles Mall
Theorem
(Thm. 3.4) 60°
3. ∠B and ∠C are 3. Consecutive

supplementary. Interior Angles
Theorem 120°; 60° and 120°, respectively; The angles are the
(Thm. 3.4) same as the shopping mall sidewalks because they are
4. m∠A + m∠B = 180° 4. Definition of parallel to them.
supplementary
angles 3.3 Warm Up
1. x = 10, y = 12 2. x = 5, y = 3
5. m∠B + m∠C = 180° 5. Definition of
supplementary
angles 3.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up
1. m∠2 = m∠1 2. GH + HJ 3. 4 • GH
6. m∠A + m∠B = 6. Substitution
m∠B + m∠C 3.3 Practice A
7. m∠A = m∠C 7. Subtraction 1. x = 44; Lines s and t are parallel when the marked
Property of alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Equality
3( x − 8)° = 2( x + 10)°
8. ∠A ≅ ∠C 8. Definition of
congruent 3x − 24 = 2 x + 20
angles x = 44

Answers
2. x = 18; Lines s and t are parallel when the marked 3. yes; Alternate Exterior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.7)
consecutive interior angles are supplementary.
4. yes; Consecutive Interior Angles Converse
(4 x − 12)° + 120° = 180° (Thm. 3.8)
4 x + 108 = 180
5. a. yes; Lines a and b are parallel by the Alternate
4 x = 72 Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.6). Lines b
x = 18 and c are parallel by the Alternate Exterior
Angles Converse Theorem (Thm. 3.7). Line c
3. yes; Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5) and d are parallel by the Corresponding Angles
Converse (Thm. 3.5). Lines b and c are parallel
4. no by the Alternate Exterior Angles Converse
5. This diagram shows that the vertical angles are
(Thm. 3.7). By the Transitive Property of
congruent, and we do not have enough information Parallel Lines (Thm. 3.9), all the lines of latitude
to prove that m  n. are parallel.
b. no; There is not enough information to prove that
6. STATEMENTS REASONS the lines of longitude are parallel.
1. ∠1 and ∠ 2 are 1. Given 6. a. x = 27, y = 13, z = 9; Lines p and q are
supplementary. parallel when the marked alternate exterior
2. ∠2 and ∠3 are 2. Linear Pair Postulate angles are congruent.
supplementary. (Post 2.8) 3( x − 1)° = ( 4 x − 30)°
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 3. Congruent 3x − 3 = 4 x − 30
Supplements 27 = x
Theorem
(Thm. 2.4) Lines q and r are parallel when the marked
corresponding angles are congruent.
4. p  q 4. Corresponding
Angles Converse
(4 x − 30)° = (6 y )°
(Thm. 3.5) 4( 27) − 30 = 6y
78 = 6 y
7. no; The labeled angles must be congruent to prove
13 = y
the wings are parallel.
The angles 6 y° and 6( z + 8)° form a linear pair,
3.3 Practice B
so they are supplementary.
1. x = 12; Lines s and t are parallel when the marked
6 y ° + 6( z + 8)° = 180°
alternate exterior angles are congruent.
6(13) + 6( z + 8) = 180
(4 x + 16)° = (7 x − 20)°
78 + 6 z + 48 = 180
36 = 3x
6 z = 54
12 = x
z = 9
2. x = 26; Lines s and t are parallel when the marked b. yes; Because 3( x − 1)° = 78° and 6 y ° = 78°,
consecutive interior angles are supplementary. lines p and q are parallel by the Alternate
2( x + 15)° + (3 x + 20)° = 180° Exterior Converse (Thm. 3.7).
2 x + 30 + 3 x + 20 = 180
5 x + 50 = 180
5 x = 130
x = 26

Answers
7. STATEMENTS REASONS 2.
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1. Given STATEMENTS REASONS
2. c  d 2. Alternate Exterior 1. AC is parallel to FG. 1. Given

Angles Converse BD is the bisector
(Thm. 3.7) of ∠ CBE .
3. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 3. Given DE is the bisector
of ∠ BEG.
4. a  b 4. Alternate Interior
Angles Converse 2. ∠CBE ≅ ∠BEF 2. Alternate Interior
(Thm. 3.6) Angles Theorem
5. ∠3 ≅ ∠4 5. Corresponding Angles (Thm. 3.2)
Theorem (Thm. 3.1) 3. m∠CBE 3. Properties of
6. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 6. Transitive Property Angle Congruence
= m∠BEF
of Angle Congruence (Thm. 2.2)
(Thm. 2.2) 4. ∠ABE ≅ ∠BEG 4. Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.2)
5. m∠ABE 5. Properties of
1. 78°
Angle Congruence
= m∠BEG
(Thm. 2.2)
6. ∠CBE + ∠ABE 6. Definition of linear
= 180° pair
7. ∠CBE + ∠BEG 7. Substitution

= 180°
8. 1 ∠CBE = ∠DBE 8. Definition of angle

2
bisector
9. 1 ∠BEG = ∠BED 9. Definition of angle

2
bisector
10. 1 ∠CBE + 12 ∠BEG 10. Multiplication

2
Property of
= 1
2 (180°) Equality
11. 1 ∠CBE + 12 ∠BEG 11. Simplify

2
= 90°
12. ∠DBE + ∠BED 12. Substitution
= 90°
13. m∠DBE + m∠BED 13. Property of
triangles
+ m∠EDB = 180°
14. 180° = 90° + ∠EDB 14. Substitution
15. 90° = ∠EDB 15. Subtraction
Property of
Equality

Answers
3. a. one line 3.4 Start Thinking
b. an infinite number of lines Sample answer: framing square and chalk line; A
c. one plane framing square ensures cuts made with saws are
precise. The chalk line helps builders keep a horizontal
4. a. 137° surface when needed.
b. 71°
3.4 Warm Up
c. 137°
d. 43° 1. 25 cm 2. 33 cm
e. 71°
3. 478.5 cm2 4. 46 cm 5. 7 cm
5. STATEMENTS REASONS 3.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up
 
1. CA  ED 1. Given 1. Given AB ≅ CD , prove CD ≅ AB
m∠FED = 45°
STATEMENTS REASONS
2. ∠ABE and ∠DEB 2. Consecutive
are supplementary Interior Angles 1. AB ≅ CD 1. Given
Theorem
2. AB = CD 2. Definition of
(Thm. 3.4)
congruent segments
3. m∠ABE + m∠DEB 3. Definition of
3. CD = AB 3. Symmetric
Property of
angles
Equality
4. m∠ABE + 45° 4. Substitution
4. CD ≅ AB 4. Definition of
= 180° Property of
congruent segments
Equality
5. m∠ABE = 135° 5. Subtraction
Property of 2. Given ∠A , prove ∠A ≅ ∠A
Equality
STATEMENTS REASONS
6. m∠FBC = 135° 6. Vertical Angles
Congruence 1. ∠A 1. Given
Theorem 2. m∠A = m∠A 2. Reflexive Property
(Thm. 2.6) of Angle Measures
7. m∠GCA = 45° 7. Given 3. ∠A ≅ ∠A 3. Definition of
8. 135° + 45° = 180° 8. Addition congruent angles
9. m∠FBC + m∠GCA 9. Substitution 3.4 Practice A

= 180° Property of
Equality 1. about 5.7 units
10. ∠FBC and ∠GCA 10. Definition of 2.

are supplementary. supplementary
angles. P
 
11. EF  CG 11. Consecutive
Interior Angles m
Converse ×
Theorem
(Thm. 3.8)
3. none; The only thing that can be concluded from
the diagram is that  ⊥ n and m ⊥ p. In order to
3.3 Puzzle Time
say that the lines are parallel, you need to know
BECAUSE HE WANTED TO SEE TIME FLY something about the intersections of  and p or
m and n.

Answers
4. b || c ; Because a ⊥ b and a ⊥ c , lines b and c 4. yes; Because e || f , a ⊥ e and c ⊥ e , lines a
are parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a and c are perpendicular to line f by the
Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12). Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.11).
Because a ⊥ f , b ⊥ f , c ⊥ f , and d ⊥ f , by
5. STATEMENTS REASONS the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1. Given (Thm. 3.12) and the Transitive Property of Parallel
Lines (Thm. 3.9), lines a, b, c, and d are all parallel
2. e ⊥ h 2. Linear Pair to each other.
Perpendicular
Theorem (Thm. 3.10) 5. STATEMENTS REASONS
3. e || f 3. Lines Perpendicular 1. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 1. Given
to a Transversal
Theorem (Thm. 3.12) 2. a ⊥ c 2. Linear Pair
Perpendicular
4. e || g 4. Transitive Property Theorem (Thm. 3.10)
of Parallel Lines
(Thm. 3.9) 3. c || d 3. Given
4. a ⊥ d 4. Perpendicular
6. no; There is only one perpendicular bisector that Transversal Theorem
can be drawn, but there is an infinite number of (Thm. 3.9)
perpendicular lines. 5. b ⊥ d 5. Given
7. w || x, w || z , x || z ; Because w ⊥ b and 6. a || b 6. Lines Perpendicular to
x ⊥ b, w || x by the Lines Perpendicular to a a Transversal Theorem
(Thm. 3.12)
Transversal Theorem (Thm 3.12). Because w ⊥ b
and z ⊥ b, w || z by the Lines Perpendicular to a
6. m∠1 = 90°, m∠2 = 15°, m∠3 = 90°,
Transversal Theorem (Thm 3.12). Because w || x
m∠4 = 45°, m∠5 = 15°; m∠1 = 90°, because
and w || z , x || z by the Transitive Property of
it is vertical angles with a right angle, so it has the
Parallel Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.9).
same angle measure. m∠2 = 90° − 75° = 15°,
3.4 Practice B because it is complementary to the 75 ° angle.
m∠3 = 90°, because it is marked as a right angle.
1. 2 5 units m∠4 = 75° − 30° = 45°, because together with
the 30° angle, the angles are vertical angles with
2. g || h ; Because e ⊥ g and e ⊥ h , lines g and
the 75° angle, so the angle measures are equal.
h are parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a m∠5 = 15°, because it is vertical angles with ∠2,
Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12). so the angles have the same measure.
3.  || n, m || n,  || m ; Because j ⊥  and 7. no; You do not know anything about the
j ⊥ n , lines  and n are parallel by the Lines relationship between lines x and y or x and z.
Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem
(Thm. 3.12). Because k ⊥ m and k ⊥ n ,
lines m and n are also parallel by the Lines
Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem
(Thm. 3.12). Because  || n and m || n , lines 
and m are parallel by the Transitive Property of
Parallel Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.9).

Answers
3.4 Enrichment and Extension 2. STATEMENTS REASONS
1. AB bisects ∠DAC ; 1. Given

CB bisects ∠ECA
1. AC ⊥ BC ; ∠3 is 1. Given m∠2 = 45°
complementary to m∠3 = 45°
∠1 2. m∠2 = m∠1 2. Definition of
2. ∠1 is 2. Definition of angle bisector
complementary to perpendicular
3. m∠1 = 45° 3. Substitution
∠2 lines
4. m∠1 + m∠2 4. Angle addition
3. m∠1 + m∠ 2 3. Definition of
complementary = m∠DAC
= 90°
angles
5. 45° + 45° 5. Substitution
4. m∠1 + m∠3 4. Definition of = m∠DAC
= 90° complementary
angles 6. 90° = m∠DAC 6. Simplify
5. m∠1 + m∠2 5. Substitution 7. ∠DAC is a right 7. Definition of
= m∠1 + m∠3 angle a right angle
 
6. m∠2 = m∠3 6. Substitution 8. DA ⊥ AC 8. Definition of
Property of perpendicular
Equality lines
7. m∠3 = m∠2 7. Symmetric 9. m∠3 = m∠4 9. Definition of

Property of angle bisector
Equality 10. m∠4 = 45 10. Definition of
8. ∠3 ≅ ∠2 8. Definition of congruent
congruent angles angles
11. m∠3 + m∠4 11. Angle addition
= m∠ECA
12. 45° + 45° 12. Substitution
= m∠ECA
13. 90° = m∠ECA 13. Simplify
14. ∠ECA is a right 14. Definition of
angle. a right angle
 
15. EC ⊥ AC 15. Definition of
perpendicular
lines

16. AD is parallel 16. Lines
 Perpendicular
to CE.
to a Transversal
Theorem
(Thm. 3.12)

Answers
3. STATEMENTS REASONS 3.5 Start Thinking
1. m ⊥ n 1. Given y
2. ∠3 and ∠6 are 2. Definition of 4 y = −x + 5

complementary. complementary angles y=x+2
3. ∠3 and ∠4 are 3. Given

complementary. x
−1 1 4
4. ∠4 ≅ ∠6 4. Congruent
Complements Theorem −2
(Thm. 2.5) y=x−3
5. ∠4 ≅ ∠5 5. Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem The lines y = x − 3 and y = x + 2 do not
(Thm. 2.6) intersect; The line y = − x + 5 intersects the line
6. ∠5 ≅ ∠6 6. Transitive Property of y = x − 3 at the point ( 4, 1) and the line
Congruence (Thm 2.2)
3 7
y = x + 2 at the point  , ; The angles are
2 2
4. STATEMENTS REASONS right angles.
1. j ⊥ , ∠1 ≅ ∠3 1. Given 3.5 Warm Up

2. m∠2 + m∠3 2. Definition of 1. y
= 90° complementary y = 6x
4
angles
3. m∠1 = m∠3 3. Definition of
−6 −2 2 6 x
congruent angles
4. m∠ 2 + m∠1 4. Substitution
= 90°
5. ∠BED is a right 5. Definition of a
2. y
angle right angle
4 y = 4x + 2
6. k ⊥ m 6. Definition of
perpendicular
lines −6 −2 2 6 x
5
5. d = 7 6. d =
2
8 3 3.
7. d = 8. d = y
34 13
2
3.4 Puzzle Time
THE ADDER −1 1 4 x
−2
y=x−3

Answers
4. y 5. y = 4 x + 7 6. y = − 6 x + 9
3
y=x+2
1
7. y = x +8 8. y = 3 x − 8
3
−4 −1 1 x
9. 2 2 ≈ 2.83 10. 2 26 ≈ 10.2
−2
11. − 7.5
12. no; For a line with a slope between 0 and 1, the

5. y
2 slope of a line perpendicular to it would be
negative.
−1 1 4 x 13. (5, 4)
2
3.5 Practice B
y= x −2
−4 3
1. Q = (1.5, 3) 2. Q = (0, 3)
 1 1
6. y 3. neither; Because m1 • m2 = ( 2) −  = − , lines
4  6 3
y = −3x + 3
1 and 2 are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
2
1 11
4. y = − 6 x − 10 5. y = − x +
−1 1 4 x
4 4
−2 6. about 4.5 7. about 4.4
8. Sample answer: b = 5, c = 1
9. a. The slope is m2 , where −1 ≤ m2 < 0.
1. Multiplication Property of Equality
b. The slope is m3 , where m3 ≥ 1.
2. Subtraction Property of Equality
c. The lines are perpendicular; They are
3. Reflexive Property of Equality for Real Numbers perpendicular by the Perpendicular Transversal
Theorem (Thm. 3.11).
4. Reflexive Property of Equality for Angle Measures
10. yes; Sample answer: The lines
5. Transitive Property of Equality for Angle Measures 1
y = 2 x and y = − x have the same y-intercept
2
6. Symmetric Property of Segment Lengths
and the slopes are negative reciprocals.
3.5 Practice A
 5 
1. P (3.5, 1) 2. P (0, 14.2) 11.  − , − 2 
 2 
3. perpendicular; Because 3.5 Enrichment and Extension
 9  2 
m1 • m2 =   −  = −1, lines 1 and 2 are 4 2
 2  9  1. y = − x − 2. a = 18, b = 30
3 3
perpendicular by the Slopes of Perpendicular Lines
Theorem (Thm. 3.14). 3. a. 3.62 b. 2.74
c. y = 3.62 x − 17.8926
 4  5 
4. neither; Because m1 • m2 =    = 1, lines 1
 5  4  d. y = 0.276 x − 1.412
and 2 are neither parallel nor perpendicular.

Answers
a ax b 36. x = 16 37. x = 8 38. x = − 6
4. − ; parallel: y = − ; perpendicular: y = x
b b a
39. x = − 35 40. x = −1 41. x = 8
1
5. k = − 4, y = − x + 10 42. x = 9 43. x = − 49 44. x = −11
2
45. x = −12 46. x = −11 47. x = 3
6. k can have any value, y = 2 x − 5
48. x = − 3 49. x = −1 50. x = − 6
7. a. ae ≠ db
a d 51. x = 5 52. m = 3, b = − 4
b. − = − , b ≠ 0, e ≠ 0
b e
53. m = − 4, b = 5 54. m = 34 , b = − 7
8. a. Sample answer: ( − 4, 4), ( 4, 4), (0, 2)
b. Sample answer: 55. m = − 56 , b = 3 56. m = 1, b = 5

x = − 4, x = 4, x = 0, y = 4, y = 2
57. m = −1, b = 3 58. m = −1, b = −1
 y
c. ( − y , y ), ( y, y ),  0, 
 2
59. m = − 2, b = 9 60. m = − 3, b = 8
3.5 Puzzle Time
5
DROP THE S 61. m = 2, b = − 5 62. m = ,b = 8
7
Cumulative Review
63. m = − 23 , b = − 4 64. 10x
1. 0 2. 0 3. 13
4. 40 5. − 5 6. 132 65. a. 8 − 5 = 3
b. 8 − 5.5 = 2.5
7. 25 8. 29 9. 12
c. Company A is 3 minutes faster. Company B is
10. − 4 11. − 84 12. 3 2.5 minutes faster.
66. 9.4 67. 7.1 68. 20.4

13. 29 14. − 58 15. − 6
69. 10.2 70. 16.4 71. 15.8
16. − 20 17. − 24 18. 14
72. 16.3 73. 6.7 74. 18.4
19. − 16 20. − 19 21. 13 75. 12.4 76. 7.8 77. 9.2
22. 4 23. −5 24. 7 78. ( − 2, 5.5) 79. (8, −1) 80. ( − 3.5, −1)
25. − 9 26. − 74 27. 52 81. ( 2.5, 4) 82. ( − 2.5, 9.5) 83. ( − 3, 0.5)
28. 53 29. − 92 30. 52 84. (5.5, − 2) 85. ( − 0.5, 7 ) 86. ( − 5.5, 1.5)
31. 78 32. − 32 33. − 53

87. (− 0.5, −1.5) 88. (1.5, − 0.5)
34. a. 11 A.M. b. 6.5 in. c. 3 P.M.

89. (− 0.5, 0.5)
35. a. about $42.92 90. a. each individual visit

b. about $9.90 b. each individual visit
c. about $1.41 c. 5 or more visits

Answers
91. a. $7.80 3. 4
y 4. P′ y
P
b. $9.70 P
4
2
c. 7 lb 2
P′
−4 −2 2 4 x
92. y = 2 x − 3 93. y = − 3 x − 27 −4 −2 2 4 x
−2
−2
94. y = 12 x + 5 12 95. y = 15 x + 4 −4
96. y = − 14 x + 2 97. y = 8 x + 93 P′(4, 0) P′(− 4, 5)
5. y 6. y
P′
98. y = − 4 x + 29 99. y = − 52 x + 15 4 4
2 2
100. y = 13 x − 11 101. y = − 12 x + 3 P′ P
−2 P 4 6 x −2 2 4 6 x
102. y = 1x − 10 103. y = − 2 x + 2 −2 −2
9
−4 −4
104. y = 3 x + 22 105. y = − 7
P′(6, 0) P′(4, 4)
106. y = − 13 x + 3 107. x = 46
108. x = 136 109. x = 28 1. t
110. x = 19 111. x = 35 112. x = 21
Chapter 4 p 1
4.1 Start Thinking 2

q 3
y
4
A
2
A′
Given p  q
−4 C 2 4 x
−2 Prove ∠1 ≅ ∠2
B
C′ STATEMENTS REASONS
B′
1. p  q 1. Given
Translate the original triangle 2 units down; Each
ordered pair for ΔA′B′C ′ contains y-coordinates that 2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Corresponding Angles
are two less than those of ΔABC ; When identifying a Theorem (Thm. 3.1)
translation, you can compare the x- and y-values to 3. ∠3 ≅ ∠2 3. Vertical Angles Congruence
determine what happens if the figure is plotted. Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
4.1 Warm Up 4. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 4. Transitive Property of Angle

Congruence (Thm. 2.2)
1. P y 2. 4
y
4
2 2
P′ P′
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
−2 −2
P
−4 −4
P′(− 2, 2) P′(0, 1)

Answers
2. t 9. no; Sample answer: The translation from A to A′
could be different than the translation from A′ to
1
A′′.
p
3 10. ( x, y ) → ( x − 2, y − 3); 0.25 mi

q
2 4.1 Practice B
1. F ′(− 4, 1), G ′(1, 7), H ′(−1, 3)
Given p  q y
8
G′
Prove ∠1 ≅ ∠2
STATEMENTS REASONS F′ H′ G
−8 −4 4 8 x
1. p  q 1. Given
H
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Corresponding Angles F
−8
Theorem (Thm. 3.1)
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠2 3. Vertical Angles Congruence 2. 11, −17
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 4. Transitive Property of Angle 3. ( x, y ) → ( x + 5, y − 6)
4. G ′( − 6, 7) 5. H ′(−14, 8)
4.1 Practice A
 6. J y
1. JK ; − 3, 2 J′
L
L′
2. A′(3, −1), B′(0, − 2), C ′(1, − 3) J″
−4 12 x
y L″
4 −4 K
A K′
B −8
C K″
−12
−4 −2 2 A′ x
B′
C′ 7. no; Multiplying x by 2 does not simply move or

−4
translate the object, it stretches the shape.
8. ( x, y ) → ( x + 3, y − 1); no
3. − 4, 6
9. Sample answer:
4. ( x, y ) → ( x + 6, y + 4)
y C B
6
5. Q′(6, 6) 6. M ′(− 2, −11)
4
7. C′ y 8. y C″
2
4 A
C 8 E″ C′ B′
−2 4 6 x
E′ E
C D″
−2
−4 −2 2 4 x E
D′ −4 4 8 12 x
−2 A′
D D
−4
C′
−4
E′
yes; All the vectors are parallel. This makes sense
−8 because the vertices are all translated by the same
D′ vector, so the segments joining the vertices to their
images all have the same slope. Because they have
the same slope, they are parallel.

Answers
10. a = − 3, b = 12, P′(7, 1) 4. 4
y 5. 8
y
4.1 Enrichment and Extension P

2 4
1. a. 34 −4 −2 2 4 x −8 −4 4 8 x
P′
b. 3 −2 −4
c. 13 −4 −8
P′
2. a + c, b + d P′(−1, −1) P′(4, − 6)
3. a. − 4, 1 6. y
4
b. 6, − 9
2
P
c. − 8, 7
−2 2 4 x
d. − 2, − 2 −2
P′
−4
4. x-y plane 5. x-z plane 6. y-z plane
7. x-y and y-z planes P′(5, −1)
8. a. 17 b. 38 4.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up

1. acute 2. right 3. obtuse
4.1 Puzzle Time
AN UMBRELLA 4. obtuse 5. acute 6. straight
4.2 Start Thinking 4.2 Practice A

yes; Distances are preserved relative to the surface of 1. y C 2. y
4
B′
reflection; no; It appears as though your image in the B′
4
B
reflection is holding up its left hand because your image A
is being reflected as is, so it appears to be backward. −8
A A′
8 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
A′
4.2 Warm Up C′ C
−8
B
1. 4
y −4
C′
P P′
2
3. y B 4. P y
8
Q
−4 −2 2 4 x S′
4 4
−2 P′
C
−4 −8 −4 A 8 x −8 8 x
A′ R′
Q′ S
P′(5, 3) C′
R
−8 −8
2. y 3. y
−12
4 B′
2
2
5. y 6. L′ L y
8
−4 −2 2 4 x J′
−4 −2 2 4 x R S′ J
−2 3
−2 S
P P′ P′
−4 1
−4 Q′ P 8 x K′ K
P P′ R′ −5 K″ −1 1 3 x
Q
P′(4, − 3) P′(1, − 5) −8 −3
J″
−5
L″

Answers
7. y 5. y C″ 6. y
8 6 6
A A′
L
B″ A″ C′
J
L″ C A C
L′ A′
J″ K J′ C′
2 2
−8 4 x
K″ K′ A″ B″
−4
−2 4 6 x −2 B′ 4 x
B C″ B
−2 −2
B′
8. x-axis, y-axis, any line joining opposite outer points

or opposite inner points of the star 7. x-axis, y-axis, y = x, and y = − x
9. x = y, y-axis, any line joining an outer point to its

8. P (1, 0)
opposite inner point of the star
9. yes; Sample answer: You can reflect it twice in the
10. (0, 1) 11. a = 1
same line.
12. no; Two translations can always be written as a 10. no; Angle measures and distances remain constant
single translation, so the process is the same as a under any rigid motion.
glide reflection.
11. yes; Two reflections do not combine into another
4.2 Practice B reflection, so the motion is not a glide reflection.
1. C′ y C
4 4.2 Enrichment and Extension
2 1. ( − a, c) and ( − a, b)
y
−4 4 x 2
D′ D
F′(−a, c) F(a, c)
−2 2 x
G′(−a, b) G(a, b)
E′ E
−4
2. 8
y
C C′ rectangle
4
D′ D
2. ( a, − c) and ( a, − b)
8 16 x
3. B′ y
−4
A′
−8 2
E E′
A
−4 −2 2 x
3. 8
y 4. 8
y
L K N −2
4
K M −4
B
N′ N L′
−4 x −4
M′
M x isosceles trapezoid
K′ M′ L
L′
4. y
−8 4
K′ N′
2
A
−4 −2 2 x
−2
A′
B
isosceles right triangle

Answers
5. y 6.
8
y 4.3 Practice A
C′ C″ B′ C″
A′ A″ A″ 1. A 2. y J
6 4
M
4
A′ M′ K
B″ B′ B″ C′ P D B
2
−4 −2 2 x −4 4 x
L′
−2 D′ J′
−6 −4 −2 x A′
C K′ L
−4
4.2 Puzzle Time

C′
A SQUARE DANCE B′
4.3 Start Thinking

3. T y
O; H, I, N, O, S, X, and Z; no T′
4
R
4.3 Warm Up S R′
1. P′ y
2. y S′ R″
4 4
P′ −4 2 x
P
2 2
P T″
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x S″
−2 −2
4. T y
−4 −4
4
R
P′(− 2, 4) P′(0, 3) S″ R′
T″
S
y
3. 8
4. 8
y
4 x
P T′
−2
4 4
R″ S′
P′ P
−8 −4 4 8 x −8 −4 4 8 x 5. yes; 45°, 90°, 135°, 180° 6. yes; 30°, 120°
−4 −4
P′
−8 −8
7. 4
y
B(0, 2)
P′(− 6, 0) P′(− 2, − 6)
(−2, 0) A(2, 0)
y y −4 −2 2 4 x
5. 4
6. 4
P′ (0, −2)
2 2
−4
P P
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x
square
−2 −2
P′ 8. H, I, N, O, S, X, Z; H: 180°; I: 180°; N: 180°;

−4 −4
O: all angles; S: 180°; X: 90°, 180°; Z: 180°
P′(0, 2) P′(0, − 4)
4.3 Practice B
4.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up 1. y
1. Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence W

V′
(Thm. 2.1)
U U′ V
2. Symmetric Property of Angle Congruence W′ 4 x
(Thm. 2.2) T
−4
T′

Answers
2. 4
y C″ b. y G″
6
C′
D E″
4
F″
E′
2
E 2 4 6 8 x
D″
D′ −2 F′ 4 x
C
−4 −2
G′
3. y D′
C″
4 4.3 Puzzle Time
D
WHAT A SHAME WE WILL NEVER MEET
E″
4 x 4.4 Start Thinking

C′
E
D″ Answers should include two or more shapes from each
C of the categories listed (circle, square, triangle, and
rectangle) and should include a table for each category.
E′
An example of one category is shown.
4. yes; 90°, 180°, 270° 5. yes; 180° Sample answer: Circle: penny, jar lid
Circle
6. no; A 360° rotation just takes the shape back to the
Angles Shape Size
original, so it must be the same.
Penny no angles circle smaller
7. yes; A rotation of 180° maps the figure onto itself;
6 times Jar lid no angles circle larger
8. no 9. yes Both objects have one continuous curve (360°), but no

angles; Both have the same shape; The objects are not
10. 0, 8; 0: 180°; 8: 180°; Some students may also the same size.
include the number 1, depending on how it is
written. 4.4 Warm Up
1. y
4.3 Enrichment Extension 4
C
A
2 4
1. y = − x + 2. y = − x + 8
3 3 B
−4 −2 2 4 x
2 1 −2
3. y = x + 3 4. y = − x + 5
3 2 −4
5. a. ( x0 , y0 + a − x0 ) triangle
b. ( x0 − b + y0 , a − x0 + y0 )
2. 4
y
c. (2, − 7)
E
2
d. (9, 12) F
−4 2 4 x
6. a. y
F″
H
6
G
−4
G″
4
G′
parallelogram
2
F′
−4 −2 2 4 x

Answers
3.
4
y 4.4 Practice B
M J
1. Squares 1, 3, and 7 are congruent; Triangles 6 and 8
2
are congruent; Parallelograms 4 and 5 are
congruent; Each can be translated to one of the
−4 −2 2 4 x
others by a sequence of rigid motions.
−2
L K 2. not congruent; Although three of the four points

−4
retain their relative positions, the fourth point
square changes the shape, so the quadrilaterals are not
congruent.
4. 2
y
3. 8 units 4. 160°
−2 2 4 6 x 5. no; The angle between lines a and b is not 90°.

