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Threaded Fasteners and Nonpermanent Joints

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Threaded Fasteners

and Nonpermanent
Joints
Design 1
Mechanical Engineering Faculty
Engineering Division
Universidad Santo Tomás
1
Threaded Fasteners
Nut Stud
Bolt Cap Screw
Washer
Washer

Parts
(members)

Nut Washer

Adapted from: Urugal p.612


2
Bolted Joint: General
Configuration

From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.412

t: washer thickness LT: length of thread


H: nut height l: grip
d: bolt (external) diameter ld: length of unthreaded portion
L: bolt length lt: length of threaded portion
3
Bolted Joint: General
Configuration

From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.412

 1 2d  6 mm, L  125 mm, d  48 mm


 2 d  in , L  6 in
4 
LT   LT  2d  12 mm, 125  L  200 mm
2d  1 in , L  6 in 2d  25 mm, L  200 mm
 
2
Inch series Metric series 4
Cap Screw Joint: General
Configuration

t: washer thickness
d: bolt (external) diameter
L: bolt length
LT: length of thread
ld: length of unthreaded portion
lt: length of threaded portion
t1: thickness of the first material
t2: thickness of the second material

From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.412 5


Cap Screw Joint: General
Configuration

 t2
 h  , t2  d
 2
l 
'

h  d , t  d
 2 2

L  h  1.5d

From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.412 6


Bolt Proof Strength and
Preload
The proof strenght is the stress at which the bolt
begins to adquire a permanent set and is close to,
but lower than, the yield strength of the material.
Norton, p.833

The pretension is the “muscle” of the joint, and its


magnitude is determined by the bolt strength.
Budynas-Nisbett, p.426

Proof load: Fp  S p A t


0.75Fp for nonpermanent joints, reused fasteners
Fi  

0.90 Fp for permanent connection s
From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.426
Pretension (preload)
7
Preload Vs Tightening Torque

Ti  KdFi

Condition K value
Dry surface and unlibricated bolts 0.20
“average” condition of thread friction (=0.15) 0.20
Lubricated bolts 0.15

8
Preload Control

From: SPS Technologies Aerospace Fasteners Group - J.C. Dille Webpage


9
Preload Control
Stretch Gauge Preload Indicating Washer

From: ARP products From: SPS Technologies

Torque Wrench

From: ARP products


10
The Spring Analogy

spring

floor
nut
bolt

Adapted from: Norton, p.835 11


The Spring Analogy

100 lb

100 lb
Adapted from: Norton, p.835 12
The Spring Analogy

100 lb

Insert Stop

100 lb
Adapted from: Norton, p.835 13
The Spring Analogy

100 lb

Adapted from: Norton, p.835 14


The Spring Analogy

100 lb

90 lb
Adapted from: Norton, p.835 15
The Spring Analogy

110 lb

110 lb
Adapted from: Norton, p.835 16
The Spring Analogy

Bolt “spring”
with stiffness
Member constant kb
“spring” with
stiffness
constant km

From: Hexagon Website

17
Bolt Stiffness
1 1 1
 
kb k d kt

Eb At Eb Ad
kt  kd 
lt ld
Spring rate of the Spring rate of the
threaded portion unthreaded portion
18
Member Stiffness
1 1 1 1
  
km k1 k2 ki

dw = 1.5d  = 30º

From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.414

0.5774 E d
kcone 
 1.155t  D  d D  d  
ln  
 1.155t  D  d D  d  
19
Load Analysis: Static Failure

 Applying preload:

20
Load Analysis: Static Failure

 Applying external load:

21
Load Analysis: Static Failure

 Applying External Load


Pm Pb
   kb Pb  C P
k m kb C
k m  kb Pm  1  C  P
P  Pm  Pb Joint Constant

Fb  Fi  C P
Fm  Fi  1  C  P
22
Load Analysis: Static Failure

S p At  Fi
 Load Factor: n ; n 1
CP

Fi
n0  ; n0  1
1  C P
 Separation Factor:

23
References
 Norton, R.L. Machine Design: an integrated
approach. 3rd ed, 2006.
 Budynas and Nisbett. Shigley’s Mechanical
Engineering Design. 8th ed, 2006.
 Mott, R.L. Machine Elements in Mechanical
Design. 4th ed, 2004.
 Urugal, A.C. Mechanical Design. 2004.

24
References
 SPS Technologies Aerospace Fasteners website:
http://www.spstech.com/aero/

 Dille, J.C. “Keeping it all Together: How a Bolt


Works”:
http://home.jtan.com/~joe/KIAT/kiat_1.htm
 Hexagon Website:
http://www.hexagon.de/rs/malpha/m-alpha.htm

 ARP Products Website


http://arp-bolts.com/pages/technical_installation.shtml

25

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