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Lesson 14. Cauchy-Riemann Equations: If F (Z) U (Z) + IV (Z) Is Analytic in A Domain D, Then in D

The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are conditions that must be satisfied for a function f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) to be analytic. Specifically: 1) It proves that for f(z) to be analytic, its partial derivatives must satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. 2) It gives examples of functions satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, such as the exponential function ez. 3) It derives the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and notes they are invariant

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Aneek M. Noor
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90 views

Lesson 14. Cauchy-Riemann Equations: If F (Z) U (Z) + IV (Z) Is Analytic in A Domain D, Then in D

The document discusses the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are conditions that must be satisfied for a function f(z) = u(z) + iv(z) to be analytic. Specifically: 1) It proves that for f(z) to be analytic, its partial derivatives must satisfy ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y and ∂u/∂y = -∂v/∂x. 2) It gives examples of functions satisfying the Cauchy-Riemann equations, such as the exponential function ez. 3) It derives the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and notes they are invariant

Uploaded by

Aneek M. Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 14.

Cauchy-Riemann equations

If f (z) = u(z) + iv(z) is analytic in a domain D, then


∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
= , =− in D.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
f (z + ∆z) − f (z)
Proof. In f ′(z) = lim we write
∆z→0 ∆z
z = x + iy, ∆z = ∆x + i∆y, and approach z in two
different directions, through real and imaginary values
(∆z = ∆x and ∆z = i∆y, respectively. We get f ′(z) =
u(x + ∆x, y) − u(x, y) v(x + ∆x, y) − v(x, y) ∂u ∂v
lim +i = +i ,
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x ∂x ∂x
u(x, y + ∆y) − u(x, y) v(x, y + ∆y) − v(x, y) ∂u ∂v
lim +i = −i + .
∆y→0 i∆y i∆y ∂y ∂y
1
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Thus +i = −i + . The real and imaginary
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
parts of this equation should be equal:
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
= , =− .
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
These are exactly the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

Theorem. If u and v have continuous partial deriva-


tives and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations in a
domain D, then f = u + iv is analytic in D.

Differentiating the Cauchy-Riemann equations with re-


spect x and y, we get
( ) ( )
2
∂ u ∂ ∂v ∂ 2v ∂ ∂v ∂ 2u
= = = = − 2 . Thus ∇2u = 0.
∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
Similarly, ∇2v = 0, i.e., u and v are harmonic.
2
If u is harmonic and v is chosen so that u+iv is analytic,
then v is called a harmonic conjugate of u.

Example. Let u = ex cos y + xy. Then ∇2u = 0.


∂v ∂u
To find v, note that = = ex cos y + y.
∂y ∂x
Thus v = ex sin y + 1
2 y 2
+ h(x).
∂v = ex sin y + h′ (x) = − ∂u = ex sin y − x.
Now ∂x ∂y
Thus h′(x) = −x, h(x) = − 2
1 x2 + C, and we get

1
v = ex sin y + (y 2 − x2) + C.
2

Example. Exponential function ez = ex(cos y + i sin y)


is analytic. (More about it next time.)

3
Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates.
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
= + = cos θ + sin θ.
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y

∂v ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂v
= + = − r sin θ + r cos θ
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y(∂θ ∂x ∂y
)
∂u ∂u ∂u
=r sin θ + cos θ = r .
∂y ∂x ∂r
∂u 1 ∂v ∂v 1 ∂u
So = . Similarly, =− .
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ

This implies that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are


invariant under rotation and dilation.

4
Consequences of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
1. If f is analytic and pure real (or pure imaginary)
then f ≡ const. More generally, if arg f ≡ const then
f ≡ const.

2. If f is analytic and |f (z)| ≡ const then f ≡ const.


Proof. If f (z) ≡ 0 there is nothing to prove. Suppose
that u2 + v 2 ≡ const > 0. Then 2uux + 2vvx = 0 and
2uuy + 2vvy =, thus uux − vuy = 0 and uuy + vux = 0.
This implies u2ux + v 2ux =, hence ux = 0. Similarly,
uy = 0. Thus u ≡ const, hence f ≡ const.

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