P Q
−2
6. 180°
−4
S R
7. sometimes; It depends on the shape of the object
−6
undergoing the transformation.
trapezoid 8. t
s
A″
1. P (6, − 2.2) 2. P (5.4, −1) A
A′
3. P (1.25, 2.75) 4. P (1, −1.25)
4.4 Practice A 9. yes; It will produce a translation of the same image

after any even number of reflections. This is not
1. Triangle 1, triangle 5, and triangle 8 are all
true for odd numbers of reflections, which will
congruent to one another; Square 6 is congruent to result in a reflection of the original image.
square 2; Parallelogram 4 is congruent to
parallelogram 7. 4.4 Enrichment and Extension
2. Triangle 1, triangle 2, and triangle 9 are all congruent 1. 7  2. 1 5 7 1 
to one another; Rectangle 3 is congruent to rectangle    
−1 3 3 −1 −1
10; Triangle 5 is congruent to triangle 8.
3. 6 −1  4. 5 15 5 
3. translation 8 units right and 2 units up
   
9 −10 0 11 − 4
4. reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation
2 units right 5. 1 5 3  6. −1 −1 −1
   
5. congruent; ΔABC can be mapped on to ΔSTU by 1 0 −1 3 3 3 
a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation
1 unit right and 7 units down. −1 −1 −1 1 5 3  0 4 2
7.   +   =  
6. not congruent; It is not possible to transform 3 3 3  1 0 −1 4 3 2
polygon EFGH to polygon WXYZ using only rigid
transformations. 8. y
A′
B′
7. CD  CD′′, DE  D′′E ′′, and CE  C ′′E ′′;
2
A C′
EE ′′ ≅ DD′′ ≅ CC ′′ B
2 6 x
8. 14° 9. 45° C
−2
The coordinates of triangle  A′B ′C ′ are the same

as the image matrix in Exercise 7.

Answers
4.4 Puzzle Time 7.
8
y
B
A POLYGON A D′
4.5 Start Thinking C′

−8 −4 4 8 x
C
yes; The ratio of the distance of the flashlight from the A′
wall and the diameter of the circle remains constant. As D B′
the flashlight moves closer to the wall, the circle gets −8
smaller.
8. 0.77
4.5 Warm Up
1. 8 units 2. 4 units 9. the old film-style camera
4.5 Cumulative Review Warm Up 10. no; Every dimension would dilate by the same scale
factor k, so the area would increase by k 2 , one
1. y 2. y
B
8 8
factor of k for each dimension.
A 4
11. no; A scale factor of 1 does not dilate the object at
−8 −4 D 8 x −8 −4 B 4 Ax
all. The object is neither enlarged nor reduced.
−4 C −4
C D 4.5 Practice B
−8 −8
1. 16 ; reduction 2. 1.5; enlargement
AB ≅ CD AB ≅ CD 3. A′
3. y
C
4. 8
y A
8
4 D′ D P B, B′
4
B
B D A −8 −4 4 8 x C
−4 4 8 x D C
C′
−4
−8
A
4. A′
A 5. J y
4
B′
AB ≅ CD AB ≅ CD J′
D P B 2
K
D′ K′
4.5 Practice A C
C′
2 x
1. 3; enlargement 2. 2.5; reduction −2
L′
M′ L
3. y 4. y
M
−4
A′ A B,B′ A B
A′ B′
P
C 6. Y y
P Z
D
D′ C′ X V W′
x
D C −4 W 8 12 x
V′
D′ C′
x X′
Z′
5. y 6. y −12
Y′
A B P′ Q′
4
P Q
A′ B′ 7. It would look like it is 80 millimeters across.
P
−4 8 x
S R 8. A dilation with a scale factor of k = 0 would send
R′
D D′ C, C′ all the vertices to the center of the dilation, so the
S′
−8 object would be reduced to a point.
x

Answers
9. yes; The perimeter is additive, so it is scaled by the 4.6 Warm Up
same factor by which the object is dilated. 1. n = 9.5 2. w = 18
10. The scale factor is x; x = 2 3. x = 4.4 4. y = 123.5
4.5 Enrichment and Extension 5. c = 12 6. n = 34

1. y
8
1. inductive reasoning; A pattern is used to reach the
4
conclusion.
4 8 12 16 x
2. deductive reasoning; Facts about numbers and the
laws of logic are used to reach the conclusion.
Length Width Perimeter Area 3. deductive reasoning; The laws of logic are used to
1. Points A, B, reach the conclusion.
2 4 12 8
C, and D
4.6 Practice A
2. Points A′, B ′
4 8 24 32 1. P
y 2. P y
C ′, and D ′ 4
Q Q
P′
3. Points D, E, R
8 16 48 128 Q′
F, and G −4 R′ R″ 8 x
R R′
−4 Q′ Q″ −6 −4 −2 R″ 2 x
P′
2. The length and width double; The perimeter −8
Q″
doubles; The area increases by a factor of 4. P″

P″
3. The perimeter is 4 times as large, and the area is 3. reflection in the y-axis, followed by a dilation with
16 times as large. a scale factor of 2
4. The perimeter increases by a factor of a, and the 4. yes; The triangle is a translation;
area increases by a factor of a2 . ( x , y ) → ( x + 5, y − 1) followed by a dilation of
5. ( x , y ) → (2 x , 2 y ) 6. 23.04 mm 2 ( x, y) → ( 23 x, 32 y); Points C and F do not follow

these transformations, so it is not a similarity
4.5 Puzzle Time transformation.
THE OUTSIDE
5. yes; The quadrilateral can first be rotated 180°
4.6 Start Thinking about the origin (or, reflected in the y-axis and then
Sample answer: the x-axis). Then the figure can be dilated with a
y
scale factor of k = 0.5 and translated to its final
H
4
E position.
2
D A 6. Rotate ΔPQR so that side a is parallel to side b.
−4 −2 2 4 x
Translate Δ GHI so that point G maps to point P.
C
−2
B Because translations preserve angle measure, and
all of the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60 °,
G
−4
F 
Δ GHI lies on ΔPQR. Because, GI coincides with
  
square ABCD: A(1, 1), B (1, − 1), C ( − 1 − 1), D ( −1, 1), PR and G H coincides with PQ , GI lies on PR
square EFGH: E (3, 3), F (3, − 3), G ( − 3 − 3), H ( − 3, 3); and G H lies on PQ . Finally, dilate ΔPQR about
To find square EFGH, use a scale factor of 3, with the b
origin as the center of the dilation. point P by a scale factor of so that it is the same
a
size as Δ GHI . Because a similarity transformation
maps ΔPQR onto ΔGHI , the triangles are similar.

Answers
7. no; A square and a rectangle are not similar, so you 8. no; The edges are distorted and curved, and are
cannot use a similarity transformation to change the not an exact replica of the original text. So, a
shape of the object. magnifying glass does not produce a perfect
similarity transformation because the image
8. no; For example begin with a unit square centered is distorted.
at the origin. If you perform a dilation centered at
the origin with a scale factor 2 and then translate 9. no; Similar triangles do not need to be the same
1 unit right, the result is not the same as if you first size, so there are more similar triangles than there
translate the square 1 unit right and then perform are congruent triangles.
a dilation centered at the origin with a scale factor
of 2. 4.6 Enrichment and Extension
1. 15 square units 2. 4
9. All white triangles are dilations and translations.
There are no rotations in the image. 3. 4 square units 4. 64 square units
4.6 Practice B 5. The area has increased by a factor of 42 = 16.

1. 4
y
C D 6. a. k = 3, a = 13 , b = − 23
2
C′ D′
E″ b. Because k is 3, the radius of Circle A is 3 times
E
−4 D″ C″ 4 x the radius of Circle B, so t = 3r.
E′
−2
4.6 Puzzle Time
−4
THE TEACHER TOLD THEM NOT TO USE
TABLES
2. y
8
Cumulative Review
4 C
D
1. 5 x − 4 2. 7 x + 11 3. 4 x + 15
E
E′ E″ 8 12 x 4. − 9 x − 99 5. 4 x − 8 6. − 6 x + 36
−4 C′ D′
7. 3x 8. 9 x − 6 9. − 3 x + 6
C″ D″
−8
10. − x + 9 11. 5 x − 88 12. 20 x − 74

3. a 180° rotation followed by a dilation with a scale
factor of 3 13. x = 32 14. x = −10 15. x = −12
4. similar; The transformation is a translation 6 units 16. x = 23 17. x = 30 18. x = − 8

to the right and 3 units up, followed by a dilation
with a scale factor 2. 19. x = − 96 20. x = 8 21. x = 3
5. not similar; The transformation is a reflection in the 22. x = − 22 23. x = − 4 24. x = − 3

y-axis, followed by a translation, however two
vertices were translated 2 units up and two vertices 25. x = − 20 26. x = 2 27. x = − 8
were translated 3 units up.
28. x = −12
6. Rotate ΔABE onto ΔDBC such that ∠ABE
coincides with ∠ DBC . Because rotations preserve 29. a. $9.35
length and measure, ∠ ABE ≅ ∠DBC and AE is
b. $10.65
still parallel to DC . So, AB coincides with BD
and BE coincides with BC . Dilate ΔABE until 30. a. 48 fluid ounces
AE coincides with CD . Therefore, ΔABE is b. 6 cups
similar to ΔDBC . c. 3 pints
7. no; Circles of different size are simply a dilation of d. 1.5 quarts
each other, so they remain similar.

Answers
31. yes 32. no 33. yes 34. no 82. A ′(1, 4), B ′( − 2, 7), C ′(0, − 3)
35. a. 1.5 ft 83. A ′(7, 2), B ′(4, 5), C ′(6, − 5)

b. $1.60 per ft
84. A ′(2, 3), B ′( − 1, 6), C ′(1, − 4)
c. $2.40
36. a. 12 in. by 18 in. 85. A ′(4, − 2), B ′(1, 1), C ′(3, − 9)
b. 216 in.2 86. A ′(5, 8), B ′(2, 11), C ′(4, 1)

c. $6.48
87. A ′( − 2, 7), B ′( − 5, 10), C ′( − 3, 0)
d. $13.52
37. 80° 38. 80° 39. 80° 40. 100° Chapter 5
41. 50° 42. 20° 43. 70° 44. 180° 5.1 Start Thinking
If m ∠ A = 120°, then m ∠ B = 60° because together
45. 150° 46. 100° 47. 71.5 ft 2 48. 363 yd 2 they make a straight angle. If m ∠ D = 40°, then
m ∠ E = 140° under the same reasoning. If the sum of
49. 717.5 mm 2 50. 40 cm 2 51. 54 in.2
m ∠ B, m ∠C , and m ∠ D is 180°, then m ∠C = 80°.
52. 735 mi 2 53. 101.25 in.3 21 in.3
54. 230 32
5.1 Warm Up
1. m ∠1 = 31° 2. m ∠ 2 = 59°
55. a. $3.75 b. $0.08
56. y = − 3 x − 24 57. y = 4 x − 7 3. m ∠3 = 59° 4. m ∠ 4 = 90°

58. y = 12 x + 17 59. y = − 5 x − 11
1. x = 69 2. x = 6
60. y = 14 x − 11 61. y = − 23 x − 9 3. x = 60 4. x = 30
5.1 Practice A
62. y = 12 x + 2 63. y = 83 x − 2
1. scalene; right 2. isosceles; acute
5x − 14 x
64. y = 7
+7 65. y = − 13 3. scalene; not a right triangle
4. isosceles; right triangle

66. y = − x + 2 67. y = 13 x − 3
5. x = 32 6. x = 29 7. x = 30 8. x = 17
68. y = 3x − 5 69. y = − 12 x +7
9. 19.5°, 70.5°
70. y = − 12 x + 4 71. y = 4 x − 8 10. no; An exterior angle will be acute when it is

adjacent to the obtuse angle of an obtuse triangle.
72. y = − 13 x 73. y = − 3 x − 20
11. 145°
74. y = 14 x + 3 75. y = − 2 x − 12 5.1 Practice B

1. scalene; obtuse 2. isosceles; acute
76. y = 4 x − 19 77. y = 1x +2
5 3. x = 14 4. x = 9
79. y = − 12 x − 5
116
78. y = − 5 5. x = 9
6. x = 7; y = 19.5
80. A ′(5, 0), B ′(2, 3), C ′(4, − 7)
81. A′(3, 6), B ′(0, 9), C ′(2, − 1)

Answers
7. The measure of each exterior angle is equal to the 5.2 Warm Up
sum of the measures of the nonadjacent interior 1. x = 9 2. x = 69
angles. So, m ∠1 = A + C , m ∠ 2 = B + C ,
and m ∠3 = A + B. 5.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up
Sum of exterior angles = ∠1 + ∠ 2 + ∠3 1. y
8
Y′
= A+C + B+C + A+ B 4
= 2( A + B + C ) X
= 2(180°) −4 X′ 8 12 x
−4
= 360°
Y
−8
8. x = 67; y = 124 9. yes; 15°, 60°, 105°.
5.2 Practice A
10. no; For instance, in a 10°-40°-130° triangle, at the
1. ∠ A ≅ ∠ E , ∠ B ≅ ∠ F , ∠C ≅ ∠G, ∠ D ≅ ∠ H ,
130° angle you have a 50° exterior angle which is
complementary to the 40° angle. AB ≅ EF , BC ≅ FG , CD ≅ GH , and
DA ≅ HE ; Sample answer: BCDA ≅ FGHE
11. ∠C ≅ ∠T ; The sum of the angle measures of each
triangle is 180°, so if two pairs of corresponding 2. x = 8; y = 19
angles are congruent, then the third pair of
3. From the figure, ∠ J ≅ ∠ N , ∠ K ≅ ∠ P,
corresponding angles must also be congruent.
∠Q ≅ ∠ M , JK ≅ NP , KL ≅ PL , LQ ≅ LM ,
and QJ ≅ MN . Also, ∠ KLQ ≅ ∠ PLM by the
1. 63°, 36°, 81°; acute 2. x = 10; y = 71
3. x = 50; y = 33 4. x = 29; y = 64 Because all pairs of corresponding angles and all
pairs of corresponding sides are congruent,
5. x = 12.9; y = 51.4 6. m ∠ A = m ∠1 JKLQ ≅ NPLM .
4. The figure shows that ∠ A ≅ ∠ R and ∠ B ≅ ∠ S .

5.1 Puzzle Time
So, ∠C ≅ ∠T by the Third Angles Theorem
THE LETTUCE WAS A “HEAD” AND THE
TOMATO WAS TRYING TO “KETCHUP” (Thm. 5.4). Using the Triangle Sum Theorem
(Thm. 5.1), m ∠T = 65°.
5.2 Start Thinking
5. ABC and DEF are both equilateral and
F 4 cm E
51°
equiangular.
A 5.2 Practice B
6.4 cm 5 cm 1. ∠ A ≅ ∠ H , ∠ B ≅ ∠ I , ∠C ≅ ∠ J , ∠ D ≅ ∠ F ,
2.5 cm 39° 3.2 cm
∠ E ≅ ∠G, AB ≅ HI , BC ≅ IJ , CD ≅ JF ,
51° 39°
B 2 cm C DE ≅ FG , EA ≅ GH ; ABCDE ≅ GFJIH
D
2. x = 65; y = 6; z = 146
AB corresponds to DE ; BC corresponds to EF ; AC
3. From the figure, LP ≅ ON , PM ≅ NM , and
corresponds to DF .
LM ≅ OM . ∠ P ≅ ∠ N because all right angles
∠ A ≅ ∠ D, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E , ∠ C ≅ ∠ F are congruent to each other. By the Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6),
To get DEF , multiply the side lengths of ABC by a ∠ LMP ≅ ∠OMN . ∠ L ≅ ∠O by the Third
scale factor of 2 and rotate ABC 180°. Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.4). Because
corresponding sides and angles are congruent,
LPM ≅ ONM .

Answers
4. x = 14, y = 3, m∠RST = 133°; Because 2.
RSTU ≅ UVQR and ∠VUR is a right angle, STATEMENTS REASONS
∠ SRU is a right angle. Using vertical angles, 1. Given
1. AB || DC
m ∠UPV = 47°, and by the Triangle Sum
Theorem (Thm. 5.1), 2 x + 5 y = 43 and 2. AB ≅ DC 2. Given
m ∠ RSV = 43°. Because it forms a linear pair 3. E is the midpoint 3. Given
with a 47° angle, m ∠UPS = 133°. Using angle of AC and BD.
addition and corresponding parts of congruent
4. AE ≅ EC 4. Definition of midpoint
figures, ∠VST is a right angle. Then
5. BE ≅ ED 5. Definition of midpoint
m ∠ PUT = 360 − (90 + 90 + 133)
= 47 6. ∠ EAB ≅ ∠ ECD 6. Alternate interior angles
= 4 x − 3 y. 7. ∠ ABD ≅ ∠ BDC 7. Alternate interior angles

Solving the system 2 x + 5 y = 43 8. ∠ AEB ≅ ∠CED 8. Vertical Angles
4 x − 3 y = 47 Theorem
gives x = 14 and y = 3. Finally, 9.  AEB ≅ CED 9. All corresponding
parts are congruent.
m ∠ RST = 90 + 43 = 133°. 3. a. yes; You are given  ADB ≅ CDA ≅ CDB.
So, AB ≅ BC ≅ CA. Because all three sides of
5. B C
ABC are congruent, it is an equilateral triangle.
b. 120°
A D
c. 30°, 30°
yes; To prove the triangles congruent, use the facts d. The angle measures are equal because CDB is
that AC = CA and opposite sides of a rectangle are isosceles.
congruent to show that 3 pairs of corresponding e. The measure of each of the congruent angles of
sides are congruent. Then use the Alternate Interior each small triangle is 30°. By the Angle
Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2) to show two pairs of Addition Postulate (Post. 1.4), the measure of
angles congruent. The third pair of corresponding each angle of ABC is 60°.
angles are congruent right angles.
5.2 Puzzle Time
5.2 Enrichment and Extension CRAB CAKES
1. ∠ ABD ≅ ∠CDB 1. Given Sample answer:
y
2. ∠ ADB ≅ ∠CBD 2. Given 6
(−3, 4) E C (3, 4)
4
3. AD ≅ BC 3. Given
2
4. AB ≅ DC 4. Given
(−3, 0) (3, 0)
−4 D −2 A (0, 0) B 4 x
5. BD ≅ BD 5. Reflexive Property
of Congruence −2
6. ∠ BAD ≅ ∠ BCD 6. Triangle Sum  ABC ≅  ADE because all angles and sides are
Theorem congruent. There is no further information needed
7.  ABD ≅ CDB 7. All corresponding because the given directions make it impossible to
parts are congruent. construct  ADE ≅  ABC.
5.3 Warm Up
1. AC 2. FH

Answers
5.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up 3. PLM , PMN , and PNL ; The sides PL , PM ,
1. ED 2. EC and PN are congruent because they are radii of the
same circle. The three angles at P are congruent, so
5.3 Practice A you can use SAS with these angles and the sides
1. yes; You know that two sides and the included including them.
angle are congruent, so you can use the SAS
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). 4. RVU , SXW , and TZY ; Show that each
obtuse angle measures 360 − (60 + 90 + 90)
2. no; The congruent vertical angles are not the
and that the sides including these angles are all
included angles, so SAS cannot be used.
congruent because they are sides of squares that
 ABO ≅ CBO; OB border an equilateral triangle. So, SAS applies.
3. ≅ OB , and because they are
radii, AO ≅ CO. It is given that ∠ AOB ≅ COB. 5. x = 7; y = 24
So, SAS is satisfied.
6. AED is equilateral and equiangular, so
4.  ABE ≅ CBE; Because AB ≅ BC , AE ≅ DE , and ∠CAD ≅ ∠ BDA. EB ≅ EC , so
∠ ABE ≅ ∠CBE , and BE ≅ BE , SAS is satisfied. EB + DE = EC + DE by the Addition Property
of Equality. Substituting AE for DE gives
5. no; The SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5) EB + DE = EC + AE. Using the Segment
applies after a translation, reflection, or rotation, Addition Postulate (Post. 1.2), BD = EB + DE
because those are congruence transformations, but and CA = EC + AE. So, BD = CA by
not after a dilation, which changes the size of the substitution. Also, AD ≅ DA by the Reflexive
figure. Property of Segment Congruence (Thm. 2.1).
 ACD ≅ DBA by the SAS Congruence
6. STATEMENTS REASONS Theorem (Thm. 5.5).
1. ∠ABD and ∠CBD 1. Given
are right angles.
1. NP ≅ OP because they have an equal length of 6;
2. BD bisects AC . 2. Given
MP ≅ MP by the Reflexive Property of Segment
3. AB ≅ BC 3. Definition of Congruence (Thm. 2.1); MO ≅ MN because they
a segment
have an equal length of 3 2. So,
bisector
PMO ≅ PMN by the SSS Congruence
4. BD ≅ BD 4. Reflexive Property Theorem (Thm. 5.8). It is possible to prove
of Segment PMO ≅ PMN by the SAS Congruence
Congruence
(Thm. 2.1) Theorem (Thm. 5.5) because you already know that
MP ≅ MP and MO ≅ MN . You also know that
5.  ABD ≅ CBD 5. SAS Congruence
Theorem NO ⊥ MP because the slopes are opposite
(Thm. 5.5) reciprocals. So, ∠OMP ≅ ∠ NMP, leading to
PMO ≅ PMN by the SAS Congruence
5.3 Practice B Theorem (Thm. 5.5).
1. yes; You know that two sides are congruent, and 2. yes; HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9)
using the Third Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.4) you
can find that the included angles are congruent, so
SAS applies.
2. yes; One pair of sides is marked congruent, you can

use segment addition to show a second pair of sides
congruent, and you can use the Third Angles
Theorem (Thm. 5.4) to show their included angles
congruent. So, SAS applies.

Answers
3. STATEMENTS REASONS 5. X ( 4, 10), Y (15, 3)
1. AC ⊥ BD 1. Given
5.3 Puzzle Time
2. D is the midpoint 2. Given OBTUSE
of AC.
3. Definition of 5.4 Start Thinking
3. ∠ ADB is a right
angle. perpendicular lines Sample answer:
y
4. m ∠ ADB = 90° 4. Definition of
E F
right angle 4
5. ∠CDB is a right 5. Definition of A B
angle. perpendicular lines H G C

−4 −2 D 2 x
6. m ∠CDB = 90° 6. Definition of
−2
right angle
7. m∠ADB = m∠CDB 7. Substitution
8. AD ≅ DC 8. Definition of midpoint  ABD ≅ CBD. The length of BD = 8.

EGH ≅ EGF because all side lengths and angles
9. BD ≅ BD 9. Reflexive Property
of Segment are congruent.
Congruence
5.4 Warm Up
(Thm. 2.1)
1. x = 89 2. x = 83
10.  ADB ≅ CDB 10. SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5) 3. x = 21 4. x = 80
4. STATEMENTS REASONS 5.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up

1. DE = BF 1. Given 1. A triangle is an isosceles triangle if and only if the
legs are of equal length.
2. AE = CF 2. Given
2. A Chinese puzzle is a tangram if and only if it is
3. AE ⊥ DB 3. Given
made up of seven pieces.
4. CF ⊥ BD 4. Given
3. A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if it has
5. ∠ AEB is a right 5. Definition of four right angles.
angle. perpendicular lines
5.4 Practice A
6. ∠CFD is a right 6. Definition of
perpendicular lines 1. x = 25 2. x = 6
angle.
7. ∠AEB ≅ ∠CFD 7. Right Angles Congruence 3. x = 20; y = 30 4. x = 30; y = 4
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
5. Because they are vertical angles,
8. BE = BF + FE 8. Segment Addition
∠ DCE ≅ ∠ BCA. Because they both measure
Postulate (Post. 1.2)
70°, ∠ B ≅ ∠ D. So, ∠ A ≅ ∠ E by the Third
9. FD = FE + ED 9. Segment Addition
Postulate (Post. 1.2) Angles Theorem (Thm 5.4). But ∠ E ≅ ∠ D
10. FD = FE + BF 10. Substitution because they are base angles of an isosceles
triangle, so m ∠ A = 70°. Because they have equal
11. FD = BE 11. Substitution measures, ∠ A and ∠ B are base angles of an
12. AE ≅ CF 12. Definition of congruent isosceles triangle.
segments
6. yes; An isosceles triangle is obtuse when the vertex
13. FD ≅ BE 13. Definition of
congruent segments angle is obtuse and the base angles are acute.
14. Δ AEB ≅ Δ CFD 14. SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5)

Answers
5.4 Practice B 5. A
1. x = 36 2. x = 90 D
3. x = 14; y = 7 4. x = 29; y = 3
C B
It is possible to partition a right triangle into two
5. It is given that ∠ CBD ≅ ∠ CDB and
isosceles triangles. Suppose  ABC is a right
∠ CAE ≅ ∠ CEA. By the Converse of the Base triangle with right angle C. Because m∠ CAD is
Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7), BC ≅ DC and less than m∠ ACB , it is possible to construct D
AC ≅ EC. By the Reflexive Property of Angle such that m∠ ACD = m∠ CAD , as shown above.
Congruence (Thm. 2.2), ∠ C ≅ ∠ C . Because m∠ ACD + m∠ DCB = 90° = m∠ CAD
 ACD ≅ ECB by the SAS Congruence + m∠ DBC and m∠ CAD = m∠ ACD , it follows
Theorem (Thm. 5.5). Because congruent parts of that m∠ DCB = m∠ DBC . So,  DBC is an
congruent triangles are congruent, AD ≅ EB. isosceles triangle.
6. STATEMENTS REASONS 5.4 Puzzle Time
1. ∠EBC ≅ ∠ECB, 1. Given NEITHER IT’S BEST TO WRITE WITH A PEN
AE ≅ DE 5.5 Start Thinking
2. EB ≅ EC 2. Converse of the J P
Base Angles
Theorem
(Thm. 5.7) 29° 29°
1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in.
3. ∠AEB ≅ ∠DEC 3. Vertical Angles
Congruence
Theorem
(Thm. 2.6) 75.5° 75.5° 75.5° 75.5°
K 0.5 in. L Q 0.5 in. R
4.  AEB ≅ DEC 4. SAS Congruence
Theorem In JKL, m∠ J = 29°, m∠ K = 75.5°,
(Thm. 5.5) m∠ L = 75.5°.  JKL is an isosceles triangle. The
5. Corresponding angles in PQR are congruent. It is not possible to
5. AB ≅ DC
parts of congruent create two triangles with the same side lengths but
triangles are different angles. As discussed in Section 5.4, the side
congruent. lengths and angles are related.
5.5 Warm Up
5.4 Enrichment and Extension 1. ∠ RUT 2. ∠ STR 3. ∠TRS
1. r = 1
2 (p + q)
4. ∠UTR 5. ∠ SRT 6. ∠ RST
2. (180 − 14a)°
6a° 5.5 Cumulative Review Warm Up
(180 − 10a)°
6a° 1. m∠1 = 54 °; straight angle
(180 − 6a)° 4a°
(180 − 2a)°
4a° m∠ 2 = 54°; Corresponding Angles Theorem
2a°
2a° (Thm. 3.1)
3a° 3a° 5a° 5a°
a° a° (180 − 4a)° (180 − 8a)° 7a° 7a°
2. m∠ 2 = 131°; Corresponding Angles Theorem
(180 − 12a)°
(Thm. 3.1)
m∠1 = 49°; straight angle
3. x = 12.9; y = 51.4 4. x = 29; y = 64
5.5 Practice A
1. congruent; Two pairs of sides are marked congruent
and the third pair of sides is shared, so the SSS
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) applies.
Answers
2. not congruent; The hypotenuse and a leg of one 3. yes; Sample answer: SAS Congruence Theorem
triangle are congruent to the legs of the other (Thm. 5.5)
triangle, so the triangles cannot be congruent.
3. congruent; The hypotenuses are shared and a pair
of legs is congruent, so the HL Congruence 1. BC ≅ ED, 1. Given
Theorem (Thm. 5.9) applies.
AB ≅ FE ,
4. STATEMENTS REASONS AD ≅ FC
1. AB ≅ AD; 1. Given 2. BC = ED 2. Definition of
congruent segments
AC bisects BD.
3. BD = BC + CD, 3. Segment Addition
2. AC ≅ AC 2. Reflexive Property of
EC = ED + CD Postulate (Post. 1.2)
Segment Congruence
(Thm. 2.1)
4. BD = ED + CD 4. Substitution
3. BC ≅ DC 3. Definition of Property of Equality
segment bisector
5. BD = EC 5. Substitution
4.  ABC ≅  ADC 4. SSS Congruence Property of Equality
Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
6. BD ≅ EC 6. Definition of
congruent segments
5. STATEMENTS REASONS 7.  ABD ≅ FEC 7. SSS Congruence
1. Given Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
1. JL ≅ GF and
KL ≅ HF
∠J and ∠G 2. Given 5. STATEMENTS REASONS
2.
are right angles. 1. Given
1. PS ≅ RS ,
3. JKL and GHF 3. Definition of SQ ⊥ PR
are right triangles. a right triangle
2. ∠PQS and ∠RQS 2. Definition of
4. JKL ≅ GHF 4. HL Congruence perpendicular lines
Theorem are right angles.
(Thm. 5.9)
3. PQS and RQS 3. Definition of
are right triangles. right triangles
6. not congruent
4. QS ≅ QS 4. Reflexive Property
7. a. You know the shared sides are congruent, so you of Segment
need to measure each of the other sides of the Congruence
two triangular faces to determine whether the (Thm. 2.1)
SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8) applies.
5. PSQ ≅ RSQ 5. HL Congruence
b. a regular hexagon
Theorem (Thm. 5.9)
5.5 Practice B
1. yes; Sample answer: SSS Congruence Theorem 6. Sample answer: Sketch the lines in a coordinate
(Thm. 5.8) plane. The slopes of lines a and b show that they
form vertical right angles of the triangles. The
2. yes; HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9) Distance Formula shows that the hypotenuses have
different lengths, so the triangles are not congruent.

Answers
5.5 Enrichment and Extension 4. S
1. a. x = 7 b. x = 4 c. x = − 4 or 4
2. N
STATEMENTS REASONS
R T
1. WA ≅ WT 1. Given
2. S is the midpoint of AT . 2. Given
M O
3. AS ≅ ST 3. Definition of If one side of Δ RST is congruent to one side of

midpoint
DEF , such that RS ≅ MN , then you know that
4. WS ≅ WS 4. Reflexive Property the triangles are congruent because equilateral
of Segment triangles have three congruent sides. So, all sides in
Congruence
RST would be equal to all sides in MNO , making
(Thm. 2.1)
them congruent by the SSS Congruence Postulate.
5. ΔWSA ≅ ΔWST 5. SSS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.8) 5. J ( 2e − c, 2 f − d ), K ( 2e − a, 2 f − b)
6. m ∠WAS + m ∠1 6. Definition of
5.5 Puzzle Time
= 180° perpendicular lines
A TEENAGER
7. ∠AEB ≅ ∠CFD 7. Definition of
linear pair 5.6 Start Thinking
8. m ∠WTS + m ∠ 2 8. Definition of Sample answer: B
= 180° linear pair Y
50°
9. ∠WAS ≅ ∠WTS 9. Corresponding 50°
parts of congruent
triangles are 70° 60° 70° 60°
congruent. X Z A C
10. m ∠WAS = m ∠WTS 10. Definition of  XYZ ≅/  ABC ; Any size triangle can have the angle
congruence measures indicated. One example would be to draw the
11. m ∠WAS + m ∠1 11. Substitution triangle on a coordinate plane and then dilate it with the
= m ∠WTS + m ∠ 2 origin as the center. This example shows that knowing
two triangles have the same angle measures is not
12. m ∠WAS + m ∠1 12. Substitution
enough to prove congruence.
= m ∠WAS + m ∠ 2
5.6 Warm Up
13. m ∠1 = m ∠ 2 13. Subtraction
1. SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
14. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 14. Definition of
congruent angles 2. none
3. SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5)

3. 4. none
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. GR ≅ GT 1. Given 5.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up

1. y
2. RS ≅ ST 2. Given X″
8
Z″
3. GS ≅ GS 3. Reflexive Property Y″
X
of Segment Congruence X′ X Z
(Thm. 2.1) −2 4
Y
8 x
Z′
4. GRS ≅ GST 4. SSS Congruence Y′
−4
Theorem (Thm. 5.8)

5.6 Practice A
1. yes; AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11)

Answers
2. no
5.6 Practice B
3. yes; ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10) 1. yes; ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10)
4. STATEMENTS REASONS 2. no
1. PS  RT , PQ ≅ TQ 1. Given 3. yes; AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11)
2. ∠S ≅ ∠R and 2. Alternate Interior 4. STATEMENTS REASONS

Angles Theorem
∠P ≅ ∠T 1. Given
(Thm. 3.2) 1. BD bisects AE ,
3. PSQ ≅ TRQ 3. AAS Congruence ∠A ≅ ∠E
Theorem
2. AC ≅ CE 2. Definition of
(Thm. 5.11)
segment bisector
5. STATEMENTS REASONS 3. ∠ACB ≅ ∠ECD 3. Vertical Angles

Congruence
1. BD bisects ∠ADC , 1. Given Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
BD ⊥ AC 4.  ABC ≅ EDC 4. ASA Congruence

Theorem (Thm. 5.10)
2. BD ≅ BD 2. Reflexive Property of
Segment Congruence
(Thm. 2.1) 5. STATEMENTS REASONS
3. ∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB 3. Definition of 1. ∠I ≅ ∠J , 1. Given
angle bisector
IM  JN ,
4. ∠ABD and ∠CBD 4. Definition of
perpendicular lines KL ≅ MN
are right angles.
2. ∠M ≅ ∠N 2. Corresponding
5. ∠ABD ≅ ∠CBD 5. Right Angles Angles Theorem
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
3. KL = MN 3. Definition of
6.  ABD ≅ CBD 6. ASA Congruence congruent
Theorem segments
(Thm. 5.10)
4. KL + LM 4. Addition Property
6. Given: AB ≅ CD, ∠ABD ≅ ∠CDB; BD ≅ DB = LM + MN of Equality
by the Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence 5. KM = KL + LM 5. Segment Addition
(Thm. 2.1); So,  ABD ≅ CDB by the SAS and Postulate
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). LN = LM + MN (Post. 1.2)
Given: AB ≅ EF , ∠ABD ≅ ∠F ; ∠ADB ≅ ∠EDF 6. KM = LN 6. Substitution
by the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem Property of
(Thm. 2.6); So,  ABD ≅ EFD by the AAS Equality
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11). 7. KM ≅ LN 7. Definition of
Given: CD ≅ EF , ∠BDC ≅ ∠F ; BD ≅ DF segment
congruence
because congruent parts of congruent triangles are
congruent; So, CDB ≅ EFD by the SAS 8. IKM ≅ JLN 8. AAS Congruence
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). Theorem
(Thm. 5.11)
There is not enough information to show that
AGD is congruent to any other triangle.

Answers
6. Draw RT . By the definition of a parallelogram, 3. BC and AD are parallel, because their slopes are
RS || QT and QR || TS . ∠QTR ≅ ∠SRT and equal, with AC being a transversal. The Alternate
∠QRT ≅ ∠STR by the Alternate Interior Angles Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2) applies to
Theorem (Thm. 3.2). RT ≅ TR by the Reflexive make ∠BCA ≅ ∠CAD. AB and CD are parallel
Property of Segment Congruence (Thm. 2.1). because their slopes are equal, with AC being a
QRT ≅ STR by the ASA Congruence Theorem transversal. The Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
(Thm. 5.10). So, QR ≅ TS and RS ≅ QT (Thm. 3.2) applies to make ∠BAC ≅ ∠ACD.
because corresponding parts of congruent triangles AC ≅ AC by the Reflexive Property of Segment
are congruent. Congruence (Thm. 2.1). So,  ABC ≅ CDA by
the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10).
1. m = any real value except 2; m = − 12 or m = 0;
The triangles are congruent by AAS or ASA. 1.  ABC ≅  ABD 1. Given
y
∠FCA ≅ ∠EDA
2. CA ≅ DA 2. Corresponding parts
of congruent triangles
2
are congruent.
−2 2 x 3. ∠CAF ≅ ∠DAE 3. Vertical Angles
−2
Congruence Theorem
(Thm. 2.6)
4. CAF ≅ DAE 4. ASA Congruence
2. Sample answer I: Label point (1, 6) as A, point Theorem (Thm. 5.10)
(5, 4) as B, point (4, 3) as C, point (1, 0) as D,
and point (5, 2) as E. You can calculate
AB = DE ≈ 4.472, CE = CB ≈ 1.414, and
AC = CD ≈ 4.242. So,  ABC ≅ DEC by 1. HB ≅ EB 1. Given
the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8). ∠BHG ≅ ∠BEA
Sample answer II: ∠HGJ ≅ ∠EAD
Label point (1,6) as A, point (5,4) as B, point (4,3) ∠JGB ≅ ∠DAB
as C, point (1,0) as D, and point (5,2) as E.
2. m∠BHG = m∠BEA 2. Definition of
CE = CB ≈ 1.414 and AC = CD ≈ 4.242.
m∠HGJ = m∠EAD congruency
Additionally, the slope of BD ⊥ AE , so,
m∠ACB = m∠DCE = 90°. By the SAS m∠JGB = m∠DAB
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5),
 ABC ≅ DEC. 3. m∠HGJ + m∠JGB 3. Angle Addition
= m∠HGB Postulate (Post. 1.4)
y
6
(1, 6) 4. m∠EAD + m∠DAB 4. Angle Addition
(5, 4)
= m∠EAB Postulate (Post. 1.4)
4
(4, 3)
2 5. m∠EAD + m∠DAB 5. Substitution
(5, 2)
x = m∠HGB
(1, 0) 4 6
6. m∠HGB = m∠EAB 6. Substitution
7. ∠HGB ≅ ∠EAB 7. Definition of
congruency
8. BHG ≅ BEA 8. AAS Congruence
Theorem
(Thm. 5.11)

Answers
6. STATEMENTS REASONS 5.7 Practice A
1. AE  BF 1. Given 1. The figure shows that ∠DAC ≅ ∠E , ∠B ≅ ∠C ,
CE  DF and AB ≅ DC. So,  ACD ≅ EBA by the AAS

Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11) and EB ≅ AC
AB ≅ CD
because corresponding parts of congruent triangles
2. ∠EAC ≅ ∠FBD 2. Corresponding are congruent.
Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.1) 2. The figure shows that ∠ACB ≅ ∠DCB and
AC ≅ DC. Use the Reflexive Property of
3. ∠ECA ≅ ∠FDB 3. Corresponding
Angles Theorem Segment Congruence (Thm. 2.1) to show
(Thm. 3.1) BC ≅ BC. Then  ABC ≅ DBC by the SAS
4. Reflexive Property of Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). So, ∠A ≅ ∠D
4. BC ≅ BC because corresponding parts of congruent triangles
Segment Congruence
(Thm. 2.1) are congruent.
5. Segment Addition 3. Show that PQSR is a parallelogram by definition,

5. AB + BC = AC
Postulate (Post. 1.2) then show ∠QPS ≅ ∠RSP by the Alternate Interior
6. Segment Addition Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2). Show PS ≅ SP by the

6. CD + BC = DB
Postulate (Post. 1.2) Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence (Thm.
7. Addition Property 2.1). The figure shows PQ ≅ SR. So,
7. AB + BC
of Equality PQS ≅ SRP by the SAS Congruence Theorem
= CD + BC
(Thm. 5.5), and PR ≅ SQ because corresponding
8. AC = DB 8. Substitution parts of congruent triangles are congruent.
9. AC ≅ DB 9. Definition of 4. The figure shows that HI ≅ JI and HK ≅ JK .

congruent segments Use the Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence
(Thm. 2.1) to show that IK ≅ IK . Then
5.6 Puzzle Time HIK ≡ JIK by the SSS Congruence Theorem
A WATCH (Thm. 5.8), and ∠H ≅ ∠J because corresponding
parts of congruent triangles are congruent.
5.7 Start Thinking
Answer should include, but is not limited to: Any 5. Place a stake at L so that LM ⊥ MN . Find K, the
construction of a small triangle (preferably small midpoint of ML. Locate the point J so that
enough to fit on a notebook page) with labels for side ML ⊥ JL, and J, K, and N are collinear. Then find
lengths and angle measurements. JL; Given: ∠M and ∠L are right angles, K is the
5.7 Warm Up midpoint of ML. Paragraph proof: Because they
are right angles, ∠M ≅ ∠L. MK = LK by the
1. Transitive Property of Segment Congruence
definition of the midpoint of a segment.
2. Reflexive Property of Angle Congruence ∠JKL ≅ ∠NKM by the Vertical Angles
3. Symmetric Property of Angle Congruence
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). JKL ≅ NKM
by the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10).
4. Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence LJ = MN because corresponding parts of congruent
5. Symmetric Property of Segment Congruence triangles are congruent.
6. Transitive Property of Angle Congruence 6. DE = 5 ; Sample answer: m∠C = 44° by the

Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1), so you have
5.7 Cumulative Review Warm Up ∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠C ≅ ∠F , and AC ≅ DF .
1. ∠ABC , ∠CBA, ∠B 2. ∠JKL, ∠LKJ , ∠2  ABC ≅ DEF by the ASA Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.10). Therefore, DE = AB
3. ∠HMN , ∠NMH , ∠M 4. ∠MPR, ∠RPM , ∠P
because corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are congruent.
Answers
5.7 Practice B b. Sample answer: The method works because you
1. The figure shows that ∠ G ≅ ∠ J , and GI = JH . have right angles, congruent segments, and
vertical angles which lead to  ABD ≅ CED
Because they are vertical angles, ∠ GKI ≅ ∠ JKH .
by the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10),
So, GKI ≅  JKH by the AAS Congruence
and CE corresponds to AB in these congruent
Theorem (Thm. 5.11) and GK ≅ JK because triangles.
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent. 5.7 Enrichment and Extension
1. x = 2; x = 5 2. x = 0; x = 4
2. The figure shows that BE = CE and AD ⊥ CB.
Because they are right angles, ∠ AEB ≅ ∠ AEC . 3. x = 20, y = 120, z = ± 6
AE ≅ AE by the Reflexive Property of Segment
Congruence (Thm. 2.1).  AEB ≅  AEC by the 4. In  ABC and DEF , you can use the Distance
SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). Because Formula to find that AB = DE = 5 units,
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are BC = EF ≈ 5.385, and AC = FD = 10 units.
congruent, BA = CA. So, you can conclude that  ABC ≅ DEF by
the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8). So,
3. The figure shows that BA ≅ FG , ∠ A ≅ ∠ G , and ∠ A ≅ ∠ D because corresponding parts of
∠ B and ∠ F are right angles. So, show that congruent triangles are congruent.
 ABC ≅ GFE by the ASA Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.10). Then ∠ BCA ≅ ∠ FEG 5. STATEMENTS REASONS
because corresponding parts of congruent triangles 1. L is the midpoint 1. Given
are congruent, which leads to congruence of their
respective vertical angles, ∠ DCH ≅ ∠ DEH . of JN .
Then DH ≅ DH by the Reflexive Property of PJ ≅ QN

Segment Congruence (Thm. 2.1) and right angles PL ≅ QL
are formed by DH ⊥ CE , so CDH ≅ EDH
2. JL ≅ LN 2. Definition of
by the AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11).
midpoint
So, DC ≅ DE because corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are congruent. 3. PLJ ≅ PLN 3. SSS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
4. Use the Converse of the Base Angles Theorem 4. Given
4. ∠PKJ and ∠QMN
(Thm. 5.7) to show that SV ≅ SU . Show that are right angles.
∠ RVS ≅ ∠TUS because they form linear pairs
with congruent angles. Then  RVS ≅ TUS by 5. ∠PKJ ≅ ∠QMN 5. Right Angles
Congruence
the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5), which
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
leads to ∠1 ≅ ∠ 2 because corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are congruent. 6. ∠KJP ≅ ∠MNQ 6. Corresponding
parts of congruent
5. a. Sample answer: Mark point C along the edge of triangles are
your roof. Then find the midpoint D of AC . congruent.
Locate point E so that AC ⊥ CE and E, D, and 7. PKJ ≅ QMN 7. AAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.11)
B are collinear. Measure CE . This is the same
as AB. 8. ∠MQN ≅ ∠KPJ 8. Corresponding
parts of congruent
A B triangles are
congruent.
D
E
C

Answers
6. STATEMENTS REASONS 5.8 Practice A
1. ∠R ≅ ∠S 1. Given 1. 4
y
∠2 ≅ ∠3 (0, 2) (6, 2)
2. TV ≅ TV 2. Reflexive Property of (0, 0) (6, 0)

2 4 6
Segment Congruence x
(Thm. 2.1) −2
3. RTV ≅ SVT 3. AAS Congruence

It is easy to find the width and length of the
Theorem (Thm. 5.11)
rectangle by placing a vertex at the origin.
4. RT ≅ SV 4. Corresponding
parts of congruent 2. y
(0, 4)
triangles are 4
congruent.
2
5. ∠5 ≅ ∠6 5. Vertical Angles (4, 0)
Congruence Theorem (0, 0) 2 4 6 x
(Thm. 2.6)
6. RTU ≅ SVU 6. AAS Congruence It is easy to see the length of each leg by placing the
Theorem (Thm. 5.11) vertex with the right angle at the origin.
7. RU ≅ SU 7. Corresponding
3. y
parts of congruent
triangles are (0, w) ( , w)
congruent.
(0, 0) ( , 0) x
5.7 Puzzle Time
TO KEEP THEIR INSIDES IN
It is easy to see the width and length of the
5.8 Start Thinking rectangle by placing a vertex at the origin.
Answer should include, but is not limited to: Any 4. y
construction using dynamic geometry software ( b2 , h)
consisting of  ABC with whole-number degree angle
measures, centered at the origin. A second triangle,
larger or smaller, should also be centered at the origin
and contain the same angle measures. The two triangles (0, 0) (b, 0) x
both have the same angle measures but are not the same
size, so that they are not congruent. It is easy to see the length of the base and the
height, and to determine that the triangle is
5.8 Warm Up isosceles by placing one vertex at the origin.
1. 11.7 2. 3.2 3. 18
4. 7.3 5. 12.6 6. 21.8

1. 30 + EF 2. 4 • GH 3. AB − JK

Answers
5. y 9. Coordinate proof:
4
B(a, 2) Segments CO and DO have the same length.

2
CO = 0 − ( − h) = h; DO = h − 0 = h
A(0, 0) C(a, 0) x
Segments AC and BD have the same length.
2 AC = k − 0 = k ; BD = k − 0 = k
AB = a 2 + 4, slope of AB: , midpoint of
a Segments AO and BO have the same length.
a 
AB :  , 1
2  AO = ( − h − 0) 2 + ( k − 0) =
2
h2 + k 2 ;
BC = 2, slope of BC : undefined, midpoint of BO = ( h − 0) 2 + ( k − 0) =

2
h2 + k 2
BC : ( a, 1)  ACO ≅ BDO by the SSS Congruence
a  Theorem (Thm. 5.8).
AC = a, slope of AC : 0, midpoint of AC :  , 0 
2 
10. Sample answer: yes; In this position, it is relatively
 ABC is a right triangle because AC is horizontal easy to find the lengths of the horizontal base and the
and BC is vertical. side adjacent to the base with its vertex at (0, 0).
When a = 2,  ABC is also isosceles because
11. Sample answer: R (0, 0), S (0, 3a ), T ( 4a, 0); 5a
then AC = BC = 2.
6. y 5.8 Practice B
K(0, a) 1. y
(0, k) (2k, k)
J(0, 0) L(b, 0) x
(0, 0) (2k, 0) x
JK = a, slope of JK : undefined, midpoint of JK :
 a It is easy to find the width and length of the
 0,  rectangle by placing a vertex at the origin with
 2
a one side on each axis.
KL = a 2 + b 2 , slope of KL: − , midpoint of
b 2. y
b a
KL:  ,  (3, k)
2 2
(0, 0) (3, 0)
b 
JL = b, slope of JL: 0, midpoint of JL:  , 0 2 4 6 x
2 
It is easy to see the length of one leg by placing a
JKL is a right triangle because JL is horizontal
vertex at the origin with a side on the horizontal
and JK is vertical. JKL is not isosceles because axis.
a ≠ b.
3. y
7. O (0, 0), C ( h, 0); OB = 2

h + k 2
(b, c)
8. G ( − 2h, 0), D ( 2, 4k ); FD = 4 4k 2 + 1,
DE = 2 4k 2 + h 2 − 2h + 1 (0, 0) (a, 0) x
It is easy to see the length of one side by placing a

vertex at the origin with a side on the horizontal axis.

Answers
4. y 5 1
8. parallelogram; mWX = − , m XY = ,
K(a, b) 2 2
5 1
mYZ = − , and mZW = . Because both pairs
2 2
of opposite sides are parallel, WZYZ is a
J(0, 0) L(2a, 0) x parallelogram by definition. It is not a trapezoid
because it has two pairs of parallel sides instead of
JL = 2a, mJL = 0, midpoint of JL: ( a, 0) one. It is not a rectangle because the slopes are not
negative reciprocals of each other, which indicates
b
JK = a 2 + b 2 , mJK = , midpoint of JK : that the sides are not perpendicular.
a
a b 9. Given: Vertex C of  ABC is on the line x = 0,
 , 
 2 2 the perpendicular bisector of AB.
b Prove:  ABC is isosceles.
KL = a 2 + b 2 , mKL = − , midpoint of KL:
a y
 3a b 
 ,  C(0, b)
 2 2
JKL is isosceles, because JK ≅ KL.
5. y
A(−a, 0) B(a, 0) x
R(8a, 4a) AC and BC have the lengths
AC = ( − a )2 + b2 = a 2 + b2 ,
P(0, 0) Q(5a, 0) x
BC = a2 + b2 .
PQ = 5a, mPQ = 0, midpoint of PQ: ( 2.5a, 0) So, AC = BC , and by the definition of congruent
1 segments, AC ≅ BC. Therefore,  ABC is
PR = 4a 5, mPR = , midpoint of PR: ( 4a, 2a)
2 isosceles by the definition of isosceles triangle.
4
QR = 5a, mQR = , midpoint of QR: (6.5a, 2a ) 5.8 Enrichment and Extension
3
1. Call the point S the midpoint of RP, with the
PQR is isosceles, because PQ ≅ QR.
 −b + a a + b 
coordinates S =  , . The slope of
6. F (0, 0), G (0, k ), H ( 2k , − k ), J ( k , 0);  2 2 
− (b − a ) −a − b
GH = 2 k 2, FH = k 5 RP = , and the slope of SQ = ,
−b − a b − a
k   3k  making them opposite reciprocals and forming the
7. A(0, 0), B  , 2k , C  , 2k  , E ( k , 0); BC = k , 90° angles RSQ and PSQ. SQ ≅ SQ by the
2   2 
1 Reflexive Property of Segment Congruence
CD = k 17 (Thm. 2.1). The length of both RS and SP is equal
2
2 2
a + b b − a
to   +  , so RSQ ≅ PSQ
 2   2 
by the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). The
a b
slope of RQ = − and the slope of QP = .
b a
They are opposite reciprocals and form the right
angle PQR.

Answers
2. The slope of CD is equal to the slope of AB, but 3 3
19. M (5, −3) 20. M  ,  21. 8.54
AD ≠ BC. So, it is a trapezoid, but not an 2 2
isosceles trapezoid.
22. 12.37 23. 10.44 24. 13.34
s t
3. a. coordinates of P:  , ; coordinates of 25. 7.21 26. 6.32 27. 15.03
2 2
s + r t  28. 6.32 29. 12.53 30. 5
Q:  , 
 2 2
31. 7 32. 10 33. 8.25
t
b. equation of PR = y = ( x − r ); 34. 6.40 35. 13.60 36. 7.62
s − 2r
t 37. 6.71 38. 7.62 39. 12.53
equation of QO = y = x
r + s
40. 15.81 41. 24 in.3 42. 234 in.3
4. The trapezoid is isosceles because TR ≅ PA. The
base is on the x-axis, and the y-axis bisects the
43. 21 44. 11 45. 18
bases. Label point E = (0, 2c ), point G = (0, 0),
point D = ( − b − a, c), and point F = (b + a, c). 46. 9 47. 10 48. 22
You can then show that 49. 8 50. 34 51. 2750 ft

c + (b + a ) .
2 2
DE = EF = FG = DG =
52. a. 216 ft 2
All sides are equal, making DEFG a rhombus.
b. 2 containers
5. (b, − b) 6. (0, a )
c. $31.98
7. ( a − b, −b) or ( a − b, b) 53. 87° 54. 69° 55. 74°
56. 61° 57. 115° 58. 78°

8. (b − a, b )
59. x = 20 60. x = − 6 61. x = − 5
5.8 Puzzle Time
AIR BAG 62. x = − 9 63. x = 8 64. x = 4
Cumulative Review 65. x = − 2 66. x = 7 67. x = 9

 3   5 3 5 
1. M  − , 3 2. M  − ,  3. M  , 2  68. x = 11 69. x = 6 70. x = 5
 2   2 2 2 
71. x = 5 72. x = 4 73. x = − 3
 11 
4. M ( 2, 0) 5. M (5, 4) 6. M  , 1
2  74. x = 14 75. x = 1 76. x = 10
77. x = 6 78. x = 4 79. x = − 4

7   3 9 
7. M  , −1 8. M 1, −  9. M  , −1
2   2 2  80. x = − 6 81. x = − 32 82. x = − 8
 1 5  83. y = − 3 x + 9 84. y = 7 x − 11
10. M  0, −  11. M ( −1, 3) 12. M  , 2 
 2 2 
85. y = 8 x − 13 86. y = 3 x − 6
 5   15  3 
13. M  − , 0  14. M  , − 4  15. M  , − 2  87. y = −2 x + 6 88. y = 5 x − 7
 2   2   2 
89. y = − 0.125 x + 3 90. y = 12 x + 8
 15 9   1
16. M  ,  17. M  − 7, −  18. M (5, 6)
 2 2  2 91. y = 0.125 x − 8 92. y = − 2 x − 24

Answers
93. y = 94 x − 24 94. y = 8 x − 2 2. P lies on the perpendicular bisector of RS ; Because
T is equidistant from the endpoints R and S, T lies
95. a. 224 ft 2 b. 12 ft by 14 ft c. 168 ft 2 on the perpendicular bisector of RS by the
Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
96. a. 10 ft b. 24 ft c. 24 ft 2 (Thm. 6.2). Because only one line can be

perpendicular to RS at U, TU must be the
Chapter 6 
perpendicular bisector of RS , and P is on TU .
6.1 Start Thinking
3. P lies on the angle bisector of ∠ DEF ; P is
The roof lines become steeper; The two top chords will  
get longer as the king post gets longer, but the two top equidistant from sides ED and EF of angle
chords will always be congruent to each other. The ∠ DEF , so P is on the angle bisector of ∠ DEF by
angles formed by the top chords and the king post are the Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem
congruent. The angles formed by the top chords and the (Thm. 6.4).
bottom chord are congruent.
4. 20; Because D is on the perpendicular bisector of
6.1 Warm Up AC , D is equidistant from A and C.
1. 5 2. 8 3. 2 4. −1
5. 17; By the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
6.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up (Thm. 6.1), GJ = GH . Solving
1.
4 x + 5 = 2 x + 11 gives x = 3, so
STATEMENTS REASONS
2 x + 11 = 17.
1. P is the midpoint 1. Given
of MN and TQ. 6. 14; Q is on the angle bisector of ∠ PSR, so Q is
 
equidistant from SP and SR.
2. MP ≅ NP 2. Definition of
segment midpoint
7. 76°; By the Converse of the Angle Bisector
3. Definition of 
3. PT ≅ PQ Theorem (Thm. 6.4), GE bisects ∠ DGF .
segment midpoint
Solving 3x + 8 = 5x − 12 gives x = 10. So,
4. ∠ MPQ ≅ ∠ NPT 4. Vertical Angles
m∠DGF = 3(10) + 8 + 5(10) − 12 ° = 76°.
Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
8. y = − 4 x + 7
5. MQP ≅ NTP 5. SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5) 9. Because any point on the perpendicular bisector of a
segment is equidistant from the endpoints of the
2. segment, you can draw an isosceles triangle by
STATEMENTS REASONS
drawing segments from each endpoint of the segment
1. AB ≅ DC , 1. Given to the same point on the perpendicular bisector.
AC ≅ DB 10. yes; In a right triangle, the bisector of the right
2. Reflexive Property of angle is also the perpendicular bisector of the
2. BC ≅ BC
Segment Congruence hypotenuse when the right angle is isosceles.
(Thm. 2.1) The figure shows that when right ∠ C of  ABC

3.  ABC ≅ DCB 3. SSS Congruence is bisected by CD, ACD ≅ BCD by either
Theorem (Thm. 5.8) the ASA Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.10) or
the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). Then
6.1 Practice A the corresponding sides A
1. P lies on the perpendicular bisector of RS ; The
AC and BC must be
 congruent, so  ABC D
markings show that TP satisfies the definition of a
is isosceles.
perpendicular bisector.
C B

Answers
6.1 Practice B 6.1 Enrichment and Extension

1. neither; Because PQ is not marked perpendicular 1. 73
to RS , you cannot be certain that point P is on the

2. (x + 1) + ( y − 5)
2 2
= (x − 5) + ( y − 2) ;
2 2
perpendicular bisector of RS .
y = 2x − 1
2
2. neither; Because there is no indication that
PD = PF , you cannot be certain that point P is 3. x = 12, y = 8 4. x = 3, y = 2
on the angle bisector of ∠ DEF .
3. P lies on the bisector of ∠ DEF ; Using the
HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9), 1. PQRST is a regular 1. Given
 polygon.
DEQ ≅ FEQ, so DQ = FQ and EQ bisects
SV ≅ RV
∠ DEF by the Converse of the Angle Bisector
Theorem (Thm. 6.4). The figure shows that point P 2. TP ≅ QP 2. Definition of
 regular polygon
is on EQ. TS ≅ QR
∠ S ≅ ∠R
4. 36; Point D lies on the perpendicular bisector of
AC by the Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector 3. Draw TV 3. Through any
Theorem (Thm. 6.2). m∠ DBC = 90° by the points there exists
and QV .
 exactly one line.
Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1), so BD is the
4. TSV ≅ QRV 4. SAS Congruence
perpendicular bisector of AC. Solving
Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
− x + 25 = 3( 2 x − 8), gives x = 7, so
5. VT ≅ VQ 5. Corresponding parts
AC = 36. of congruent
triangles are congruent.
5 
5. 45°; Because L is units from each side NK 6. VT = VQ 6. Definition of
2
  congruent segments
and NM , NL bisects ∠KNM . Because PT = PQ
1 7. V lies on the 7. Converse of the
m∠KNM = 90°, m∠LNM = (90°) = 45°. perpendicular Perpendicular
2
 bisector of TQ. Bisector Theorem
6. 42°; TV bisects ∠UTW because VU = VW . (Thm. 6.2)
P lies on the
Solving 2 x + 3 = 5x − 24 gives x = 9, so
perpendicular
m∠UTW = 2 2 (9) + 3 ° = 42°. bisector of TQ.
7. y = − 13 x + 34 8. PV lies on the 8. Perpendicular

perpendicular Postulate (Post. 3.2)
8. no; yes; Point Q does not lie on line m because Q is bisector of TQ.
not the same distance from P and R. Point S lies on
line m, the perpendicular bisector of PR, because S
is the same distance from P and R.
9. Install the fountain at the point where the bisectors

of the angles of the triangle intersect. That point is
the same distance from each side of each angle, or
equivalently, each side of the triangle.

Answers
6. STATEMENTS REASONS 3.
1. LQ ≅ NQ 1. Given
2. ∠2 ≅ ∠3 2. Base Angles
Theorem
(Thm. 5.6)
64°
3. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 3. Given A
4. ∠1 + ∠2 = ∠MLR 4. Angles Addition

Postulate 4.
∠3 + ∠4 = ∠MNR
(Post. 1.4)
5. ∠4 + ∠3 = ∠MLR 5. Substitution
6. ∠MLR ≅ ∠MNR 6. Substitution
126°
7. MN ≅ MN 7. Converse of B
the Base Angles
Theorem
(Thm. 5.7) 6.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up
 1. C′ y
8. MQ is the 8. Converse of
Perpendicular 4
perpendicular
Bisector B′
bisector of LN . Theorem B
2
(Thm. 6.2) A
9. LP ≅ NP 9. Converse of
−4 2 4 x
Perpendicular
C
Bisector D′
D A′
Theorem
(Thm. 6.2) −4
y=x
6.1 Puzzle Time 2. y

TOOK HIS MEDICINE AND FORGOT TO SHAKE B′
6
IT
6.2 Start Thinking C′ y=2

They intersect at one point that appears to be the center A′
of the circle. They also appear to be both angle A
bisectors and perpendicular bisectors. C
−2 2 6 x
6.2 Warm Up
−2
1. 2. B
6.2 Practice A
Y
A B 1. 9; Circumcenter Theorem (Thm. 6.5)
X
2. 10; Circumcenter Theorem (Thm. 6.5)
3. 2; Incenter Theorem (Thm. 6.6)
4. (3, 2) 5. ( − 2, 4)

Answers
6. 12 7. 50 5. STATEMENTS REASONS
8. Sample answer: 1. GJ is the ⊥ 1. Given
bisector of HK .
2. HJ ≅ JK 2. Definition of
segment bisector
3. MH ≅ MK 3. Perpendicular
C Bisector Theorem
(Thm. 6.1)
4. GH ≅ GK 4. Perpendicular
Bisector Theorem
9. Construct the circumcenter of the triangle formed (Thm. 6.1)
by the locations of the three buildings. The tower is
located at the circumcenter. 5. GM ≅ GM 5. Reflexive Property
of Segment
10. no; The circumcenter of an obtuse triangle lies Congruence
outside the triangle, and the circumcenter of a right (Thm. 2.1)
triangle lies on the hypotenuse. 6. GHM ≅ 6. SSS Congruence
GKM Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
6.2 Practice B
1. 6; Circumcenter Theorem (Thm. 6.5) 7. ∠ GHM ≅ 7. Corresponding parts
∠ GKM of congruent
2. 15; Circumcenter Theorem (Thm. 6.5) triangles are
congruent.
3. 11; Incenter Theorem (Thm. 6.6)
4. ( 92 , 32 ) 5. MG = 10, NG = 10 6. Begin by drawing a line segment from point B to

point F, as shown. You are given FC is the
6. GJ = 18, GE = 17
perpendicular bisector of AB and FE is the
7. a. Find the incenter by finding the intersection of
perpendicular bisector of BD. By the Perpendicular
two angle bisectors. Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1) you know that
AF = FB and FD = FB. Using the Transitive
b. Find the circumcenter by finding the intersection
Property of Equality, you can conclude that
of the perpendicular bisectors of two sides.
AF = FD. By the definition of congruent
c. the circumcenter; The circumcenter is centered
segments, you know that AF ≅ FD.
between the three vertices, whereas the incenter
is toward the bottom of the triangular lawn in the A
figure.
8. The circumcenter lies outside the triangle when the C F

triangle is obtuse.
9. 8
B E D
6.2 Puzzle Time
1. Q 11 (
, 23
5 5 ) 2. 13 units
HAD A BYTE
3. (15.4, 21.2) 4. (3.2, 11.0)

Answers
6.3 Start Thinking 6.3 Practice B
1. QL = 42, AL = 63 2. JQ = 48, QA = 24
3. QA = 5, KA = 15 4. ( − 3, 4)
5. inside; (1, 3) (
6. outside; − 8, 92 )
7. 1; Sample answer: The two vertices give one side
Two of the altitudes coincide with the two legs of the of the triangle. The centroid and each given vertex
right triangle, and the three altitudes intersect at the can be used to find the exact location of the
vertex of the right angle. midpoint of another side. The two midpoints and
the two given vertices can be used to find the third
6.3 Warm Up vertex of the triangle.
1. P 8. 1; Sample answer: The two vertices give one side
of the triangle. Each vertex and the orthocenter can
be used to draw a line containing the altitude from
that vertex. The line perpendicular to that line and
m passing through the other vertex contains another
side of the triangle. The third vertex is the
2. Q intersection of the new sides.
9. (10, − 2) 10. (3, − 6)
11. no; Sample answer: A congruent pair of adjacent

sides in a triangle have a perpendicular bisector,
angle bisector, median, and altitude from the shared
6.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up vertex that are all the same segment. An equilateral
triangle has three pairs of congruent adjacent sides,
1. y − 4 = 32 ( x + 2) 2. x = 5 so the special segments will all be the same, as will
their points of concurrency.
(
3. y + 9 = −1 x − 34 ) 4. y + 7 = − 12 ( x − 1)
12. yes; Sample answer: The median is the same as the
altitude only when the sides that share the vertex
5. y + 2 = − 53 ( x − 3) 6. y = − 32 are congruent, so the triangles formed by this
median will be congruent by the HL Congruence
6.3 Practice A Theorem (Thm. 5.9).
1. BP = 8, PL = 4 2. PL = 8, CL = 24
13. no; The circumcenter of an obtuse triangle is
outside the triangle and the incenter of any triangle
3. AP = 18, PL = 9 4. PL = 51, BL = 153
is inside the triangle.
5. ( 4, 4) 6. ( 2, 1) 6.3 Enrichment and Extension

 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z2 + z3 
7. on; (0, 0) 8. outside; (1, − 5) 1. N  , , 
 3 3 3 
9. orthocenter; When the strings are pulled tight, right
a b c
angles are formed on opposite sides of each vertex. 2. N  , , 
Three altitudes are formed, which are concurrent at  3 3 3
the orthocenter.
10. no; The orthocenter and the centroid are the same
point in an isosceles triangles.

Answers
a b  6.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up
3. T  , , 0 ; The distance of
2 2  1. 79° 2. 48°, 42° 3. 88°, 50°, 42°
2 2 2
a b  2c  6.4 Practice A
FN =   +  + 
3
  3
  3 1−4
1. The slope of ED = = −3, and the slope of
a 2 + b 2 + 4c 2 2 −1
=
3 −2 − 4
BC = = − 3. So, ED || BC.
5−3
and the distance of
ED = (2 − 1)2 + (1 − 4)
2
= 10,
2 2 2
a b  2c  BC = (5 − 3)2 + ( − 2 − 4)
2
= 2 10, so
NT =   +  + 
6 6 6 1
2 2 2
ED = BC.
a + b + 4c 2
= ,
6
2. E (1, 4), F ( 4, 1)
so FN = 2 • NT .
1− 4
4. 2 5. 1 or 7 6. −1 or 5.5 3. The slope of EF = = −1, and the slope of
4 −1
−2 − 4
8 1794 AC = = −1. So, EF || AC.
7. square units 5 − ( −1)
3
EF = (4 − 1) + (1 − 4)
2 2
= 3 2,
8. about 2.237 square units
2
5 − ( −1) + ( − 2 − 4)
2
AC = = 6 2, so
 2c  6ac
9. AM = y =  x − , 1
 2b − a  2b − a EF = AC.
2
 c 
BN = y =   x,
a + b 4. D( 2, 1), F ( 4, 1)
 c  6ac
CP = y =  x − ; 1−1
 b − 2 a  b − 2a 5. The slope of DF = = 0, and the slope of
4−2
(2a + 2b, 2c) 4−4
AB = = 0. So, DF || AB.
6.3 Puzzle Time 3 − ( −1)
A BOOKWORM DF = 4 − 2 = 2, and AB = 3 − ( −1) = 4, so

1
6.4 Start Thinking DF = AB.
2
A
6. 32 7. 34 8. 23
M N 9. 17 10. 12 11. 21
12. yes; Because each midsegment is half as long as

the corresponding side, the sum of the lengths of
B C
the midsegments (the perimeter of the midsegment
The measure of MN is one-half the measure of BC. triangle) will be half the sum of the lengths of the
corresponding sides (the perimeter of the original
6.4 Warm Up triangle).
1. ( − 3, 0) ( )
2. 1, 32 3. 73 4. 65 13. 116 ft

Answers
6.4 Practice B 5. 9 6. 4 7. 64 8. 8
1. D ( − 2, 2), E ( −1, − 2), F ( − 4, −1) 9. Sample answer: The two pairs of equal measures
determine the midpoints of two sides of a triangle.
2. A y The midsegment of the triangle is represented by
D the surface of the bottom step. So, the bottom step
2
B is parallel to the floor, which represents the bottom
side of the triangle.
−2 1 x
F 10. no; Sample answer: The midsegments of a triangle
E with side lengths of 2a, 2b, and 2c divide the
triangle into 4 triangles with side lengths of a, b,
−4 and c. So, the smaller triangle has only one-fourth
C the area of the larger triangle.

2 − ( −1)
3
3. The slope of FD = = , and the 1. a. C
− 2 − ( − 4) 2
H J
1 − ( − 5)
3 F G
slope of CB = = . So, FD || CB.
1 − ( − 3) 2
D E
− 2 − ( −1) 1
The slope of FE = = − , and the
−1 − ( − 4) 3
1−3 1
slope of AB = = − . So, FE || AB. A 24 B
1 − ( − 5) 3
b.
−2 − 2 Stage n 0 1 2 3 4 5
The slope of DE = = − 4, and the
−1 − ( − 2) Midsegment 3 3
24 12 6 3
−5 − 3 length 2 4
slope of AC = = − 4. So, DE || AC.
− 3 − ( − 5)
c. Midsegments of Triangles
(− 2 − [− 4]) + ( 2 − [−1])
2 2 y
4. FD = = 13,
Midsegment length
24
(1 − [− 3]) + (1 − [− 5])
20
2 2
CB = = 2 13, so
18
1 16
FD = CB.
2 12
8
(−1 − [−4]) + ( − 2 − [−1])

2 2 4
FE = = 10,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
(1 − [− 5]) + (1 − 3)
2 2
AB = = 2 10, so Stage
1
FE = AB. 1
n
2 y = 24 •  
2
(−1 − [− 2])
2
+ ( − 2 − 2)
2
DE = = 17, 1
n
d. y = w •  
2
(− 3 − [− 5])
2
+ (− 5 − 3)
2
AC = = 2 17, so
1 2. G ( 4, 4), H (0, 2), J (8, 0)
DE = AC.
2
3. perimeter = 17.1 units, area = 12.5 units2

Answers
4. You are given ABC ≅ DEF. Because 5. If the sum of the measures of the interior angles of
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are a polygon is not 180°, then the polygon is not a
triangle.
congruent, you can conclude AB ≅ DE,
BC ≅ EF , and CA ≅ FD. By the definition of 6. Sample answer: If a triangle does not contain three
congruent segments, you can also conclude congruent angles, then it is not equiangular.
AB = DE , BC = EF , and CA = FD. You are
also given that T, U, and V are the midpoints of
ABC and X, Y, and Z are midpoints of DEF . 1. 110 2. 28 3. − 2
1 BC 1 EF .
So, TV = and XZ = By the
2 2 6.5 Practice A
Substitution Property of Equality, you have 1. ∠ N , ∠ L, ∠ M 2. ∠ F , ∠ D, ∠ E
TV = 12 EF and TV = XZ. You know
UV = 1 AB
and YZ = 1 DE.
So, by the 3. AB, CA, BC 4. QP, PR, RQ
2 2
Substitution Property of Equality, you have 5. no; The sum of the first two sides is
UV = 12 DE and UV = YZ. Finally, you know 15 + 37 = 52, which is not greater than 53.
TU = 1 CA 1 FD.
2
and XY = 2
So, by the 6. yes; The sum of the lengths of any two sides of the
Substitution Property of Equality, you have triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
TU = 12 FD and TU = XY . By the definition of
7. Assume that a triangle has more than one obtuse
congruent segments, you can conclude TV ≅ XZ , angle. An obtuse angle is an angle that is greater
than 90°. This makes the sum of the angles in the
UV ≅ YZ and TU ≅ XY . By the SSS
triangle greater than 180°. However, the sum of the
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8), you can conclude
angles of a triangle must be equal to, not greater
TUV ≅ XYZ . than 180°. This is a contradiction, so the
assumption that a triangle has more than one obtuse
6.4 Puzzle Time
angle must be false, which proves that a triangle
STICK WITH ME AND WE WILL GO PLACES has, at most, one obtuse angle.
6.5 Start Thinking 8. x > 14
1. BC is the longest side and ∠ A is the largest
9. ∠ ACD, ∠ D, ∠ A; Using the properties of exterior
angle.
angles, you can solve for x = 14, and then obtain
2. YZ is the longest side and ∠ X is the largest angle. all of the angle measures.
10. Sample answer: In terms of the Triangle Inequality

3. NP is the longest side and ∠ M is the largest Theorem (Thm. 6.11), this can be thought of as a
angle. direct route between two points by traveling along
The largest angle is always opposite the longest side. one side, or an indirect route between two points by
traveling along the other two sides. Because the
6.5 Warm Up sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
1. If there is no right angle in a triangle, then it is not a greater than the length of the third side, the direct
right triangle. route along a single side is the shortest distance
between two points.
2. If two lines do not have the same slope, then they
are not parallel. 6.5 Practice B
1. ∠ L, ∠ M , ∠ N 2. ∠V , ∠U , ∠W
3. Sample answer: If a quadrilateral does not have
four right angles, then the quadrilateral is not a
3. QS , RQ, SR 4. BC, DB, CD
rectangle.
4. Sample answer: If no two angles of a triangle are

congruent, then the triangle is a scalene triangle.

Answers
5. Assume temporarily that a right triangle has three 3. Sample answer:
acute angles. So the measure of each angle is less
than 90°, but by the definition of a right triangle, one STATEMENTS REASONS
angle must have a measure of 90°. So, the 1.  ABC and median 1. Given
assumption that a right triangle has three acute angles
‘ AM
must be false. Next assume temporarily that a right
triangle has exactly one acute angle, which means 2. Extend AM to point D 2. Construction
the triangle has one right angle and one obtuse angle.
such that AM ≅ DM .
The measure of an obtuse angle plus 90° is greater
Draw CDB.
than 180°. By the Triangle Sum Theorem
(Thm. 5.1), m ∠ A + m ∠ B + m ∠C = 180°. So, 3. MB ≅ MC 3. Definition of
the assumption that a triangle has exactly one acute median
angle must be false, which proves that a right 4. ∠AMB ≅ ∠DMC 4. Vertical Angles
triangle has exactly two acute angles. Congruence
Theorem
6. yes; Substituting the given value of x into the (Thm. 5.5)
expressions for the measures of the sides gives 60,
107, and 122. Because the sum of any two of these 5.  AMB ≅ DMC 5. SAS Congruence
lengths is greater than the third, it is possible to Theorem
construct such a triangle. (Thm. 5.5)
6. AB ≅ DC 6. Corresponding
7. DEF , FGC; Use the Triangle Inequality parts of congruent
Theorem (Thm. 6.11). For triangles are
DEF , DE + DF > EF , DE + EF > DF , and congruent.
DF + EF > DE. For FGC , FC + CG > FG, 7. AB = DC , 7. Definition of
CG + FG > FC , and FG + FC > CG. congruent
AM = DM
segments
8. yes; If you know all three angles measures, you can
use a protractor and a straightedge to construct a 8. AM + MD = AD 8. Segment Addition
Postulate
triangle with the given angles that obeys the
(Post. 1.2)
Triangle Inequality Theorem (Thm. 6.11).
9. AM + AM = AD 9. Substitution
6.5 Enrichment and Extension Property of
Equality
1. CD, BC , BD, AB, AD
10. 2AM = AD 10. Simplify.
2. DE, AE, AD, AB, BD, BC , CD 11. AD < AC + CD 11. Triangle
Inequality
Theorem
(Thm. 6.11)
12. 2AM < AC + AB 12. Substitution
13. AM < 1
2 ( AC + AB) 13. Division Property
of Equality
14. 1
( AB + AC ) < 14. Properties of
2
real numbers
2(
1 AB + AC + BC )
15. AM < 15. Transitive

(
1 AB + AC + BC
2 ) Property of
Inequality

Answers
4. Sample answer: In  ABC , let AX , BY , and CZ 6.6 Practice A
be medians. By the Centroid Theorem (Thm. 6.7) 1. AC > DF ; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12),
and the Triangle Inequality Theorem (Thm. 6.11), because AC is the third side of the triangle with
2 AX + 2 BY > AB, 2 AX + 2 CZ > AC ,
3 3 3 3
and the larger included angle, it is longer than DF .
2 BY + 32 CZ > BC. Adding the left sides and
3 2. m∠ HGI = m∠ IGJ ; The triangles are congruent
right sides of the three inequalities gives by the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8). So,
3( )
4 AX + BY + CZ > AB + AC + BC. because corresponding parts of congruent triangles
3
are congruent, m∠ HGI = m∠ IGJ .
Multiplying each side by 4
gives
3. m∠1 < m∠2; By the Converse of the Hinge
AX + BY + CZ > 3
4 ( AB + AC + BC ). Finally,
Theorem (Thm. 6.13), because ∠1 is the included
3 > 1
4 2
and the Transitive Property of Inequality angle in the triangle with the shorter third side, its
measure is less than that of ∠2.
gives AX + BY + CZ > 1
2 ( AB + AC + BC ),
as desired. 4. KL < MN ; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12),
because KL is the third side of the triangle with
5. 60° < x < 180; 0° < x < 60°
the smaller included angle, it is shorter than MN .
6. a. 34 < x < 8 5. x + 7 < 2 x − 3, x > 10
b. x > 2
6. 6( x + 1) > 14 x − 10, x < 2
7. If a line segment is perpendicular to a plane, then it
is perpendicular to every line segment in the plane. 7. STATEMENTS REASONS
So, PC ⊥ DC , and PCD is a right triangle.
1. TV ≅ UW 1. Given
The largest angle in a right triangle is the right
angle, so m∠PCD > m∠PDC. Finally, you can 2. UV ≅ UV 2. Reflexive
conclude that PD > PC because if one angle of Property
a triangle is larger than another angle, then the side of Segment
opposite the larger angle is longer than the side Congruence
opposite the smaller angle. (Thm. 2.1)
6.5 Puzzle Time 3. TU > VW 3. Given
A JUMP ROPE 4. m∠TVU > m∠WUV 4. Converse of the

Hinge Theorem
6.6 Start Thinking (Thm. 6.13)
The length increases; The angle must be less than
180 degrees; 8
6.6 Warm Up
1. yes;  ABE and DCE are congruent by the
AAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11).
2. no 3. no
4. yes; CDB and CEA are congruent by the

SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5).

1. rotation 2. dilation 3. translation

Answers
8. STATEMENTS REASONS 4. m∠U < m∠R; By the Converse of the Hinge
Theorem (Thm. 6.13), because ∠ U is the included
1. BD ≅ BE 1. Given
angle in the triangle with the shorter third side, its
2. Definition measure is less than that of ∠R.
2. AB ≅ BC
of segment
midpoint 5. 2(3x − 8) > x + 14, x > 6
3. m∠1 > m∠2 3. Given
6. 2( x + 22) > 3x − 18, x < 62
4. AD > CE 4. Hinge
Theorem 7. STATEMENTS REASONS
(Thm. 6.12)
1. PQ ≅ SR 1. Given
5. DF ≅ EF 5. Given
6. DF = EF 6. Definition 2. PS + SR > PR 2. Triangle Inequality

of congruent Theorem
segments (Thm. 6.11)
7. AD + DF > CE + DF 7. Addition 3. PR = PQ + 3. Segment Addition

Property of Postulate (Post. 1.2)
QR
Inequality
4. PS + SR > 4. Substitution
8. AD + DF > CE + EF 8. Substitution
PQ + QR
9. AD + DF = AF , 9. Segment
CE + EF = CF Addition 5. PQ = SR 5. Definition of
Postulate congruent segments
(Post 1.2)
6. PS + SR > 6. Substitution
10. AF > CF 10. Substitution
SR + QR
9. no; You cannot apply either the Hinge Theorem 7. PS > QR 7. Subtraction Property
(Thm. 6.12) or the Converse of the Hinge Theorem of Inequality
(Thm. 6.13) in this situation; These theorems 8. m∠PQS > 8. Converse of the
require that two sides of one triangle are congruent Hinge Theorem
m∠RSQ
to two sides of the other triangle. In this case, the (Thm. 6.13)
ladders are different heights, so you only have one
pair of congruent sides.
8. Sailboat A; Because 151° > 129°, the distance
6.6 Practice B
Sailboat A traveled is a greater distance than the
1. BC > DE ; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), distance Sailboat B traveled by the Hinge Theorem
because BC is the third side of the triangle with (Thm. 6.12).
the larger included angle, it is longer than DE . 9. Each theorem refers to the included angles of
two triangles when two sides of one triangle are
2. JI > GH ; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), congruent to two sides of the other triangle, The
because JI is the third side of the triangle with the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12) refers to the case when
larger included angle, it is longer than GH . the included angle of the first is larger than the
included angle of the second. The SAS Congruence
3. m∠1 > m∠2; By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 5.5) refers to the case when the
Theorem (Thm. 6.13), because ∠1 is the included included angles are congruent.
angle in the triangle with the longer third side, its
measure is greater than that of ∠2.
1. a. never b. never c. always
d. never e. never f. sometimes

Answers
2. AB ≅ AD and AC ≅ AE because they are radii 5. j ≤ 6 6. 8 < v < 13
of the circles and all radii are congruent. By the
Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), because 7. − 5 ≤ r < 12 8. b ≥ 17 or b < 3
m∠BAC > m∠DAE , then BC > DE.
3
9. m = − 10. m = 1
2
3. 16.5 < y < 37.5 19
11. m is undefined. 12. m = −
5
1. Linear Pair 2 3
1. ∠ADB and ∠CDA 13. m = − 14. m = −
are supplementary. Postulate 13 2
(Post. 2.8)
6 15
2. m∠ADB + 2. Definition of 15. m = − 16. m = −
5 4
m∠CDA = 180° supplementary
angles
9
17. m is undefined. 18. m = −
3. m∠CDA = 3. Subtraction Property 7
180° − m∠ADB of Equality
3 7
4. m∠ADB = 100° 4. Given 19. m = − 20. m =
5 6
5. m∠CDA = 5. Substitution
2 1
180° − 100° 21. m = − 22. m = −
3 15
6. m∠CDA = 80° 6. Subtraction Property
of Equality 1
23. m = − 24. y = − 2 x − 10
7. m∠ADB > 7. Definition of 24
m∠CDB congruent angles
1 5
25. y = x − 2 26. y = x −
8. D is the midpoint 8. Given 2 2
of BC.
1 1
27. y = − x − 28. x = − 6
9. BD ≅ CD 9. Definition of 3 3
midpoint
1
10. AD ≅ AD 10. Reflexive Property of 29. x = − 3 30. y = x−3
Segment Congruence 2
(Thm. 2.1)
5
11. AB > CA 11. Hinge Theorem 31. y = − x − 1
3
(Thm. 6.12)
12. m∠C > m∠A 12. Triangle Longer Side 32. a. C = 1.25t + 12.50
Theorem (Thm. 6.9) b. $16.25
c. $18.75
6.6 Puzzle Time 1 37 3 39
33. y = − x + 34. y = − x −
DUCK 8 8 2 2
Cumulative Review 35. y = 6 36. y = 0
1. c > 9 or c < − 3 2. 2 < s < 11
4
37. y = x −7 38. y = − x − 4
3. −10 < m ≤ − 7 4. 1 ≤ p < 15 7

Answers
1 5 3 5 58. y
39. y = x − 40. y = − x +
4 4 2 2 6
41. x = 152, y = 28 42. x = 77, y = 103

4
43. x = 26, y = 77 44. x = 4, y = 82

2
A′ A
45. x = 115, y = 13 46. x = 33, y = 103
−4 −2 2 4 x
47. a. 67° b. 113°
−2
48. a. 46° b. 92°
−4
49. A′(3, − 3) 50. B′( − 4, 6)
C′ C
51. C ( − 5, − 6) 52. D( −10, 8) B B′
53. A′( − 5, 8) 54. B′(3, 9)

59.
55. C ( − 5, − 3) 56. D( 4, − 2)
y
8
57.
6
y
C 4
B′
A A
6 2
C
4
C′ −2 4 6 8 x
B′
2 −2
A′
B
−4
−8 −2 2 4 6 8 x
−2 −6
B
−4 −8
−6
A′
C′

Answers
60. 62.
C y C′ C y C′
8
8
6
6
A A′
A A′ 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
−8 −6 2 4 x
B′ B
−2
−4
B B′
−6 −6
−8 −8
61. 63.
y y D′
10 16
C
8
12
F′
6
D
8
B′
4
F
4
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 A′ 8 10 x −16 −12 −8 −4 4 12 16 x
−2
A
E
E′
−6
B −12
−8
−16
−10
C′

Answers
64. 67. y
12
y
16 Z′
8
Z Y′
12
M N Y
W′ W
P′ −12 −8 8 12 x
−16 −12 −8 −4 8 12 16 x
−8
P −4
X
−12
X′
−8
68.
y
16
−16
M′
A
12
N′
8
65. y
C 4
V′ 20
B B′
10 −16 −8 C′ 8 12 16 x
V A′ −4
−20 20 x
S −8
T S′
−10
U
−12
−20
T′
−16
U′
66. 69. y
y 12
20
L 8 G′
L′ H
E
−20 M′ 10 20 x
M J′ −12 F′ −4 4 E′ F x
H′
J −4
−20
−12
G

Answers
70. equilateral triangle 9. 14; The sum of the interior angle measures of the
polygon is 2 (90°) + 3(180°) + 1440° = 2160°.
71. acute isosceles triangle
2160°
72. right scalene triangle So, the polygon has + 2 = 14 sides.
180°
73. obtuse scalene triangle
10. a. 720° b. 135
74. 55°; obtuse scalene triangle
75. 76°; acute isosceles triangle 1. 61° 2. 130° 3. 58° 4. 50°
76. 24°; right scalene triangle 5. 84° 6. 85° 7. 146° 8. 145°
77. 95°; obtuse scalene triangle 9. regular decagon 10. 12 sides
78. 33° 79. 52° 80. 76° 11. You know that a + b + c = 180°,
d + e + f = 180°, and g + h + i = 180°
Chapter 7
because the sum of the interior angles of a triangle
7.1 Start Thinking equals 180°. You can add those three equations to
1. 540° 2. 720° 3. 900° obtain a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i = 540°.
m ∠YZV = f + i, m ∠ ZVW = h,
7.1 Warm Up
m ∠VWX = g + d + a, m ∠WXY = b, and
1. 120 2. 70 3. 119
m ∠ XYZ = c + e, so
7.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up m ∠YZV + m ∠ ZVW + m ∠VWX + m ∠WXY +
1. x = 1 2. y = −1 m ∠ XYZ = 540°.
2 11 14 7.1 Puzzle Time

3. y + 1 = ( x − 5) 4. y − = ( x + 1)
3 2 5 THEY DIDN’T WANT TO WAIT FORTY YEARS
FOR A TRAIN
7.1 Practice A
1. 900° 2. 19-gon
7.2 Start Thinking
yes; Sample answer: The scout could use the Pythagorean
3. interior: 168°, exterior: 12° Theorem to determine the distance that should be between
opposite corner posts, the length of the hypotenuse. It
4. 84 5. 125 7 inches.
should be approximately 15 feet 7 16 Or, the
6. m ∠ X = m ∠Y = 75°
scout could make sure that the distances between the
two pairs of opposite corners are the same and not be
7. m ∠ X = m ∠Y = 135°
concerned about the exact measure. This method uses
8. 76 9. 88
the SSS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8).
10. 120° 11. 144 people 7.2 Warm Up

7.1 Practice B
1. 103 2. 68
1. MN ≅ PO , 1. Given
NO ≅ MP
3. m ∠ X = m ∠Y = 116°
2. NP ≅ NP 2. Reflexive Property of
4. m ∠ X = m ∠Y = 130° Segment Congruence
(Thm. 2.1)
5. 56 6. 55
3. PMN ≅ NOP 3. SSS Congruence
7. interior: 165°, exterior: 15° Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
8. 20

Answers
2. STATEMENTS REASONS 3. x = 1;
1. Given 11 − x
1. AB ≅ CD, = 9 − 7x Write the equation.
5
AB ⊥ BD,
11 − x = 5(9 − 7 x) Multiplication Property
CD ⊥ BD of Equality
2. BD ≅ BD 2. Reflexive Property of 11 − x = 45 − 35 x Distributive Property
Segment Congruence
11 + 34 x = 45 Addition Property of
(Thm. 2.1)
Equality
3. ∠ ABD and ∠CDB 3. Perpendicular lines 34 x = 34 Subtraction Property of
are right angles. form right angles. Equality
4. ∠ ABD ≅ ∠CDB 4. Right Angles x =1 Division Property of
Congruence Equality
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
7.2 Practice A
5. ABD ≅ CDB 5. SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5) 1. x = 14, y = 40 2. a = 10, b = 37
6. AD ≅ BC 6. Corresponding
3. u = 62, v = 59 4. s = 9, t = 14
parts of congruent
triangles are
congruent. 5. ( 2, 1) 6. C ( 2, 0) 7. B (1, 1)
8. Two angles are 50°, and two angles are 130°.

9. no; The side lengths of the parallelograms may not
13
1. x = −
; be congruent.
2
2 x − 8 = 5 + 4 x Write the equation. 10. STATEMENTS REASONS
− 8 = 5 + 2 x Subtraction Property of
Equality 1. PQRS is a 1. Given
parallelogram.
−13 = 2 x Subtraction Property of
Equality 2. PQ ≅ SR 2. Parallelogram
Opposite Sides
13 Theorem
− = x Division Property of Equality
2 (Thm. 7.3)
2. x = 14; 3. QT ≅ TS 3. Parallelogram
Diagonals
1 Theorem
(3x + 8) = 2 x − 3 Write the equation.
2 (Thm. 7.6)
3 4. Parallelogram
x + 4 = 2x − 3 Distributive Property 4. PT ≅ TR
2 Diagonals
1 Theorem
4 = x −3 Subtraction Property
2 (Thm. 7.6)
of Equality
5. PQT ≅ RST 5. SSS Congruence
1 Theorem
7 = x Addition Property
2 (Thm. 5.8)
of Equality
14 = x Multiplication Property
of Equality

Answers
7.2 Practice B e. sometimes; when the parallelogram is a square
1. x = 11, y = 8 2. u = 66, v = 38 f. never; The angles are supplementary by the
Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
3. a = 7, b = 42 4. c = 15, d = 48 (Thm. 3.4).
5. (0, 4 ) 6. C ( 2, − 2 ) 7.2 Enrichment and Extension

1. ( − 9, − 7 ), (5, − 7 ), ( −1, 5)
2. ( 2, − 2 ), (− 4, 6), (8, 4 )
1. CEHF is a 1. Given
parallelogram. 3. ( a + 2, b + 3), (a + 6, b + 3), (a − 2, b − 3)
2. CE ≅ FH 2. Parallelogram
Opposite Sides (
4. a, b2 , ) (a, 2b − b2 ), (2a2 − a, b2 )
Theorem
(Thm. 7.3) 5.
Number of Number of
3. CE = FH 3. Definition of sides (n) diagonals (d)
segment
congruence 3 0
4. D bisects CE . 4. Given 4 2
G bisects FH . 5 5
1 5. Definition of 6 9
5. CD = CE segment bisector
2 7 14
1
GH = FH
2 n( n − 3)
6. 7. 35; 65 8. 21 sides
6. CD = GH 6. Substitution 2
7. CD ≅ GH 7. Definition of 9. a. Sample answer:

segment
congruence
8. Parallelogram Player 1 Player 2
8. CF ≅ EH
Opposite Sides
Theorem
(Thm. 7.3)
9. ∠ C ≅ ∠ H 9. Parallelogram Player 6 Player 3
Opposite Angles
Theorem
(Thm. 7.4)
10. CDF ≅ HGE 10. SAS Congruence Player 5 Player 4
Theorem
(Thm. 5.5)
b. 15 total games
n( n − 3) n( n − 1)
8. a. always; Parallelogram Opposite Sides Theorem c. n + =
(Thm. 7.3) 2 2
b. sometimes; when the parallelogram is a square 7.2 Puzzle Time
c. sometimes; when the parallelogram is a square
ON THE BEACH
d. always; Parallelogram Opposite Angles Theorem
(Thm. 7.4) 7.3 Start Thinking
1. no; Sample answer: AB ≅ BC ≅ CD

Answers
2. no; Sample answer: ∠ E or ∠ H is a right angle. 5. y
4
3. no; Sample answer: ∠ X ≅ ∠ Z
2
B C
7.3 Warm Up
4 −4 −2 2 4 x
1. 2. 34
3
A D
3. 2 4. 45 = 3 5 −4
3
5. − 6. 5 Because BC = AD = 6, BC ≅ AD. Because
5
both BC and AD are horizontal line segments,
7.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up their slope is 0, and they are parallel. BC and AD
1. original: If a triangle is right, then it contains two are opposite sides that are both congruent and
acute angles; converse: If a triangle contains two parallel. So, ABCD is a parallelogram by the
acute angles, then it is a right triangle; inverse: If a Opposite Sides Parallel and Congruent Theorem
triangle is not right, then it does not contain two (Thm. 7.9).
acute angles; contrapositive: If a triangle does not
contain two acute angles, then it is not a right 6.
triangle; The original and contrapositive are true. y
The converse and inverse are false. F
2. original: If two lines have the same slope, then they 4

are parallel; converse: If two lines are parallel, then
they have the same slope; inverse: If two lines do 2
not have the same slope, then they are not parallel; E
G
contrapositive: If two lines are not parallel, then −4 −2 −2 −4 −6 −8 −10 x
they do not have the same slope; All statements
are true. −2
3. original: If there is ice on the road, then I will not −4

H
go shopping; converse: If I do not go shopping,
then there is ice on the road; inverse: If there is not −6
ice on the road, then I will go shopping;
contrapositive: If I go shopping, then there is not Because EF = GH = 5 and EH = FG = 13,
ice on the road; The original and contrapositive are
true. The converse and inverse are false. EF ≅ GH and EH ≅ FG. Because both pairs of
opposite sides are congruent, quadrilateral EFGH is
7.3 Practice A a parallelogram by the Parallelogram Opposite
Sides Converse (Thm. 7.7).
1. Parallelogram Opposite Angles Converse Theorem
(Thm. 7.8)
2. Parallelogram Diagonals Converse Theorem

(Thm. 7.10)
3. 12 4. 4

Answers
7. STATEMENTS REASONS 5. X y
4
1. ∠ A ≅ ∠ ABE 1. Given
Y
2
2. AE ≅ BE 2. Base Angles
Theorem (Thm. 5.6)
−4 −2 2 4 x
3. AE ≅ CD 3. Given W
4. BE ≅ CD 4. Transitive Property
of Segment Z
−4
Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.1)
Because WX = YZ = 5, WX ≅ YZ . Because
5. BC ≅ DE 5. Given
both WX and YZ are vertical line segments, their
6. BCDE is a 6. Parallelogram slope is undefined, and they are parallel. XW and
parallelogram. Opposite Sides
YZ are opposite sides that are both congruent and
Converse
Theorem (Thm. 7.7) parallel. So, WXYZ is a parallelogram by the
Opposite Sides Parallel and Congruent Theorem
(Thm. 7.9).
8. a. Because AB || CD and AB ≅ CD, ABDE is a
6. y
parallelogram by the Opposite Sides Parallel and 4
Congruent Theorem (Thm. 7.9). B
2
b. Because ABDC is a parallelogram, CE || DF .
A
From the diagram, you can see that CD || EF .
−4 −2 2 4 x
Because the opposite sides are parallel, CDFE is C
a parallelogram. −2
c. no; You are only given that one pair of opposite D

−4
sides are parallel, which is not enough
information to prove that it is a parallelogram.
d. m ∠ ACD = 35°, m ∠ DCE = 145°, Because AD = BC = 18 and
m ∠ CEF = 35°, m ∠ EFD = 145° AB = CD = 40, AD ≅ BC and AB ≅ CD.
Because both pairs of opposite sides are congruent,
7.3 Practice B quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram by the
1. Opposite Sides Parallel and Congruent Theorem Parallelogram Opposite Sides Converse (Thm. 7.7).
(Thm. 7.9)
2. Parallelogram Opposite Sides Converse Theorem

(Thm. 7.7)
3. 11 4. 35

Answers
7. STATEMENTS REASONS 7.3 Enrichment and Extension
1. ∠ A ≅ ∠ FDE 1. Given 1. yes 2. yes 3. no 4. yes
2. Alternate Interior 5. no 6. yes 7. yes 8. yes

2. AB || CD
Angles Converse
(Thm. 3.6) 1
9. 10. G ( − 4, 1), H (1, 13)
11
3. ∠ AFB ≅ ∠ DFE 3. Vertical Angles
Congruence 11. yes; It is given that PQRS and QTSU are
Theorem parallelograms. Because the diagonals of a
(Thm. 2.6) parallelogram bisect each other, PX = RX and
4. F is the midpoint 4. Given TX = UX . Because PR and TU are diagonals of
of AD. PTRU that bisect each other, PTRU is a
parallelogram.
5. AF ≅ DF 5. Definition of
midpoint 12. You would need to show that one angle is
6.  ABF ≅ DEF 6. ASA Congruence supplementary to each consecutive angle.
Theorem
7.3 Puzzle Time
(Thm. 5.10)
FRIENDSHIP
7. AB ≅ ED 7. Corresponding
sides of congruent 7.4 Start Thinking
triangles are
congruent. Sample answer: For both the square and the rhombus:
The diagonals bisect each other, the diagonals form
8. D is the midpoint 8. Given right angles, the diagonals form congruent triangles,
of CE. and the opposite angles are congruent. For the square
only: The diagonals are congruent.
9. ED ≅ CD 9. Definition of
midpoint 7.4 Warm Up
10. AB ≅ CD 10. Transitive 1. 51° 2. 39° 3. 90°
Property of
Segment 4. 33° 5. 33° 6. 22°
Congruence
(Thm. 2.1) 7.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up
11. ABCD is a 11. Opposite Sides 1. sometimes; An isosceles triangle could also be an
parallelogram. Parallel and acute or an obtuse triangle.
Congruent
2. sometimes; A right triangle could also be an
Theorem
(Thm. 7.9) isosceles triangle.
3. always; An equilateral triangle will always have

8. no; You cannot determine if a quadrilateral is a three 60° angles.
parallelogram by only knowing the values of the
angles. You must also know the orientation of the 4. never; A right triangle always has one side that is
angles, and whether the congruent angles are the longest, so it cannot be equilateral.
opposite of each other.
7.4 Practice A
9. a. m ∠ FCG = 135°, m ∠ BCF = 45°, 1. 90° 2. 23° 3. 67° 4. 5
m ∠ D = 135°
5. 12 6. 19 7. 22
b. Parallelogram Opposite Angles Converse
Theorem (Thm. 7.8) 8. rectangle; The sides are perpendicular and not
c. 8x congruent.
9. rectangle, rhombus, square; The diagonals are

congruent and perpendicular.

Answers
1. PSUR is a 1. Given 1. ∠ XWY ≅ ∠ XYW 1. Given
rectangle.
2. XW ≅ XY 2. Converse of the
2. m∠U = 90° 2. Definition of a Base Angles
m∠ P = 90° rectangle Theorem
(Thm. 5.7)
3. ∠U ≅ ∠ P 3. Transitive Property
of Angle 3. WXYZ is a 3. Given
Congruence parallelogram.
(Thm. 2.2) 4. Definition of a
4. XY ≅ WZ
4. PS ≅ RU 4. Definition of a parallelogram
rectangle WX ≅ YZ
5. Given 5. WX ≅ XY ≅ 5. Transitive
5. PQ ≅ TU
Property of
YZ ≅ WZ Segment
6. PQS ≅ UTR 6. SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5) Congruence
(Thm. 2.1)
7. QS ≅ RT 7. Corresponding parts
of congruent 6. WXYZ is a rhombus. 6. Definition of a
triangles are rhombus
congruent.
10. no, Because a similarity transformation maintains
the shape of an object, the corresponding angles
11. a. It is a rectangle; By definition, all four angles are remain congruent. A rhombus may not have all
right angles. right angles, but a square always will.
b. It is a rhombus; By definition, all four sides are
11. yes; The quadrilateral is a rectangle or square,
congruent.
which are both parallelograms.
c. It is a square; By definition, all four sides are
congruent and all four angles are right angles. 12. no; Because the quadrilateral is not a rectangle, the
d. 90° other two angles are not 90°. So, the opposite
angles are not congruent and the quadrilateral is
e. 45°
not a parallelogram by the contrapositive of the
7.4 Practice B Parallelogram Opposite Angles Theorem
(Thm. 7.4).
1. rhombus; It has four congruent sides, but it does not
have four right angles. 13. yes; If the rectangle is a square, the side lengths of
the triangle will be congruent. So, the triangles will
2. square, rectangle, rhombus; Any square is also a
be isosceles.
rectangle and a rhombus.
3. 90° 4. 37° 5. 53°
1. no; Sample answer: If the diagonals of a
6. 16 7. 24 8. ( 2, 5) parallelogram are congruent, then it would have to
be a rectangle and have a right angle.
2. yes; Sample answer: If there are congruent

diagonals in a parallelogram, it can be a rectangle
or square with two opposite sides 2 centimeters
long.
3. no; Sample answer: In a parallelogram, consecutive

angles must be supplementary, so all angles must
be right. This would make it a rectangle.

Answers
4. 9 5. 10 2 6. 40 2 8. STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ABCD is a 1. Given
5 2 parallelogram
7. 8. 16°
7
2. AB  DC 2. Definition of a
9. Sample answer: Let parallelogram DFGH have
parallelogram
(
vertices D a, )
b 2 − a 2 , F (b, 0), 3. AE ≅ AD 3. Given
(
G − a, − )
b 2 − a 2 , and H ( − b, 0), respectively.
4. ∠ E ≅ ∠ ADE 4. Base Angles
Theorem
(Thm. 5.6)
b2 − a2
The slope of both HG and DF is , and
a −b 5. ∠ ADE ≅ ∠C 5. Definition of a
parallelogram
b2 − a2
the slope of both HD and GF is . The 6. ∠ E ≅ ∠C 6. Transitive
a +b
Property of
products of the slopes of the pairs HG and GF , Angle
GF and DF , DF and HD , and HD and HG Congruence
are all equal to −1, making each pair of consecutive (Thm. 2.2)
segments perpendicular and each angle a right 7. ABCE is an 7. Isosceles
angle. So, parallelogram DFGH is a rectangle. isosceles trapezoid. Trapezoid Base
Angles Converse
7.4 Puzzle Time (Thm. 7.15)
ALL THE ANGLES
7.5 Start Thinking 9. a. 90°

b. 22 in.
Sample answer: BD is a perpendicular bisector of
c. ∠ XWZ
AC . AB ≅ BC , AD ≅ CD, ∠ BAD ≅ ∠ BCD, and
m∠ ABC > m∠ ADC. 7.5 Practice B
7.5 Warm Up 1. Slope of TU = slope of VW and slope of
1. 120° 2. 60° 3. 90° UV ≠ slope of TW ; TW ≅ UV , so TUVW is an

4. 45° 5. 135° 6. 109°
2. Slope of QR = slope of PS and slope of
1. x = 4, y = 5.5 2. x = 24, y = 10 PQ ≠ slope of RS ; PQ ≅ RS , so PQRS is not an
3. x = 9, y = 370
3. 17 4. 61
7.5 Practice A 5. rhombus; ABCD is a quadrilateral with four

1. 86 2. 70 3. 6 4. 6 congruent sides.
5. isosceles trapezoid; WXYZ has exactly one pair of 6. kite; DEFG is a quadrilateral with two pairs of
parallel sides and one pair of congruent base angles. consecutive congruent sides, but opposite sides are
not congruent.
6. kite; WXYZ has two pairs of consecutive congruent
sides, but opposite sides are not congruent.
7. The quadrilateral is not a kite. Because the opposite

sides are congruent, the quadrilateral is a rhombus.

Answers
7. STATEMENTS REASONS Cumulative Review
1. VXYZ is a kite. 1. Given 1. x = 5 2. x = −16 3. x = − 5
2. ∠VXY ≅ ∠VZY 2. Kite Opposite 4. x = 0 5. x = 15 6. x = − 8

Angles Theorem
(Thm. 7.19) 7. x = 16 8. x = −1
3. ∠WXV ≅ ∠UZV 3. Congruent
Supplements 9. x = − 2 10. x = 10
Theorem
(Thm. 2.4) 11. x = 8 12. x = 2
4. VX ≅ VZ 4. Definition of a kite 13. x = − 3 14. x = 3
5. WX ≅ UZ 5. Given
15. x = 4 16. x = − 2
6. WXV ≅ UZV 6. SAS Congruence
Theorem 17. equilateral triangle 18. rectangle
(Thm. 5.5)
19. rhombus 20. parallelogram
8. (6, 0) 21. right triangle 22. square
23. a. x = 9
9. no; A kite is a quadrilateral and by definition it is a
convex polygon. b. 11 units
10. a. The opposite sides are parallel, and all angles are 24. a. P = 2(3 x + 4) + 2( 2 x + 7)
right angles; A = ac
b. 4
bc − ac c. length = 16 units, width = 15 units
b. A =
4
 bc − ac  bc + ac 25. dilation 26. rotation
c. 2  + ac =
 4  2 27. reflection 28. translation
7.5 Enrichment and Extension 29. rotation 30. dilation

1. about 56.6 in.; about 418.3 in.
31. A′( −1, 2) 32. B ′(11, 3)
2. a = 9
33. C ′(6, −11) 34. A′( 4, 0)
3. AD = 7.08 in., AB = CD = 5.08 in.,
BC = 10.16 in. 35. B ′( −16, 2) 36. C ( 2, 5)
4. ( a + 3, 3b) 5. ( a + c, b + c) 37. D (7, 5) 38. 139°
6. (x + y, y + z ) 39. 105° 40. 115°
7. any point of the form ( a, a ), where a is a real 41. 143° 42. x = 3, y = 9
number, a > 3.5, and a ≠ 7 43. x = 5, y = 2
7.5 Puzzle Time

44. a. 8 b. 48° c. 42°
INCORRECTLY
45. a. 4 b. 17° c. 73°
46. ∠ DGF 47. ∠ EFG 48. ∠GDF

Answers
49. ∠ FED 50. ∠ FDE 51. ∠ DFE 3. 3 4. 22.5 5. 3 6. 67°
52. ∠ EDG 53. ∠ DFG 7. 12 8. 60; 540 9. 9
54. 11.4; Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1) 10. 13, 39; By the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm.
5.5),  ADC ≅ BDC and  XWZ ≅ YWZ .
55. 1.9; Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Because corresponding parts of congruent triangles
Theorem (Thm. 6.2) are congruent, BC = 13 and YZ = 39.
56. 36; Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector 11. 3 12. 336 ft 2
Theorem (Thm. 6.2)
8.1 Practice B
57. 22; Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1)
3
1. ; ∠ A ≅ ∠ H , ∠ B ≅ ∠ I , ∠C ≅ ∠ J ,
58. a. 3 b. 36 units c. 72 units 4
AB BC CA
Chapter 8 = =
HI IJ JH
8.1 Start Thinking
Sample answer: The three diagrams are the same 3
2. ; ∠W ≅ ∠ S , ∠ X ≅ ∠ T , ∠ Y ≅ ∠ U ,
image, but stretched or shrunk into different sizes or 2
forms; The first resizing is not “similar” to the original WX XY YZ ZW
∠ Z ≅ ∠V , = = =
in a geometric sense. The proportions of the map were ST TU UV VS
not maintained. The second resizing is “similar” to the
original in a geometric sense. It appears to be a dilation 3. 6 4. 9 5. 7 in. 6. 11 ft
of the original in a geometric sense. It appears to be a
dilation of the original by a factor less than one and 7
7. a.
maintains proportionally with the original. 4
b. 7.5
8.1 Warm Up
c. 108°
3
1. x = 2. x = 20 d. about 74.2 units
2
e. about 219.73 square units
9 f. yes; Because corresponding angles of similar
3. x = ± 3 4. x = −
5 triangles are congruent, ∠ ABC ≅ ∠ D. By the
corresponding Angles Converse Theorem
64 3 (Thm. 3.5), BC || DE.
5. x = 6. x = − , x = 4
7 2
1. Sample answer:
1. 120° 2. 60° 3. 60°
4. 60° 5. 75° 6. 45°
8.1 Practice A
1. 3; ∠ L ≅ ∠ Q , ∠ M ≅ ∠ R , ∠ N ≅ ∠ S ,
LM MN NL 2. Sample answer:
= =
QR RS SQ
2
2. ; ∠ A ≅ ∠ E, ∠ B ≅ ∠ F , ∠ C ≅ ∠ G,
5
AB BC CD DA
∠D ≅ ∠H, = = =
EF FG GH HE

Answers
3. Sample answer: c. 50°
d. 12
e. 12; Because the diagonals are perpendicular, by
the Rhombus Diagonals Theorem (Thm. 7.11),
ABED is a rhombus. By definition, all sides are
congruent. So, AD = 12.
8.1 Puzzle Time 6. no; m ∠ X = 45° and m ∠ C = 76°

HEY I THINK I AM COMING DOWN WITH
SOMETHING 7. yes; m ∠ A = m ∠ X = 90°, and
m ∠ B = m ∠ C = m ∠ Y = m ∠ Z = 45°
8.2 Start Thinking
Sample answer: If the m ∠ A = 30°, you can conclude 8. STATEMENTS REASONS
that m ∠ D = 60° because  ADG is a right triangle. 1. ∠ Q ≅ ∠ T 1. Given
The parallel lines in the diagram are cut by two
transversals creating congruent corresponding angles. 2. ∠ PRQ ≅ 2. Vertical Angles
∠ A ≅ ∠ EBG ≅ ∠ FCG , so they all have a measure ∠ SRT Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
of 30°. In a similar way, you can conclude that
∠ D ≅ ∠ BEG ≅ ∠ CFG , so they all have a measure 3. PQR ~ STR 3. AA Similarity
Theorem (Thm. 8.3)
of 60°.
4. ∠ P ≅ ∠ S 4. Corresponding
8.2 Warm Up parts of similar
1. 56 2. 19 3. 122 4. 90 triangles are similar.
8.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up 5. PQ || ST 5. Alternate Interior

Angles Converse
1. 9 2. 7 3. 3.5 (Thm. 3.6)
4. 14.6 5. 132° 6. 48°
8.2 Practice A 8.2 Practice B

1. yes;  ABC ~ MLN ; ∠ A ≅ ∠ M , 1. yes; WXY ~ STR; ∠W ≅ ∠ S , ∠ X ≅ ∠ T ,
∠ B ≅ ∠ L , and ∠ C ≅ ∠ N , so and ∠ Y ≅ ∠ R , so WXY ~ STR.
 ABC ~ MLN .
2. no; m ∠ L = 32° and m ∠ JKM = 48°
2. no; m ∠ F = 66° and m ∠ R = 95°
3. ∠ C ≅ ∠ FDE and ∠ E ≅ ∠ E , so
3. ∠ ADB ≅ ∠ E and ∠ A ≅ ∠ A, so
 ABD ~  ACE . ECG ~ EDF .
4. ∠WXZ ≅ ∠ ZXY and ∠ W ≅ ∠ XZY , so 4. ∠ X ≅ ∠ Z and ∠ XWY ≅ ∠ ZYW , so

WXZ ~ ZXY .  XWY ~ ZYW .
5. a. yes; Because  ABC ~ EDC , 5. yes; m ∠ A = m ∠ X = 90° and

∠ BAC ≅ ∠ CED. By the Alternate Interior m ∠ B = m ∠ C = m ∠ Y = m ∠ Z = 45°
Angles Converse Theorem (Thm. 3.6),
6. no; 75° + 105° = 180°
AB || DE.
7. no; The corresponding angles may not be congruent
b. BE || AD, so ∠ EBD ≅ ∠ BDA by the
to each other.
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2).
∠ BCE ≅ ∠ DCA by the Vertical Angles 8. 550 ft
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6). So,
 ACD ~ ECB by the AA Similarity
Theorem (Thm. 8.3).

Answers
1. ∠ ABC and 1. Given 1. YZ ≅ YV 1. Given
∠ BDC are right
XY ≅ WY
angles.
2. ∠V ≅ ∠ Z 2. Base Angles
2. ∠ ABC ≅ 2. Right Angles Theorem
Congruence ∠W ≅ ∠ X
∠ BDC (Thm. 5.6)
Theorem
(Thm. 2.3) 3. ∠ XYW ≅ 3. Vertical Angles
∠VYZ Congruence
3. ∠ C ≅ ∠ C 3. Reflexive Property Theorem
of Angle (Thm. 2.6)
Congruence
(Thm. 2.2) 4. m ∠ X + m ∠W 4. Triangle Sum
+ m ∠ XYW = 180° Theorem
4.  ABC ~  BDC 4. AA Similarity (Thm. 5.1)
Theorem m ∠V + m ∠ Z +
(Thm. 8.3)
m ∠VYZ = 180°
5. ∠ A ≅ ∠ CBD 5. Corresponding
angles of similar 5. m ∠ X + m ∠W + 5. Transitive
triangles are m ∠ XYW = m ∠V Property of
congruent. Angle
+ m ∠ Z + m ∠VYZ Congruence
(Thm. 2.2)
6. m ∠ X + m ∠W + 6. Substitution
m ∠ XYW = m ∠V Property of
Equality
+ m ∠ Z + m ∠ XYW
7. m ∠ X + m ∠W = 7. Subtraction
m ∠V + m ∠ Z Property of
Equality
8. m ∠ X + m ∠ X = 8. Substitution
m∠Z + m∠Z Property of
Equality
9. 2 m ∠ X = 2 m ∠ Z 9. Simplify.
10. m ∠ X = m ∠ Z 10. Division

Property of
Equality
11.  XYW ≅ VYZ 11. AA Similarity
Theorem
(Thm. 8.3)

1. (6, 4), (6, − 4) 2. (0, 9), (0, − 9)
 54 36   54 36 
3.  , ,  , −  4. (0, 4), (0, − 4)
 13 13   13 13 
 24 36   24 36 
5. (6, 9), (6, − 9) 6.  , ,  , − 
 13 13   13 13 

Answers
4 9. STATEMENTS REASONS
7. x; Sample answer: Solve the proportion
3 1. Given
1. AC || GE
a x
= where PS = a. BG || CF
8 3x
a + x
3 2. ∠ A ≅ ∠ E 2. Corresponding
∠ EDF ≅ Angles Theorem
8. STATEMENTS REASONS (Thm. 3.1)
1. ∠ PQR is a right 1. Given ∠ EHG
angle 3. ∠ EHG ≅ 3. Vertical Angle
QS is the altitude ∠ AHB Congruence
of  PQR drawn Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
from the right 4. ∠ EDF ≅ 4. Transitive Property
angle. ∠ AHB of Angle Congruence
(Thm. 2.2)
2. QS ⊥ PR 2. Definition of
altitude 5.  ABH ~  EFD 5. AA Similarity
Theorem (Thm. 8.3)
3. ∠ PSQ and 3. Definition of
∠ QSR are right perpendicular
8.2 Puzzle Time
angles.
A TOWEL
4. m ∠ PSQ = 4. Definition of right
m ∠ QSR = angle 8.3 Start Thinking
m ∠ PQR = 90° Sample answer: The four-inch block measurements are
x = 4 13 inches and y = 3 13 inches. The five-inch
5. ∠ PSQ ≅ 5. Definition of
5 inches and
block measurements are x = 5 12
∠ PQR congruent angles
y = 4 16 inches.
6. ∠ QSR ≅ 6. Definition of
∠ PQR congruent angles
8.3 Warm Up
7. ∠ P ≅ ∠ P 7. Reflexive 1.  ABC ~ DEC or  ABC ~ GEF
Property of Angle
Congruence 2. FEG ~ CED or FEG ~ CBA
(Thm. 2.2)
3. m ∠ ACB = 58° 4. m ∠ FEG = 32°
8. ∠ R ≅ ∠ R 8. Reflexive
Property of Angle
5. m ∠ ACE = 122° 6. AD || FG
Congruence
(Thm. 2.2)
9. PSQ ~ PQR 9. AA Similarity
Theorem 1 1 4
1. y = x −3 2. y = − x +
(Thm. 8.3) 5 9 9
10. QSR ~  PQR 10. AA Similarity 3 2 19
Theorem 3. y = − x + 1 4. y = x+
(Thm. 8.3) 2 5 15
11. PSQ ~ QSR 11. Transitive 8.3 Practice A

Property of 1. DEF 2. 4 3. 9
Congruency
15 21 18 3
4. = = =
35 49 42 7

Answers
AC EC 7. x = 12, y = 16, z = 7
5. = and ∠ C ≅ ∠ C , so
BC DC
 ACE ~ BCD; SAS Similarity Theorem
(Thm. 8.5) AC AB
1. = 1. Given
DF DE
18 14 10
6. = = , so EFG ~ MNL; SSS 2. m ∠ A = 43° 2. Given
27 21 15
Similarity Theorem (Thm. 8.4) m ∠ D = 43°
7. VWZ ~  XYZ 8. m ∠ VZY = 90° 3. ∠ A ≅ ∠ D 3. Transitive Property
of Angle Congruence
9. m ∠VWY = 54° 10. m ∠WXY = 91.5° (Thm.2.2)
4.  ABC ~  DEF 4. SAS Similarity
11. XY = 185 ≈ 13.6 Theorem (Thm. 8.5)
12. no; The lengths of the legs are not proportional. 5. ∠ B ≅ ∠ E 5. Corresponding angles
of similar triangles are
13. STATEMENTS REASONS congruent.
PR TR
1. = 1. Given
QR SR 9. STATEMENTS REASONS
2. ∠ R ≅ ∠ R 2. Reflexive Property 1. LN = 2 x 1. Given
of Angle MN = 2 y
Congruence
(Thm. 2.2) NP = x
NQ = y
3.  PRT ~ QRS 3. SAS Similarity
Theorem LN 2x
(Thm. 8.5) 2. = = 2 2. Ratio of
NP x corresponding
4. ∠ RQS ≅ ∠ RPT 4. Corresponding MN 2y sides
angles of similar = = 2
triangles are NQ y
congruent.
LN MN
3. = 3. Transitive
5. QS || PT 5. Corresponding NP NQ Property
Angles Converse
of Equality
(Thm. 3.5)
4. ∠ LNM ≅ ∠ QNP 4. Vertical Angles
Congruence
8.3 Practice B Theorem
1. 8 2. 9
(Thm. 2.6)
5. MLN ~ PQN 5. SAS Similarity
15 30 25 5 Theorem
3. = = =
12 24 20 4 (Thm. 8.5)
15 35 8.3 Enrichment and Extension

4. = and ∠ X ≅ ∠ X , so WXY ~ VXZ ;
27 63 3 9
SAS Similarity Theorem (Thm. 8.5) 1. a. b.
2 4
10.5 18 12
5. = = , so LMN ~ RQP; SSS 2. 33° 3. about 15.4 ft 4. 26.7 ft
7 12 8
Similarity Theorem (Thm. 8.4)
6. 15 units, 18 units

Answers
1. Given Sample answer:
1. AH || CF
∠ ABE ≅ ∠ EBD ≅ ∠ BDC ≅ ∠ BCD , CB ≅ DB,
CA || FH
AD DC
 ADC ~  AEB , = ,
2. ∠ AHC ≅ 2. Alternate Interior AE EB
∠ FCH Angles Theorem AD AC AE + ED AB + BC
(Thm. 3.2) = ∴ = ∴
AE AB AE AB
3. ∠ ACH ≅ 3. Alternate Interior ED BC ED BC
Angles Theorem 1+ =1+ ∴ = ;
∠ FHC AE AB AE AB
(Thm. 3.2)
ED DB
By substituting DB for BC, you have = .
4. ∠ DKC ≅ 4. Vertical Angles AE AB
∠ JKH Congruence
Theorem 8.4 Warm Up
(Thm. 2.6)
9
1. x = − 5 2. x = −
5. DKC ~ JKH 5. AA Similarity 2
Theorem
(Thm. 8.3) 3. x = 0, x = −15 4. x = −1, x = − 5
DK KC 6. All sides of similar 5. x = 5, x = 2 6. x = 2, x = 6

6. = = triangles are
JK KH
proportional.
DC 8.4 Cumulative Review Warm Up
JH 1. STATEMENTS REASONS
7. ∠CKB ≅ 7. Vertical Angles 1. AC ≅ AB, 1. Given
∠ HKG Congruence
Theorem AD ≅ AE
(Thm. 2.6)
2. ∠ A ≅ ∠ A 2. Reflexive Property of
8. CKB ~  HKG 8. AA Similarity Angle Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.2)
(Thm. 8.3)
3.  ADB ≅  AEC 3. SAS Congruence
CK KB 9. All sides of Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
9. = = similar triangles
HK KG
are proportional.
CB 2. STATEMENTS REASONS
HG
1. MR ⊥ KP, 1. Given
DK KB 10. Substitution
10 = KO ⊥ PM
JK KG
2. ∠ RKM ≅ ∠ OMK 2. Given
11. ∠ BKD ≅ 11. Vertical Angles
∠GKJ Congruence 3. ∠ MRK and 3. Definition of
Theorem perpendicular
∠ KOM are right
(Thm. 2.6)
triangles.
12 . BKJ ~ GKD 12. SAS Similarity
Theorem 4. ∠ MRK ≅ ∠ KOM 4. Right Angles
(Thm. 8.5) Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
8.3 Puzzle Time 5. KM ≅ KM 5. Reflexive Property of

Segment Congruence
AN ECHO (Thm. 2.1)
6.  RKM ≅ OMK 6. AAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm.5.11)

Answers
8.4 Practice A 8.4 Enrichment and Extension
1. 6 2. 12 3. no 4. yes 1. a = 22.8125, b = 15.625, c = 15, d = 8.33,
5. 7.2 6. 2 7. 40 8. 9
e = 4, f = 8
9. 256 ft; If BE || CF , then by the Three Parallel 2. a = 9, b = 4, c = 3, d = 2
AB BC 3. 22.1 in
Lines Theorem (Thm. 8.8), = .
DE EF
100 320 4. a. 4 b. 3 c. 52 94 units
By substitution, = and EF = 256 feet.
80 EF
5. Because BE ⊥ AC and HG || AC , then
8.4 Practice B
HG ⊥ BG by the Perpendicular Transversal
1. 37.5 2. 56 Theorem (Thm. 3.11). Then ∠ GHA ≅ ∠ CAF
2 by the Corresponding Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1).
3. 45 4. 16 Because ∠ AFC is also a right angle,
3
 AFC ~ HGB by the AA Similarity Theorem
5. no; The Three Parallel Lines Theorem (Thm. 8.8) AC BH
proves that the parallel lines divide the transversals (Thm. 8.3). So, = . In BHG ,
FC GB
proportionally, so you cannot use it to prove that
three lines are parallel. AH BH
AE || HG , so, = . Using substitution,
GE GB
6. yes; Let x equal the length of PN. You are given AC AH
enough information to write the equation = . Because we are given GE = FC ,
FC GE
x + ( 2 x − 9) = 45 to solve for x;
it follows that AC = AH .
LP = 27, PN = 18.
8.4 Puzzle Time
7. STATEMENTS REASONS THE WHEELS BECAUSE THEY ARE ALWAYS
1. WY bisects ∠ XYZ . 1. Given TIRED
YW bisects Cumulative Review

∠ XWZ . 1. no 2. yes 3. yes 4. no
2. ∠ XYV ≅ ∠ ZYV 2. Definition of angle
5. no 6. yes 7. yes 8. yes
∠ XWV ≅ ∠ ZWV bisector
9. no 10. no 11. no 12. no
XV YZ 3. Triangle Angle
3. = Bisector Theorem 13. x = ± 6 14. x = ± 12
XV VZ
(Thm. 8.9)
WX WZ 15. x = ± 3 16. x = ± 4
=
XV VZ
17. x = ± 8 18. x = ± 7
YZ 4. Multiplication
4. XY = • XV Property of
VZ 19. x = ± 11 20. x = ± 6
Equality
WZ
WX = • XV 21. x = ± 13 22. x = ± 5
VZ
5. YZ ≅ WZ 5. Given 23. x = ± 8 24. x = ± 7
6. XY = WX 6. Substitution 25. x = ± 3 26. x = ± 8

7. WXYZ is a kite. 7. Definition of a kite
 5 
27. x = ± 9 28. M  − , 2 
 2 

Answers
 9 1 73. If WZ ≅ XZ , then ∠ ZWX ≅ ∠ ZXW ; Base
29. M  − , −  30. M (9, − 4)
 2 2 Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6)
 9 74. If XZ ≅ XY , then ∠ XZY ≅ ∠ Y ; Base Angles

31. M  5,  32. M ( 4, −1)
 2 Theorem (Thm. 5.6)
 1 5 75. If ∠ V ≅ ∠ WZV , then WV ≅ WZ ; Converse of

33. M  − , −  34. M (9, 3)
 2 2 Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7)
 11 7  3 5 76. If ZV ≅ ZY , then ∠V ≅ ∠ Y ; Base Angles

35. M  ,  36. M  , 
 2 2  2 2 Theorem (Thm. 5.6)
 13 5   5 17  77. If ∠ ZWX ≅ ∠ ZXW , then ZW ≅ ZX ; Converse

37. M  − ,−  38. M  − , 
 2 2  2 2 of Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7)
7  78. If ∠ XZY ≅ ∠ Y , then ZX ≅ YX ; Converse of

39. M (5, 1) 40. M  , − 6 
2  Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7)
 7 13  79. If ∠V ≅ ∠ Y , then ZV ≅ ZY ; Converse of Base

41. M  ,  42. M ( − 5, − 3)
2 2  Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.7)
80. 16 81. 9 82. 10 83. 13

43. 181 44. 218
84. 2 85. 5
45. 61 46. 505
86. EF , FG , EG 87. ST , RS , RT
47. 97 48. 149
Chapter 9
49. 197 50. 365
9.1 Start Thinking
51. 509 52. 5 A = a 2 + b2
53. 11 5 54. 5 17
55. 2 29 56. 2 85
a c
57. 313 58. XV c
b
 b a
59. YW 60. YZ
     A = c 2 ; Because the area of the original diagram
61. XZ 62. ZV , ZW , ZX , ZY must equal the area of the reassembled diagram,
    a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , which is a statement of the
63. ZW and ZY , or ZV and ZX Pythagorean Theorem (Thm. 9.1). You have proved the
  theorem with your construction.
64. Sample answer: ZV and ZW
9.1 Warm Up
65. point M; 26 66. line s; 16
1. x = ± 5 2. x = ± 2 114
67. Mk ; 32 68. Mm; 10
221
3. x = ± 4. x = ± 239
69. line s; 84 70. point M; 24 6
 
71. Mm; 90 72. Mk ; 110

Answers
5. x = ± 139 6. x = ± 2 62 4. a. no; Sample answer: Let a = 3, b = 4, and
c = 5. So, a + 1 = 4, b + 1 = 5, and
9.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up c + 1 = 6. So, 3, 4, and 5 form a Pythagorean
1. P = 11 + 61 units triple, but 4, 5, and 6 do not because
4 2 + 5 2 ≠ 6 2.
2. P = 10 units b. yes; Sample answer: If a, b, and c form a
Pythagorean triple, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 is true.
3. P = 5 + 2 13 + 53 units Multiply each side by 4 to get the equation
4a 2 + 4b 2 = 4c 2 . This is equivalent to
4. P = 24 units
( 2a ) 2 + ( 2b) = ( 2c) . So by definition,
2 2
9.1 Practice A 2a, 2b, and 2c also form a Pythagorean triple.

1. 5; yes 2. 7 2; no c. no; Sample answer: Let a = 3, b = 4, and
c = 5. So a 2 = 9, b 2 = 16, and c 2 = 25.
3. 21; yes 4. 133; no So, 3, 4, and 5 form a Pythagorean triple, but
9, 16, and 25 do not because 92 + 162 ≠ 252.
5. 2 13; no 6. 34; yes
d. no; Sample answer: Let a = 3, b = 4, and
7. no 8. yes c = 5. So, a = 3, b = 2, and

c = 5. So, 3, 4, and 5 form a Pythagorean
9. yes; right 10. yes; acute
triple, but 3, 2, and 5 do not because
11. yes; obtuse 12. yes; obtuse
( 3) ( 5) .
2 2
+ 22 ≠
13. 5630 ft
9.1 Practice B 5. 3 6. 4 29 in. 7. 44 beads
1. 8 3; no 2. 41; yes 9.1 Puzzle Time

A SCREENSAVER
3. 205; no 4. no
9.2 Start Thinking
5. yes 6. yes; 36 2 + 152 = 39 2
7. yes; right 8. yes; obtuse

2s 2s
3s
9. yes; acute 10. yes; 6 ft < x < 30 ft
11. a. 1152 ≈ 33.94 ft s

2s
s
b. 288 ≈ 16.97 ft s, 2s, and 3s ; no; The side lengths cannot all be
integer values that satisfy the equation a 2 + b 2 = c 2 .
1. EF = 6, EC = 4, FC = 2 5 9.2 Warm Up
3
1. x = 4 2 2. x =
x 2 − (10 − x) ,
2
2. EF = x, EC = 10 − x, FC = 2
(10 − x ) x 2 − (10 − x) 

2
5 6
area of EFC =   3. x = 4 7 4. x =
2 3
3. k = − 7, k = −1, k = 8, and k = 23 3 3 21 2
5. x = 6. x = 4.2 2 =
2 5

Answers
9.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up 9.2 Puzzle Time
28 11 5 A TURTLE
1. 2. 7 3. 4.
5 5 2
9.3 Start Thinking
9.2 Practice A 1. Both  ABC and  ACD contain ∠ A, which is
1. 4 2. 3 2 3. 5 2 congruent to itself by the Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.2). Both triangles contain a
4. x = 3, y = 2 5. x = 4, y = 8 right angle, and all right angles are congruent. So,
the two triangles are similar by the AA Similarity
6. x = 5 3, y = 5 7. 60.5 m 2
Theorem (Thm. 8.3).
2. Both  ABC and CBD contain ∠ B which is

8. 173.2 yd 2 9. 6 ft; 8.5 ft; 10.4 ft
congruent to itself by the Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.2). Both triangles contain a
9.2 Practice B
right angle, and all right angles are congruent. So,
1. the two triangles are similar by the AA Similarity
x 5 4 2 12 2 Theorem (Thm. 8.3).
y 5 2 4 2 2 24 3. By the Transitive Property of Congruence, you can
conclude that  ACD  CBD.
2.
a 11 3 3 8 5 9.3 Warm Up
b 9 25 22
11 3 8 3 5 3 1. x = 10 2. x = 3. x = 4. x = 6
7 5
c 22 6 3 16 10
1. m∠1 = 32°, m∠ 2 = 148°
3. a. 30°-60°-90° triangle
b. neither 2. m∠1 = 95°, m∠ 2 = 85°
c. 45°-45°-90° triangle
3. m∠1 = 67°, m∠ 2 = 113°
4. x = 4 3, y = 2 3
9.3 Practice A
5. x = 12 2, y = 24
1. KLM  JLK  JKM
6. x = 8 3, y = 8, z = 8 2
2. YXU  ZXY  ZYU
7. about 101.6 ft 2
3. 4.8 4. about 14.5
1. s = 13, v = 13, w = 13, x = 13, y = 20, 5. about 7.1 6. 6
z = 20 + 13 3 7. 2 14 8. 4 15
2. about 4.3094 units 3. 7 2 9. 40 10. 3
4. about 28.39 units 11. 12 12. about 67.8 cm
5. 4 points; (1, 1), (1, −1), ( −1, 1), ( −1, −1) 9.3 Practice B
1. CBD   ABC   ACD
6. VW ≈ 2.54, VX ≈ 9.80, WX ≈ 9.46
2. CB
7. BC = 0.5, CD ≈ 1.73, BD ≈ 1.80
2 1
3. CD = 8, AD = 10 , AC = 13
3 3

Answers
4. 24 5. 10 6. x = 15 9.4 Warm Up
7. 12 2 8. 20 9. 2 5 y1 8 161
1. x1 = 161, =
x1 161
10. w = 3
y1 4
11. x = 6 5, y = 2 55, z = 3 11 2. y1 = 8, =
x1 3
1 3 7 15
12. x = 12 , y = 3 , z = 115 y1 9 115
4 4 4 3. x1 = , =
2 x1 115
13. a. 48 in.
b. 11.6 in.
1.
c. The support attaches about 3 inches from the top
of the plywood; It divides the plywood into
pieces measuring approximately 3 inches and
45 inches.

1. 16
2. DC = 7, BD = 35, AB = 2 15
3. a. 12
b. 8.4
c. yes; When you compute the harmonic mean
using 4x and 12x, you get an answer of 6x.
4. PR = 12.5; QS = 12 5. D (0, 0)
 6 32  5
6. D  − ,  7.
 5 5 5
9.3 Puzzle Time

BECAUSE HE WANTED TO TURN OVER A NEW
LEAF 2.
9.4 Start Thinking

1 5
Sample answer: x1 ≈ 1 in., y1 ≈ 2 in., x2 ≈ 2 in.,
2 8
1 1 3
y2 ≈ 3 in., x3 ≈ 2 in., y3 ≈ 4 in.
2 2 8
y1 y2
1. = 1.75 2. = 1.75
x1 x2
y3
3. = 1.75
x3
It appears that regardless of the size of the 30°-60°-90°

triangle, the ratios of corresponding sides are equal or
approximately equal.

Answers
3. 3. Sample answer:
45°
2
1
45°
1
4. 22.5 5. 38.6
6. x = 82, y ≈ 154.2 7. 64 ft
8. 12.0 units

1. AB = BC = CD = DA = 89,
m∠ ABC = ∠ ADC ≈ 64°,
m∠ DAB = ∠ BCD ≈ 116°; The diagonals of a
rhombus bisect each other and intersect at a right
angle to form four congruent right triangles. The
Pythagorean Theorem (Thm. 9.1) is used to find
the side lengths, and the tangent ratio is used to
compute the measures of the angles of the rhombus.
a b
2. tan x° = ; tan (90° − x°) =
b a
9.4 Practice A 3. They are reciprocals of each other.

5 4. The relationship will be true in all cases except
1. tan S = ≈ 0.4167, tan R = 2.4
12 when x = 90 ° or x = 0°; This is because
tan 0° = 0 and tan 90° are undefined.
2. tangent ratio should be the ratio of the opposite side
to the adjacent side, not the adjacent to the 5. 51.96 in. 6. 18.7
32
opposite; tan K =
24 1
7. tan 30° = and tan 60° = 3;
3
3. 13.5 4. 8.2 5. 17.9
If a ° = b° = 30°,
6. 64.0 7. 9 8. 1 1 1 2
tan a° + tan b° = + = , but
3 3 3
9. 13 m
tan ( a ° + b°) = tan (30° + 30°) = tan 60° = 3.
9.4 Practice B So, tan a° + tan b° ≠ tan ( a° + b°).
7 24
1. tan J = ≈ 0.2917, tan K = ≈ 3.4286
24 7 8. 82.9°
2 9.4 Puzzle Time

2. tan D = 2 2 ≈ 2.8284, tan E = ≈ 0.3536
4 A PEST TEST

Answers
9.5 Start Thinking 29 7
2. sin R = ≈ 0.8975, sin S = ≈ 0.4410,
Sample answer: Because the hypotenuse of a right 6 6
triangle is always the longest side, the sine and cosine
7 29
ratios of an acute angle will always be less than one. cos R = ≈ 0.4410, cos S = ≈ 0.8975
Because the length of each leg is always greater than 6 6
zero, the sine and cosine ratios of an acute angle will
3. cos 83° 4. sin 59°
always be greater than zero. As the acute angle gets
larger, the sine ratio will get closer to one, and the sin 60°
cosine ratio will get closer to zero. 5. 6. p ≈ 11.3, q ≈ 4.1
cos 60°
9.5 Warm Up 7. x ≈ 35.6, y ≈ 56.6 8. a ≈ 9.1, b ≈ 16.7
1. about 24.4 2. about 17.8 3. about 3.9
9. 14 cm
10. a. 16.5 ft b. 12 ft c. 31 ft
 43 11 
1. (6, 3.5) 2.  − , 
 16 32  9.5 Enrichment and Extension
1. x = 2.999
 57 2
3. (13.5, 17) 4.  , − 
 17 17  2. w = 11.594 cm, x = 12.433 cm, y = 26.663 cm,
z = 29.419 cm
9.5 Practice A
12 5 3. 270 units 4. 92.3 in. 5. 3 :2
1. sin J = ≈ 0.9231, sin K = ≈ 0.3846,
13 13
2 2
5 12  x  y
6. (sin a°) + (cos a°)
2 2
cos J = ≈ 0.3846, cos K = ≈ 0.9231 =   + 
13 13 z z
x2 + y 2 z2
15 8 = = = 1
2. sin J = ≈ 0.8824, sin K = ≈ 0.4706, z2 z2
17 17
8 15 7. 0.8
cos J = ≈ 0.4706, cos K = ≈ 0.8824
17 17 9.5 Puzzle Time
3. cos 68° 4. sin 34° A TERMINAL ILLNESS
9.6 Start Thinking
5. sin 75° 6. cos 53°
1. 60° 2. 45° 3. 30°
7. a ≈ 14.7, b ≈ 20.2 8. x ≈ 18.3, y ≈ 17.0
4. 30° 5. 60° 6. 45°
9. r ≈ 124.5, s ≈ 42.6 9.6 Warm Up
10. B; Because sin A is the ratio of the length of the 7 51 7 51
1. 51; sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
leg opposite ∠ A to the length of the hypotenuse, 10 10 51
and the hypotenuse is the longest side of a right
triangle, the value of sin A must be less than 1. 22 709 15 709
2. 709; sin θ = , cos θ = ,
709 709
11. 629 ft 22
tan θ =
15
9.5 Practice B
24 7 3 29 10 3 29
1. sin R = = 0.96, sin S = = 0.28, 3. ; sin θ = , cos θ = ,
25 25 2 19 19
7 24 10 29
cos R = = 0.28, cos S = = 0.96 tan θ =
25 25 87

Answers
9.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up 5. 30° 6. 44.4° 7. 14.9°
 ABC ≅  XYZ by the AAS
1. yes; You can prove
8. 20.9°
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11).
9.6 Puzzle Time
2. no; You cannot prove  ABC ≅  XYZ . However,
MISTAKES
you could prove that they are similar by the AA
Similarity Theorem (Thm 8.3). 9.7 Start Thinking
3. yes; You can prove ABC ≅  XYZ . Because of 1. 12 2. 12 3. 12
the perpendicular segments, you know both All three ratios are the same; Sample answer: yes
triangles are right, so by the HL Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.9), you can prove they are 9.7 Warm Up
congruent. 1. a ≈ 10.9 2. c ≈ 23.3 3. b ≈ 10.2
9.6 Practice A 4. B ≈ 57.8° 5. A ≈ 67.8° 6. C ≈ 49.5°
1. ∠ R 2. ∠ R 3. ∠Q
4. 39.8° 5. 83.1° 6. 65.4° 1. m∠ X = 121°, m∠ Z = 121°
7. m∠P = 53°, QR ≈ 17.6, PR ≈ 13.2

2. m∠ X = 112°, m∠ Z = 112°
8. m∠ D ≈ 42.7°, DF ≈ 20.6, m∠ E ≈ 47.3°

3. m∠ X = 123°, m∠ Z = 143°
9. m∠ A = 39°, BC ≈ 11.3, AB ≈ 18.0

9.7 Practice A
10. 499 ft 11. 27.4° 1. − 0.4226 2. −11.4301 3. 0.5299
9.6 Practice B 4. 22.8 m2 5. 143.9 ft 2

1. ∠W 2. ∠ X 3. 24.2°
6.
Law of Sines Law of Cosines Neither
4. 87.1° 5. 79.1°
AAS, ASA, SSS, SAS AAA
6. m∠T = 66°, ST ≈ 36.1, RT ≈ 14.7 SSA
7. m∠ E ≈ 41.4°, EF = 9, m∠ D ≈ 48.6°
7. m∠ B = 105°, a ≈ 5.9, c ≈ 6.7
8. m∠ P ≈ 17.7°, PQ ≈ 21.9, m∠R ≈ 72.3°
8. m∠ A ≈ 40.8°, m∠ B ≈ 60.6°, m∠C ≈ 78.6°
9. a. about 1039 ft
b. about 1648 ft 9. m∠ A ≈ 28.6°, b ≈ 17.3, m∠C ≈ 20.4°
c. about 609 ft
10. a ≈ 90.5°, m∠ A ≈ 63.1°, m∠ B ≈ 36.9°
10. a. about 0.1 mi
11. m∠ A ≈ 48.2°, m∠ B ≈ 106.6°, m∠C ≈ 25.2°
b. about 0.8 mi
c. about 7.1° 12. m∠ B = 74°, b ≈ 24.5, c ≈ 24.0
9.6 Enrichment and Extension 13. 127.2°

1. a. 28°
9.7 Practice B
b. 40°
1. −1.0724 2. − 0.6157 3. 0.9998
c. 112°
13 13 12 4. 60.4 cm 2 5. 12.7 in.2

2. csc θ = 3. sec θ = 4. cot θ =
5 12 5

Answers
6. Draw a diagonal to form the SAS case of a triangle, 19. x = 80 20. x = 15 21. x = 112
1
use the area formula A = ab sin C , and then 22. x = 55 23. x = 104 24. x = 187
2
double this area; A ≈ 6578 m 2 25. x = 9 26. x = 2 27. x = 6
7. m∠ B = 33°, b ≈ 8.3, c ≈ 15.2 28. x = 5 29. x = 11.5 30. x = 7.25
8. a ≈ 12.0, m∠ B ≈ 26.4°, m∠C ≈ 86.6° 31. x = 32 32. x = 121 33. x = 21
9. m∠ B ≈ 64.5°, c ≈ 2.4, m∠C ≈ 37.5° 34. x = 8 35. x = 66 36. x = 195
37. x = 6 38. x = 126 39. x = 12.5

10. m∠ A ≈ 36.2°, m∠ B ≈ 43.5°, m∠C ≈ 100.3°
40. x = 6 41. x = 4 42. x = 5
11. a ≈ 12.6, b ≈ 5.2, m∠C = 71°
43. x = 3 44. x = 7 45. x = 2
12. m∠ A ≈ 29.5°, m∠ B ≈ 112.4°, m∠C ≈ 38.0°
46. r = 5 ft, d = 10 ft 47. r = 3 ft, d = 6 ft
13. a. about 19.7 in.
b. about 83.8° 48. r = 18 in., d = 36 in. 49. r = 17 ft, d = 34 ft
9.7 Enrichment and Extension 50. r = 4 in., d = 8 in. 51. r = 11 in., d = 22 in.
1. A ≈ 69.7°, B ≈ 30.3°, c ≈ 54.6
52. 41° 53. 94° 54. 168°
2. C = 78.9°, B = 39.1°, a = 12.6 55. 123° 56. 155° 57. 138°
3. a ≈ 18.9, B ≈ 38.9°, C ≈ 75.1° 58. acute isosceles triangle
9.7 Puzzle Time 59. right isosceles triangle

BECAUSE THEN YOU’LL BE A MILE AWAY AND 60. equilateral triangle
YOU’LL HAVE THEIR SHOES
61. right scalene triangle
Cumulative Review
62. x = 13, y = 8 63. r = 9, s = 20
1. 6 3 2. 12 2 3. 9 3
64. m = 14, x = 15 65. a = 68, k = 8
4. 12 10 5. 9 5 6. 8 7
66. a. 5
7. 5 2 8. 4 7 9. 3 5
b. 2
9 5 4 7 7 3
10. 11. 12. 67. 20 68. 40 69. 10
5 7 3
70. 24 71. 135 72. 65
5 11 11 2 8 3
13. 14. 15. 73. 4 2 74. 7
11 2 3
75. a. 6 2 in.
6 9 11
16. 17. 3 3 18.
3 11 b. 12 + 6 2 in.
c. 20.5 in.

Answers
6. no; ABC is not a right triangle because the side
Chapter10 lengths do not satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem
10.1 Start Thinking (Thm. 9.1).
1. y
7. yes; ABC is a right triangle because the side
(3, 4)
4 lengths satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem
2
(Thm. 9.1).
8. r = 8 9. r = 20
−4 2 4 x
−2 3
10. 5 11. − and 4
−4 2
(−4, −3)
12. Sample answer:
Sample answer: no; It does not pass through the
center.
2. y
4
A
2
C
−4 −2 2 4 x
−2
B
−4
(3, −4)
Sample answer: radius; It connects the center of the

circle with a point on the circle.
3. Sample answer: yes; no 13. a. 40 ft; By the External Tangent Congruence

y
Theorem (Thm. 10.2), the sidewalks are the
8 same length.
4 b. 60 ft
(5, 0)
−8 4 8 x 10.1 Practice B
1. CE , EF 2. CF , BD 3. CF
−8  
4. BD 5. AG, H
10.1 Warm Up 6. yes; ABC is a right triangle because the side

lengths satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem
1. r = 5 2. r = 9 2 3. r = 6 (Thm. 9.1).
10.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up 7. no; ABC is not a right triangle because the side
1. yes; obtuse 2. yes; obtuse lengths do not satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem
(Thm. 9.1).
3. yes; right 4. yes; acute
8. r = 12 9. r = 1.4
5. yes; obtuse 6. no
10. 5 11. − 23 and 7
10.1 Practice A
1.  A 2. AB, AD 3. BD, CH 12. when the two circles are concentric; There are no
  points of intersection and no segment joining the
4. CH 5. EG centers of the circles.

Answers
13. a. about 19.2 ft 7. no; They are arcs of the same circle, but
b. AE = BC and DE = CD, so BD = AD by  = 120° and mUVT
m STV  = 150 °.
the SSS Similarity Theorem (Thm. 8.4).
8. a. 45°
10.1 Enrichment and Extension b. 14.4°
1. 9 2. 412 ≈ 20.3
10.2 Practice B
3. 19.6 1. semicircle; 180° 2. minor arc; 74°
4. It is given that IM and JL are tangent segments. 3. major arc; 286° 4. minor arc; 42°
They intersect at point K. Because tangent segments 5. yes; They are arcs of the same circle and
from a common point to a circle are congruent,
m .
AC = m BD
KI = KL and KM = KJ . By the Addition
Property of Equality, KI + KM = KL + KJ . The
 and OP
6. no; NM  have the same angle measure,
Segment Addition Postulate (Post. 1.2) shows that
IM = KI + KM and JL = KL + KJ . So, by the but they are arcs of circles that are not congruent.
Transitive Property of Equality, IM = JL and so
7. yes; They are arcs of the same circle and
IM ≅ JL by the definition of congruent segments.
m  = 42°.
AB = mCD
10.1 Puzzle Time
8. 22.5°
HE WAS SERVING PI
9. a. 135°
10.2 Start Thinking b. 225°
60 min or 1 h
10. a. 170°
1. 180° 2. 270° 3. 60°
b. 34 sec
4. 54° 5. 288° 6. 312°
10.2 Warm Up 1. 18.6 in. 2. about 19.1 cm
1. 29% 2. 119° 3. 35°
3. a. 6 times
10.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up b. 60.4%
13 8 4.
1. 2. 12 3. 62 4.
7 3
10.2 Practice A
1. minor arc; 55° 2. major arc; 245°
3. semicircle; 180° 4. minor arc; 120° a. 72°

5. a. 32° b. about 5.9 in.
b. 208° c. about 29.4 in.
c. 105° d. about 59.4 in.2
d. 260° 1 2  180  °  180  ° 
e. A = nd  cos    sin   
6. yes; They are arcs of congruent circles and
4   n    n  
 = mGH
m EF .
5. 73 6. 12 7. 126
10.2 Puzzle Time

THE CRAB APPLE

Answers
10.3 Start Thinking 2. 10 3. m   = 110°
AD = mBE
1. sometimes true; If a chord passes through the center
of the circle, then it is a diameter. 4. 100° 5. 7 6. 11 7. 3
2. always true; By definition, a chord is a segment .

8. yes; AB is a perpendicular bisector of QR
whose endpoints are on a circle and a diameter
always satisfies this definition. 9. about 12.8 units 10. about 30.4 units
3. sometimes true; Because a radius is half the
11. Sample answer:
measure of the diameter, it is possible to draw
infinitely many chords within the circle that have a STATEMENTS REASONS
measure equal to the radius. However, there are
also infinitely many chords that do not have the 1. PQ is the diameter 1. Given
same measure as the radius. For example, all the of U .
diameters do not have the same measure.  ≅ QS 
PT
4. never true; It is possible for a chord to have the
same measure as a diameter, but it will never be 2. PT ≅ QS 2. Congruent
longer. A diameter is the longest possible chord in a Corresponding
circle. Chords Theorem
(Thm. 10.6)
10.3 Warm Up
3. UP ≅ UQ ≅ UT 3. Definition of
1. 6 2 2. 3 3 3. 11 radius of circle
≅ US
10.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up 4. PUT ≅ QUS 4. SSS Congruence
1. Given B is the midpoint of EC and DA, you can Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
conclude that EB ≅ BC and AB ≅ BD. Because
∠ EBA and ∠CBD are vertical angles, you can 12. Sample answer: You could also use the SAS
conclude that they are also congruent. Then by the  ≅ QS
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). PT  , so
SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5), you can m∠PUT ≅ m∠QUS by the Congruent Central
conclude that  AEB ≅  DCB.
Angles Theorem (Thm. 10.4).
2. You are given ∠ BDE ≅ ∠ BED and ∠ A ≅ ∠ C .
Then if you conclude DE ≅ DE by the Reflexive
1. 60° 2. 19.2° 3. 53.1°
Property of Segment Congruence (Thm. 2.1), you
have  AED ≅ CDE by the AAS Congruence 4. 90° 5. 103.5° 6. 180°
7. no; no; Sample answer:
10.3 Practice A 80° A
1. 115° 2. 160° 3. 11 P Q
1.5
4. 65° 5. 4
O
6. a. yes; AB is a perpendicular bisector of MN .
b. no; AB is not perpendicular to MN .
7. 18 8. 6 8. 30 units
9. 6 10 ≈ 19 units 10. D 10.3 Puzzle Time

BECAUSE IT WANTED THE SCHOOL TO HAVE A
10.3 Practice B LITTLE SPIRIT
1. In a circle, if two chords are congruent, then their
corresponding minor arcs are congruent.

Answers
10.4 Start Thinking 10.4 Practice B
 ; m∠ A = m∠ B ; Sample answer:
m∠ BMC = m BC 1. 90° 2. 42° 3. 58° 4. 48°
Because MB and MA are radii of the same circle, 5. 58° 6. 42° 7. 96° 8. 180°
we can conclude that they are congruent. With this
information, we can conclude that ∠A ≅ ∠ B by the 9. x = 14, y = 38 10. x = 72, y = 90
Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6);
11. x = 16, y = 14
m∠BMC = m∠A + m∠B by the Exterior Angle
Theorem (5.2). Because ∠A ≅ ∠B , by substitution
12. Sample answer:
m∠BMC = m∠A + m∠A or m∠BMC = 2 m∠A.
Because m∠ BMC = m BC  , then m∠ BC
 = 2 m∠ A or STATEMENTS REASONS
1  = m∠A. 1.  P 1. Given
m∠ BC
2
2. ∠AED ≅ ∠BEC 2. Vertical Angles
10.4 Warm Up Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
1. m∠ C = 100 °, m∠ D = 132 °
3. ∠ CAD ≅ ∠ DBC 3. Inscribed Angles of
2. m∠ X = 97°, m∠ Y = 50°, m∠ Z = 33° a Circle Theorem
(Thm. 10.11).
3. m∠P = 115°, m∠Q = 115°, m∠R = 65°,
4.  AED   BES 4. AAA Similarity
m∠S = 65° Theorem (Thm. 8.3)
1. 18 square units 13. yes; Sample answer: ∠ADB and ∠BCA intercept
the same arc, so the angles are congruent by the
2. about 39.3 square units Inscribed Angles of a Circle Theorem
(Thm. 10.11).
3. about 15.9 square units
14. yes; Sample answer: m∠CAB = 60° by the
10.4 Practice A Measure of an Inscribed Angle Theorem
1. 20° 2. 144° 3. 58° (Thm. 10.10) and m∠ACB = 90° by the Triangle
Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1).  ABC is a right triangle
4. B; Sample answer: ∠ RQS and ∠ RPS are inscribed
with hypotenuse AB. So, AB is a diameter of the
angles that intercept the same arc, so the angles are circle by the Inscribed Right Triangle Theorem
congruent by the Inscribed Angles of a Circle (Thm. 10.12).
5. x = 110, y = 67 6. x = 99, y = 90
1. m∠1 = m∠ 4 = 45°, m∠ 2 = 20°, m∠3 = 70°
7. x = 39, y = 29
2. 27.70°
8. Opposite angles should be supplementary, not
3. m∠1 = 60°, m∠2 = 60°, m∠3 = 120°,
congruent; m∠ B = 95°
m∠4 = 30°
9. a. 62.3°
4. m∠1 = 40°, m∠ 2 = 25 °, m∠3 = 40°
b. 83.1°
c. acute, scalene; Sample answer: Because 5. 24° 6. 48°
m∠ A = 34.6°, m∠ B = 62.3°, and
m∠C = 83.1°,  ABC has three acute angles 7. 45°, 135°, 75°, 105°
and no congruent sides.
10.4 Puzzle Time
IT USED ITS HEAD

Answers
10.5 Start Thinking 10.5 Warm Up
Sample answer: 1. 120° 2. 74° 3. 84°
Two chords intersect at the center of the circle.
A B
1. 1 2. 2 3. 4
C
10.5 Practice A
D E 1. 202° 2. 102° 3. 56° 4. 133
The circle is divided into four arcs, and opposite arcs 5. 42 6. 35 7. 26

are congruent.
Two chords intersect within the circle, but not at the 8. Sample answer: This finds the supplement of the
center. angle labeled x°. The measure of the angle should
be one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs
A
D intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle;
B A 1
m∠x = (66° + 66°), so m∠x = 66°.
C
D
M C 2
E B 9. 21°
F E
10.5 Practice B
The circle is divided into four arcs. In the diagram of
1. 60° 2. 30° 3. 60°
C, none of the arcs have the same measure. In the
diagram of  M , m AD = m BE  and the chords are 4. 60° 5. 30° 6. 60°
congruent.
7. D; The measure of ∠4 is one-half the sum of the
Two chords intersect at a point on the circle. measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its
vertical angle. So,
1
C M Q
m∠4 = (75° + 125°) = 100° ≠ 90°.
2
The circle is divided into three arcs. Of the three arcs, 8. 50 9. 7 10. 70
none may be congruent, two may be congruent, or all
three may be congruent. 11. a. 120°
Two chords do not intersect. b. 100°

c. 140°
X Y W X
A B 12. about 6.8°

Z Y
W Z 10.5 Enrichment and Extension
Y 1. a. 164°
Z W
C D
Z b. 196°
W
Y X c. 48°
X d. 32°
W X
e. 64°
F
f. 80°
Y
The circle is divided into four arcs. Of the four arcs,

you may have none that are congruent, or two, three, or
all four congruent.

Answers
2. a. 60° 10.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up
b. 60° −13 + 5 53
1. 6 2. 3. 3 10
c. 2.25 2
d. 1.125
10.6 Practice A
(
e. 1.125 3 ) ≈ 1.95
1. 15 2. 2 3. 12 4. 5
f. ( 2.25 + 2.25 3 ) ≈ 6.1 5. 6 6. 7 7. 15 8. 12
9. 4 10. 4 11. 4 12. 7

3. Sample answer: Draw chords RU and ST . It is
 ≅ ST
given that RU . Because congruent arcs have 13. about 14.2 ft
congruent chords, RU ≅ ST . It is given that 10.6 Practice B
 ≅ TU
RS  . ∠RUS , ∠URT , ∠TSU , and ∠STR are
1. 10 2. 8 3. 4 4. 4
 or TU
all inscribed angles that intercept either RS .
5. 8 6. 15 7. 9 8. 5
So, all four angles have the same measure and are
congruent. By the SAS Congruence Theorem 9. 30 10. about 20.1 in.
(Thm. 5.5), QRU and QST are congruent
triangles. Also, the base angles are all the same, 11. about 139.8 in.
so they are isosceles triangles. So RQ, UQ, SQ, 10.6 Enrichment and Extension
and TQ are congruent because corresponding parts 1. AC = 16.5, BD = 16.8
of congruent triangles are congruent. Congruent
segments have equal lengths, so Q is equidistant 2. 40.5
from points R, U, S and T that lie on the circle. So,
3. a. 60°
Q is the center of the circle.
b. Sample answer: ∠ACB ≅ ∠FCE by the
10.5 Puzzle Time Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
A PARALLEL (Thm. 2.6). Because m∠CAB = 60° and
m∠EFD = 60°, then ∠CAB ≅ ∠EFD.
10.6 Start Thinking Using the AA Similarity Theorem (Thm. 8.3),
1. Sample answer: PX 1 = 7.7, PY1 = 11.6  ABC   FEC .
y x + 10 x + 10
2. Sample answer: PX 2 = 6.8, PY 2 = 13.2 c. Sample answer: = ;y =
3 6 2
3. Sample answer: PX 3 = 6.7, PY3 = 13.3 d. Sample answer: y 2 = x ( x + 16)
e. x = 2, y = 6
4. Sample answer: PX 4 = 8.3, PY4 = 10.8
f. 2 30; Sample answer: Because
Each pair of segments has approximately the same CF 12
period.  ABC   FEC and = = 2, then
AC 6
10.6 Warm Up CE 2
= . Let CE = 2 x and CB = x. So,
3 CB 1
1. x = 16 2. x = 1 3. x = ,1 2 x 2 = 60 by the Segments of Chords Theorem
2
(Thm. 10.18), which implies x = 30 and
4. x = − 2, 5 5. x = 6 ± 2 11 CE = 2 30.
6. x = − 7, 1 4. OT 2 = OP • OQ and OT 2 = OR • OS by the
Segments of Secants and Tangents Theorem
(Thm. 10.20). So, OP • OQ = OR • OS .

Answers
10.6 Puzzle Time 10. center: (0, 3), radius: 2
BECAUSE THE ELLIPSES ARE TOO ECCENTRIC y
6
FOR THE CIRCLES x2 + (y − 3)2 = 4
4
10.7 Start Thinking
2
x 2 + y 2 = 4;
y −2 2 4 x
4
2
11. Sample answer: The distance from point ( − 3, 3) to
−4 −2 2 4 x
the origin is 3 2, but the radius of the circle is 4,
−2
so the point does not lie on the circle.
−4
12. a. from left to right, top row:
10.7 Warm Up
(x − 28) + ( y − 44) = 169,
2 2
1. PQ = 4, midpoint = (0, 8) (x − 57) + ( y − 44) = 169,

2 2
(x − 86) + ( y − 44) = 169;

2 2
7  from left to right, bottom row:

2. PQ = 53, midpoint =  , − 6 
2  (x − 42.5) + ( y − 31) = 169,
2 2
3. PQ = 10 2, midpoint = ( − 5, 4) (x − 71.5) + ( y − 31) = 169

2 2
b. Sample answer: Subtract 3 from the radius to

117  3 obtain 100 on the right side of each equation.
4. PQ = , midpoint =  −1, − 
2  4
10.7 Practice B
10.7 Cumulative Review Warm Up 1. x 2 + y 2 = 9
1. 63° 2. 42° 3. 138°
4. 117° 5. 180°
2. (x − 3) + ( y − 2) = 4
2 2
10.7 Practice A 3. (x − 4) + ( y + 7) = 16
2 2
1. x 2 + y 2 = 49
4. (x + 3) + y 2 = 25
2
2. (x − 5) + ( y − 1) = 25
2 2
5. x 2 + y 2 = 1
3. x 2 + y 2 = 64
6. (x − 4) + ( y + 1) = 25
2 2
4. x 2 + ( y + 5)
2
= 4
7. (x − 2) + ( y − 4) = 169
2 2
5. x 2 + y 2 = 25
8. center: (0, 0), radius: 10
6. (x − 3) + ( y + 2) = 841
2 2
x2 + y2 = 100
y
8
7. B 8. A 9. C
8 x

Answers
9. center: ( 2, 9), radius: 2
1. Sample answer: ( x + 3) + ( y + 3)
2 2
(x − 2)2 + (y − 9)2 = 4 = 9
y
12
2. (3, − 2), ( x − 3) + ( y + 2)
2 2
8
= 26
3. x 2 + ( y + 9.5)
4 2
= 56.25
−4 4 8 x
4. (x − 12) + ( y − 19) = 56.25
2 2
10. center: (0, − 2), radius: 6

y 5. a. h = −14 and h = 10
x2 + (y + 2)2 = 36
b. 4
−8 −4 4 8 x
c. (x + 2) + ( y + 4) = 16 and
2 2
−4 (x + 2) + ( y + 4) = 484
2 2
6. a. (x + 5) + y 2 + ( z − 4) = 121
2 2
11. center: (1, 0), radius: 2

b. (x − 10) + ( y + 6) + ( z − 2) = 169
2 2 2
y
(x − 1)2 + y2 = 4
c. (x + 1) + ( y − 2) + ( z + 4) = 59
2 2 2
2
10.7 Puzzle Time
−2 2 4 x COINCIDE
−2
Cumulative Review
1. x 2 − 10 x + 21 2. j 2 + 4 j + 3
12. Sample answer: The statement is true. The distance
from point ( − 3, 4) to the origin is 5, and the radius 3. c 2 + 4c − 96 4. m 2 − 12 m + 20
of the circle is 5, so the point lies on the circle. 5. y 2 + 21 y + 110 6. s 2 + 11s + 30
13. Sample answer: The statement is false. The distance

7. 5q 2 − 17 q − 12 8. 12 p 2 − 40 p − 7
from point 2, ( )
3 to the origin is 7, but the
radius of the circle is 3, so the point does not lie on 9. − 2 f 2 − 17 f + 84 10. 54b 2 − 36b + 6
the circle.
11. −15 g 2 + 46 g − 24 12. 21k 2 + 35k − 56
14. a. (x + 6)2 + (y − 4)2 = 16
13. x = − 8 and x = 9 14. x = 10 and x = 12
(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 = 25
y
8 15. x = 6 and x = 12 16. x = − 7 and x = 6
C
17. x = 1 and x = 7 18. x = − 4 and x = 8
A
−4 8 x
B 19. x = −10 and x = 11 20. x = 4 and x = 9
−4
21. x = − 9 and x = −1 22. x = −1 and x = 8

(x + 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 36
23. x = − 4 and x = 2 24. x = − 8 and x = − 5
b. ( − 2, 4)
25. x = − 6 and x = −1 26. x = − 2 and x = 8
c. no; The point ( 4, − 5) is about 10.8 miles away
from the epicenter.

Answers
27. x = − 8 and x = 7 28. x = − 4 and x = 7 Chapter 11
29. x = 43 30. x = 102 31. x = 112

11.1 Start Thinking
10π ≈ 31.4 cm
32. x = 18 33. x = 26 34. x = 84
5π
1. 5π ≈ 15.7 cm 2. ≈ 7.9 cm
35. x = 133 36. x = 26 37. x = 19 2
38. x = 1275 39. 34 40. 25 25π
3. ≈ 13.1 cm
6
41. 82 42. 34 43. 8
44. 12 45. 9 46. 6

11.1 Warm Up
1. 120°, 8π 2. 90°, 15π 3. 135°, 16π
47. 18
48. a. 2 x + 11
1. 130° 2. 54
b. 6
c. 11 3. 164 = 2 41
d. 17
11.1 Practice A
 11   1
49. ( − 3, − 3) 50.  − 2,  51.  −1, −  1. 21 m 2. about 169.6 ft
 2  2
3. about 47.1 in. 4. 12.4 cm
 15 7   13 7   11 
52.  − ,  53.  − ,−  54.  , − 6 5. Divide the circumference of the tree by π to find
 2 2  2 2 2 
the diameter of the tree. Because the diameter
is 50 ÷ π ≈ 15.9 inches, which is less than
 5 9  5 1
55.  − ,  56.  − , −  57. 745 18 inches, the tree is not suitable for tapping.
 2 2  2 2
6. about 6.28 cm 7. about 47.1 in.
58. 2 29 59. 233 60. 2 145
8. about 7.33 ft 9. about 36.57 mm
61. 365 62. 109 63. 569
π
10. about 86.85 in. 11.
64. 8 3
65. Sample answer: ∠ABC , ∠ABD, and ∠CBD 12. 225° 13. 1257 ft
66. Sample answer: ∠GFJ , ∠GFH , and ∠JFH 11.1 Practice B

36
67. 107° 68. 113° 69. 2 130 1. m 2. 10.8π ft
π
70. 218 71. 3 65 72. 466 3. about 44.0 cm 4. 160°
73. 8 2 74. 2 102 5. 200° 6. about 19.54 m
75. a. 18.4 in. 7. about 24.43 m 8. 280°

b. 44.4 in.
9. about 34.21 m 10. about 114°
76. a. 7.6 in.
11. about 58.03 ft 12. about 20.53 cm
b. 17.6 in.
7π
13. 14. 150°
12
15. a. 35.6 in. b. about 71 teeth

Answers
11.1 Enrichment and Extension 15. about 21.46 cm2
1. a. 18π ≈ 56.55 cm b. 6π ≈ 18.85 cm
16. coverage area is 4 times greater;
2. 8 3. about 30.16 cm new coverage area 7260.57 ft 2
≈ ≈ 4
4. about 36.85 cm 5. about 28.57 in
old coverage area 1815.14 ft 2
11.1 Puzzle Time 11.2 Practice B

SO THAT THE AUDIENCE WOULD BE GLUED TO 1. about 143.14 in.2 2. about 0.07 mi 2
THEIR SEATS
3. about 4.5 km 4. about 36.4 yd
11.2 Start Thinking
5. about 5.5 mi 6. about 10.5 mi
49π ≈ 153.9 in.2
7. about 0.18 m 2 , about 0.33 m2
49π 147π
1. ≈ 77.0 in.2 2. ≈ 115.5 in.2
2 4 8. about 2.86 cm 2 , about 23.56 cm2
245π
3. ≈ 42.8 in.2 9. about 0.39 in.2 , about 0.84 in.2
18
10. about 1.87 yd 2 , about 6.86 yd 2
11.2 Warm Up
1. 81π ≈ 254.5 in.2 2. 4π ≈ 12.6 ft 2 11. about 2.5 cm 12. about 0.6 ft
100 42 13. about 1099.56 m2 14. about 230.91 ft 2

3. ≈ 5.6 mi 4. 2 ≈ 7.3 m
π π
15. about 32.99 in.2 16. about 26.18 in.3
5. 36π ≈ 113.1 cm2 11.2 Enrichment and Extension
11.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up 3
1. 2. 36°
1. x = 4 3, y = 4 2. x = 7, y = 7 2 π
7π 2
3. x = 22, y = 11 3. m 4. 8π square units
3
11.2 Practice A
1 3 1
1. 145.27 ft 2 2. 289.53 cm2 5. a. b. c.
8 8 2
3. 18 m 4. 30 in.
6. 36 3 ≈ 62.4 cm 2
5. about 10,610 people/mi2
7. a.
Measure
6. about 883,573 people 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
of arc, x
7. about 21.38 ft 2 , about 132.56 ft 2 Area of 3π 3π 9π 15π 9π
3π
sector, y 4 2 4 4 2
8. about 184.35 in.2 , about 346.58 in.2
π
9. about 1.22 m 2 , about 1.92 m2 b. y = x
40
10. about 25.13 cm 2 , about 175.93 cm2 11.2 Puzzle Time

A SCREWDRIVER
11. 804.24 yd 2 12. about 12.57 m2
13. about 85.13 ft 2 14. about 879.65 mm2

Answers
11.3 Start Thinking 13. 32.4 square units 14. 554.4 square units
1. Sample answer: To find the area of the triangle,
15. 1119.6 square units 16. 178 cm2
draw an altitude and create two congruent
30°-60°-90° triangles. Using the special right 17. 1175.6 m2
triangle, the altitude would have a measure of
2 3 units. Using the formula for the area of a 18. a. about 73.9 ft
triangle, you have b. 3 containers; The area of the floor is about
1 1 416.5 square feet. Because 416.5 ÷ 200 ≈ 2.08
2 2
( )
A = bh = ( 4) 2 3 = 4 3 square units. and you cannot buy part of a container, you will
need 3 containers of wood sealer.
2. Sample answer: To find the area of the regular
hexagon, connect two pairs of non-consecutive 11.3 Practice B
vertices and create four congruent 30°-60°-90° 1. 285.25 square units 2. 110.36 square units
triangles and a rectangle as shown. Using the
special right triangle, you can find the measures 3. 252.5 square units 4. 384 square units
needed to calculate the area. The area of the hexagon
5. 51.4° 6. 25.7° 7. 64.3°
would be the sum of the areas of the four congruent
triangles and the rectangle in the center, or 8. 154.3° 9. 27.5 square units
1 
( )
A = 4  2 3 ( 2) + 4 4 3
2 
( ) 10. 8.7 square units 11. 3.9 square units
= 24 3 square units. 12. 16 ft, 48 ft 13. 22 mm, 44 mm
14. a. Sample answer:

120°
2 3 4
60° 15 ft
2 8 ft
11.3 Warm Up b. 1481 ft2
1. 4 5 ≈ 8.9 2. 15 sin 45° ≈ 10.6 15. yes; One side length of the 11-gon is
16.5
= 1.5 meters. The length of the apothem a is
4.6 11
3. ≈ 5.4
cos 32° 0.75
a = . So,
tan 16.4°
1  0.75 
1. sometimes 2. always 3. always A =   (16.5) ≈ 21 square meters.
2  tan 16.4° 
4. never 5. always 6. sometimes
11.3 Practice A
π
1. 202.5 square units 2. 54 square units 1. 1.5 ft 2 2. 3 +
2
3 2 3 2
3. A0 = s 4. s
5. 40° 6. 22.5° 7. 18° 4 36
8. 12.9° 9. 60° 10. 30°
3 2 3 2
5. 3; A1 = s + s
11. 60° 12. 120° 4 12

Answers
3 2 3 2 3 2 8.
6. A2 = s + s + s
4 12 27
2
2
3 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 2
7. A3 = s + s + s + s
4 12 27 243
9
8. S =
5 sphere with radius 2
9.
2 3 2
9. An = s square units
5 6
11.3 Puzzle Time 4

A WATCH DOG
11.4 Start Thinking cone with height 6 and base radius 4

triangular prism: F = 5, V = 6, E = 9, rectangular 10. yes; It is bounded by polygons only.
prism: F = 6, V = 8, E = 12, pentagonal prism:
F = 7, V = 10, E = 15, hexagonal prism: F = 8, 11.
V = 12, E = 18; F + V − E = 2 for each of the
prisms; As you increase the number of faces by 1, the
numbers of vertices increases by 2, and the number of
edges increases by 3.
11.4 Warm Up
yes; Sample answer: parallel to a horizontal face
1. yes
and parallel to a vertical face
2. no; The sides are not segments.
12. a. 4 + 4 5 ≈ 12.94 in.
3. no; It is not a plane figure.
b. 4 5 ≈ 8.94 in.2
11.4 Practice B
313 1. triangle 2. trapezoid 3. semicircle
1. 8 2. 29 3.
6
4. 6
11.4 Practice A
6
1. yes; rectangular prism 2. yes; triangular pyramid
3. no 4. circle
5. triangle 6. rectangle
7. cylinder with height 6 and base radius 6

5
5. 2
3
4
cylinder with height 9 and base radius 5

Sample answer: part of a cone with height 3 and
two different circular bases with radii 2 and 4

Answers
6. 2. z
(0, 0, 2)
9 (−3, 0, 0)
9
y
x
hemisphere with radius 9
7. none of the parts are polyhedrons; Sample answer: 3. circle

Two parts contain some faces that are polygons, but
all three parts also contain faces that are not 4. no; Sample answer: An oblique cylinder does not
polygons. have rotational symmetry, so you cannot draw a
shape and an axis of revolution that could form the
8. 8 cylinder.
5. 6.
2
3
6
7.
Sample answer: two adjacent cylinders that share
the same axis of symmetry
9. a. trapezoid, triangle
b. trapezoid: perimeter = 12 + 2 13 ≈ 19.21 in.,
area = 18 in.2
triangle: perimeter = 4 + 2 13 ≈ 11.21 in.,
area = 6 in.2 11.4 Puzzle Time
c. no; Sample answer: It is flatter than a circle, BECAUSE THEY HAD JUST FINISHED A MARCH
more like an oval. OF THIRTY-ONE DAYS
11.5 Start Thinking

9 9
64
π cubic units; 64
π cubic units; no; no; The volume
of a right solid and an oblique solid will be the same if
the height and cross-sectional area are the same.
1. z 11.5 Warm Up
(0, 0, 5) 1. 168 cm3 2. 480 in.3
3. 30π ≈ 94.2 cm3

y 1. 0.6561 2. 0.9903 3. − 0.2679
(0, 4, 0)
x
4. − 0.5299 5. − 0.9925 6. − 4.3315
11.5 Practice A
1. 84 in.3 2. 864 cm3
3. about 314.16 ft 3 4. about 1130.97 yd 3

Answers
5. about 2497 g 6. 6 m 11.6 Start Thinking
Sample answer: The volume of the cube is clearly
7. about 11.00 in.
greater than the volume of the pyramid. You can see
8. 12 ft 2 ; Sample answer: length: 4 ft, width: 3 ft that the pyramid would fit inside the cube. The volume
of the cube is 125 cubic inches and the volume of the
9. 24 cm 2 ; Sample answer: length: 4 cm, width 6 cm pyramid will be one third of that value.
11.6 Warm Up
10. 337.5 m3 11. 323 cm3
1. 210 in.2 2. 17.5 m2
12. about 3383.87 gallons
3. 45 tan 54° ≈ 61.9 cm 2
11.5 Practice B
1. 288 ft 3 2. 17.28 m3 11.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up
3. about 10,433.62 in.3 4. about 1334.55 cm3 1. (x − 2) + ( y − 5) = 49

2 2
5. 3700 g 6. 4 ft 7. about 3.00 m 2. (x + 3) + ( y − 9) = 9

2 2
8. 18 yd2; Sample answer: length: 6 yd, width: 3 yd

2
3. (x − 8) + ( y + 4) = 64
2 2
9. 32 in. ; Sample answer: length: 8 in., width: 4 in.
10. 378π in.3 11. about 174 ft3 12. 144 in.3
4. (x + 11) + ( y + 3) = 169
2 2
11.5 Enrichment and Extension 11.6 Practice A
1. V = x3 + x 2 − 2 x 1. 240 m3 2. 845 in.3 3. 84 ft 3
4. 8 cm 5. 7.5 ft 6. 12 m
2. V = π x3 + 2π x2 + π x
7. 32 in.3 8. 1024 mm3 9. 704 yd3
3. 7 5
10. 1155 m3 11. 960 cm3 12. 98
3
, or 32 23 m
4. Sample answer: The volume is equal to the surface
area, so π r 2 h = 2π r 2 + 2π rh. Solve for r to
11.6 Practice B
2h
obtain r = . If 0 < h < 2, then r < 0, 1. about 367.04 cm3 2. about 96.99 ft3
h − 2
so h must be greater than 2. Similarly, if you solve 3. about 643.79 yd3 4. 6.3 m
2r
for h, you get h = . If 0 < r < 2, then 5. 12.5 in. 6. 2211.84 cm3
r − 2
h < 0, so r must be greater than 2. 7. 32.175 yd3 8. 290 cm3
5. 1280 3 ≈ 2217.0 cm3 9. 3840 in.3 10. 750 m3 11. 8
6. 125π 3 ≈ 680.2 in.3 11.6 Enrichment and Extension

1000 2
7. 736π ≈ 2312.2 cm3 1. 96 cm3 2. cm3
3
8. 5 in. 9. 5 ft
3. 320 cubic units
11.5 Puzzle Time
1
POST OFFICE 4. Sample answer: V = B ( h1 + h2 );
3
V ≈ 433.3 units3

Answers
10.91
5. V =
3
(
576 + 196 + 576 • 196 ) 9.
1
2
h; r
2
2
; Sample answer: The original volume is
= 4029.43 cm3 1 1
V = π r 2 h and the new volume is V = π r 2 h.
3 6
11.6 Puzzle Time
A CAR POOL 10. about 10.05 sec
11.7 Start Thinking 11.7 Enrichment and Extension

50 1 250 1. a. 15π ≈ 47.1 m
π ≈ 52.4 in.; 8 in.; π ≈ 261.8 in.2
3 3 3 225
b. π ≈ 176.7 m 2
4
11.7 Warm Up
c. about 389.6 m2
1. about 28.3 cm2 2. about 153.3 in.2
2π 3 2π 3
3. about 548.2 m2 2. ft 3. ft
9 3
4. 2π ft 3 5. about 191.45π m3
1. y = 2 x − 8 2. y = x + 9
6. Sample answer: You are increasing the area of the
1 14 base by a factor of 32 = 9, so the height of the
3. y = x −
5 5
1
cone must be the original size.
11.7 Practice A 9
1. about 377 ft 2 2. 537.2 m2 7. 282π ≈ 885.9 ft 2 8. about 634.3 m2
3. about 209.44 cm3 4. about 16.76 in.3 11.7 Puzzle Time

5. 512 π mm 3 6. 72 π in.3 BECAUSE THEY TAKE TOO LONG TO CHANGE
3
11.8 Start Thinking
7. about 871.27 in.3 8. about 47.24 cm3
Scube = 6(9.55) ≈ 547.2 in.2 ,
2
9. 3h; r 3; Sample answer: The original volume is 2

 9.55   9.55 
and the new volume is V = π r h. Scyl = 2π  (9.55) + 2π 
1π r2h 2
V = 
3  2   2 
10. cylindrical container; The cost of the cylindrical ≈ 429.8 in.2 ; no; cylinder
container is $4.75 per 96π cubic inches (or about
$0.02 per cubic inch), whereas the cost per cubic 11.8 Warm Up
inch for the cone-shaped container is $3.25 per 1. 15 in. 2. 5 in. 3. 3 in.
32π cubic inches (or about $0.03 per cubic inch).
11.7 Practice B 1. radius 2. tangent 3. diameter
1. about 593.8 yd2 2. about 379.3 mm2
4. chord 5. secant 6. radius
3. about 1773.95 in.3 4. about 25.13 cm3
11.8 Practice A
5. 756
5
π ft 3 6. 2744
9
π m3 1. about 50.27 in.2 2. about 314.16 mm2
7. about 2814.87 in.3 8. about 16.20 cm3 3. about 201.06 ft2 4. 3 m
5. 9 yd 6. about 113.10 ft3
7. about 14,137.17 cm3 8. about 659.58 m3

Answers
9. about 4.19 in.3 10. about 9202.8 km3 Sπ
4. a. r =
11. about 3053.63 cm 3
12. about 791.68 ft 3 2π
S Sπ
13. about 100.53 m2, about 134.04 m3 b. V =
6π
14. about 12.57 yd2; The edge length of the cube, c. V
2 yards, is the diameter of the sphere.
8
15. surface area of new ball is 6

2 2 2
 40   20   400  S Sπ
  =   =  ≈ 1.11 times the 4
V=
6π
 
38  
19  361 
2
surface area of the old ball (an 11% increase),
volume of new ball is 2 4 6 8 S
3 3
 40   20  8000
  =   = ≈ 1.17 times the
The shape of the graph is similar to half a
 
38  
19 6859
volume of the old ball, (a 17% increase); Use parabola.
the properties of similar solids;
5. r
surface area of new ball 1600π 400
= = ,
surface area of old ball 1444π 361 r
volume of new ball 32,000π 3 8000 πr
= = πr
volume of old ball 27,436π 3 6859
6. S = 4π r 2 + r 2 + r 2 4π 2 + 1
11.8 Practice B
1. about 113.10 m2 2. about 76.97 yd2 7. S = r 2 + 2π r 2 + π r 2 2
3. about 254.47 in.2 4. 5 cm 11.8 Puzzle Time
5. 2.5 in. 6. about 3053.63 ft3

EGG SHELLS
7. about 575.17 cm3 8. about 4188.79 m3 Cumulative Review

1. 9 ft 2. 16 cm 3. 5 in.
9. 288π ≈ 904.78 ft3 10. about 0.52 mi3
4. 18 km 5. 11 m 6. 18 mm
11. about 5089.38 yd3 12. about 83.78 in.3
7. M (1, 2) 8. M ( −1, 1) 9. M ( − 3, 4)
13. surface area shrinks to one-fourth original size,
volume shrinks to one-eight original size
10. M (8, − 2) 11. H (3, 0) 12. G ( − 5, 3)
14. a. no; You also need to know the radius of one of
the cannonballs. 13. G ( −10, 5) 14. H ( − 6, 8) 15. 1
b. 9 lb
16. 386 17. 157 18. 74
1. greater than; The volume of the box is 32 cubic 19. 181 20. 6
inches. The volume of the four balls is less than
21. ∠XYZ , ∠ZYX , ∠Y 22. ∠JKL, ∠LKJ , ∠K
17 cubic inches. So, there is more than 15 cubic
inches left over inside the box, and the volume of a
23. Sample answer: consecutive even integers
fifth ball is less than 6 cubic inches, so the volume
beginning with 2; 12, 14
left over inside the box is greater than a fifth ball.
24. Sample answer: consecutive odd integers beginning
2. 1,876,578 L 3. 1.0 in.
with −1, alternatively negative and positive; 11,
−13

Answers
25. Sample answer: skip two letters in the alphabet, 67. A′( 27, − 21), B ′( 21, 0), C ′(0, −12)
beginning with A; P, S
68. X ′( − 4, − 20), Y ′(0, 22), Z ′( 22, − 22)
26. Sample answer: skip one letter in the alphabet,
beginning with B; L, N
69. M ′( − 2, 0), N ′( − 4, 3), P′(3, 2)
27. x = −1 28. x = 1
70. Q ′( − 5, − 4), R′(0, − 6), S ′( 4, 5), T ′(3, − 6)
29. x = − 6 30. x = 1
71. D′(32, 8), E ′(32, − 40), F ′( 28, 16), G ′( 24, 4)

31. x = 2 32. x = 3
33. x = − 7 34. x = 1 72. a. 50.3 in.

b. 56 in.
35. y = − 4 x − 7 36. y = 5 x + 2
c. 54 in.
37. y = x + 8 38. y = −10 x + 6 73. a. 50.3 cm2
39. y = 35 x − 50 40. y = 9 x − 6 b. 49 cm2

c. 48 cm2
41. x = 3, y = 4 42. x = 15, y = 18 d. the circle
43. x = 15, y = 10 44. x = 21, y = 26 Chapter 12
45. 54 46. 47 12.1 Start Thinking

Sample answer:
47. 26 48. 7
1. Sample answer: It is not too likely that you will
49. y = 3 x − 39 50. y = − 8 x − 41 grab the number that matches your jersey. You
have a 1 in 15 chance of choosing a matching pair
51. y = 4 x + 36 52. y = − 2 x − 1
of shorts.
1 2. Sample answer: Possible Outcomes: Jersey and
53. y = x −3 54. y = x − 11
4 shorts – 11 and 1, 11 and 2, 11 and 3, 11 and 4, 11
and 5, 11 and 6, 11 and 7, 11 and 8, 11 and 9, 11
2 and 10, 11 and 11, 11 and 12, 11 and 13, 11 and 14,
55. y = − x − 7 56. y = − 8 x + 26
3 11 and 15
57. A′( − 9, 2) 58. B ′(6, − 3) 12.1 Warm Up

1. “H” for heads, “T” for tails, HHH, HHT, HTH,
59. C ′( − 6, 7 ) 60. D(9, 1) HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT
2. “B” for blue, “Y” for yellow, “G” for green, “R”
61. E ( −11, − 3)
for red, BB, BY, BG, BR, YY, YB, YG, YR, GG,
GB, GY, GR, RR, RB, RY, RG
62. P′( −10, 11), Q′( − 6, 13), R′( − 2, 9)
3. BH, BT, YH, YT, GH, GT, RH, RT
63. P′(5, − 4), Q ′(9, − 2), R ′(13, − 6)
64. P′( −13, −1), Q′( − 9, 1), R ′( − 5, − 3) 4 33 4 33
1. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,
7 7 33
65. P′( −1, − 6), Q′(3, − 4), R′(7, − 8) 7 7 33 33
csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
4 33 4
66. P′( − 9, −1), Q ′( − 5, 1), R′( −1, − 3)

Answers
17 8 17 6. sometimes; The experimental probability could be
2. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , greater than or less than the theoretical probability.
9 9 8
9 17 9 8 17 7. always; Together, the event and the complement of
17 8 17 the event make up the entire sample space.
5 41 4 41 5 8. 0.027; about 1 defective dishwasher

3. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,
41 41 4 12.1 Enrichment and Extension
41 41 4 1. T, T, T, T, T, H, H, T, T, H, H, H
5 4 5
2. s 3. s
3 55 3 55 4 2
4. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,
8 8 55 2
4 8 12 t
8 8 55 55
csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = 4 8 t
−2
3 55 3
−2 −4
4 3 4
5. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,
5 5 3
5 5 3
csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = 4. s
4 3 4
4
2 14 5 2 14 2
6. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,
9 9 5
4 8 12 t
9 14 9 5 14
28 5 28
5. t = 12; 12 s 6. t = 14; 1 s
12.1 Practice A
1. 8 outcomes; HHH, HHT, HTT, HTH, TTT, THH, 7. does not exist; 15 s
THT, TTH
8. a. Sample answer: 80%
2. 9 outcomes; Pa, Pb, Pc, Ya, Yb, Yc, Ta, Tb, Tc,
b. Sample answer: 6 tosses
where “Pa” represents a purple balloon labeled a
9. the financial status of a gambler; Graphing several
3 random walks can help you visualize and better
3.
14 understand the random nature of a random process.
4. a. 0.44 b. 0.50 12.1 Puzzle Time
5. red TIMES UP
12.1 Practice B 12.2 Start Thinking

1. 4 outcomes; H-P, H-R, T-P, T-R Abbey’s softball team winning the district and state
championships are dependent events because they
2. 3 outcomes; BBY, BYY, YYY cannot win the state title without winning the district
title. Abbey being accepted at her favorite college is
1 8 5 1 independent of the other two events because winning
3. a. b. c. d.
9 9 18 6 the championships should not affect whether she is
accepted at the college and being accepted at college
4. 0.170 will not affect her chances of winning.
5. always; Equally likely events have the same
probability.

Answers
12.2 Warm Up 1 1
5. a. b.
5 35 73 676 650
1. 2. 3.
32 128 128
6. 25%
55
4. 5. 1 6. 0 12.2 Enrichment and Extension
128
1. 0 2. 0.0701 3. 0.1857 4. 0.4264
5. a. 0.25 b. 0.0667
1. 2( x + 2)( x − 2) 2. 3( 2 x − 3)(3x + 4)
6. 0.3265 7. 0.6232
(
3. ( 2 − 3 x ) 4 + 6 x + 9 x 2
) 12.2 Puzzle Time
A HOLE
4. ( x2 )
+ 2 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
12.3 Start Thinking
(
5. 5 x 4 ( x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 ) Owns a Dog
6. x ( x − 5)( x − 3)( x + 3) Yes No Total
Owns Yes 6 8 14
a cat
12.2 Practice A
1. independent; Because the first tool was put back in, No 28 8 36
it does not affect the occurrence of the second Total 34 16 50
choice.
2. dependent; Because the first juice box is not put Sample answers: Some may prefer the Venn diagram
back in, it does affect the occurrence of the second because it is more familiar. The Venn diagram also
choice. clearly shows the overlapping circles indicating those
who have both a cat and a dog. The number outside the
3. yes; What you roll on a die does not affect what is circles clearly shows those students who do not have a
next rolled on that die. dog or cat. Some may prefer the two-way table because
it is similar to a binomial product set up, algebra tiles,
4. no; Selecting the thirty-year-old for the game
and games like Battleship. The two-way table also
affects the selection of the second contestant. shows totals that are not as clear in the Venn diagram;
1 1 and with the totals, you can check your work.
5. a. b.
100 90 12.3 Warm Up
6. 48% 1.
Age Started
12.2 Practice B Driving
1. dependent; Because the player was not put back in, ≤ 16 > 16 Total
it does affect the pick of the second player.
Gender
Male 28 5 33
2. independent; The pick of a charm does not affect
Female 14 8 22
the pick of a piece of leather.
Total 42 13 50
3. yes; The result of flipping the coin first time does
not affect the result of flipping the coin the second
time.
4. no; The selection of one male does affect the

selection of the next male.

Answers
12.3 Cumulative Review Warm Up 6. y
2 4 6 8 x
1. y
−2
−4
8
−6
6
−8
4
12.3 Practice A
2 4 6 8 x
1.
Ran a Half
2. y
Marathon
4
Yes No Total
2 4 6 8 x
Student 12 112 124
Role
Teacher 7 151 158
Total 19 263 282
3. y
−4 −2 2 4 x 2.
Owns Dog
−2
Yes No Total
−4
Owns Yes 24 61 85
−6 Cat
No 107 34 141
−8
Total 131 95 226
4. 4
y
3. a.
Amount of Fresh
2 Water Should
Be Reduced
2 4 6 8 x
Yes No Total
Yes 98 12 110
Fish
No 14 75 89
5. y
Total 112 87 199
112 people agree; 87 people do not agree;

4
110 people fish; 89 people do not fish
−8 −6 −4 x b.
Amount of Fresh
−4
Water Should
Be Reduced
Yes No Total
Yes 0.49 0.06 0.55
Fish
No 0.07 0.38 0.45

Total 0.56 0.44 1

Answers
c. 12.3 Enrichment and Extension
Amount of Fresh
Water Should 1.
Yes No Total
Be Reduced
Adults 0.42 0.31 0.73
Yes No
Students 0.21 0.06 0.27
Yes 0.89 0.11
Fish
Total 0.63 0.37 1

No 0.16 0.84
2. 22% 3. 58% 4. 63% 5. 583
12.3 Practice B 12.3 Puzzle Time

1. 2. THEY BOTH DRIBBLE
Surfing Style
Regular Advanced Total 12.4 Start Thinking
1. {White 1, White 2, White 3, Black 4, Black 5,
Gender
Male 0.42 0.12 0.54

Black 6}
Female 0.38 0.09 0.46
1 1 2 2
2. 3. 4. 5.
Total 0.8 0.2 1 6 2 3 3
3. a.
12.4 Warm Up
Exercise Regularly
11 5
1. P (green ) = 2. P ( blue or green ) =
Yes No Total 24 6
Yes 1 1 2
Tired

Feel
No 4 20 24 n
1. an = 3n − 3 2. an =
Total 5 21 26 2n + 2
3. an = ( − 2)
n
2 people feel tired; 24 people do not feel tired; 5
people exercise regularly; 21 people do not
exercise regularly 12.4 Practice A
b. 5
Exercise Regularly 1. 0.6 2. 3. 0.75
6
Yes No Total
Yes 0.04 0.04 0.08 2 2
6. 15%
Tired
4. 5.
Feel
3 3
No 0.15 0.77 0.92
7. a. 0.65
Total 0.19 0.81 1
b. 0.70
c. c. 0.65
Exercise Regularly
d. Door 2; Both the probability of winning the
Yes No Grand Prize and the probability of winning either
the Grand Prize or the Nice Prize are greater for
Yes 0.20 0.05
Tired
Door 2.
Feel
No 0.80 0.95
12.4 Practice B
9
1. 0.575 2. 3. 0.675
20
5
4. 5. 1 6. 65%
6

Answers
()
7. P ( A) = 0.96; P A = 0.04; P ( B|A) = 0.92; 12.5 Practice A
1. a. 6 b. 6
P ( B|A) = 0.08; P ( B| A) = 0.80; P ( B| A) = 0.20;
2. a. 24 b. 12
P ( B ) = 91.52%
3. a. 120 b. 20
4. 24 5. 30 6. 8 7. 120
1. a. Given: P ( A) = 0.25, P ( A or B ) = 0.35,
8. 15,120 9. 1 10. 2730 11. 0.0179
P ( A and B ) = 0.05. Determine: P ( B )
b. 15% 12. 10 13. 10 14. 6 15. 21
16. 1 17. 36 18. 462 19. 66

1 2s
2. a. =
4 5s + 6 20. 56
b. 16 songs
21. combinations; The order in which you visit the
7 stations does not matter; 28
c.
8
22. permutations; The 7 logos are all distinct and the three
3. 70% chosen are being ranked, so the order matters; 210
4. a. 27 marbles 12.5 Practice B

b. 24 marbles 1. a. 120 b. 20
12.4 Puzzle Time 2. a. 720 b. 30

CLOGS 3. a. 362,880 b. 72
12.5 Start Thinking 4. 360 5. 12 6. 604,800
24 possible outcomes; Each row represents a different
event. Each branch represents a possible outcome; 7. 1 8. 600 9. 27,907,200
Sample answer: To determine the total number of 10. 5040 11. 0.0083 12. 15
outcomes from the tree diagram, you can count the
outcomes (branches) in the bottom row. Another way to 13. 15 14. 9 15. 1
determine the total number of outcomes from the tree
diagram would be to multiply the different outcomes 16. 210 17. 1716 18. 3003
represented in each row. For example, in this tree
19. 53,130
diagram you have 6 different outcomes in the first row,
2 in the second, and 2 in the third. Therefore, there are 20. permutations; The order in which the three top
6 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 24 possible outcomes. athletes finish matters; 830,490
12.5 Warm Up 21. combinations; The order in which the 6 seniors are
1. 3; PPO, POP, OPP chosen does not matter; 7,059,052
2. 6; TAP, TPA, ATP, APT, PAT, PTA 12.5 Enrichment and Extension
1. 2160 2. 720 3. 2880
3. 6; NNOO, NOON, NONO, ONNO, ONON, OONN
4. 1440 5. 479,001,600 6. 1,437,004,800
4. 12; KEEP, KEPE, KPEE, EKEP, EKPE, EEKP,
EEPK, EPEK, EPKE, PKEE, PEKE, PEEK 7. 48 8. 72 9. 24
1. A = 30°, BC ≈ 8.0829, AC ≈ 16.1658
2. B = 40°, BC ≈ 8.4265, AC ≈ 7.0707
3. C = 53°, BC ≈ 3.0142, AC ≈ 5.0085

Answers
12.5 Puzzle Time 12.6 Practice A
IT KNEW WHAT WAS IN STORE 1. X A B C
12.6 Start Thinking Outcomes 2 5 1
P( X ) 1
4
5
8
1
8
Frequency
3+2
2+2 2+3 3+3 Spinner Results
2+1 3+1 4+1 4+2 4+3
3
1+1 1+2 1+3 1+4 2+4 3+4 4+4 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Probability
1
Sum of the two spins 2
1
Sum: 2, Frequency: 1; Sum: 3, Frequency: 2; Sum: 4, 4
Frequency: 3; Sum: 5, Frequency: 4; Sum: 6, 0

A B C
Frequency: 3; Sum: 7, Frequency: 2; Sum: 8,
Letter on spinner
Frequency: 1; Sample answer: It appears that the
frequency chart has a vertical line of symmetry. The
frequency starts at 1, climbs to 4, and then declines in 2.
F Apples Pears Oranges
a similar pattern back down to 1; {1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1}
Outcomes 3 4 4
12.6 Warm Up
1. 6 2. 7 3. 1 4. 126 P (F ) 3
11
4
11
4
11
5. 1 6. 11 7. 20 8. 45
Fruit Results
12.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up 4

Probability
11
2π
1. amplitude: 2; period: 2
11
3
0
Apples Pears Oranges
2. amplitude: 1; period: 8 Fruit
4 2π
3. amplitude: ; period: 3. a. 2
3 3
5
b.
4. amplitude: 1; period: 2π 8
1 4. a. 6
5. amplitude: ; period: 2π
2 1
b.
2
4π
6. amplitude: 3.8; period:
3 5. 0.0002 6. 0.0739 7. 0.0370
8. The exponents should sum to 6, the total number or

rolls;
4 6−4
1 5
P ( k = 4) = 6 C4     ≈ 0.008
6 6

Answers
12.6 Practice B 8. a. not valid; The fifth box has the same probability
1. (20%) as any other box of having a prize, and is
V 1 2 not affected by the prize status of any previously
Outcomes opened boxes.
15 11
b. 0.4096
P (V ) 15
26
11
26 c. 0.32768
d. 0.00032
Letter Results
15
26
1. a. 4.8; 0.98
Probability
5
13 b. 0.34464
5
26
c. 0.90112
0
d. 0.7379
1 2
Letter 2. 20.28; 4.22 3. 2.4; 1.50 4. 40; 2.83
12.6 Puzzle Time

2.
X 1 2 3 4 GRILLED HIM
Outcomes 3 6 22 4
Cumulative Review
P( X ) 3
35
6
35
22
35
4
35 14 x
1. = ; x = 17.5%
80 100
Perfect Square
x 74
4 2. = ; x = 57.72
Probability
7 78 100
2
7
25.2 x
0
3. = ; x = 72%
1 2 3 4 35 100
Number of digits
9 x
4. = ; x = 18.75%
3. 0.0011 4. 0.0148 5. 0.0002 48 100
6. a. x 45
Number of Students Who
5. = ; x = 28.35
Watch at Most 5 Movies a Month 63 100
0.4
15.68 x
0.3 6. = ; x = 16%
Probability
98 100
0.2
45 x
0.1 7. = ; x = 37.5%
120 100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k-value x 32
8. = ; x = 73.6
b. 1 230 100
c. 0.954 12.1 x
9. = ; x = 22%
7. The number k is the number of successes (5), not 55 100
the number showing on the number cube (4);
57.8 x
10. = ; x = 85%
1 5
5 6−5 68 100
P ( k = 5) = 6 C5     ≈ 0.006
6 6

Answers
11. 12. 21. translation 9 units up
A B A 3 B
1 g(x) = x2 + 9
3
5 1 11 13 2
9 5 y
7 9 7 16
2 4 6 8 4 6 8 10 12
13. 1
8
17
13
4 16 9 4
A 6 19
34 3 B f(x) = x2
2 10 12 18
5 21 −8 −4 4 8 x
14 20 24 15
22 30 27 23
8 26 36
32 28 33
22. translation 5 units down
35 25
31 f(x) = x2
7 11 29
y
2
14. 23
21 5
10 −4 4 x
A 2 B 7
4 6 14 −2
19 16
1 8
12 18
3 20 9
24 g(x) = x2 − 5
22
17
15 11
13 23. translation 3 units right
f(x) = x2 g(x) = (x − 3)2

15. 16 17 19 13 8
y
5
14 15 6
A 3 1 B 10
20 21 9 6
27 7 4
18 4
24 12
35 22 2
30 36 2
33 11
34
26 −2 2 4 6 x
31 28
32 29 25 23
24. translation 6 units left

16. 3
y
5 4 g(x) = (x + 6)2 f(x) = x2
A B
2
6 8 7
14 8
10 1 9
1 12
6
11 13
4
17. 87.3% 18. 8% 2
19. a. 82.9% b. 88.6% c. 5.7% better −8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
20. translation 1 unit down 25. translation 4 units right

f(x) = x2
f(x) = x2 g(x) = (x − 4)2
y
y
6
6
4
4
2
g(x) = x2 −1 2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−2 −2 2 4 6 x

Answers
26. translation 9 units left and 3 units down 31. vertical stretch by a factor of 3 and a reflection in
the x-axis
f(x) = x2
y y
4
8
2
4 f(x) = x2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−12 −4 4 x g(x) = −3x2
−4
g(x) = (x + 9)2 − 3
27. translation 2 units right and 6 units down 1

32. vertical shrink by a factor of
f(x) = x2 4
y
f(x) = x2
y
8
−2 2 x
6
−2
4
−4
2
−6 1
g(x) = 4 x2
g(x) = (x − 2)2 − 6 −4 −2 2 4 x
28. translation 5 units left and 8 units up 1

33. vertical shrink by a factor of and a reflection in
y
2
the x-axis
12
y
4
8
2
4 f(x) = x2
g(x) = (x + 5)2 + 8 f(x) = x2
−4 −2 2 4 x
−8 −4 4 x
−2
29. reflection in the x-axis −4
1
y g(x) = − 2 x2
4
2
f(x) = x2 34. vertex: ( − 5, 0), axis of symmetry: x = − 5
−4 −2 2 4 x
−2 g(x) = −x2 35. vertex: (9, 0), axis of symmetry: x = 9

−4
36. vertex: (0, 4), axis of symmetry: x = 0
30. vertical stretch by a factor of 4 37. vertex: (0, − 5), axis of symmetry: x = 0
g(x) = 4x2
8
y 38. vertex: ( − 8, 1), axis of symmetry: x = − 8

6

f(x) = x2
−4 −2 2 4 x 41. vertex: ( −1, −1), axis of symmetry: x = −1

Answers
42. vertex: (6, − 7), axis of symmetry: x = 6
43. vertex: (8, − 6), axis of symmetry: x = 8
44. x = 4 45. x = 4 46. x = 5
47. x = 16 48. 12i 49. 7i
50. 50i 51. −132i 52. 40i 5
53. − 24i 2 54. −1 − 9i 55. − 9 − 8i
56. 6 + 10i 57. 8 − 23i 58. − 2i
59. 17 + 5i 60. −150 + 15i 61. 48 − 30i
62. − 42 − 134i 63. 158 − 189i 64. − 578i
65. − 44 + 240i 66. 3 67. 4
68. 5 69. 216 70. 36
71. 27 72. 2.08 73. 0.43
74. 9 75. 6.87 76. 8
77. 243 78. e10 79. e8
80. 6e9 81. 3e18 82. 64e36 x
83. 729e −12 x 84. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
85. 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, − 2 86. − 7, − 6, − 5, − 4, − 3, − 2
87. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216
88. −1, 6, 25, 62, 123, 214
89. − 2, 1, 6, 13, 22, 33 90. 36, 25, 16, 9, 4, 1
91. 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 92. 40
93. 285 94. 110 95. 123 96. − 78
208 565
97. 98. 99. 12 100. 1785
105 252
101. a. $12.75
b. 264 days
102. a. an = n + 2
b. 33 dancers
c. 42 dancers
d. 9 dancers


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Answers

1.1 Warm Up 9. 10. M

1. triangle 2. pentagon 3. hexagon A

1.1 Cumulative Review Warm Up

6. Sample answer: M, N, V 13.

15. infinite; zero

1.1 Enrichment and Extension

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry A1

1.2 Start Thinking 

1.2 Cumulative Review Warm Up 9. 2 x + 25 = x + 32; x = 7; AB = 27; BC = 12;

10. 13 x − 4 = 74; x = 6; AB = 53; BC = 21;

1.2 Practice A 11. 51.8 mi; the third day

1. 1 14 in. 2. 2 85 in. 1.2 Enrichment and Extension

no yes 7. x +2 x + 1 = 13; x = 16; LM = 4; MN = 9

A2 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

9. 6 10. 107 11. 89

1.3 Puzzle Time

1.4 Start Thinking

7. (5, 13) 8. about 3.2 9. 5

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry A3

3. about 16.5 units 4. 21 square units 2. ∠PQR, ∠RQS , ∠SQP

5. 28 square units 6. about 22.6 units 3. 110°; obtuse 4. ∠BEH , ∠CFI

7. about 24.6 units 8. 6 square units 3. 130°; obtuse 4. 180°; straight

1. x = 70° 2. r = 179° 3. n = 144°

1.5 Cumulative Review Warm Up

A4 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

11. 95° 12. 140° 13. 140° b. Sample answer: ∠2, ∠5

1.6 Warm Up 4. 19° 5. 153.3°

1.6 Cumulative Review Warm Up 8. ∠1 and ∠2, ∠3 and ∠2

1.6 Practice A 13 x + 4 x = 180; 36° and 144°

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry A5

70. perimeter = 55.2 cm, area = 126.96 cm 2

71. perimeter = 30.4 in., area = 57.76 in.2

9. 13 10. 27 11. 25 12. 17 77. b > −1

13. 3 14. 4 15. 12 16. 22 −1

25. 3 26. − 4 27. 3 28. 1 −30 −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0

29. 9 30. − 7 31. 4 32. 8 79. d ≤ −14

37. 7 38. 8 39. 4 40. 6

48. x = − 45 49. x = − 32 50. x = − 39 81. g ≤ 35

54. x = − 32 55. x = 5 56. x = − 8

57. x = − 8 58. x = 11 59. x = 30 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0

60. x = − 282 61. x = 64 62. x = −104

63. perimeter = 24 cm, area = 24 cm 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

64. perimeter = 20 mi, area = 16 mi 2 84. k < 12

65. perimeter = 24 in., area = 36 in.2 0 4 8 12 16 20

66. perimeter = 26 yd, area = 42.25 yd 2 85. m < − 6

67. perimeter = 30 mm, area = 37.5 mm 2 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0

68. perimeter = 18 ft, area = 19.25 ft 2

A6 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

104. x = −13 105. x = 13 106. x = 3

110. x = −1 111. x = 9 112. x =1 128. 58 129. 272 or 4 17

113. x = 8 114. x = 48 115. x = 7 130. 17 131. 170

−2 136. 202 137. 29

AB ≅ CD 139. m∠LMP = 82°, m∠PMN = 98°

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry A7

Sample answer: If an animal is a horse, then it is a 2. If an animal is a bear, then it is a mammal.

6. true; By definition, the sum of two complementary T T T F F F

9. Two angles are supplementary if and only if the

A8 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC