THE CURATORIAL COMPLEX: SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION Wiebke Gronemeyer

THE CURATORIAL COMPLEX:
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION

Wiebke Gronemeyer

Department of Art
Goldsmiths College
University of London

Thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Curating
2015

Declaration
I hereby declare that my thesis is entirely the result of my own work and has not been
submitted as an exercise for the award of a degree at this or any other university or
institution of Higher Education.

Wiebke Gronemeyer
25 August 2015
2

Acknowledgements
I would first of all like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Andrea Phillips for
her direction and supervision throughout the last six years. I am indebted to her for
her continuous support of my research, for her motivation, enthusiasm, and immense
knowledge. I also wish to thank Professor Boris Groys for his valuable advice and
guidance, insightful comments and challenging questions. I owe a particular debt of
gratitude to Professor Tony Bennett at the Institute for Culture and Society at the
University of Western Sydney, Australia.
I am grateful to all my friends and colleagues in the research community at
Goldsmiths’ Department of Art. First and foremost I wish to thank my comrades Carla
Cruz, Nina Höchtl, Lee Weinberg, Julia Martin and Marit Münzberg with whom I
travelled the at times bumpy road of doctoral research.
For their advice, suggestions and valuable critique I wish to thank Ute Meta
Bauer, John Chilver, Lisa Le Feuvre, Birgit Mersmann, Kirsty Ogg, Helena Reckitt,
Andrew Renton, Irit Rogoff, and Gilda Williams. I would especially like to thank
Beatrice von Bismarck, Erika Fischer-‐Lichte, Verena Krieger, Vera Mey, Caterina Riva
and Ulf Wuggenig for their hospitality, and for giving me the opportunity to present
my research at symposiums and conferences that they organised. Their public
discussions have helped my research in many ways.
I shared many conversations with respected colleagues and much-‐loved friends,
who have collaborated in the thinking process and always encouraged me to develop
my research in a critical capacity directed at my own curatorial practice. Therefore I
am grateful to Steve Green, Cynthia Krell, Anna Ridehalgh Long, Gerd Elise Mørland,
Nora Möllers, Sidsel Nelund, Egle Otto, Falke Pisano, Olivia Plender, Matthew Poole,
Alexandra Terry, Thomas Thiel and Kelly Wojtko.
I wish to thank Joel Furness at Chisenhale Gallery, London, Anne Maier at Haus
der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Anton Vidokle and Magdalena Magiera at E-‐Flux, and
Arjan van Meeuwen and Maria Hlavajova at BAK, Utrecht, for supplying me with
materials relating to the projects discussed in this thesis. Most significantly, I wish to
thank the artists and curators involved in the projects for their work, which inspired

3

this research in the first place.
Carrying out this research would have not been possible without the financial
assistance and infrastructural support of the Gerda Henkel Foundation, Düsseldorf,
and Goldsmiths College, University of London.
I wish to thank my employer Jacobs University, Bremen, especially Professor
Isabel Wünsche for supporting and encouraging me to pursue this research alongside
my work commitments.
Finally, I would like to thank my family for all their love and encouragement. I
dedicate this work to my parents, who never ceased to motivate me to strive towards
my goal – without your continuous support of my studies, which laid the foundation
for this work, and your wholehearted help especially in the last two years, this
research would not have come to fruition; to Ronja and Philippa, whose presence in
this world always reminds me that there are much greater challenges in life than
finishing a PhD; and, most of all, to my loving, inspiring, encouraging and patient
husband Tobias, whose faithful and unconditional support is endlessly appreciated.
Thank you.

4

Abstract
My research explores whether and in what ways curatorial practices assume a social
function. By analysing how artistic and curatorial practices can activate processes and
generate structures that facilitate dialogical spaces of negotiation between curators,
artists and their publics, this research argues for an intrinsic social dimension to forms
of knowledge production in the curated encounter.
Point of departure for my research are the following examples: (1) Michael
Fullerton’s exhibition Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London; (2) The Potosí
Principle (2010), HKW, Berlin; (3) Unitednationsplaza (2006-‐2007), a discursive art
project organised by Anton Vidokle; (4) Former West (2008-‐2016), a multidimensional
art research project coordinated by BAK, Utrecht.
These examples are discussed on the backdrop of the continuous
dematerialisation of practices in the expanded field of the curatorial. Rather than
furthering the construction of an opposition between the “curatorial” and curating as
exhibition-‐making, my research elaborates on the differences of exhibitionary,
discursive, and performative forms of engagement arguing for a diversification of the
exhibition as a medium of practice, not its dismissal. A central claim of this thesis is to
perceive the exhibition as a space of action for public engagement beyond
spectatorship and the production of sociality beyond hosting relations.
Contextualised by a discussion of terminologies in social theory, such as
communication, practice and sociality, this thesis develops a model of practice
applicable to curating that operates self-‐reflexively with regard to the social, political
and cultural conditions it is formed by. My research argues against an understanding of
curatorial practices as a form of exhibiting and collecting the views and values
belonging to a particular society, but claims a notion of practice that fosters the
creation of sociality as an embodied form of knowledge production whose material
quality is as important as its discursive capacity for emergence and enquiry.
5

Table of Contents
Declaration ....................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 3
Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 5
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 6
List of Illustrations .......................................................................................................... 11
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13
Research questions .................................................................................................... 14

Research hypothesis .................................................................................................. 17
Methodology ............................................................................................................. 19
Chapter outlines ........................................................................................................ 22
Chapter One ........................................................................................................... 22
Chapter Two ........................................................................................................... 24
Chapter Three ........................................................................................................ 25
Chapter One .................................................................................................................. 27
Communicability ........................................................................................................ 33

Implosion of knowledge – Michael Fullerton’s Columbia exhibition ......................... 35
Accumulating information ..................................................................................... 38
Infection as affection ............................................................................................. 47
The discrepancy between information and experience ........................................ 49
Suspicion as an attitude of interpretation ............................................................. 51
Unproductive production ...................................................................................... 55
Exhibition rhetorics ................................................................................................ 57
The heterotopic quality of the exhibition space .................................................... 60
The Potosí Principle ................................................................................................... 62
The principle of accumulation ............................................................................... 72
From the politics of display to the display of politics ............................................. 80
Interpretation as the material of communication ................................................. 86

6

The practice of communication ................................................................................. 87
From communication to practice – Niklas Luhmann and Pierre Bourdieu ............ 90
Towards a theoretical habitus ............................................................................... 92
From objectification to observation ...................................................................... 98
Structure and process (Luhmann) as dispositions (Bourdieu) ............................. 101
Habitus (Bourdieu) and double contingency (Luhmann) ..................................... 103
Temporality and connectivity: formation of practice .......................................... 105
Communication as a form of practice: the Möbius effect ................................... 109
Chapter Two ................................................................................................................ 113
From communication to interaction ........................................................................ 113

The emancipated spectator ................................................................................. 115
Relational aesthetics ............................................................................................ 118
Unitednationsplaza – from the exhibitionary to the discursive ............................... 122
Manifesta 6 School ............................................................................................... 125
The discursive model of practice ............................................................................. 129
Revised relations .................................................................................................. 130
Hosting relations .................................................................................................. 130
Collective authorship ........................................................................................... 137
The discursive model of practice ......................................................................... 140
Going to the bar ................................................................................................... 142
Social space and public engagement ................................................................... 144
Art as social space .................................................................................................... 148
Night School – a “game within the game” ........................................................... 152
The artwork as dispositif ...................................................................................... 156
Undoing the social ................................................................................................... 159
From matters of fact to matters of concern ........................................................ 161
Actor-‐network theory .......................................................................................... 163
Sociality by association ........................................................................................ 165
Action overtaken ...................................................................................................... 170
Chapter Three .............................................................................................................. 176
From the exhibitionary to the curatorial complex ................................................... 178
7

The field of the curatorial .................................................................................... 180
Curating vs. Curatorial ..................................................................................... 185
Former West ............................................................................................................ 189
Former West – conceptual and formal foundations ............................................ 193
Former West – initial research phase .................................................................. 194
1989 ................................................................................................................. 196
West ................................................................................................................. 198
Former ............................................................................................................. 199
Art .................................................................................................................... 200
Art as a research device ........................................................................................... 202
The curatorial as a fabrication of history ............................................................. 204
2nd Former West Research Congress – On Horizons: Art and Political
Imagination ...................................................................................................... 205
Vectors of the Possible ..................................................................................... 209
The political function of the curatorial .................................................................... 222
Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects .......................................... 225
Dissident Knowledges ...................................................................................... 231
The performative quality of the curatorial .............................................................. 233
The discursive surplus .......................................................................................... 236
The dilemma of the political ................................................................................ 237
Towards a material dimension of curatorial practices ............................................. 243
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 247
The curatorial complex ............................................................................................ 247

From production to practice .................................................................................... 249
The formation of knowledge ............................................................................... 249
The generation of sociality ................................................................................... 250
The social dimension of knowledge production .................................................. 252
From the discursive to the material turn ................................................................. 254
Perspectives in and for practice ........................................................................... 257
Curators as culture producers .......................................................................... 258
8

Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 262
Books, journal articles and web pages ..................................................................... 262

Exhibitions ................................................................................................................ 283
Artworks ................................................................................................................... 284
Appendices .................................................................................................................. 287
Appendix A ............................................................................................................... 288

Complete list of images, titles and captions of Michael Fullerton’s
exhibition Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London. ........................... 288
Appendix B ............................................................................................................... 301
Extract from exhibition guide for The Potosí Principle: How Can We Sing
the Song of the Lord in an Alien Land? Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin,
Germany, pp. 5-‐12. ...................................................................................... 301
Appendix C ............................................................................................................... 310
Floor plan for Vectors of the Possible (2010), the exhibition curated by
Simon Sheikh, BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht, the Netherlands. ... 310
Appendix D ............................................................................................................... 312
Floor plan for Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects
(2013), Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. ................................ 312

9

(Note: All quoted passages are reproduced here in their original form, excepting a
small number of minor adjustments to punctuation style that do not have an impact
on the substance of the quotation.)
10

List of Illustrations
Figure 1 Michael Fullerton, Gothic Version of the Ring Laser 41

Gyroscope Used in Final Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia
STS-‐107 (2010) as part of Columbia (2010), Chisenhale
Gallery, London
Figure 2-‐5 Installation view: Michael Fullerton, Columbia (2010), 42-‐43
Chisenhale Gallery, London
Figure 6 Michael Fullerton, Using Polish Technology, Alan Turing 44
Devised a More Sophisticated Machine to Crack ENIGMA
(2010) as part of Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery,
London
Figure 7 Michael Fullerton, Why Your Life Sucks (Alan Turing) (2010) 45
as part of Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London
Figure 8 Michael Fullerton, BASF Magic Gold (2010) as part of 46
Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London
Figure 9 Installation view: Michael Fullerton, Columbia (2010), 46
Chisenhale Gallery, London
Figure 10-‐12 Installation view: The Potosí Principle (2010), Haus der 65-‐66
Kulturen der Welt, Berlin
Figure 13 Detail of Quirin Bäumler, El Infierno de Caquiaviri (2010) as 66
part of The Potosí Principle (2010), Haus der Kulturen der
Welt, Berlin
Figure 14 Detail from The Potosí Principle exhibition guide 67
Figure 15-‐16 Eduardo Molinari, The Soy Children (2010) as part of The 68
Potosí Principle (2010), Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin
Figure 17 Lucas Valdés, Milagroso de San Francisco de Paula (ca. 1710), 69
Museo de Bellas Artes, Seville
Figure 18 The Karl Marx School of English Language, David Riff and 69
Dmitry Gutov, The Rosy Dawn of Capital (2010) as part of The
Potosí Principle (2010), Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin
Figure 19-‐21 Installation view: The Potosí Principle (2010), Haus der 70-‐71
Kulturen der Welt, Berlin.
Figure 22 Harun Farocki, The Silver and the Cross (2010), video still 71
Figure 23 Unitednationsplaza: view of the building at Platz der 123
Vereinten Nationen, Berlin.
Figure 24-‐25 Unitednationsplaza: modular architecture by Nikolaus Hirsch 124
and Michel Müller
11

Figure 26 Unitednationsplaza: concept of modular architecture by 125
Nikolaus Hirsch and Michel Müller
Figure 27 Unitednationsplaza: seminar by Diederich Diederichsen 132
Figure 28 Unitednationsplaza: discussion with Martha Rosler 132
Figure 29 Bar at Unitednationsplaza by Salon Aleman 133
Figure 30-‐31 Unitednationsplaza: seminar by Tirdad Zolghadr 134
Figure 32-‐33 Unitednationsplaza: seminar by Liam Gillick 135
Figure 34-‐37 Elske Rosenfeld, Our Brief Autumn of Utopia (2010) as part of 210-‐211
Vectors of the Possible (2010), BAK, Utrecht
Figure 38 Hito Steyerl, Universal Embassy (2004) as part of Vectors of 212
the Possible (2010), BAK, Utrecht
Figure 39 Installation view: Vectors of the Possible (2010), BAK, Utrecht 212
Figure 40-‐43 Sharon Hayes, In the Near Future (2009) as part of Vectors of 213-‐214
the Possible (2010), BAK, Utrecht
Figure 44 Installation view: Sharon Hayes: In the Near Future (2009), 218
Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver
Figure 45 Homi K. Bhabha, keynote lecture titled “Age of Insecurity”, 227
23.03.2013, presented as part of Insurgent Cosmopolitanism
at Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects
(2013), Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin
Figure 46 Participants of Learning Place, 18.03.2013, at Former West: 227
Documents, Constellations, Prospects, 18 – 24 March 2013,
Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin
Figure 47 Installation view of Dissident Knowledges as part of Former 228
West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013), Haus der
Figure 48 Installation view of Dissident Knowledges as part of Former 228
West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013), Haus der
Figure 49 Chto Delat?/What is to be done?, Perestroika Timeline 229
(2009/2013) as part of Former West: Documents,
Constellations, Prospects (2013), Haus der Kulturen der Welt,
Berlin
Figure 50 Li Ran, Beyond Geography (2012) as part of Former West: 229
Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013), Haus der
Figure 51 Aernout Mik, Untitled (2013) as part of Former West: 230
Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013), Haus der
12

Introduction
This thesis is a study of whether curatorial practices assume a social function, and if so,
what form this function takes. Pursuing this research question presumes a relation
between what curators do and how what they do is experienced in the world. My
research therefore approaches and positions curatorial practice as a dialogical activity.
By analysing how artistic and curatorial practices can activate processes and generate
structures that facilitate dialogical spaces of negotiation between curators, artists and
their publics, this thesis addresses the social dimensions of knowledge production for
the ways people and art come together in the curated encounter. More specifically,
my research argues for an intrinsic social dimension to the “curatorial complex” – an
articulation this thesis develops for the curatorial as a field of research and practice
constituted by concurrent processes of production and reflection – engaged in not
only discursive, but also, and particularly, material forms of enquiry into knowledge
production in the domain of art.
A number of exhibitions and discursive projects are discussed here that seek to
provide art with a more political context in which to begin an enquiry into the
rethinking of the category of art production and the modalities of spectatorship it
produces, as distinct from the narrative and methodical perspectives of academic or
established disciplinary thinking. This discussion is set against the backdrop of recent
discourse engaged in developing concepts of the “curatorial” as a research-‐based
practice of forms of knowledge production that connects the aesthetic and the
cognitive. Rather than furthering the construction of an opposition between the
“curatorial” and curating as exhibition-‐making, my research elaborates on the
differences of exhibitionary, discursive, and performative forms of engagement in the
context of a diversification of the exhibition as a medium of practice, not its dismissal.
A central claim of this thesis is to perceive the exhibition as an embodied form of
knowledge production that generates forms of sociality whose material quality is as
important as its discursive capacity for emergence and enquiry.
13

Research questions
The fundamental motivation for this research is an interest in answering the question
of what function curatorial practices assume in the social sphere. As well as examining
how the social, political and cultural factors that condition curatorial practices are
addressed, negotiated and reflected in the curated encounter, this dissertation
enquires into their constituent modalities and strategies of production.
Attempting to answer a question of such broad scope entails the risk of
becoming entangled in a web of generalisations, unsustainable assumptions and
superficial arguments. It has therefore been necessary to develop in this study a set of
more specific research questions that map a field of knowledge in order to reflect
upon it and contribute to it. This thesis aims to advance the emerging prolific interest
of curatorial practices in order to explore and argue for their own epistemic quality as
active forms of knowledge production.
The projects that this thesis analyses and explores are: (1) Michael Fullerton’s
solo exhibition Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London; (2) The Potosí Principle
(2010), curated by artists Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann and writer and curator
Max Jorge Hinderer, at Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany, Museo Nacional
Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain and Museo Nacional de Arte and Museo
Nacional de Etnografía y Folklore, La Paz, Bolivia; (3) Unitednationsplaza (2006), a
discursive art project organised by Anton Vidokle with a number of collaborators and
based in Berlin, Germany; and (4) Former West (2008), an on-‐going international long-‐
term research, exhibition, publishing and education project, coordinated by BAK in
Utrecht, the Netherlands.
These projects lend themselves to an analysis of the terms of knowledge
production in the space of a contention with art. Questions around what knowledge is
and how it can be produced are paired with a critical interest in the proliferation of
knowledge production in the field of art as part of the “intellectualisation of the art
field” (Hlavajova et al., 2008). The research question pertaining to the function that
knowledge production assumes in the context of curatorial practices, and vice versa, is
located in the context of how the term “knowledge production” is often used very
broadly to indicate everything ranging from immaterial realms of production in
curatorial practice to resurrected forms of pedagogy in art education. The approach

14

this thesis takes towards this large field of discourse is also critically directed at the
endless use and appropriation of the term knowledge production in the information
society, a phenomenon that generally parallels how cultural production operates in
accordance with free-‐market thinking. The research question “What is knowledge
production?” can therefore be recast as: “What is knowledge if it is in production?”
Such question enquires not only what it means when knowledge is being produced,
but also what knowledge is produced from in the context of curatorial practices.
Thereby this research enquires into the process of knowledge production as a
generation and transformation of information, interpretation and meaning.
Furthermore, such question attempts to contrast the result-‐oriented language of
capitalist society. This thesis aims to both challenge the epistemic context in which the
term “knowledge” has been situated throughout the history of the development of
modern academic disciplines and affirm the potential of artistic and curatorial
practices producing knowledge as thinking processes fostering dialogical forms of
engagement.
By engaging in a debate around the diversification of the exhibition form, this
thesis examines curatorial practices in the discursive sphere in relation to the idea of
dematerialising processes of knowledge production. It also critically address the
ramifications processes of knowledge production can suffer as situated within the
cognitive cultural economy of post-‐Fordist society.
It is not the intention of this thesis to promote curatorial practices as
unequivocally pre-‐eminent and/or dominant realms of knowledge production. Rather,
it attempts to locate the observations it makes and analyses with regard to processes
of knowledge production in the discourse on knowledge production provoking a
debate on the dissemination, obtainability and exploitation of knowledge.
Referring to the different positionalities in the field with regard to the distinction
between “curating” and “curatorial” (O’Neill, 2010; Bismarck and Rogoff, 2012; Lind,
2012; Smith, 2012; Martinon, 2013), this research avoids arguing for a consolidation of
these terminologies or prescribing limitations to the practice of curating or
determining with which bodies of knowledge the curatorial should associate or
identify. Such an undertaking would rest on commonplaces and presuppositions about
notions of practice and discourse and run the risk of not producing more than a
15

repetition and replication of the self-‐referentiality of established jargons around
curatorial practices in contemporary art. Distinctions between curating and curatorial
or between artist and curator are, to a certain extent, obliterated by assuming a
perspective that – rather than scrutinising positionalities in the field of art and
questioning what something is or who somebody is – examines the kind of activities
that take place, and enquires into how something or somebody comes into being and
is manifested. In this sense curatorial practices are discussed as an activity
encompassing as much thinking as doing, oscillating between reflection and
production, determination and disruption, and representation and presentation.
Elaborating on the meaning of the term “practice” as a concept of action and
reflection, while setting it in relation to artistic and curatorial practices, is intrinsically
linked to conceptions of agency. What forms of agency do the curatorial entail and
enable, and in what ways are these forms of agency conditioned socially, culturally,
and politically? The common thread that runs through the three chapters of this thesis
is not the presentation of curatorial practice as a form of exhibiting and collecting the
views and values belonging to a particular society, but an argument for a model of
practice first and foremost as an activity of observing, communicating, mediating –
thereby negotiating expectations, attitudes and sensitivities affecting how sociality
comes into being.
The argument that this thesis develops on an intrinsic social dimension to the
curatorial complex rests on research questions pertaining to how cultural practitioners
in the curatorial complex allocate a social and political relevance to their practices and
how they articulate same. With regard to the examples discussed, particularly those
operating in the discursive sphere, my research enquires into the nature of the
relations established in the curated encounter and proposes a notion of curatorial
practices that provide a speculative realm of thinking and doing, where the social,
political and cultural realities in which the practices are situated can be imagined
differently and alternatively. This enquiry starts by challenging epistemic schemata
within the field of cultural production, such as forms of passive spectatorship, the
culture of spectacle, practices of representation and narrative production of the past,
which together have, to a large extent, characterised the production and reception of
art. Emphasis is instead placed on the creation of dialogical spaces of communication
16

between curators, artists and their publics that produce forms of sociality as a
nurturing ground for modes of speculating and imagining. This naturally entails the
discussion of terminologies of communication (Luhmann, 1995; Luhmann, 2002),
practice (Bourdieu, 1977; Bourdieu, 1990), spectatorship (Rancière, 2009a; Bishop,
2012), relationality (Bourriaud, 2002; Bishop, 2004; Latour, 2005) and sociality (Latour,
1993; Latour, 2010).
Research hypothesis
The perspective this thesis assumes on curatorial practice (as an activity of knowledge
production whose particular modes of hosting, exhibiting and producing a contention
with art have an intrinsic social dimension) entails proposing a “material turn” for
curatorial practices. This presents a way to enquire into the epistemology of curatorial
practice with regard to how it constitutes the production of sociality, and by what
means.
Developing such argument throughout the thesis focuses not on applying some
preconfigured notion of “material” or “materiality” onto curatorial practice, or vice
versa, but means to think through the question in what way a material register of
curated encounters could constitute a perspective on curatorial practices that is
pertinent to contemporary claims made in this field of research focusing on processes
of dematerialisation, particularly with regard to forms of knowledge production in the
curated encounter. Therefore it is this thesis’ aim to develop and describe a material
register for the different projects discussed in this thesis. This presents a way to
critically question the constitution of the curated encounter as a space of knowledge
production.
Historically, notions such as “matter”, “material” and “materiality” are highly
debated terms and concepts, particularly since the modern period. Cultural critic
Raymond Williams referred to the often evoked dialectic of form and content, or
material vs. ideal as essentially portraying a class distinction: material activities are
distinguished from spiritual or intellectual activities, to which more value is associated
in terms of knowledge production (William, 1976, p. 164). This, however, can be cast
as resulting from a series of misinterpretations of philosophical writings – of Kant and
17

Hegel in particular – who, while maintaining a dialectical approach, do not identify
matter or material solely with physical substance regardless of its perceptional
experience. Kant refers to matter as substance that has a particular surface value to
which our thinking pertains for its perceptional experiences (Eisler, 1961). Hegel
defines material as that which constitutes reality, as a form that provides a relation
between the outer world and the inner self (Hegel, 1965, pp. 64-‐67). While Kant and
Hegel do further establish the dialectic of form and content and material vs. ideal, they
can, however, also be read as defining “material” as “relational”: the moment when
material acquires physicality is also always the moment when a relation between
reality and perception is produced.
It is such relational understanding of materiality that is fundamental for the
purpose of this research, which is to enquire into the social dimensions of knowledge
production in curatorial practices. The call for a material turn is a proposition this
thesis aims to make that is responsive to the ways in which issues of materiality
determine matters of mediation and knowledge production in contemporary artistic
and curatorial practices primarily operating in the discursive sphere.
To pursue a material register of curatorial pratices has at its core an
anthropological interest that questions in what ways the material conditions of things
and relations transform the world in relation to its cultural, social, and political
conditioning. The point of a taking a material perspective on curatorial practices is to
avoid reproducing idealistic and rationalistic conceptions of how we perceive the
world in our consciousness and extend our thinking beyond familiar divisions between
what is and is not “material” for our consciousness to apprehend, interpret, and
understand in relation to the production of art.
Throughout the various projects of artistic and curatorial practices discussed in
this thesis – exhibitions, seminars, events, summits, etc. – materiality is argued for as a
product of processes and dispositions of materialisations that take place in the curated
encounter. The analysis of the different exhibitions and curated encounters will reveal
that addressing the materiality of the relations produced in the curated encounter can
only take place by constituting sociality as a generative force of knowledge production.
Such appeal for a material register of the curated encounter should, however, not be
misunderstood as a call for greater attention to objects and artworks in curatorial
18

practices. This would represent a restrictive and regressive argument that positions
curating as a mere organisation of objects. Instead, the proposition for a material turn
in curatorial practices carefully and critically serves to question the manifold
relationships of knowledge and agency production in the curated encounter for how
material things become effective in shaping social relations – neither autonomous of
human consciousness by granting intentionality to material things (Latour, 2005; Gell,
1998), nor entirely dependent of human agency for deriving symbolic meaning or
material things.
Approaching curatorial practices with a perspective on materiality is concerned
with what Tony Bennett and Patrick Joyce call a “post-‐representational” logic (Bennett
and Joyce, 2010, p. 5), finding a way of describing semiotic, material and social flows1
that challenge our forms of perceiving the world into categories of reality vs. fiction,
subjectivity vs. objectivity, and representation vs. imagination. It is the notion of
materiality itself that gains importance and proves indispensable when articulating a
concept of sociality that contains a critique of inherited conceptual dualisms such as
material vs. ideal and material vs. cultural, moving beyond the simplistic idea of causal
relationships between production and perception upon which a quasi-‐philosophical
theory of change would be found.
Methodology
Methodologically this thesis aims to move beyond making a distinction between

curating and curatorial as manifestations of the realms of practice and theory
respectively. A central intention here is to question the validity of the production and
further elaboration of such dichotomies – and to move beyond them.
On a personal note, my aims can perhaps best be understood in the context of
how I myself came to be concerned with curatorial practices in the first place. With a
background in philosophy and cultural studies, and after interning at New York’s

1
Bennett and Joyce particularly refer to Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari as a key influence for
developing a post-‐representational logic, particularly how their account of assemblages denies pre-‐
conceived models of social ordering (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987, pp. 22-‐23 as cited in Bennett and
Joyce, 2010, pp. 5-‐6).
19

Guggenheim Museum, one of the world’s largest museums, my decision to pursue a
curatorial training programme at Goldsmiths, London, was a conscious choice to
concern myself with the relationship between curating, artists and public, and to
access it on a more immediate level than theory or a large-‐scale institution could offer.
My focus shifted towards working in small-‐scale institutions and organising exhibitions
independently. This form of contention with practice from the perspective of a
practitioner subsequently nurtured in me a renewed desire to reflect on my
experiences in the larger field of curatorial discourse. Given my move from an MFA in
Curating directly into the pursuit of this doctoral research, this thesis can be
interpreted as an abstraction from the practice of curating, as a return to my
theoretical background in social theory and cultural studies. In other words, while my
interest in curating began as a production of practice for a reflection on theory, it
subsequently resulted in a production of theory for a reflection on practice. As a result,
in my work as a curator, theory and practice are inextricably linked with one another
and mutually dependent. It is in this context that the claims surrounding the
concurrentness of forms of production and reflection in curatorial practices that this
thesis continuously addresses and develops should be perceived.
The methodology of writing each chapter avoids analysing exhibitions and other
artistic and curatorial projects as mere case studies for a preconceived argument.
Instead, each chapter takes either one project or series of projects as a departure
point; they are discussed in order to develop an argument, rather than to prove one.
The projects discussed here generate reflections on various forms of artistic and
curatorial practices. In turn, these reflections develop new sets of ideas in relation to
these practices. The selected projects are looked at in relation to theoretical
arguments whose relevance for the discussion emerges from the reflections on
practice. The idea of the process incorporating concurrent forms of reflection and
production – having theory and practice collapse into one another – is a precise
methodological choice. This allows the text to evoke the notion of recursivity, which is
an important aspect of claims surrounding the production of knowledge and sociality
that this thesis puts forward.
Each of the projects will be approached individually, however their difference to
the other projects in scale, size, visibility and outreach will be taken into account – not
20

so much in an effort to make it comparable to the other project, but for emphasising
the importance to approach each project in the context of the different forms and
shapes curatorial and artistic projects can assume. In terms of scale and size the order
of discussion of the chosen examples of practices is by no means arbitrary. It follows
the idea of constructing an argument that is self-‐reflexive and in that sense pertinent
to evoking and assuming a self-‐critical potential: the claims derived from describing
and analysing each project are continuously challenged in the following case studies
with regard to the individualities from which they are derived and towards the
universalities they profess.
Given the huge number of artistic and curatorial projects potentially available for
study, choosing starting points was a complex endeavour. On a purely pragmatic level,
the projects needed to be contemporary in order for me to see them or participate in
them (my level of participation never exceeded that of an observer). It was also
important that they should not be limited to a single form of practice, but include
exhibitions and projects of a more discursive nature, responding to the many turns
(educational, social, discursive, participatory, etc.) that have been proposed in recent
decades for artistic and curatorial practices (Wilson, 2007; O’Neill and Wilson, 2010;
2015).
The projects also had to represent a somewhat uncharted territory, meaning
that they should not, for example, have been discussed at length or in detail in
anthologies of curatorial practices. Naturally, over the course of the six years of my
research a modest number of reviews, critiques, and commentaries did emerge on the
projects that I explored in the writing process. On the other hand, it was essential that
the projects not be too marginal in nature, so that they could manifest a relation to
contemporary curatorial discourse in the issues they discuss and tackle. The projects
ultimately selected for discussion form an interesting constellation of research issues
relating to curatorial practices: communication, the dialectics of spectatorship and
participation, knowledge production, and notions of collectivity and sociality – all of
them terms that emerge from the discussion in this thesis of examples of practice.
The analyses undertaken by this thesis are centred on, but not limited to, the
ever-‐growing body of texts on curatorial practices from the late 1980s to 2015. Specific
emphasis is placed on literature in curatorial discourse from the early 1990s, when
21

curatorial practices started to experiment with different forms and mediums of
practice. They question the role of the institution and challenged the autonomy of
artists and curators through various forms of collaboration. Curatorial discourse took
up these issues and focussed on the ramifications of the changing definitions and
strategies of production exercised by curatorial practices. This thesis places the
selected examples of practice into the context of the ever-‐growing discourse specific
to contemporary curatorial practices, and applies this discourse to contextualise and
contrast the practices.
Curatorial discourse can be highly self-‐referential and sometimes dangerously
self-‐sufficient. So in order to avoid getting lost in this labyrinth of jargon, this thesis
takes in key contributions from the realm of social theory and cultural studies on
matters of collectivity, collaboration, sociality and knowledge production. This expands
the realm of curatorial discourse to incorporate new perspectives on the matters of
concern.
Chapter outlines
Chapter One
The first chapter elaborates a notion of practice applicable to curating, setting the
foundation for discussing examples of curatorial practices in subsequent chapters. This
notion is developed not by comparing different models of curatorial practices as
articulated in curatorial discourse, but by thinking in more abstract terms and not
necessarily in relation to curatorial discourse about what it means to practise, what it
is that is practised, and how something is practised. The starting point here is the
medium of the exhibition as a realm of practice for artists and curators alike. This
chapter dissects the complex relationships between the experiences and knowledges
that these practices generate, mediate and reflect upon.
This thesis assumes that the practice of an artist and curator unfolds in the
exhibition space primarily in the relation between the artist and/or curator, the
viewers and the works. Two exhibitions have been selected to illustrate these specific
relationships, which foster processes of knowledge production and the emergence of
22

sociality: Michael Fullerton’s solo exhibition Columbia (2010) and the group exhibition
The Potosí Principle, curated by Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann and Max Jorge
Hinderer (2010). The subject for this analysis is the particular way in which artistic
production and its presentation in an exhibition context can enquire into the nature of
meaning and knowledge production, thereby revealing the complexity of spectatorship
and its role in knowledge production. In order to engage with the issue of art’s relation
to the field of cultural production and the social sphere, this thesis embeds and
involves the artists participating in the exhibitions as artists and/or curators in the
question of how art’s political, cultural, and social significance is produced and
addressed.
The analysis of the exhibitions focuses on describing the processes of
communication taking place in the space of the exhibition, examining how they are
motivated and generated (or disrupted and obliterated) by the artists and curators.
When turning to the subject of spectatorship and its cultural conditioning, attention is
drawn to the exhibition’s communicative potential as a space for knowledge
production. The subject of communicability allows knowledge production in curatorial
practice to be discussed from various perspectives, but ones that always integrate the
relationship between objects, actors and agents in a particular space.
The third part of Chapter One explores the theoretical dispositions of “practice”
by Pierre Bourdieu (1977; 1990) and “communication” by Niklas Luhmann (1995;
2002). Although distinctive in their methodologies, both theories foreground an
interaction between structure and process, between form and formation, and
between production and reflection. This thesis proposes that this interaction is a
crucial condition for curating practice if it is to determine its relation to both the field
of cultural production and the social sphere. With the help of Luhmann’s and
Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts it is possible to render the notions of practice and
communication as conditioning processes of knowledge production entailing a power
of judgement that arises from the social, political and cultural function of the
exhibition space produced by means of its communicability.

23

Chapter Two
The second chapter intentionally omits practices that work with the medium of the
exhibition in order to test and further develop a notion of practice whose processes of
production are not confined to the exhibition space, but operate in the medium of the
discursive. This omission is discussed in relation to notions of collaborative practices,
emancipated spectatorship, relational aesthetics and public engagement.
Key to this chapter is Unitednationsplaza, a discursive art project organised by
Anton Vidokle and a number of collaborators. After having served as the curator of the
cancelled Manifesta 6 biennial, for which he co-‐conceived the idea of a temporal art
school replacing the conventional biennial exhibition, in 2006 Vidokle programmed a
series of weekly, monthly and sometimes even daily lectures, seminars, talks,
screenings and performances in Berlin. The spaces of production that emerge from
these projects are primarily discussed here in the context of their having intentionally
deserted the framework of the exhibition. The discursive is examined both as a
medium in which art is produced and as a result of this same production process.
Chapter Two presents a critical discussion of this twofold quality of the discursive,
facilitating the blurring of boundaries between the artistic, curatorial, institutional and
academic realms of knowledge production.
Following on from the critical discussion of Unitednationsplaza – as an example
of a discursive project favouring collective authorship and interested in reinvigorating
a relation between art and its public as well as conceiving a potentially transformative
social function for its projects – is a discussion of the notion of agency in artistic
practices. Against the backdrop of the tradition of critical art practices (particularly
institutional critique) this discussion explores issues such as the autonomy of the
artwork and the sovereignty of the artist beyond the immediate context of the project.
The last part of this second chapter brings into the discussion Bruno Latour’s
notion of “gathering” and “assembling” as a production of sociality. Applying Latour
and the broader context of actor-‐network Theory to the projects discussed in this
chapter serves to disambiguate notions of the social and sociality for these practices.
The chapter concludes with a discussion of how sociality materialises in discursive
practices, potentially as a new form of knowledge production devised by forms of both
individual and collective agency.

24

Chapter Three
The third chapter focuses on the notion of curatorial agency. It starts by addressing the
proliferation of the curatorial in an expanded field of practices, and it questions in
what way the curatorial can be conceived as a discursive positioning that generates
forms of sociality as knowledge. It proposes the term “curatorial complex” to describe
how contemporary institutional practices work across and beyond exhibitionary,
discursive and performative formats, and to escape the logic of representation – not
only of art itself, but also of the social, political and cultural context in which art’s
production is situated – enabling the pursuit of strategies that help to perceive and
imagine art and its contextualisation through formations of sociality.
The specific cultural technologies required to build and organise an imaginative
capacity within the formation of sociality are articulated and critically examined by
describing the Former West project, an international long-‐term research, exhibition,
publishing and education project that presents itself as a speculative platform for
consideration of the cultural, social, economic and political consequences of the
changes that the year 1989 brought to the West. This project coordinated by BAK
(Basis voor Actuele Kunst) in Utrecht, the Netherlands, encompasses exhibitions,
congresses, publications and an online platform, and has appeared at many locations
around Europe since 2008. The originality of the project lies in the fact that it collapses
different formats (commissioned artworks, curated exhibitions, and seminars) with
contexts of production (the artistic, the curatorial, and the academic). In order to
articulate the implications of this proposition for processes of knowledge production in
curatorial practices, its analysis here contrasts the medium of the exhibition with the
discursive, with particular focus on how knowledge of the past is produced and
reflected upon in contemporary practices.
The second part of this chapter discusses the “gathering” principle explored in
Chapter Two that is seen as underlying the production of sociality as a new form of
knowledge production, which is integral to the Former West project. The analysis also
reveals a form of curatorial agency within the project that is linked to notions of
political activism and the construction of political imaginaries. Addressing the notion of
sociality in this context enables discussion of the factors allowing the curatorial
encounter to produce imaginaries. Shedding light on the question what it is that the

25

curatorial encounter produces, the limits of the curatorial as presupposing forms of
sociality will become apparent, addressing the tendency of curatorial practices to
overtly determine the ways in which social actors come to understand their own
positioning and interaction with the world around them.
The last part of this chapter critically explores the notion of the curatorial as an
organising principle of knowledge production as it relates to the self-‐understanding of
its practitioners. The analysis focuses on how communicative processes initially
allowed by curatorial practices (for exhibition spaces), and consolidated in forms of
sociality (in discursive practices), have become increasingly limited by political idealism
(often disguised as critical analytical rigour) being applied to the conditions of practice
in contemporary cultural production. The discursive surplus inherent to a number of
recent curatorial practices is found to potentially obscure the emancipatory potential
of organisational gathering principles in favour of the production of sociality over
discursive indoctrination. This thesis therefore proposes that curatorial practices focus
on generating processes of sociality by means of structuring encounters, rather than
administering them, in order that their political implementations emerge from within
forms of sociality. And although this does not limit the agency of curatorial practices
towards their social, political, and cultural context, conditions for the production of
curatorial agency may necessitate an alternative perspective on the relationship
between curatorial practices and the social, political and cultural environment in which
its relation building is situated. This thesis therefore introduces the notion of a
material culture of curating that structures encounters beyond the dichotomies of
representation or presentation, or of form or material. A curatorial methodology
emphasising the materiality of the elements it organises derives its identity and role
within the sphere of cultural production not solely from its qualities in terms of
creating a dialogical space of communication, but also from the network of power
relations in which it is installed. Curatorial practices can address the curatorial complex
in a critical capacity that emerges from the curated encounter as matter of concern,
addressing and fostering the dissolution of disciplinary and methodical knowledge
formations that hinder the exploration and execution of the transformative potential
of art.
26

Chapter One
The claims that are made for curating in this chapter are of an indirect nature. They do
not seek to define the term “curating”, and neither can the examples discussed in any
way be deemed representative of methodologies of practice in the field of the
curatorial. Instead, this chapter seeks to dismiss a contention with examples of
practice that are widely discussed in curatorial discourse and uses two very different
exhibitions to approach the matter of what it means to curate and how meaning is
produced in practice.
The current state of research around the term curating and its formation in and
through practice render curating as an activity for which the designation of its function
is highly contingent upon the parameters by which it is determined (institutional,
economical, historical, social, political, etc.). As Beatrice von Bismarck defined it,
curating “consists of a constellation of objects, actors, differently defined spaces –
aesthetically, socially, discursively, functionally” (2009, p. 43). To describe the
following examples as constellations of objects, images and actors helps to enquire
into the nature of the space in which they are assembled. In the examples used here,
that space is the exhibition.
The exhibition space, particularly the white cube, is an endless source of
contention in curatorial discourse. Deemed “one of modernism’s triumphs”
(O’Doherty, 1999, p. 79), curatorial practices – particularly in the 1990s – sought to
look for alternative ways of making art public in order to escape the ideological nature
of the white cube space, especially with regards to how it conditions the artworks it
presents.
The subjugation of artistic production to a frame at once “universal”,

neutral, ordered, rational, and ultimately problematic for what that so-‐
called universality implies and hides, points to a predicament with which
artists and curators have grappled ever since: Exhibitions, by their forms,
entangle the viewer in a space at once physical and intellectual, but also
ideological (Filipovic, 2005, p. 65).
Together with the deconstruction of modernity and its claims of universality that
in large part oppressed and obscured cultural histories and their producers, the
27

exhibition space has been enquired into extensively in curatorial discourse and treated
ambivalently in curatorial practices.2 Less than what the exhibition space is – if that
can or should be generalised at all – the question that still has relevance today and
remains largely unanswered is what happens or needs to happen in the exhibition
space so that it can function as a medium of enquiry rather than representation and be
perceived as an arena of significance grounded in the materiality of what is presented
rather than of symbolic knowledge production.
If one were to start thinking about what conditions the exhibition space while
viewing an exhibition, the questions addressed would presumably primarily concern
the grammar of the exhibition, its speech and utterance, and the ways in which it
produces meaning and knowledge. These are the pivotal issues this chapter addresses
– not in isolation from the politics of the exhibition as an ideological, cultural, and
social space forms part of, but addressing the politics of the exhibition as an exhibition
of politics.
The manner by which a selection of artworks, a tectonic context, and

thematic or other discursive accompaniments coalesce into a particular
form is at the heart of how an exhibition exhibits (Filipovic, 2005, p. 79).
The way in which the medium of the exhibition is discussed in curatorial
discourse is ambivalent, particularly so in recent times. There are great studies of the
exhibition as a form and medium (Misiano et al., 2009a; Hoffmann, 2012), providing
detailed analyses of the processes of communication and interpretation responsible
for any form of knowledge production in the exhibition space (Ferguson, 1996;
Poinsot, 1996), as well as studies of its social and cultural function (Bennett, 1988;
Doherty, 2006; Franke, 2009). Some publications forego a discussion of the exhibition
space in favour of other spaces (the discursive, the performative, the public (urban)
space) (O’Neill, 2010; Lind, 2012), while others directly focus on the notion of the
curatorial exploring the conditions of hospitality of exhibitions as communicative
spaces with regard to the production of knowledge and meaning that is either

2
As Elena Filipovic pointed out, it is surprising how many large-‐scale exhibitions and biennials still favour
the white cube model even if aware of its ideological issues and hegemonic claims (Filipovic, 2005, pp.
68-‐74). Example of projects that purposely go beyond the exhibition space, such as Manifesta 6,
unitednationsplaza, and Former West, are analysed in the second and third chapter of this thesis.
28

generated in them or attributed to them (Baumann et al., 2009; Bismarck et al., 2012).
The curatorial not only implies a genuine mode for generating, mediating,
and reflecting experiences and knowledge developed in artist’s studios and
cultural institutions, but also encompasses a whole field of knowledge
relating to the conditions of the appearance of art and culture and the
different contexts by which they are defined (Bismarck et al., 2012, p. 8).
This description of what the curatorial implies is still fairly conservative in that it
hints at a curating practice of exhibiting artists’ work that has been previously
produced in their studios or on-‐site in institutions. But it is nevertheless interesting
because it highlights a level of reflexivity at play that is crucial for the exhibition space
to function as a medium of enquiry, not only regarding what is presented, mediated or
generated, but also how its presentation, mediation or generation affects or is
conditioned by its materiality, appearance and contexts of signification.
The intention of this chapter is to develop a notion of practice applicable to
curatorial practices. The complex relationships between the experience and
knowledge that curatorial practices generates, mediates and reflects are therefore
exemplarily rendered as taking up a position not only of embeddedness, but
involvement in how art’s political, cultural and social significance is produced and
addressed. It is for this reason that this chapter discusses two exhibitions: Michael
Fullerton’s solo exhibition Columbia at London’s Chisenhale Gallery3 and The Potosí
Principle, a group exhibition conceived by Alice Creischer, Max-‐Jorge Hinderer and
Andreas Siekmann and shown at the Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin,4 both of
which took place in 2010. It also conducts a comparative analysis of two theoretical
dispositions: Niklas Luhmann’s notion of communication and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept
of practice. Methodologically, the discussions of the exhibitions intentionally precede
the more theoretical elaborations on the terminology of practice. This serves to
develop the questions necessary for developing a notion of practice emerging from an
idea of communicability – the potential of an exhibition to function as a space of

3
The exhibition was on view from 10 September to 24 October 2010 at Chisenhale Gallery in East
London.
4
The exhibition premiered at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, before travelling
to Berlin's Haus der Kulturen der Welt, where the show was on view from 8 October 2010 to 2 January
2011. Afterwards the exhibition travelled to the Museo Nacional de Arte and Museuo Nacional de
Etnografía in La Paz, Bolivia.
29

communication in the context of art as a form of knowledge production. The analyses
of the exhibitions focus on describing and examining the ways in which the artists
display and contextualise their own works and that of others. Two very different
models emerge of how an exhibition is defined by the potential of its communicability
as a space that produces as much knowledge as it reflects upon. The interpretation of
the works in the show and the analysis of their politics of installation develops an
understanding of communication that refers to the ways in which processes of
interpretation taking place in the space of the exhibition are conditioned by the
parameters of communication set up by the artists and curators. This occurs to such an
extent that what is primarily produced in communication is a shift in perspective on
the part of the spectator from communication to communicability and from meaning
to significance. This paves the way for thinking about how artistic and curatorial
practices not only address the position of the viewer in the exhibition space, but also
effect a particular social fabric by setting up relations between objects, actors, spaces
and ideas. In terms of communication these processes are necessarily characterised by
a high level of recursivity and sociality, which is not to say that they are entirely self-‐
referential or immanent. In this context, discussing the ways in which Luhmann and
Bourdieu structure their concepts of practice and communication as recursive
feedback loops will provide an understanding of how curatorial practices are a form of
concurrent reflection as well as production of potentialities to produce knowledge,
communication, interpretation, spectatorship and participation.
The two exhibitions examined in the following are very different in almost every
detail. Columbia was a relatively small exhibition, showing less than a fifth of the
amount of works presented in The Potosí Principle. The former showed the work of
one artist while the latter was a group show. Chisenhale Gallery, the site of Michael
Fullerton’s Columbia exhibition, is a medium-‐sized institution in East London that
considers itself an innovative forum for contemporary art focusing on artists’ solo
commissions at an early and formative point in their career. All three institutions
hosting The Potosí Principle (Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid; Haus
der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin; Museo Nacional de Arte and Museuo Nacional de
Etnografía, La Paz, Bolivia) are well-‐established large-‐scale institutions that assume a
firm position in a city’s and nation’s cultural environment and history. Furthermore,
30

walking through Chisenhale’s rough metal doors giving way to a small foyer before
entering the only exhibition space is a very different experience than crossing the lawn
in front of the purposefully commissioned iconic building of Berlin’s Haus der Kulturen
der Welt in order to enter the large foyer before being guided to one of the many
exhibition spaces where the show took place.
For the purpose of this research, however, what makes these two very different
exhibitions describable in the context of arguing for the function of curatorial practices
in terms of knowledge production is not accounting for their differences, but working
out what they have in common. Both exhibitions present an extraordinary challenge to
the viewer in terms of perceiving and experiencing the curated encounter from a
material point of view, focusing on the question how they exhibit what they exhibit. It
is precisely this point of view that makes it possible to transgress the stark differences
of these two exhibitions in every aspect of scale, size, and outreach, and turn to
thinking through the relationships the works produce with each other and the viewer
in relation to the social, political and cultural conditions that contextualise their
production and exhibition. Therefore, the following analysis will center on highlightling
the common desire and aspiration of these two exhibitions to conceive of art as a
device for knowledge production and the curated encounter as a medium for the
production of sociality by discussing the material dispositions of both shows in terms
of the relations that are being produced in and by them.
Initially, thus, there might seem to be only one thing that Columbia and The
Potosí Principle have in common: both exhibitions were “curated” by artists. However,
to point out this apparent similarity is a stretch given that the verb to curate is usually
not applied when an artist conceives a solo exhibition at an institution. To define
whether this or that exhibition is curated is in fact beside the point, as it would be to
superficially conflate or a priori differentiate the roles of artists and curators, or to
advocate that exhibition spaces, institutions or curators produce the meaning of
artistic production. This thesis renders the latter claim in particular obsolete, since the
analysis of both examples will show how processes of meaning production emerge
solely from a contention with the artworks in the exhibition space that is dependent
on the extent to which the viewer questions the institutional and cultural
predicaments of knowledge production in art.
31

What both exhibitions have in common, and what is, hence, the reason that they
are examined here, is a critical attitude towards their own potential for
communicability. Both exhibitions engage with the particular ways in which artistic
production and its presentation in the context of an exhibition can begin to enquire
into the nature of meaning and knowledge production in order to reveal the
complexity of spectatorship and its role in knowledge production. However, the
strategies and methodologies the artists employ to construct the exhibitions as
communicative spaces and to explore their communicability are at opposite ends of
the spectrum. Walking through Fullerton’s exhibition Columbia was reminiscent of a
scavenger hunt in which facts were the prize, but fiction was the means. In contrast to
this poetic quality to the politics of communication in Fullerton’s exhibition, The Potosí
Principle confronted the viewer with an abundance of historical facts threatened with
omission from cultural history. Their contemporary relevance was subject to the
politics of interpretation generated and mediated in the exhibition by various tactics of
display.
Both exhibitions place the viewer at their centre, not solely as a recipient of
information or experience but, subsequently, as an agent of knowledge production.
Therefore this chapter looks at how the strategies of communication and display in
both exhibition examples affect and effect relationships between artworks and
viewers with regard to forms of agency of spectatorship. The political quality of both
exhibitions is to engender a reflexivity upon the matter of communicability of
exhibitions – not (or not solely) with respect to the information presented, experience
generated, or interpretation provided, but to the relationship between the exhibition
space and the reality in which it is situated, which is negotiated by spectatorship as an
agency of knowledge production. This chapter focuses primarily on describing the
processes of communication the viewer becomes engaged in within the exhibition
space in order to understand what kind of agency spectatorship might assume, and
under which social, cultural, and political conditions this may take place. Attendant
notions of emancipated spectatorship and audience participation in the context of the
‘educational turn’ in curating are discussed at the beginning of Chapter Two.
32

Communicability
The notion of communicability enables the discussion from various angles of the
function of knowledge production in curatorial practice in a way that is always integral
to the relationship between objects, actors, and agents in a particular space. To think
about how an exhibition communicates means to address it as a social, cultural and
political space. Questions about strategies and methodologies of communication go
hand in hand with concerns about what it is that is being communicated. Semiotics,
the science of meaning-‐making, examines the relationship between objects, signs and
subjects on a general level. It is not specifically concerned with the exhibition space
but it is nonetheless worthwhile considering here because of its discussion of the
proximity between communicability and significance. For example, Charles Sanders
Peirce almost eradicates any distinction between communication and meaning,
opposing pre-‐semiotic concepts of meaning defined in terms of psychological concepts
and communication in terms of social functions (Parret, 1983, p. 33). For Peirce both
terms form part of a pragmatic logic, in which form (meaning) and function
(communication) cannot be separated. In a similar way, in order to prevent an
essentialist, idealist and autonomous preconception of meaning, Jürgen Habermas –
referring to Ludwig Wittgenstein – asserts that there is no meaning outside
communication (Habermas, 1998, pp. 107-‐109). The term “communicability” renders
the pragmatics of communication with regard to the use of meaning. In this respect
notions of communicability and significance are interrelated. Both are conditions that
integrate social, political and cultural components into the processes of
communication and production of meaning to which they refer. Philosopher Immanuel
Kant defines communicability as an intersubjective condition of cognitive contents and
aesthetic evaluations. For Kant, communicability is a criterion of knowledge in the
judgement process in the sense that every form of empirical knowledge is conditioned
by its communicability. 5 Furthermore, the sensus communis is bound up with the
communicability of what is assessed, an element of communality used to overcome

5
Particularly with regard to the notion of taste Kant develops the concept of communicability (Kant,
1972, p. 106).
33

individual idiosyncrasies. It presents and represents something to which everyone can
connect, and this potential for connection gives judgements an exemplary validity
(Kant, 1972, p. 107). And although Hannah Arendt dismisses this idea of
communicability providing judgements with an exemplary validity, she does explore
Kant’s notion of communicability enabling the appraisal of judgement as a specific
political ability that has an intrinsic public quality (Arendt, 2012). In her discussion of
Kant, Arendt extends the notion of the spectator as the beholder – to which Kant’s
judgment of the realm of aesthetic was confined – to that of the actor (Arendt, 1982,
pp. 73-‐76). The judgement criterion for spectator and actor alike is communicability,
defined here as the faculty of the spectator/actor to appeal to common sense,
founded upon “the ability to see things not only from one’s own point of view but
from the perspective of all those who happen to be present” (Arendt, 1968, p. 220).
Arendt articulates this as a necessity to conceive of the discursive not as a medium of
the political, but as its form and content (Arendt, 2003).
Applied to the context of the exhibition, my interest in the notion of
communicability is not to transfer the way in which it has been described as a criterion
of judgement for the role of the viewer. This would imply a superficial equation of a
number of concepts, such as perception and aesthetic, or judgement and
interpretation. It is from the perspective of curatorial practice as an activity of
generating, mediating and reflecting experiences that the idea of communicability
becomes relevant as a criterion for apprehending the exhibition space as a political
and social context in which knowledge production takes place.
From this perspective it stands to reason that one should enquire into the notion
of practice, particularly on the background of the importance Arendt gives to action, a
condicio per quam of the political. The many disputes about how the practice of
curators should be defined (whether as “curating” or “curatorial practice”, for
example)6 and the efforts to distinguish it from the artistic may call into question many
terms and concepts but they rarely address the notion of practice.

6
A conversation between Irit Rogoff and Beatrice von Bismarck discusses the disambiguation of the
terms, their usage in and relevance for curatorial discourse (Bismarck and Rogoff, 2012).
34

The third part of this chapter explores the theoretical disposition of
communication by Niklas Luhmann and of practice by Pierre Bourdieu. In this way it
seeks to enquire into a notion of practice that provides for a definition of curating:
when we speak of activities in the realm of the curatorial, exactly what kind of practice
are we considering? What are the particularities of such practice that make it possible
for Carolyn Christov-‐Bakargiev to vehemently oppose Liam Gillick’s designation of art
and curating as “creative practices alike” (Hiller and Martin, 2000, p. 38)? And what
conditions of practice would allow for the alignment of art and curating? Bearing in
mind the idea of communicability, what particular operations take place in practice
when considering exhibition making as involving Joseph Grigely’s “doubling of showing
and telling” (Grigely, 2010, p. 9)?
The comparative analysis of Luhmann’s notion of communication and Bourdieu’s
notion of practice is based on a conceptual similarity. In building their terminologies
and concepts both sociologists foreground an interaction between structure and
process, form and formation, and production and reflection that can be applied to how
artistic and curatorial practices operate in relation to the social, political, and cultural
issues that condition them. Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts help to
render the notions of practice and communication as conditioning processes of
knowledge production entailing a power of judgement that arises from the social,
political, and cultural function of the exhibition space produced by its communicability.
Implosion of knowledge – Michael Fullerton’s Columbia exhibition
The claim for knowledge production in contemporary art has been subjected to much
critical examination and reformulation. Emanating from Michel Foucault’s definition of
knowledge as “that of which one can speak in a discursive practice” (2002b, p. 201)
Sarat Maharaj, Irit Rogoff and, more recently, Simon Sheikh, amongst others, have all
pointed out various problematics surrounding the discourse of art as a site for the
production of knowledge (Maharaj, 2001; Nollert and Rogoff, 2006a; Sheikh, 2008a).
The assumption that they question the most is the understanding of knowledge
production as an inherent feature and implicit function of an artwork or of artistic
research generated in and for the social sphere. It is not so much the relevance of art
35

for society that is the target of their critical examination, but the many ways of
uncritically adopted notions of “art producing knowledge” that are advocated by
artistic, curatorial, and interdisciplinary research practices, often in a very self-‐
referential fashion.
The discourse of knowledge production in contemporary art is largely a

matter of rhetoric, of branding. In practice, knowledge production in art
often amounts to little more than simulation – the “research” in question
being little more than advanced browsing that yields hackneyed results
(Lütticken, 2008, p. 85).
Art historian and critic Sven Lütticken argues along similar lines when identifying
rhetoric as a language of branding, and simulation as a methodology that exemplifies
the uncritical adoption of the notion of “art producing knowledge”. Lütticken
concludes his description of the discourse of knowledge production in contemporary
art by pointing out the apparent function of artistic research “as a parody of
instrumentalised academic knowledge production, falling short of even its eroding
criteria” (2008, p. 85). But it is not Lütticken’s intention to deny the possibility of or the
potential for knowledge production in art. Rather, his intention is to point out the ways
in which art can produce knowledge in a manner that is distinct from other ways of
knowledge production in the social sphere, such as academia. Lütticken recommends
thinking about the “symptom in what passes for artistic knowledge production” in
order to wrestle with the question of what modes of production contemporary artistic
practice art uses to produce knowledge and how that relates to academic research, in
which the symptom assumes the role of “an alternative to the empire of signs created
by academic disciplines – as pointing both backwards and forwards in time, beyond the
current order of things” (2008, pp. 85-‐86).
What is interesting about the idea of the symptom is that, in contrast to a sign or
symbol, it simulates a commonplace rather than reflecting or producing one. It acts as
a “quasi-‐sign that enlightens by obscuring and obstructing” (Lütticken, 2008, p. 107). A
sign or symbol enters into communication in order to carry information that can be
related to by all the partners in the communicative relationship as the content of the
communicative process. This is where the symptom obscures: it stands in for the
information and thereby spotlights the lack of the information’s significance.

36

Lütticken argues for symptomatological practices in the realm of contemporary
art and addresses the question of how knowledge is produced within it. These hold the
potential to “turn the main weakness of much artistic ‘knowledge’ – its complete lack
of academic rigour or accountability – into a strength, critiquing the rhetoric of
knowledge production while beginning to fulfil the promise betrayed by it” (2008, p.
107). He proposes thinking through the idea of the symptom and its methodologies of
simulation in order to reveal how art contributes to the production of knowledge in
the social sphere: an artistic practice can be characterised as symptomatological when
its method of knowledge production, such as simulation or appropriation, also offers
reflection and critique on the very subject matter dealt with in its practice. 7 The
symptom never functions by itself but only in relation to what it obscures and stands in
for. Therefore, establishing a symptom also generates a relationship between the
subject matter of the symptom itself and the subject matter of what the symptom is
standing in for. This requires a differentiation between what it is that is presented
(being-‐in-‐itself) and what it is that this presentation stands in for (being-‐for-‐another).
This differentiation is the condition for the symptom to function as a symptom. In
order to be recognised as such it has to differ from the general, the normal, and the
expected. Hence, the methodologies of symptomatological practices are the ways in
which this differentiation is established through acts of simulation and appropriation
that are made visible in their character as hiding something, or pointing to something
else, generating not only attention, but also suspicion about the integrity as well as the
relevance of the subject matter when it comes to the claim of art producing
knowledge.
In analysing the 2010 exhibition Columbia – the first solo exhibition by Scottish
artist Michael Fullerton (b. 1971) at a British institution – Lütticken’s idea of
symptomatological practice will prove useful when considering the particular function
art assumes in relation to knowledge production.
Michael Fullerton’s artistic practice revolves around the notion of knowledge
production, particularly around the question of how much information about their

7
As examples Lütticken refers to Jeff Wall’s Milk (1984) or Man with a Rifle (1989), Douglas Gordon’s
video installation Hysterical (1995), and Martha Rosler’s video The Semiotics of the Kitchen (1975),
amongst others. (Lütticken, 2008)
37

subjects works of art, particularly painted portraits, can accommodate and how
meaning is constructed. As clearly hinted at by the title of his most recent show
Meaning Inc.8 at the Glasgow Print Studio in 2014 Fullerton is interested in exploring
the relationship between images, knowledge, representation and power. His artistic
practice is not limited to portraiture, and encompasses sculptures, installations
incorporating found objects, filmmaking and printmaking. His oil paintings can,
however, be considered the nucleus of his investigations into questions of meaning
and knowledge production and are the primary medium in which Fullerton works
when exploring a subject matter.
Accumulating information
In Meaning Inc. Fullerton exhibited several portraits of personalities involved in the

technology and communication industries who for one reason or another have crossed
paths with justice.9 Fullerton previously explored this line of interest in 2010 with
Columbia, a much more extensive exhibition at Chisenhale Gallery, London, for which
he assembled a total of fifteen works: eight paintings, three screen prints, one moving-‐
image work and three installations.10 Although the title of this exhibition is apparently
less instructive, it does address the exhibition as a whole in a different way. The press
release that was handed out at the entrance to the exhibition did not explain what or
who Columbia was, but stated that “Columbia serves as a guiding iconic device
throughout the exhibition, allowing Fullerton to explore concepts as various as
discovery, colonial endeavour, the machinations of power and the construction of
corporate identity” (Chisenhale Gallery, 2010a).
At first sight the exhibition space itself didn’t look to be much more than an
accumulation of many different works not instantly relatable either to one another or
to the proposed “guiding iconic device”. The installation directly opposite the gallery

8
Meaning Inc. was held from 28 June to 15 August 2014 at the first floor gallery of the Glasgow Print
Studio in Glasgow, Scotland (Meaning Inc., 2014).
9
These included Kim Dotcom, founder of the file-‐sharing website megaupload.com, for which he was
accused with "Courtesy of infringements“, or Samuel Goldwyn, founder of Goldwyn pictures, now MGM
International (Glasgow Print Studio, 2015).
10
A full list of images and their accompanying captions is supplied in the Appendix A (see pp. 289-‐301).
38

doors, the first work one encountered, drew attention to its constant beam of green
light circling and hovering over the floor. In gauging the gallery walls it seemed to be
trying to scan, monitor, and locate everything else within its scope, assuming some
sort of function for configuring and contextualising all the other works. It is only the
title of this installation, Gothic Version of the Ring Laser Gyroscope Used in Final Flight
of the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-‐107 (2010) [Figure 1] that recalls the exhibition’s
title. The lengthy caption that accompanied the work (Fullerton himself wrote this and
all the other captions for the show) explained that the title of the work referred to the
Columbia Space Shuttle that was destroyed during re-‐entry into the Earth’s
atmosphere on 1 February 2003 while returning from mission STS-‐107. The caption
also provides details of the functioning of this light as an inertial guiding system that
uses dead reckoning to calculate the orientation and velocity of a moving object,
avoiding the need for external references such as GPS or any other data.11
Contrary to expectations one might have of captions and their function in the
exhibition space – involving the provision of information about and around the
artwork in order to contextualise it – here there was no direct reference to the
installation as a work of art, but only to its apparent subject matter. The caption might
explain the work’s physical and intellectual material, but not why that is presented.
The function usually attributed to captions in the context of an exhibition is to help
with the interpretation of the information that the artist’s work present, transforming
information in the work via an interpretation of the work to knowledge about the work
(Ferguson, 1996, p. 178). With regard to this particular assumed function, captions act
as symbols of knowledge production. But this particular caption – and every caption in
this exhibition – was completely free of any reference to the artist and his intention
with the works. Instead, it read like an excerpt of information from Wikipedia, which
rather superficially than substantially satisfied the curiosity of the viewer, who was
thereby side-‐tracked from his or her lack of comprehension of the work.

11
The full caption reads as follows: “The Ring Laser Gyroscope is a device that continuously monitors the
position, velocity, and acceleration of a vehicle, usually a submarine, missile, or aeroplane, and thus
provides navigational data or control without the need for communicating with a base station. This is
characteristic of inertial guidance systems. Inertial guidance systems are self-‐referential and determine
location and orientation not from sightings of the stars or landmarks, nor from signals from the ground,
but solely from instruments carried aboard a moving craft” (Chisenhale Gallery, 2010b).
39

But if one delves deeper into this work by questioning its modes of appearance
and the relation between caption, title, and material, the following question arises:
was this machine locating and monitoring the objects and the bodies of the viewers
that moved around? Certainly the sense of being surveilled was triggered every time
the green ray of light streaked a visitor’s leg. The title raised yet another question: why
was the laser machine described as a “gothic version”? Probably because the
components of the installation – a mirror and a smoke machine on a plinth next to the
laser – could not possibly have been the real components of a ring laser gyroscope that
monitors movement in a submarine, for example. The elements of the installation
were props that simulated the functioning of an inertial guiding system, but could not
have been be mistaken for the genuine article. Its presence in the gallery space acted
within the exhibition as a symbol for a surveillance system as a mode of observation
and identification.
What emerges from the contention with Gothic Version of the Ring Laser
Gyroscope Used in Final Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-‐107 (2010) as part of
analysing the exhibition are questions that enquire into the definition and role of
information in the process of communication between artist, works and viewer, both
in relation to the exhibition in general, and to the works in particular. How much do
the works represent, or pretend to represent, the associations they have been given in
the captions or in the titles? Are the artist (by means of the captions) and the
institution (by voicing the artist’s intention so prominently in the press release) trying
to safeguard the “right” kind of interpretation of the works?
These questions seem ever more cogent when one considers the assumption
made above that Fullerton’s practice operates symptomatologically according to the
terms defined by Lütticken: artistic practices are symptomatological when their ways
of producing knowledge, such as simulation or appropriation, also offer forms of
reflection upon and critique of the very same subject matter that their practice
engages with. The task now is to define not only what the symptom is here, but also
how it functions. Could Fullerton’s practice be analysed as operating
symptomatologically when it comes to the way in which the dialogue between works
and viewer initiated and developed in the communicative space of the exhibition
assumes a knowledge-‐producing function?
40

A symptom is an effect caused by something to which it points – something that
cannot point to itself. For example, a sore throat points to an infection somewhere in
the body. The effect is to a certain extent reflexive since it points to an infection that
affects the entirety of the system in which it operates. In the case of the sore throat
that system is the whole body and its well-‐being. In the case of Fullerton, the system is
the exhibition as a space of and for communication, and it only exists in the process of
communication between works and viewer. In order to point at the elements that
form this system – information and material in works and texts – and the operations
that these elements potentially can initiate, such as dialogue, interpretation and
knowledge production – Fullerton employs a symptom as an effect that affects the
entirety of the process of communication, and thus points to it.

Figure 1
Michael Fullerton, Gothic Version of the Ring Laser Gyroscope Used in Final Flight of the Space Shuttle
Columbia STS-‐107 (2010). Mirror, laser, smoke machine, plinth; dimensions variable. Courtesy of the
artist, the photographer, Carl Freedman Gallery.

41

Figure 2
Installation view: Michael Fullerton, Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London. Photo: Andy Keate.
Courtesy of Chisenhale Gallery.

Figure 3

42

Figure 4

Figure 5

43

Figure 6
Michael Fullerton, Using Polish Technology, Alan Turing Devised a More Sophisticated Machine to
Crack ENIGMA (2010). Screen print on newsprint; 300 x 220 cm (9 panels, each 100 x 75 cm). Courtesy
of the artist, the photographer, Carl Freedman Gallery.
44

Figure 7
Michael Fullerton, Why Your Life Sucks (Alan Turing) (2010). Oil on linen; 61 x 46 cm. Courtesy of the
artist, the photographer, Carl Freedman Gallery.
45

Figure 8
Michael Fullerton, BASF Magic
Gold (2010). Pigment, plinth; 30 x
32 x 136 cm. Courtesy of the
artist, the photographer, Carl
Freedman Gallery.

Figure 9
46

The malfunction to which the symptom points has thus far been outlined in the
analysis of one particular work in the exhibition, but it can be generalised and applied
to other works in the show. The malfunction is the distorted relationship between how
the works present themselves to the viewer and the information relating to them that
is presented by the artist. The confusion regarding the relationship between works and
their accompanying information is what disturbs the process of communication that
aims to arrive at an interpretation of the work. To stay with the medical vocabulary for
a moment, the diagnosis of this malfunction refers to the exhibition as a system. It
affects the entire body of the exhibition, and its circulatory system is analogous to the
flow of communication relating the different works.
Infection as affection
The process of communication was confused from the outset and therefore affected
by an act of simulation. Fullerton was suggesting that the works were about what he
wrote in the captions. In doing so he relied on the codes of conduct generated by so
many large-‐scale retrospectives and theme-‐based or historical exhibitions in museums
all around the world: the idea that captions explain the work. But what the viewer
observed in the case of Fullerton was the symptom, the malfunction of the caption,
which did not explain the information that the work offered in the communicative
process to the viewer, but only listed information whose relevance is still awaiting
judgement. What the viewer detected was the symptom that points to the
malfunction as an effect that it itself generated.
The process of judgement starts by questioning the very elements that make for
the appearance of the symptom, such as the relationship between form and content of
the work. For example, both the screen print Using Polish Technology, Alan Turing
Devised a More Sophisticated Machine to Crack ENIGMA (2010) [Figure 6] and the
painting Why Your Life Sucks (Alan Turing) (2010) [Figure 7] depict the same person,
Alan Turing – as suggested by the title of the painting and explained in the caption of
47

the screen print.12
The large wall-‐mounted screen print on newspaper was a black-‐and-‐white
photograph of Alan Turing, slightly distorted as it consisted of nine pieces of thin
paper, while the painting portrays the figure of Alan Turing in front of a patterned
background. Both portraits are of the same person, but the differences in style and
kinds of information provided in the captions mattered a great deal when it came to
their interpretation. The screen print seemed to tell the story of a man who devoted
his life entirely to information as a commodity, its production, as well as valorisation.
The title and caption of the screen print referred to Turing as the person responsible
for cracking the Enigma code used by Germany for top-‐secret communication in World
War II. This information allowed the image on the screen print to be read in a
paradoxical fashion: while it portrays a person who mastered the concept of
deciphering, the low-‐res quality of the screen print and the distortion of the facial
features associated with the overlapping pieces of paper seem instead to actually
encode the image as a representative of a person about whom we know little more
than his profession and achievements. The painting is contextualised by its title Why
Your Life Sucks (Alan Turing) (2010) [Figure 7], which gives a more personal account of
the man. The caption describes that Turing’s apparent professional success was
contrasted by a private life that ended in suicide, due to the laws prohibiting
homosexuality. Fullerton also tells us that Turing killed himself by taking a bite out of
an apple poisoned with cyanide, and that this instant is believed to be commemorated
in the Apple Inc. logo. One might read into the depiction of the face in the painting the
tragedy of his death, and perhaps the blazing background pattern evokes aggression
triggered by legal prohibitions that are inexplicable and unacceptable from today’s
perspective.

12
The caption reads as follows: “Alan Turing is regarded as the father of modern computer science and
worked as a code breaker at Bletchley Park, home of the United Kingdom’s main decryption centre
during WW2. At that time the Germans were using a cipher machine called ENIGMA. They were
convinced that ENIGMA could not be deciphered, indeed so confident were they that they used the
code for top secret communications. Any deciphered information was so highly regarded by the British
that they code-‐named it ULTRA. Turing was the person that eventually cracked the ENIGMA code”
(Chisenhale Gallery, 2010b).
48

The process of encountering the malfunction repeats itself in the viewer’s
confrontation with the works. If one is to argue that Fullerton’s practice is
symptomatological – the idea that a symptom confuses the process of interpretation
by affecting it – the process of communication must repeat throughout the exhibition
as a pattern. As demonstrated with the above example, it is easy to understand the
fine line between observing, interpreting and attributing information. However, the
viewer’s immersion and investment into turning the pieces of information into a more
or less coherent narrative is not solely intrinsic to the work but rather emerges from
assumptions personified in the figure of the spectator of art, the person who expects
art to be not only informative, but also meaningful. However, as Diederich
Diederichsen argued, applying the Marxist theory of surplus value to contemporary
art, the “extra quality” that is searched for in art – and makes it art – is essentially a
“figure of meaninglessness” because,
it keeps something going whose constituent parts (labour, the production

and distribution of products, exchange) would already be justified in
themselves (and only in and of themselves) and therefore have no need for
further legitimation or additional constituent parts (Diederichsen, 2008, p.
23).
The discrepancy between information and experience
Fullerton is at once a seeker and a layer of tracks. As much as he provides information

and narratives and suggests various different kinds of fragmentary stories, he also
seeks to enquire into the very frameworks that surround information and enable their
contextualisation and evaluation. The veracity of this analysis becomes evident once it
is recognised that part of what Fullerton proposes as subject matter – historical
incidents, for example – is only symptomatological of what should to be read as an
investigation into the politics of information and their distribution in communication.
It is not just the provision of information but also the reliance on its evaluation
by the viewer that explains the paradox responsible for drawing the viewer into the
process of communication and making him or her complicit in it. What Fullerton
presents as information – the materiality of the works, their titles and captions – and
how the viewer relates to this information as his or her own experience of the works is
not a recipe for a consensual interpretation of the works in terms of “information plus
experience equals interpretation”. Rather, it is the discrepancy between the

49

informational and experiential components that forms the process of interpretation
from which the viewer’s enquiry into the works departs. This distinction makes the
symptom recognisable as an effect that points to the entire process of communication
as a challenge in which the viewer is asked to not simply take the information provided
for granted but to question its relevance.
Fullerton develops a rhetoric of branding that simulates and appropriates the
function that information assumes as a form of explanation within the medium of the
exhibition as a communicative space of interaction between viewer and works.13 The
artist intentionally misdirects the communication between viewer and the works. At
first the viewer is oriented by the information provided, but on further analysis of the
various elements forming the work – the visual, texts and the communication that
mediates between the two, instigated by the viewer – he or she discovers its
symptomatological character.
But what is the purpose of the viewer neglecting to equate the information
encountered with the experience made for constituting interpretation, a process that
Fullerton actively provokes? On the one hand, the impossibility of determining who or
what ‘Columbia’ is and whether there is any kind of narrative to be found in the
exhibition relating to this term could generate frustration and disinterest in any further
enquiry into the exhibition as a medium in which Fullerton’s artistic practice acts as a
vehicle of knowledge production.
On the other hand, the denial of the equation between information and
experience could itself be regarded as information pertaining to the process of
interpretation. The viewer observes the symptom as an effect and feeds back its
consequence – the malfunction of the equation between information and experience –
into the process of communication. This is when the process of interpretation
becomes self-‐reflexive, when the observations made by the viewer become material
for further observations. Consequential to the symptom as an effect that is being
recognised as affecting the communicative space of the exhibition, the process of
interpretation itself becomes a subject within the process of communication. In

13
For interactions outside the exhibition space Diederichsen speaks of the nature of advertising as
seeking to “eliminate all pre-‐existing assumptions from the act of communication ... in the interest of
reaching as many consumers as possible” (2008, p. 25).
50

communication theory terms the decision of the viewer to feed back the impossibility
of determining the subject matter of the exhibition in relation to Columbia is an
“operative selection”, 14 a result of being in communication with the work that
simultaneously conditions any further communication with and about it. Fullerton
conceptualises the audience by reversing the potential of viewing back to the
spectator as a potential of thinking about dealing with information in communication
and its subsequent process of interpretation as a production of knowledge. He
foregrounds the process of interpretation as being both the driving force for the
exhibition and its material, and this process is to be found not only in the works
themselves, but also in the processes of communication that are set in motion.
Suspicion as an attitude of interpretation
Fullerton himself describes his works as “emphasising a triangular structure: a

relationship between form, content, and the viewer, that can only be communicated
as well as interpreted when acknowledging the integrity of this relationship” (Tate
Britain, 2005). So far this analysis has focussed on the structural components that
condition the exhibition as a process and space of communication. And although I have
dealt with the content of the works when questioning the information provided in the
titles and captions that accompany the works, this analysis has been primarily limited
to questioning the form and function of these elements.
Fullerton makes the integrity of the relationship between form, content, and
viewer the subject matter of his exhibition through the symptomatological discrepancy
between information and experience for and within interpretation. Form and content
collapse into each other as Fullerton configures the element of knowledge production
in and through art in the process of viewing as communication, which is not about
consuming information, but assuming an interpretive role in its evaluation,
reconfiguration and production. The process of communication does not pursue the

14
In communication theory the term operative selection designates a decision that not only forms part
of the process of communication but is formative of it. An operation is a distinction. Operations are
what communication is made of, its elements. A selection is the decision to further look at one or the
other side of what has been distinguished. An operative selection, then, designates a specification of the
process of communication as it reduces the potential of misunderstanding, framing the process of
transformation from information via experience to knowledge. (Schützeichel, 2004, p. 379)
51

goal of contemplating the essence of the content that the works might be thought to
be proposing. Rather, it acknowledges that any understanding of the works can only
come from the relationship between form, content and viewer, which unfolds
symptomatologically in this process.
The artist speaks of a “level of self-‐awareness” that is necessary for dwelling
upon the relationship between form, content and viewer in order to think about the
integrity of the work, about the relationship between what is presented as and how it
can be differently interpreted. This self-‐awareness allows the works “to be read as
more than simple symbolic references” (Tate Britain, 2005). In the space of
communication the viewer assumes a position of understanding and testing the
integrity of the work without being subject to it. This position is made possible by an
attitude of suspicion that carries the interpretative effort all the way from the initial
encounter that questioned the relation between images and captions to distinguishing
between form and content, only to acknowledge that these distinctions collapse onto
each other.
Suspicion is understood to be an active thought, a subjective idea directed
towards a situation and conceived out of expectations and assumptions. It indicates a
mind-‐set, but the premises on which it is based (moral values, truth, integrity,
authenticity, etc) are difficult to dissect. At the same time the suspicion emerges from
those same premises, it questions their significance. Suspicion therefore functions as a
lens through which one can investigate the very registers it is built upon. This relates
closely to Lütticken’s initial definition of symptomatological practices as commenting
on the relevance of art producing knowledge by initiating a process of its denial in
order to refocus awareness on the conditions in which art can be produced (2008, p.
85).
Through his works both being about and consisting of the process of
interpretation, Fullerton incites suspicion in the viewer on the status of his works. The
discrepancy described above between information and experience leads to a
questioning of the status of the works. Are they fact or fiction? The value of the
information presented is judged by the experience of it. The viewer constantly makes
the distinction between fact and fiction, but this process is as fragile as any thinking
that attempts to categorise the information provided in the works as true or false. In
52

this state of uncertainty, thinking about the works can unfold in any possible direction,
and this generates the complexity of an exhibition whose presentation and
contextualisation resists the construction of any categorisation and remains in a state
of communication that dwells not only on what is encountered but, even more so, on
how what is encountered is dealt with through interpretation.
One particular work in the exhibition illustrates how that the act of dwelling as
an operation in the space of communication is a form of knowledge production that
takes into account the possibility of its own failure. BASF Magic Gold (2010) [Figure 8]
is a can of BASF Magic Gold pigment that has partially been spilled next to where the
can sits on a plinth. The question of what BASF Magic Gold represents can presumably
be answered rather quickly: the pigment of the same name. That is what is presented,
at least. The accompanying caption further explains the history and usage of this
pigment.15 There is an apparent convergence between how the pigment is presented
and how it is contextualised. There is no apparent trigger – in the installation itself, in
its title or in its caption – that would prompt any kind of suspicion about the work.
But in order to understand “suspicion” as a realm of enquiry into processes of
meaning and knowledge production it is important to comprehend the concept in
contrast to other concepts that might seem to operate in the same manner. An example
is “doubt”, which Descartes defined as the fundamental principle of knowledge
production, which functions to reaffirm one’s own existence.16 Later, Heidegger shifted
the idea that the purpose of doubt is to reaffirm existence but supposes that any
ontological doubt is in itself only an effect of self-‐concealment: doubt is still regarded as
the fundamental principle of knowledge production, but not as affirmation of existence.
Instead, it is a strategy for being in the world and relating to this world. The idea of an
attitude or strategy of suspicion was later established by Paul Ricoeur, who maps
suspicion not – or not exclusively – in ontological terms, but in terms of material,

15
The caption reads, “Magic Gold®, now discontinued, was part of the Variochrome® range of pigments,
which represented the cutting edge of BASF’s pigmentation technology only a few years ago. It was used
primarily in the automotive industry. When sprayed or powder coated, the pigment appears as two
different colours: gold or green” (Chisenhale Gallery, 2010b).
16
Descartes employs the so called “hyperbolical/metaphysical” doubt, a methodological skepticism that
at first repudiates any ideas while subsequently reaffirming them for securing a solid foundation for
knowledge production. This methodology, also known as Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am),
makes knowledge production an affirmation of existence. (Descartes, 2006, p. 16)
53

themes, images, and registers such as truth, knowledge and significance.
Over against interpretation as restoration of meaning we shall oppose

interpretation according to what I collectively call the school of suspicion. A
general theory of interpretation would thus have to account not only for
the opposition between two interpretations of interpretation, the one as
recollection of meaning, the other as reduction of the illusions and lies of
consciousness; but also for the division and scattering that differ from one
another and are even foreign to one another ... After the doubt about
things, we have started to doubt consciousness (Ricoeur, 1970, p. 35).
Here, suspicion is not synonymous with doubt in the Cartesian sense. Ricoeur
regards suspicion as an exercise of interpretation that circumvents meaning while
providing an alternative to its simple restoration or recollection: what is to be
witnessed is a composition of ideas that only exist in the format of their exploration,
founded in the materiality of the works that incite a form of projection onto the works
that is fictional and of a provisional nature in relation to the realm of the real. This
proposition can be applied in full to Fullerton’s exhibition and the way in which the
viewer relates to the works when it comes to testing the character of their
contribution to the production of knowledge in the exhibition space. The ideas are
projected onto the information (titles and captions) as well as onto the materiality of
the works (paint, pigments, paper, etc.) but the exploration they trigger only operates
in communication within the discursive sphere of the exhibition.
This circumvention of meaning, which Ricoeur identifies as a methodology of
suspicion, is also what Lütticken identifies as a characteristic of symptomatological
practices (2008). In this context the production of knowledge is first and foremost the
production of a space for thinking, one for which the potential of its unproductivity
remains, paradoxically, a characteristic of its productivity. In other words, although we
don’t know what Columbia is or means, or what it stands for, we know that the
interaction with this very question triggers a process of communication that generates
knowledge pertaining to the ways in which the medium of the exhibition is a space of
communication, and how the process of interpretation sits and acts within it.
54

Unproductive production
Investigations into the process of communication in the discursive space of Fullerton’s

exhibition presented an array of structural concerns for the dialogue between works
and viewer, and for the function the artist assumes as a producer and generator within
that dialogue. However, the role of the artist as producer and its distinction from the
role of the curator as generator or facilitator of modes of production need to be
considered further in relation to the claim that art produces knowledge.
In both the art world and academia, thinking and making are often
conceptualised as producing a result: a work of art, an exhibition or a text is
considered a valid outcome that can then be interpreted to produce another outcome
in the format of an opinion whose contingent character is often overlooked. The status
of these examples as results is very questionable – as is their quality, it should be said.
Instead of results of thinking or making, they should be regarded as instigators of these
processes. Critic and curator Simon Sheikh refers to this structural and functional
understanding when pointing out the condition for knowledge production in, with and
through art:
we should learn from those structures as spaces of experience, as

discursive spaces, and simultaneously remain critical of the
implementation of its productive features, maintaining a notion of
unproductive time and space within exhibition venues. We have to move
beyond knowledge production into what we can term spaces for thinking
(Sheikh, 2008a, p. 196).
Fullerton’s exhibition is just such a space of production, one that unfolds while
moving beyond the idea of knowledge production, circumventing the danger of
aligning information with knowledge and pointing towards the space of
communication itself, where thinking takes the form of doubting – of suspecting the
forms of knowledge that it is expected to produce. But unlike Sheikh I would like to
maintain the term “knowledge production” as the element for which the exhibition
generates the conditions by pointing to the communicative space of the exhibition and
the functioning of the relationship between works and viewer within it. Sheikh would
negate this approach since for him thinking and knowledge are not equivalent:
“whereas knowledge is circulated and maintained through a number of normative
practices – disciplines as it were – thinking is here meant to imply networks of
indiscipline, lines of flight, and utopian questionings” (Sheikh, 2008a, p. 196). Although

55

knowledge may well have been objectified and institutionalised, the way in which
Sheikh characterises thinking as indiscipline and utopian questioning is no less
instrumentalising. I therefore argue that knowledge and thinking do indeed share the
same structural conception despite the ways in which their productivity has been
regularised. In structural terms, knowledge and thinking are processual, yet not
unbound; they develop within structures to which they respond, affirming or denying
them. What I am interested in here is the parallel development of structures and
processes of communication, which describes thinking both as a framework for
knowledge production and as an activity within and of knowledge production. More
precisely, it is a particular material activity in the sense that the thinking process
developed not only derives from, but also entirely depends on the relations produced
between the different works, their material dispositions and placement within the
exhibition. This is a simultaneous process of creation and course of action that requires
not only the production of thinking, but also the concscious performance of this
production process in the space of the exhibition. This takes place as a dialectical
juxtaposition between the information perceived and their contextualisation within
the sphere of experience of each individual visitor to the exhibition, triggered by the
material dispositions of the works and their contextualisation by their accompanying
captions. These material dispositions are first and foremost relational as they
themselves are the material, which is the substance for the thinking process geared
towards the production of meaning. In this sense, what characterises Fullerton’s
practice is the concurrent formation of thinking as well as of the means by which it
takes place. Through an exploration into the myriad different associations with the
term Columbia the artist juxtaposes information and experience in such a way that
their equation for the process of interpretation becomes impossible. This requires the
viewer to direct an attitude of suspicion at the very process of interpretation and its
functioning in the communicative space of the exhibition. It allows for a distancing
from the specific information and context (which is dealt with differently in each work)
and lets this enquiry move towards the essence of the conditions of knowledge
production in contemporary art, which are our assumptions and expectations
surrounding it. Fullerton’s practice is described as symptomatological with regard to
provoking a shift from producing knowledge to questioning the conditions of
56

knowledge production. This furthers Lütticken’s understanding of symptomatological
practices commenting on their own ways of knowledge production as offering forms of
reflection and critique over the very subject matter with which it is dealt with
(Lütticken, 2008).
Exhibition rhetorics
The subject matter of Fullerton’s exhibition is the politics of knowledge production and
the communicative space of the exhibition as its medium. Defining the space of the
exhibition as a medium, a vehicle of knowledge production, is by no means a new idea.
As Bruce W. Ferguson, Reesa Greenberg and Sandy Nairne defined in the introduction
to one of curating’s most seminal books, Thinking about Exhibitions, “exhibitions are
the primary site of exchange in the political economy of art, where signification is
constructed, maintained and occasionally deconstructed” (1996, p. 2). But Fullerton’s
exhibition goes beyond pointing to this characteristic of the exhibition space. His
practice plays with the fact that fifteen years after Thinking About Exhibitions was
published, the exhibition as a medium of knowledge production has been internalised
and taken for granted, in accordance with a specific rhetoric that institutionalises the
move from the construction to the deconstruction of meaning first discussed by Bruce
Ferguson in his 1996 essay “Exhibition Rhetorics: material speech and utter sense”.
Fullerton challenges the understanding of an exhibition as the medium of
contemporary art “in the sense of being its main agency of communication – the body
and voice from which an authoritative character emerges” (Ferguson, 1996, p. 175).
My analysis of his exhibition highlights its material register. The way in which the
process of communication functions within the exhibition is not one that enables the
emergence of authority. Due to the symptomatological character of Fullerton’s
practice, suspicion emerges as a critical attitude towards affirming any authoritative
relationship between the exhibition and the art that it presents or the viewer. The
artist’s practice thus impinges on the methodologies of perception and technologies of
inspection that Ferguson still argues are the domain of the institution or the curator,
and not emerging from the authority of the artist or the artwork itself. While Ferguson
proposes conceiving of the exhibition as a communicative space, a “speech
environment” (1996, p. 183) that is administered by the institution or the curator,

57

Fullerton reconfigures this definition by showing not only how art serves the exhibition
as its very element of speech, but also how speech – communication – emerges from
the dialogical relationship between objects, actors and spaces. In and for this
relationship the material dispositions of the exhibition – the works, their placement,
their contextualisation in captions or accompanying leaflets, etc. – become effective in
shaping the social relations that emerge from the curated encounter.
This is what Boris Groys calls the “politics of installation”, which in their
functioning are independent of their origin in terms of who set them in place, the
artist, the curator, or the institution (Groys, 2010). The politics of installation at stake
in Fullerton’s exhibition proposed and simultaneously relied on communication as the
motor activity of the social sphere. Fullerton draws attention to the space and process
of communication in and for the exhibition as a medium of knowledge production.
Groys describes the methodology of the creation of such an exhibition space as the
politics of installation, which defines the conditions and strategies determining the
exhibition in its spatial form and relationship with the public. The installation artwork
thereby “installs everything that usually circulates in our civilization: objects, texts,
films, etc.” It relates directly to the social sphere, operating “by means of a
privatization of the public space of the exhibition” (2010, p. 55). Here, Groys contrasts
Ferguson’s claims that in instigating and affirming the process of knowledge
production in the exhibition space the institution is acting as the representative of the
public. On the contrary, believes Groys, writing that the artist imposes his sovereign
will upon the space and acts in an authorial way, which has previously been reserved
for the role of the curator in placing artworks of all mediums in the eye of the public
(2010, p. 58). The material of which the installation is conceived is already part of or
originating in the social sphere, for which a relation to it established by a curator or the
institution becomes redundant.
The way in which Fullerton, in Groys’ terminology, “designed” the exhibition can
be described in such terms – as explored above when discussing Fullerton’s imposition
of art producing knowledge in the way he intersects texts and images in the exhibition.
Fullerton takes absolute control over supposed curatorial arenas, such as the strategic
58

display of the works in the exhibition 17 as a form of their presentation and the
simultaneous attempt to offer their explanation through lengthy written captions.18
But Fullerton only takes up these commonly deemed curatorial tasks in order to point
to the malfunction of the ways in which we assume knowledge is produced by means
of generating art’s visualisation and visibility.
The artistic installation – in which the act of art production coincides with
the act of its presentation – becomes the perfect experimental terrain for
revealing and exploring the ambiguity that lies at the core of the Western
notion of freedom (Groys, 2010, p. 57).
The different kinds of freedom to which Groys points are the “sovereign,
unconditional, publicly irresponsible freedom of art-‐making, and the institutional,
conditional, publicly responsible freedom of curatorship” (2010, p. 58). Although I
agree with this distinction, I would like to argue that this is not one that is embedded
in the nature of art making or curatorship, but rather a question of what function is
attributed to the different practices. Groys himself claims that from the perspective of
the viewer the space of the installation invites the visitor to “experience this space as
the holistic, totalizing space of an artwork” (2010, p. 56). The distinction between
artistic practice and curatorship is not one to be found within the installation as the
exhibition space, but one that determines the installation as a marked space in relation
to the unmarked public space. This is the function of the installation, one that applies
as much to artistic practice as to how curators work with space, because it is a strategy
of display, a methodology of determination incorporating the possibility of its own
disruption. Groys’ politics of installation have the effect of assisting the viewer in
“reflecting upon their own condition, offering them an opportunity to exhibit
themselves to themselves” (2010, p. 63). The viewer assumes ownership over the
process of communication, which as an activity is not yet targeted at another form of

17
I am referring here to my earlier description of Michael Fullerton’s Gothic Version of the Ring Laser
Gyroscope Used in Final Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-‐107 (2010) at the entrance to the
exhibition space [Figure 1]. See p. 42.
18
Ferguson explicitly describes the function of captions (labels) in an exhibition as “always didactic”,
instrumentalising their function of providing “empirical information” to express “an opinion” (Ferguson,
1996, p. 178). Fullerton points to this shift while some of his captions do solely provide information but
are unrelated to the work on view, and others express an opinion, which makes their supposed didactic
function obvious.
59

knowledge production in terms of interpretation as an evaluative judgement of a
work, but is set up as a recursive feedback loop that independently organises the way
in which art can produce knowledge.
The strategy of communication that Fullerton incited has been found to bring
about a particular relationship between artworks and viewers in the space of the
exhibition that rests on materialising the relationship between information, meaning,
and experience in a way that such relationship generates sociality not as a mere
outcome, but as its core substance. This, in turn, demands a complex agency of
spectatorship with regard to the ideological realm from which it emerges. This realm
was put into question particularly as a source of judgement and interpretation by
calling attention to the blurring of boundaries between fact and fiction, causing
suspicion to emerge as a critical tool for addressing the exhibition’s potential of
communicability as a source of knowledge production.
The heterotopic quality of the exhibition space
The communicative space of the exhibition that Fullerton creates and invites the
viewer to partake in can be described as “heterotopic”, in accordance with Michel
Foucault’s explorations of Heterotopias as spaces that reflect the cultural and social
structure of society in ways that are neither totally reproductive nor imaginary. Rather,
these spaces “have the curious property of being in relation with all other sites, but in
such a way as to suspect, neutralise, or invert the set of relations that they happen to
designate, mirror, or reflect” (2002, p. 231).
In Fullerton’s exhibition the blurring of boundaries between fact and fiction
results from the back-‐and-‐forth feedback loop the viewer uses to deal with the
relationships between works, their accompanying captions and her or his own position
as spectator of the exhibition emerging from a particular socially, culturally and
politically conditioned ideological realm. Foucault describes this space as in and of
itself heterogeneous, “a set of relations that delineates sites which are irreducible to
one another and absolutely not superimposable on one another” (2002, p. 231). But
Foucault is specifically interested in those sites that can enter a relation with any other
(ideological) space by suspecting, neutralising, or inverting the set of relations they
define and by which they are also defined. In this sense the Fullerton exhibition can be

60

described as a Heterotopia. The patterns being suspected, neutralised, and inverted
were those of perception, interpretation, and communication through which what is
outside of it conditions spectatorship in the space of the exhibition. By generating
suspicion regarding the customary rules and forms of behaviour with regard to
spectatorship and communication between viewer, works, and their contextualisation,
Fullerton creates a space that is heterotopic in the sense that it has a self-‐referential
quality. He incites the viewer to perform a blurring of boundaries between fact and
fiction, actual and imaginary accounts of history, experience and invention. However,
the self-‐referentiality of this project geared towards the generation and sustenance of
suspicion allows one to question whether the penetration of both the concept of the
real and of the imaginary in the heterotopic space, a space that is illusionary yet also
material, is directed towards the dissolution of one in the other, or if it is merely an
example of metafiction. Simply posing such a question fully explores the potential of
the exhibition space’s communicability, regardless of whether what is communicated
is clearly identified as pertaining to an a posteriori constructed or an a priori
conditioned ideological realm.
Such distinctions refer not only to the exhibition space’s potential for
communicability, but also to what is potentially communicable in it. This addresses not
so much processes of communication, but matters of interpretation and the question
of how meaning is produced in exhibitions in a way that assumes relevance not only in
and for the space of the exhibition, but also outside of it. The heterotopic quality of
the exhibition space in this sense is that it can dismiss (though not ignore) concepts of
linearity and chronology in terms of knowledge production and refer to an experience
of the world whose simultaneity can be spatially explored through forms of
connections and intersections. As such the exhibition space is a place within society,
but simultaneously outside it, countering the structures and patterns social relations
rely upon and thus questioning the ideological realms from which it is built.

61

The Potosí Principle
The following analysis of the The Potosí Principle exhibition furthers the investigation
into the communicability of the exhibition space in terms of the ways in which
meaning and knowledge are produced, and how a relation between the ideological
realm of the exhibition and the no less ideological realm outside the exhibition, is built
and negotiated in the communicative space of the exhibition, which has a particular
material quality.
At the beginning of the analysis of Fullerton’s exhibition Sven Lütticken’s remarks
on the differences between artistic research and academic knowledge production19
produced a set of questions on the nature of knowledge production in artistic practices
versus the academic realm that were fruitful for situating the analysis of Fullerton’s
exhibition as one concerned with the question how knowledge is produced. The Potosí
Principle: How Can We Sing the Song of the Lord in an Alien Land? (2010/2011)
exhibition was curated by Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann and Max-‐Jorge Hinderer
at the Haus der Kulturen der Welt (HKW) in Berlin from 8 October 2010 to 2 January
2011. 20 On the one hand it can be discussed as an exhibition whose curatorial
proposition furthers this discussion on knowledge production, continuing to dwell on
the question of how processes of knowledge production come about within the
framework of the exhibition. On the other hand it is also relevant for considering the
question why particularly art as a form of cultural production is an important realm for
the production of knowledge and the elicitation of meaning, particularly in the context
of the “pursuit of not just transdisciplinarity, but really unframed knowledge, where
bits of knowledge re-‐singularise themselves with other bits of knowledge in order to
produce and constitute new subjects in the world", which is how Irit Rogoff described
the virtue of knowledge production in The Potosí Principle (Bismarck and Rogoff, 2012,
p. 31).

19
See pp. 36-‐39.
20
The exhibition was firstly shown at Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, before
travelling to Berlin and then to the Museo Nacional de Arte and Museo Nacional de Etnografía y
Folklore, La Paz, Bolivia.
62

The exhibition takes as its departure point the history of the city of Potosí that in
the seventeenth century formed part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and was one of the
largest cities in the world. At the time it was famous for its extensive silver mining on
the local Cerro Rico mountain – the city is still dependent upon this industry to this
day. But the history of Potosí as addressed in the exhibition is about much more than
silver mining. It explores issues such as colonial rule, exploitation of labour,
accumulation of capital, missionary work and mass production of images, to name only
a few starting points that led the curators to conceive an exhibition aiming to trace the
parallels in the circulation of money and art from the early days of modernity until the
present day.
We originally named the project Inversión Modernidad, in order to prompt

a revision of the concept of Modernity – long overdue in the art world –
and to place this term in its colonial context (in Spanish inversión means
both inversion and investment). At issue here was whether the historical
relationship of artistic production can be projected onto the present as the
regalia of a state or as legitimacy for colonial pillage, plunder and genocide,
and whether there is a connection between the function of colonial
painting and that assumed by the art system in conferring legitimacy upon
globalization’s new elites (Creischer et al., 2010b, p. 12).
Together with scholar Max-‐Jorge Hinderer, artists Alice Creischer and Andreas
Siekmann produced an exhibition that takes the production of meaning in the
exhibition arena as its subject matter. They articulate their position as curators as
necessitating a fascinating and exhaustive search in both an academically

deformed historiography and in an exhibition industry, which – in the era
of event marketing – has outsourced both its responsibility for mediating
meaning and context, and its own political memory and archival storage
(Creischer et al., 2010b, pp. 12-‐13).
The exhibition showed a series of colonial paintings originating from Potosí in
Bolivia and from other locations in South America, together with especially
commissioned works of contemporary art that were conceived in response and
reaction to the historical works. These were exhibited within a dense web of curator-‐
articulated explanations, comments and references – both of a literal and figurative
nature – to construct an overall interpretative context that confronted the viewer in
the exhibition space. The strong relationship between the works and their installation
was reinforced by the exhibition guide, which recommended several routes
throughout the exhibition, thereby engineering the experience of the exhibition space

63

into a collection of narratives21.
The following analysis will first of all describe the exhibition in order to reveal the
different layers of interpretation that are at play in the exhibition from the viewpoint
of both the curators and the viewers. Subsequently there will be discussion of
interpretation as an elicitation of meaning being a form of knowledge production.

21
The respective pages outlining the first route through the exhibition from the exhibition guide
(Creischer et al., 2010a) are to be found in the Appendix B (see pp. 302-‐310).
64

Figure 10
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. View
from the foyer looking at the entrance of the Exhibition Hall at the far back. Foreground: Ines
Doujak, Witches (2010). This series of sculptures conceived in relation to the painting Muerte
(1739) by Maestro de Caquiaviri was not granted permission to travel to the exhibition venues.
Background: The view from the entrance into the exhibition hall is blocked by the silver pencil
drawings by Quirin Bäumler, El Infierno de Caquiaviri (2010) and La Muerte de Caquiaviri (2010),
modelled on the original paintings. Photo: Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

Figure 11
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany.
View from the top of the stairs entering the Exhibition Hall. Photo: Sebastian Boelsch. Courtesy
Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

65

Figure 12
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Quirin
Bäumler, El Infierno de Caquiaviri (2010). Silver pencil drawing on transparent foil; 317 x 765 cm.
Photo: Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

Figure 13
Installation view: The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Detail of
Quirin Bäumler, El Infierno de Caquiaviri (2010). Silver pencil drawing on transparent foil; 317 x 765
cm. Photo: Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.
66

Figure 14
Detail from the exhibition guide of The Potosí Principle (Creischer et al., 2010a) suggesting a route for
the viewer to follow through the exhibition. Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany.
67

Figure 15

Figure 15 – 16
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Eduardo
Molinari, The Soy Children (2010). Installation, drawings, collages, photographs. At the centre of the
installation is the anonymous painting Imposición de la Casulla a San Ildefonso (17th c.). Photo:
Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.
68

Figure 17
Lucas Valdés, Milagroso de San Francisco de Paula (ca. 1710). Oil on canvas; 90 x 117.5 cm.
Courtesy of Museo de Bellas Artes, Seville, Spain.

Figure 18
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. The Karl
Marx School of English Language, David Riff and Dmitry Gutov, The Rosy Dawn of Capital (2010).
Installation in a closed space with oil paintings on canvas and audio installation. View of the small
chamber in which the reading from Marx’s Capital was streamed. Photo: Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy
of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

69

Figure 19
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Gaspar
Miguel de Berrío, Descripción del Cerro Rico e Imperial Villa de Potosí (1758). Oil on canvas; 182 x 262
cm. Photo: Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

Figure 20
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. De
Berrío’s painting is installed on a freestanding wall whose reverse side is used to project Harun
Farocki’s video The Silver and the Cross (2010), which directly relates to the De Berrío painting. On the
right and above it can be seen Dubai – Expanded Horizons: Re-‐enactment of a press conference / music
performance (2009) by Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann and Christian von Borries. Photo: Sebastian
Bolesch. Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

70

Figure 21
Installation view of The Potosí Principle (2010). Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. At the
right hand side, the reverse side of the wall on which is hung Berrío’s painting installation functions as
a projection booth for Harun Farocki’s video The Silver and the Cross (2010). Behind it and above it can
be seen Dubai – Expanded Horizons: Re-‐enactment of a press conference / music performance (2009)
by Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann and Christian von Borries. Photo: Sebastian Bolesch. Courtesy of
Haus der Kulturen der Welt.

Figure 22
Video still from Harun Farocki’s The Silver and the Cross (2010). Two-‐channel video installation, colour,
sound, 17 min. Courtesy of the artist and Ángels Barcelona, Spain.
71

The principle of accumulation
The HKW exhibition was held predominantly in the exhibition hall, with selected works
also being shown outside in the garden and the upper foyer. Upon entering the
exhibition hall the notion of disturbance was prominent. From the top of the stairs
that lead into the exhibition hall the room appeared to be an amalgamation of images
and pictorials covering over every level – hanging from the ceiling, mounted on the
walls, pasted on the floor and installed in the middle of the space. The question of how
to engage with the plethora of visual impressions related not only to the exhibition as
a whole, but also to the presentation of individual works. While descending the stairs
to access the exhibition hall the viewer observes the reverse of one of two large
transparent pictures (Bäumler, 2010) [Figure 12; 13], silver point drawings modelled on
eighteenth century church paintings and engravings. Even though the original
paintings and drawings were physically absent from the exhibition – one can only
begin to imagine the complex and ultimately unsuccessful negotiations for loaning the
historic works from South America – their transparent rendering emphasised even
more their importance for beginning to understand The Potosí Principle. One has to
pay close attention and make an effort to decipher what they depict. The exhibition
guide written by the curators describes one as a drawing of a completely preserved
painting from the church of Caquiaviri from 1739, part of a picture ensemble depicting
postrimerías, death, the Final Judgement and hell:
The picture consists of two highly dissimilar parts. Right at the top, people
are depicted strolling through an idyllic landscape in broad daylight and
being fished out of it with rods and thrown directly into hell by devils. The
legality of torture, the equivalence of torture to sins, the equality in law of
cardinals, princes, and popes in the cooking pot – all this is merely a brief
distraction from the massiveness of power detached from legality, which
without reason can draw people from the landscape into torture. When we
look at the picture, we cannot forget that Caquiaviri was a transportation
hub of the silver and copper trade, that the cacique, the community
authority, held shares in the mines of Potosí 1000 kilometers away
(Creischer et al., 2010b, p. 21).
The curators go on to explain that the cacique was held responsible by the
Spanish colonial power for recruiting indigenous people throughout the entire region
for forced labour in the mines. The recruitment began at the ports, where the slaves

72

were baptised in the presence of depictions of postrimerías.
Baptism and showing hell thus constitute one and the same moment. The
anthropologist Michael Taussig described the role of terror as a mediator
par excellence regarding colonial hegemony. It opens up a space in which
the arbitrariness of the colonizer prevails as unrestrictedly as the power of
hell. These spaces have a long and rich tradition, and their signifiers mingle
with those of the conquered. Yet these signifiers do not function correctly,
for the arbitrariness of power aims at obliterating meaning. Taussig
transfers this destruction of meaning to the same disarrangement between
ourselves and commodities (Creischer et al., 2010b, p. 21).
The reverse of the other drawing features images of a series of etchings that
originate from Peru and were made in 1705, inspired by a famous treatise from the
Spanish Jesuit Eusebio de Nierembert, whose publication Diferencia entre lo temporal
y lo eterno (On death, purgatory, hell and the final judgement) was an important tool
for missionaries in the communities of Peru. The curators compare the methods of
torture depicted in the etchings to Naomi Klein’s descriptions of the development of
shock therapy in 1960s psychiatry to obliterate and erase parts of human psyche in
order to reinstall it. (Creischer et al., 2010b, pp. 20-‐24)
On many more occasions the curators directly paired historic images with
contemporary references in order to demonstrate a relationship between the history
of Potosí and today’s cultural and economic landscape. This is prolific in two ways:
referring to the problems of neoliberal rule reveals a contemporary relevance to Potosí
while the historic images serve to spotlight certain issues in contemporary politics. This
practice of storytelling is highly suggestive and works by association, both visually and
figuratively. From the perspective of the viewer this practice might initially seem
arbitrary and conditioned by a set of political and cultural attitudes that had not been
explicitly disclosed. However, the unfolding narrative is no less intriguing and invites
the viewer, particularly because of the clashing accumulation of visual impressions and
intellectual references, to draw their own references and build associations.
Staying on the recommended first course through the exhibition [Figure 14] the
viewer was led to a wall of documents, drawings and photographs resting above a
series of washing machines documenting the cultivation of genetically modified soy in
Argentina, an activity that grew exponentially following the country’s economic crisis
in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The Soy Children installation (2010) [Figure 15; 16]
by Argentinian artist Eduardo Molinari focuses especially on the role of local children

73

that are hired to run between the plants and wave flags that signal to the planes
where they should drop more pesticides in order to maximise the soy production.
While the soy business, not just an Argentinian phenomenon, but a transnational
industry across Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, brings wealth to the region and
employment to the parents of these children, the long-‐term effects of exposing
families to the highly toxic chemicals used to cultivate the soy, which have polluted the
entire area, are just beginning to show. Here, the artist is responding to Imposición de
la casulla a San Ildefonso, an anonymous painting from the seventeenth century that
at its bottom shows an immaculate garden cared for by monks, who, looking up,
imagine themselves in a heaven guarded by Mary, who is depicted giving an
embellished coat to Saint Ildefonso, a defender of the dogma of Immaculate
Conception. Apart from the fact that one can draw a direct parallel between the
exposure of children in Argentina to chemicals and the indigenous workers who had to
walk directly on the on mercury poured over pulverised mountain stone to speed up
the amalgamation process, the parallel that Molinari draws is that the end product is
loved and valued beyond all else, including life itself. The curators present this work in
a narrative around the status of the commodity. Next to Molinari’s installation there is
a small booth in which extracts from Karl Marx’s Capital (Chapter 31: Genesis of the
Industrial Capitalist) are read out in English with a strong Russian accent.
The discovery of gold and silver in America, the extirpation, enslavement,
and entombment in mines of the aboriginal population, the beginning of
the conquest and looting of the east Indies, the turning of Africa into a
warren for the commercial hunting of black-‐skins, signalized the rosy dawn
of the era of capitalist production (Marx, 1867).
In the installation, perhaps every second word was interrupted by American
pronunciation corrections, and at one point a heated discussion on the contemporary
political relevance of the text gets so loud that a picture hanging outside the little
chamber starts to tremble. Retratro Milagroso de San Francisco de Paula is a work by the
Spanish painter Lucas Valdés and dates from around 1710 [Figure 17]. It shows an
artist’s atelier in which the artist is lying potentially dead or unconscious on the floor
while an angel has taken his seat in front of the painting of the cleric in order to finish it.
This painting, which comes from Seville and not from the viceroyalty of
Peru, was an initial spark as well as an ongoing provocation in our project.
We speculated that the painter was just receiving a visit from an officer

74

ordered by the government of the heavens to supervise the accuracy of the
depiction and correct the work. It shows an impotent artistic praxis that
can no more oppose divine power than it can take a stand against a
historical process – such as, for example, that of primitive accumulation
(Creischer et al., 2010b, p. 117).
The audio installation The Rosy Dawn of Capital (2010) [Figure 18] located in the
small chamber is a work by The Karl Marx School of English Language initiated by David
Riff and Dmitry Gutov, and was conceived to relate directly to the painting. In a letter
to Dmitry Gutov, David Riff interprets the role of the angel looking at the dead or
unconscious painter in the image as follows:
The angel is a censor, but more, a figure of art’s total desubjectification: a
divine agency, a totality, an utterly foreign force. ... The individual – even
when he or she is stripped bare of everything – still has possession of his
‘soul’ and his innate capacity to work in a virtuosic manner, which he can
then alienate or sell to some passing angel who will suck him dry,
consuming and disposing of him as material, but material has a name, a
slave recognized by his master. A slave with the basic human right to be
expended (Creischer et al., 2010b, p. 118).
Describing some of the works and their contextualisation serves first of all to give
an impression of the exhibition, even though it is near impossible to put into words the
experience of the juxtaposition of colonial images with contemporary works,
surrounded as they were by the graphic design the curators chose to accompany the
images in order to indicate their place in the exhibition and reference in the guide.
There were barely any plates or captions directly accompanying the images anywhere
in the exhibition, reflecting a conscious choice made by the curators. Instead, cards
resembling hotel “Do Not Disturb” signs were used for numbering works. Each colonial
work got a black number on a white background while each contemporary response
got the same number in white number on a black background. The whole sign is
turned upside down. The works were thus tagged to indicate their placement in the
various narratives outlined in the exhibition guide to be followed as routes through the
show. The guide provided the actual details of the works (title, artist, and place of
origin) within a pictogram of a suitcase on a conveyor belt. 22 This icon can be

22
For examples of the graphical language accompanying the exhibition please see Appendix B on pp.
302-‐310.
75

interpreted as referring to both the status of the work as a travelling object and of
having been “packaged” into a certain context.
It is possible to interpret in a variety of ways the initial impression of the
exhibition as an endless accumulation of juxtaposing visual sensations cast in a dense
framework of references – historical and contemporary, aesthetic and intellectual.
From the perspective of what the visitor to the exhibition is given to work with
The Potosí Principle could not differentiate more from Fullerton’s exhibition. There is
no doubt as to how the various pieces of information fit together. There is no necessity
to construct narratives – in fact, their presence is so strong that a large amount of the
viewer’s investment in the exhibition goes into comprehending them. The
combinations of different artworks in the context of their installation producing
different narratives might appear as equally fragmentary, yet they all have a common
denominator: the Potosí Principle. More evident in the Spanish than the English
translation, the title Principio Potosí hints at the complexity of the different levels of
interpretation that the viewer is confronted with and invited to partake in. The Spanish
word principio means both “principle” and “beginning”. The silver from Potosí
contributes significantly to the primitive accumulation made possible by the
emergence of capitalism in Europe. In this respect, Potosí is not only a beginning but
also a principle that defines our society. Especially the colonial images fulfil a dual
function in terms of their role in the process of communication with the viewer. They
are simultaneously carriers and generators of meaning. On the one hand they depict
something very specific and are interpreted on their own terms of production and
derivation. On the other hand, particularly for the contemporary artists who produced
works in response to them, they generate a process of interpretation that goes far
beyond their historical context.
This process of interpretation is twofold. The meaning of the work that is derived
from its historical context is overshadowed by a production of meaning attributed to
the historical work by the artist that chooses this work as a form of inspiration for the
production or installation of his or her own contemporary work. However, in the
process of communication unfolding between works and viewer in the exhibition this
meaning is solely communicated in the form of the contemporary work. Only when
consulting the catalogue’s interviews or text was it on occasion communicated in a
76

more direct way, either by quoting the artist or describing his or her intentions. To
better understand in what way the historical works were both a generator as well as
carrier of meaning, it serves to look at one additional example. Gaspar Miguel de
Berrío’s 1758 painting Descripción del Cerro Rico e Imperial Villa de Potosí [Figure 19,
20] is exhibited on the rear of a wall onto which Harun Farocki’s eighteen-‐minute film
The Silver and the Cross (2010) is projected [Figure 21; 22]. Their proximity in the
exhibition installation at the far back of the exhibition hall is only a first indication of
the high level of proximity that Farocki spent familiarising himself not only with
Berrío’s work but also the whole history of Potosí and the subject of colonialism. Even
when looking back and forth between the painting and the projection, the detailed
level of observation that Farocki gained while having spent days with the painting can
never be gained by the viewer. As such the viewer is intended for failing to interpret
the painting with the same scrutiny. Such failure is precisely the very subject matter of
Farocki’s work. The painting shows a top view of Potosí and its surrounding mountain
landscape. The industrial city’s blocks of houses at the foot of Cerro Rico Mountain are
meticulously painted. Street life is depicted between the houses, with a wedding, a
funeral, an animal being slaughtered, and other scenes. The clothes worn by the
figures hint at their social status. What the painting doesn’t show is the mining, let
alone any sign of the severe working conditions in the mine. Instead it shows only the
wealth of the industrial city in the midst of the barren mountainous landscape – its
infrastructure – not its source. Farocki’s film worked against this invisibility, the
curators claim, and also contextualised the picture through its reference to Adam
Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, which describes how an invisible hand creates wealth.
It was first published in 1776, eighteen years after the picture was painted (Creischer
et al., 2010b, p. 36). The film is a video essay in which the artist both handles the
painting itself and uses a detailed analysis of what it does and – especially – does not
show to explore the European colonization process and the ways power was exerted
over the indigenous population. The film was shot on location at the Museo Colonial
Charcas in Sucre, home to Berrío’s painting, and in Potosí. In long shots Farocki focuses
in on the painting to reveal the meticulous details, enabling the viewer to appreciate
the painting in far more detail than would be possible by viewing at the original.
Farocki’s work is at once an interpretation of the painting and an interpretative tool for
77

approaching it – with the process of interpretation being the very subject matter of the
work. The viewer’s gaze is somewhat anticipated by Farocki’s approach to investigating
the painting in great detail, particularly because the film never reveals an overtly
explanatory, interpretive attitude. Exemplarily for the whole exhibition the relation
between the two works and their contextualisation by the curators reveals an
interpretative process in which the viewer is by no means the final link in the chain.
Quite the opposite, the viewer acts as an agent for establishing a process of
communication via a material register of the exhibition, which can transgress the
dichotomy between form and material, theory and practice, as well as fact and fiction.
This has an enabling potential towards the role with which history is approached from
a contemporary viewpoint: not so much as a linear series of events whose cultural
function is fixed by their chronological order, but as an accumulation of experiences
that shape today’s understanding of culture as a process of materialisation and
symbolisation of sense within the production of knowledge as a continuous work in
progress.
As in the Fullerton exhibition, in terms of communication in The Potosí Principle
exhibition the process of interpretation is the common denominator for everything
and everyone involved in the exhibition: artworks, curators, artists and, of course, the
visitors. Given the almost dictatorial style in which the curators wrote the
accompanying guide, one might assume that there is not much room for interpretation
when it comes to the tight weave of references that the curators proposed in order to
contextualise the artworks. I would argue that the opposite is true: the high density of
historical information and intellectual references provided by either the curators or
the participating artists (Farocki, for example) when juxtaposed with the ever-‐present
question about the contemporary relevance of this information, turns the viewer’s
investigative interest onto the process of interpretation itself, which is certainly
motivated by the curators’ and artists’ own interpretive processes (Creischer et al.,
2010b, p. 3).
Even though in a totally different context and by very different means, the
analysis of the role and function of the communicative process in Fullerton’s exhibition
also holds true for The Potosí Principle: both the curators and the artists seek to
enquire into what surrounds the information presented to them in the colonial works,
78

for example, and enable their contextualisation and evaluation by employing the
material forces an exhibition can put forward through mechanisms of display including
the juxtaposition of different narratives. In a similar way to Fullerton, the narratives
surrounding historical incidents are symptomatological of what is in fact an
investigation into the politics of interpretation and their production of meaning.
Different levels of interpretation therefore emerge from the works and the exhibition
as a whole, contributing to a process of meaning production that generates the
contemporary relevance the curators speak of in their introduction to the exhibition
guide:
You have left the security of your contemporary context, and are now
located in a historic space, which, we would claim, is not linear, but
simultaneous and never of the past (Creischer et al., 2010a, p. 3).
The curatorial methodology of the exhibition is one in which juxtaposition and
accumulation have a disturbing and somewhat disorientating function, effected by
focusing on the question how the ordering of things affects the ordering of people and
what makes up the production of sociality as a condition for processes of knowledge
production in the first place. In case of The Potosí Principle, the idea of conflict is very
much inherent to this process on two levels: one concerns the aforementioned
complexities of institutional politics, particularly in the context of getting colonial
paintings to be exhibited in the formerly colonialist country. This affects the way in
which the curators perceive their curatorial responsibility in conflict with the national
and ethnic identity politics at play during the process of putting the exhibition
together. Consequently, notions of conflict, disturbance, and interference, were
central to the way in which the exhibition was perceived by the viewer with regard to
the relationship between works and viewer and to the contextualisation the curators
provided in their efforts to guide the viewer through the exhibition. The viewer
entered into a process of continuous self-‐reference accompanied by an abundance of
efforts supposed to help the viewer orientate: the guide with its proposed routes
throughout the exhibition; the pictorial signs; the artwork numbering system; display
elements such as magnifying glasses hanging in the exhibition; a stepladder provided
to reach a better viewing position of artworks; and so on. The excess of information
presented to the viewer and the limited time available for processing it in the
exhibition space actually produces a lack of orientation on the historical matter. This

79

favoured a level of interpretation addressing the contemporary significance of the
material presented. To give an example, in their communication with the viewer in the
guide and in general communication about the exhibition in the catalogue, the
curators always flip back and forth between different levels of interpretation, as
evidenced by the captions for some of the artworks. In this respect they express the
duality of the Potosí principle to the full: they show it as a beginning, but ultimately
seek to arrive at an understanding of it as a principle of contemporary societies.
From the politics of display to the display of politics
The preceding analysis in parts described the nature of the exhibition’s display in an
attempt to visualise it and recount the process of interpretation from it. However, its
particularities should be considered in the context of theories of display central to
curatorial discourse. It is in relation to this discourse that the importance of the
exhibition as a communicative space and vehicle of knowledge production becomes
apparent.
Discussions of mechanisms and strategies of display in curatorial discourse
focus on the enunciative function of the artwork, its simultaneous vitality and
historicity in time and space. Conceiving of the nature of display not just as the means
of presenting artworks, but as a form of action to render them visible, to point to their
social, cultural and political relevance, became important again for curatorial discourse
after Mary Anne Staniszewski’s published The Power of Display (1998), in which she
discussed exhibition design as a discipline in its own right, integrating the installations
of the international Avant-‐gardes within the discourse of modern art. She also pointed
to the similarities of commercial sales strategies and institutional exhibition practices
with regard to how the gaze of the viewer is directed through display mechanisms.
Notions of display in curatorial discourse are characterised by how their
discussions bring together practical and theoretical aspects of forms of visibility and
processes of visualisation. For example, German artist Stefan Römer expands the
notion of the display to include the choice of themes for an exhibition: the content
that will be made public (Schade et al., 2008, p. 195). Questions of display can thus be
regarded as addressing the politics of how and what is made public, an area addressed
in practice early on in the twentieth century. Architect, artist, and set designer

80

Friedrich Kiesler (1890-‐1965) realised designs for exhibitions that required an active
dialogue with the viewer. For his International Exhibition of New Theatre Techniques23
at the Konzerthaus in Vienna in 1924 Kiesler conceived of a mobile installation
structure that was freestanding and therefore independent of any spatial setting that
the room provided. The mobile display units extended the space of affect of what was
shown in them – in this case, drawings, photographs, posters and architectural models
– into the exhibition space. Kiesler’s design concepts merged the work with the space
and the viewer, making him an agent in the reception of the work. This way of working
should be viewed in the context of, and in connection to, the contemporaneous
practices of Herbert Bayer and designers, artists and architects at the Bauhaus.
(O’Neill, 2012, p. 11)
Contemporary discourse on display strategies largely credits artistic practices for
discussing ways of presenting and exhibiting as processes of visualisation that, often in
a critical fashion, relate to and point to the ways in which institutions exert a signifying
function through their strategies of display (Beck, 2009; Bismarck, 2008, p. 71). In this
sense the display mechanisms operating in The Potosí Principle can be treated as a
method rather than merely as a means of production. For example, colonial paintings
from Potosí were not mounted directly on the walls. They were instead suspended
from the ceiling or shown on purpose-‐built temporary surfaces with the intention of
pointing to the fact that these pictures never had an allocated place in European art
history. The exhibition’s display mechanisms deliberately dispense with traditional
object-‐oriented practices and with chronological orders. This serves to draw the
viewer’s attention to the politics of presentation and focus the interpretation process
on how the exhibition addresses its central themes by means of a detailed contention
with the materiality of display.
Creischer, Siekmann and Hinderer articulate the aim of the exhibition as being
to, “illuminate the parallels between colonial and neoliberal regimes” (Rottmann et al.,
2010, p. 302). The production of art plays a specific role in this process – both in
contemporary times and in the particular case of Potosí. The curators cite an essay by
Bolivian art historian Teresa Gisbert in which she lays interpretative connections

23
For a more precise description of the installation see Paul O’Neill (2012, p. 11).
81

between colonial and neoliberal systems of power.
Gisbert argues that there is a definitive link between the pictures produced
in the Andean region and the labor in the mines, one that can be read on a
formal level as an expression of class struggle – that the pictures show
traces of both oppression and resistance. At a certain point, the indigenous
artists in the workshops – who were expected to paint up to three hundred
pictures a month – defied the pressure of the workplace. They refused to
take academic examinations, ceased to adhere to the rules of central
perspective. With these interrelations between the economy, art, and
resistance in mind, we use the term principio Potosí to describe the way in
which cultural “surfaces” are subtended by material reality, and how
cultural production functionally relates to economic mechanisms and
technologies of power. These kinds of connections are key, since our
project is not to exhibit cultural or art history but to look at the history of
colonialism and to ask how the principio Potosí manifests itself today
(Rottmann et al., 2010, p. 302).
The curators interrogate the institutional speech that the exhibition itself is an
expression that is dependent upon, but not incapable of acting against, its institutional
staging. The multiplicity and complexity of meaning at the centre of art is thus not
balanced out or resolved, but upheld and encouraged.
The idea that meanings are impossibly unstable is embraceable because

inevitable. With works of art, meanings are only produced in context and
that is a collective, negotiated, debated and shifting consensual process of
determination (Ferguson, 1996, p. 186).
If we, as artists and writers, responsibly and independently conceive and
curate exhibitions, that is because they give us an opportunity to critically
examine how meanings are made (Rottmann et al., 2010, p. 303).
The curators are very much aware of their institutional dependence and do not
seek to articulate the difficulties of working on the exhibition with their partner
institutions. Particularly with regard to identity politics, the curators struggled to find a
position that neither supported a national-‐identitary representation nor affirmed
indigenous alterity to legitimise their curatorial endeavour, for which they chose to
occupy a “decidedly internationalist and anti-‐identitary position” (Creischer et al.,
2010a, p. 13). How that position was articulated in the exhibition itself is, however,
questionable. It might only be rendered in the ways with which the curators avoided
any articulation of a specific identity – whether colonial, national, or ethnic – and chose
to visualise the institutional representations of relationships, particularly those in which
the process of loaning works from South America to Europe, and vice versa, failed.

82

The question of how such positioning was received by the partnering institutions
can be answered by looking at how they articulate their own positioning in the matter,
for example in the various forewords to the catalogue. Manuel J. Borja-‐Villel, Director
of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid, understands the
curatorial endeavour of the exhibition as building a feedback loop. “It reflects a
situation of exploitation and increasing labour insecurity, of which culture is art and
part, while at the same time problematizing this through the very same art” (Creischer
et al., 2010a, p. 3). Borja-‐Villel does not explore what particular repercussions such a
problematisation would cause and how this would affect the institution. He chose
instead to contextualise this double articulation of the exhibition and its defiance of
notions of origin and linearity as a critique of modernity. The director of the HKW
Bernd M. Scherer also praises this emancipatory potential of art and goes so far as to
render the whole exhibition as an artwork in the tradition of the Gesamtkunstwerk, or
total work of art.
The most important creative moment of The Potosí Principle as a

Gesamtkunstwerk is the transgression of boundaries, and consequently a
number of the core categories with which Western Modernity imposes
order on the world have been consciously deactivated (Creischer et al.,
2010a, p. 4).
To define the exhibition in terms of a Gesamtkunstwerk is not only questionable,
but an ill-‐considered and superficial approach that neglects the complexities in the
relationship between different works of art from different periods of art history that
also reflect different functionalities of art in their respective historical social contexts.
To perceive the exhibition as a Gesamtkunstwerk would entail collectivising everything
that is displayed and subject it to a form of interpretation that does not originate in
the process of communication the exhibition sets up between works, viewer and their
contextualisation, but that is externally conditioned. Even though many of the
references the curators make in order to contextualise the works seem far-‐fetched,
they nevertheless stem from a line of associations in which the works of art originate
the dense web of references that contextualises their installation. In an essay in the
catalogue for Harald Szeemann’s 1983 exhibition Der Hang zum Gesamtkunstwerk at
Kunsthaus Zürich, art historian Bazon Brock defined the Gesamtkunstwerk as a
fictional dimension that in its totalising character – disregarding the aesthetic or
83

epistemological differences and particularities of the materials involved or presented –
has an ultimate claim for truth. For Brock this kind of claim must be historically
grounded if it is to avoid the political, social or cultural aspirations becoming mere
myths. (Szeemann and Häni, 1983)
According to Scherer, the Gesamtkunstwerk that is The Potosí Principle
exhibition is founded on a methodology that transgresses a number of temporal,
spatial and intellectual boundaries: it “compresses the temporal strands from the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the present to form one temporal layer”; it
conceives of a dissolution of territorial boundaries, abandoning the concept of the
nation-‐state for a global perspective; it “transgresses the boundaries of the category of
art, itself a product of Modernity, and of its segmentation into social subdivisions”.
Consequently, the claim that the exhibition pursues is to “reveal the mechanisms and
representational strategies of a self-‐globalising economy” so that the parallels of
exploitation of human relationships between the times of Potosí and nowadays
become apparent (Creischer et al., 2010a, pp. 4-‐5). The way Scherer outlines the
curatorial methodology is precise and the claim it aspires to make is certainly truthful,
however the contextualisation of the exhibition as a Gesamtkunstwerk renders it
powerless. Perceiving the exhibition as such would entail the viewer foregoing any
involvement with the different layers of interpretation.
Looking at how Alexander Alberro addressed the process of interpreting the
show by constructing his own narrative and casting his own web of associations, is a
good example for how much attention to detail the process of interpretation requires.
Alberro meticulously describes different works in the show in order to reveal the
meaning of the juxtaposing installation of the works and the way this accentuates
specific issues in the history of Potosí as well as in contemporary cultural production.
Only in the second part of the review does Alberro begin to evaluate the show.
The main provocation of the show lies in the parallels it draws between the
operation of colonial painting and the function that contemporary art
serves in legitimizing the new elites of globalization (Alberro, 2010, p. 169).
Focusing on describing the relations between the artworks and in so doing
presenting the dense web of associations the exhibition fosters – generated by the
viewer’s interaction with the artworks as well as teased by the references the curators
provide – Alberro’s description of the exhibition ponders on the manifold relations

84

between colonial and contemporary works. Unlike Scherer, he does not generalise this
contention for perceiving the exhibition as a transgression of boundaries, but – at the
very end of his review – highlights the boundary that this contention sets up:
the show makes the powerful point that the interpretation of images is
never entirely in line with the technology of power – that even the most
subservient art can offer messages of resistance to future generations. ... In
close readings and critical interpretations of art such as these, the curators
see the glimmer of present and future hope (Alberro, 2010, p. 172).
The boundary that Alberro refers to is the limited capacity of an artwork to act as
a carrier of meaning that does not only not emerge from a contention with its own
materiality but is also ignorant of its production process. Instead, the previous quote
from Alberro’s review, which is also the closing argument of the whole article,
recognises the curatorial methodology of the exhibition as one in which the
interpretation process involving the many different elements oscillates between
historical, social, and political contexts of the production of art and economic wealth –
two things that have historically always been linked.
Hence, the exhibition cannot be perceived as a Gesamtkunstwerk, since this
would preclude the spectator from engaging in manifold interpretative processes and
disguise the function of interpretation as not only a reflexive, but also productive
practice of signification. This applies as much as to how the relation between coloniser
and colonised are represented in art history, as well as to how parallels between the
colonial and contemporary neoliberal regimes can be drawn. It also refers to how the
teleological understanding of modernity, particularly in the context of art history, can
be revisited and countered.
According to Christian Karavagna, any productive postcolonial exhibition cannot
be content to analyse and denounce forms of violence founded in colonial racism and
economic ideologies, but must present historical and contemporary forms of
resistance. Postcolonial forms of exhibition research and practice are thereby always
also linked to critical perspectives on historiography (Karavagna, 2013, p. 60). The
exhibition with its critically reflexive attitude is itself a form of cultural production. The
curatorial methodology can therefore be described as provoking a process of critical
interpretation that addresses the very question how knowledge is produced.
85

Interpretation as the material of communication
The argument was that the meaning of an exhibition resides neither “in”
the artworks not in the arrangement of the display, nor even in the texts
written to accompany the show. Meaning is constructed by the spectator
in a space that includes all of these, as well as the discussions and reviews
the show generates. ... Art becomes socially meaningful only within the
discursive contexts, explicit or implicit, in which it is experienced (Alberro,
2014, p. 33).
This quote refers to The Potosí Principle, but could equally be applied to Michael
Fullerton’s exhibition Columbia. The juxtaposition of pictorial languages, sculptures,
text and moving images recall the ways in which Fullerton set up the communicative
space of the exhibition as a framework of enquiry into the process of communication.
Here, the notion of “suspicion” arose questioning the definition and role of
information provided in the process of communication between artist, works and
viewer, both in relation to the exhibition in general and to the works in particular. In
the case of The Potosí Principle, however, suspicion was directed not at what was
shown in the exhibition, but at how that material – both historical and contemporary –
could be interpreted for reconfiguring an alternative cultural history.
In very different contexts, and by very different means, both exhibitions request
the viewer to actively engage self-‐reflexively with the exhibition. The mechanisms and
strategies of display and presentation of artworks and narratives within the exhibition
as a set of utterances were not simply communicated to the viewer as a task to be
completed, but instead emerged from engaging with the exhibition in a way that
requires an understanding and appreciation of its materiality as a constitutional
element of sociality produced in the curated encounter. Fullerton’s presentation of
artworks with their at times factual and at other times fictitious narratives primarily
defined the space of the exhibition as a communicative space in which meaning is
produced via different modes of suspicion over the assumptions, opinions and
concepts on which meaning is generated. The Potosí Principle’s mechanisms of
communication were far more straightforward and compelling. They do not blur the
issue of fact or fiction, focusing instead on the matter of presentation as a way to
critically engage with meaning production and its political, social and cultural
repercussions.

86

With regards to the issue of knowledge production, both exhibitions are
conceived as spaces that defy knowledge production as a form of identification with
what is presented. Rather, they challenge processes of identification starting with the
very notion of what the material is that constitutes the curated encounter: first and
foremost artworks, their presentation, contextualiation and interpretation. Informed
by the specific materialities of the curated encounter, its staging as well as
infrastructural frameworks, the artists and curators devise forms that engender
suspicion and that invert and neutralise passive spectatorship. Therein, not only
material things, but also the material constitution of the ideologically predetermined
communicative space of the exhibition becomes effective in shaping social relations.
Instead of following a representational logic whereby artworks are employed to
directly invoke aesthetic and ideological forms of interpretation, often supplied by
their art historical context, both exhibitions set in motion processes of production of
further and more complex relations between the materiality of art production and
their epistemological qualities and functions.
The practice of communication
Both exhibitions enquire methodologically into the ways in which information,

meaning and knowledge is displayed, communicated and produced in situ in such a
way that it demands active engagement on the part of the spectator. The
conglomeration of such modes of production cannot be allocated solely to the position
of the viewer, the artist or the curator. It takes place in the relationships built into the
site of the exhibition when recognising the distinction between the space of the
installation of works, the space of the exhibition surrounding and contextualising the
installation, and the unmarked public space that includes the exhibition space, relating
the exhibition space to that which is outside of it. This distinction is one that anyone
partaking in the process of communication must perform prior to any form of
interpretation. This process of communication is the element of practice in which
preconceived notions and traditionally defined assumptions or prejudices become
renegotiated, “de-‐localised and de-‐territorialised” (Groys, 2010, p. 63).
Looking further into this distinction serves to determine how the exhibition
87

space can be defined differently from other realms in the social sphere in terms of
knowledge production, particularly given that in recent years discursive and
performative modes of practice (seminars, talks, conferences, educational
programmes) are coming out of the shadow of the exhibition now that formerly
peripheral elements of museum programmes are assuming a more prominent
position. Before discussing these and other examples in detail in the following
chapters, it is important to comprehend the particularities of a dialogical
understanding of exhibition making. What makes the exhibition space a prevalent site
for negotiating processes of knowledge production is its ability to express “connective
possibilities”. In this context, curator Hans Ulrich Obrist described the changes to their
social function that exhibitions have undergone in recent decades: where once they
emphasised order and stability in order to educate bourgeois citizenry, exhibitions are
now sites that disrupt order, favour fluctuation and promote “relative and not
absolute truth” (Hiller and Martin, 2000, pp. 25-‐26).
In the processes of communication determining exhibitions as sites of knowledge
production, the role of art is self-‐referential. “In order for art to be art, its function is to
communicate how specific impressions are rendered as perception” (Baecker, 2007, p.
15). The intentional foundation of an artwork is conveyed to the spectator whenever
she or he differentiates between communication and perception while looking at the
work. This differentiation is the choice of the viewer to accept any kind of signal or
information (perceiving it) and then to question or refuse it (communicating).
Referring to the social systems theory as developed by Niklas Luhmann, in which this
distinction is grounded, German sociologist Dirk Baecker further argues for a
differentiation between art as communication and the individual subject as agent and
producer of perception. This differentiation is highly important because, in contrast to
communication, perception cannot be negated, since any negation of perception
would by definition necessitate entering into a process of communication with the
work. Baecker claims that such perplexity of individual consciousness with respect to
its own perceptive abilities manifests itself in the illusionary assumption that
perceptions appear to be information that should be accepted as facts belonging to
the sphere of things, rather than as an act performed by the individual self. To abolish,
or rather to negate, this illusion is the function of art as communication.
88

The communicability of both Columbia and The Potosí Principle can be
understood in these terms. Both exhibitions first of all communicate their potential for
setting up communicative, dialogical spaces for the production of knowledge. The very
first element of knowledge production is the distinction between art as
communication and the viewer as agent and producer of this communication while
perceiving art as art. Communication is therefore primarily a production of further and
more complex relations. To address the social dimension of knowledge production
means to investigate into how art in general and exhibitions in particular are sites in
which communication is communicated. Curator and critic Simon Sheikh attests to art
being “a place ‘where things can happen’ rather than a thing ‘that is in the world’”
(Sheikh, 2008a, p. 195). As Baecker argues, from a sociological perspective art
functions as communication in that it not only forms part of the social sphere but is,
more importantly, a production of what constitutes the social – politics, culture, moral
values, opinions, etc. (Baecker, 1996, p. 83). The forms of the social, which
communication itself produces, also condition communication. This simultaneity of
form and formation is the subject for the following analysis of concepts of
communication and practice that are determined by the ways in which their
processual undertakings are a form of self-‐organisation.
This is a necessary prerequisite for conceiving the curatorial as a radical
epistemic practice producing sociality as a result of its recursivity. Starting by
disambiguating terms such as “sociality” and “recursivity” we enter the field of
sociological theories of action, accompanied by an abstraction from the field of art
theory and other writings directly associated with artistic and curatorial practices. In
keeping with the indirect approach to discussing curatorial practice outlined at the
beginning of this chapter, this abstraction will generate a notion of practice that
emerges from contentions with issues of curatorial practice – such as the exhibition as
a communicative site – while also addressing those processes of knowledge production
that take place in the exhibition space that are constitutive of the social sphere rather
than different and isolated from it.

89

From communication to practice – Niklas Luhmann and Pierre Bourdieu
The following comparison uses the theories of Niklas Luhmann and Pierre Bourdieu to
work out their structural similarities with respect to how relations are built. This is in
response to questions first raised in the analyses of exhibitions about what the self-‐
referential feedback loop in communication serves and what – besides more relations –
it produces.
“If the definition of a system of communication is not substantial, but relational,
two other features are essential. We can call them ‘recursivity’ and ‘sociality’” (Baecker,
201, p. 392). While the first term defines communication as a principle of operative
selections, the second refers to the web of dependences and interdependences in which
these selections are cast. Recursivity is based on the idea that the number of messages
to be communicated is indefinite, as is the number of units perceiving it. The term refers
to the element of self-‐referentiality necessary for communication to occur in that the
understanding of any message can only happen in relation to the memory of previous
messages and the anticipation of coming ones. Without recursivity it is not possible to
identify a message as a message. Sociality, in this context, is a particular scope of
relationality and refers to the interplay of those participating in communication, and the
ways people tend to build structures as modes for anticipating and cultivate cultures as
forms of evaluation of what is communicated.
The following study enquires into communication as a form of practice that
operates within the principle of recursivity and on the basis of sociality, and brings
together the theories of Niklas Luhmann and Pierre Bourdieu, which in the last forty
years have highly influenced any discussion on epistemic practices and their role within
and for the social sphere. At the core of both Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s theory is an
interest in sociality and in the structures and functioning of societies. The social is both
the premise and the subject of their interests and research matters. When Bourdieu
speaks about social structures and Luhmann about social systems, both are interested in
naming the relations between groups, generations, sexes, and classes, the forms these
might take and the processes through which they are generated (Bourdieu, 1990, p. 95;
Luhmann, 1995, p. 15). Both dedicate their thoughts to sociality as a condition of the
social, which they believe unfolds and is describable in some form, whether it is
structure or system. The question that looms over this analysis providing for a

90

reconfiguration of the notion of practice, is whether sociality can be understood as a
condition that unfolds and further develops as relations in practice or as a mere product
of practice.
I will be mainly referring to a set of written works that are centred on the
enquiry into the social and discussing the approach both theorists chose with respect
to the subject matter (Bourdieu, 1977, 1990; Luhmann, 1995, 2002). The state of
research in the field of sociology and cultural anthropology at the time these works
were written, and the references made to them, will be taken into account. It is
necessary to look into the departure points of both theories in order to articulate their
concepts and reformulate their interests, references, methodologies and strategies.
But alongside paraphrasing the most important concepts in both theories and
highlighting their differences, similarities and possible points of agreement, the
primary question on a meta-‐level is what kind of issues and problems they face when
developing their own theoretical structures. I will outline the specific approaches that
both theorists chose to address the social as a matter of research within the
dichotomies of theory and practice, observation and action, and of objectifying
tendencies versus context-‐oriented interpretation of social action, a dichotomy that
was very prevalent at the time when the theories were developed (from the late 1970s
to the mid-‐1990s). Preliminarily it can be said that what Luhmann and Bourdieu have
in common is that they aim to transcend those dichotomies and find a way in which
the social can be enquired into as a phenomenon incorporating both poles. In order to
test this assumption the following analysis will concentrate on the difference between
structure and system, the terminological foundations of Bourdieu’s and Luhmann’s
respective theories, and on the difference between the operations that generate
communication and practice and in so doing focus on the methodologies and models
of thinking that both theories employ in order to analyse the social. To conclude, the
comparative effort will reveal the different ways in which Bourdieu and Luhmann
address the social as their subject of enquiry, and focus on what kind of sociality those
theories might constitute. Their respective conclusions provide for developing a new
model of concurrently thinking and producing the social that serves to ground the
notion of curatorial practices in a definition of practice that is both productive and
reflexive with respect to its material and subject matter of social relations.
91

Towards a theoretical habitus
A comparison of theories is in general a challenging undertaking, particularly if those
theories emerge from different realms of thinking within the same discipline, as they
do in this case. One might want to start with the conclusions that each theory draws,
or compare the most well-‐known arguments. However, this might not be a valid
comparison of theories, given that it would not start from the basic assumptions the
theory is built upon, and would thus fail to consider how abstract thoughts become
articulated using a specific vocabulary that is employed to formulate differences and
devise distinctions with previously elaborated ideas and concepts in a way that has
never been done before in this particular way. The key area of interest might not be
exclusively, and certainly not primarily, the subject of the theory, but the construction
of its arguments and logic.
The French ethnographer and anthropologist Pierre Bourdieu also became
known as a sociologist when his questions regarding the social changed from asking
about the nature of human behaviour to questioning the relations that form and
perform this nature within the broader system of society (1990, p. 3). In this he was
very much influenced by the ideas of Claude Lévi-‐Strauss, the most distinguished
representative of French Structuralism.24 Bourdieu sees the “essential novelty” of this
approach in that it introduces a structural method, “a relational mode of thought
which, by breaking with the substantialist mode of thought, leads one to characterise
each element by the relationships which unite it with all the others in a system and
from which it derives its meaning and function” (1990, p. 4). The central terminologies
that allow for a characterisation of the elements that form the social through the
relationships within them are structure, disposition, habitus and, most importantly,

24
Structuralism is a term that Claude Lévi-‐Strauss coined in the mid-‐twentieth century foregrounding an
approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyse a specific matter of interest (field) as a
complex system of interrelated parts. The emphasis is laid on the relational aspect between the actions
of practice of human beings and its underlying structures. The French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is
considered to have initiated this approach when he introduced the distinction between language as an
act (parole) and its underlying system (langue) whose structures could only be studied through the
examination of the act. This initial distinction and the acknowledgement of action being based on some
kind of structures or systems led to the development of a structuralist method with which many
phenomena could be considered, not only in linguistics but in all fields of research concerned with the
social, such as anthropology, philosophy and psychoanalysis. (Schützeichel, 2004, pp. 16-‐22)
92

practice. But while constructing this set of terminologies in order to formulate his
theory of practice, Bourdieu is also extremely critical of Structuralism, criticising its
methodologies for assuming that everything that is observable is also classifiable or
distinguishable in structures and systems. According to Bourdieu, classifications would
not say much about the subject of interest, but only over-‐determine it in theoretical
terms.
[Anthropology] has to make a second break and question the

presuppositions inherent in the position of an outside observer, who, in
this preoccupation with interpreting practices, is inclined to introduce into
the object the principles of his relation to the object, as is attested by the
special importance he assigns to communicative functions (weather in
language, myth, or marriage) (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 2).
Bourdieu directed his attention to the methodologies of research and the
conditions that frame it. The phenomena he was primarily concerned with in the two
works that are of interest to this comparison, Outline of a Theory of Practice (1977)
and The Logic of Practice (1990), are language, myth and marriage, and their rituals,
rules and strategies. His research in Kabylia (Algeria) is an investigation into the
mechanisms and dispositions that are employed when fighting over positions and
functions within hierarchical societies. This led to his later research on the field of
cultural production and education in France looking into the power structures and
mechanisms of capital in French society (Bourdieu, 1993). But despite all this research
– for which he is most often credited when it comes to evaluating his contribution and
his influence on the study of social sciences – for this comparison it is particularly
interesting to see how Bourdieu reconfigured the methodology with which to
approach research in the first place.
The science of practice has to construct the principle which makes it

possible to account for all the cases observed, and only those, without
forgetting that this construction, and the generative operation of which it
is the basis, are only the theoretical equivalent of the practical scheme
which enables every correctly trained agent to produce all the practices
and judgements of honour called for by the challenges of existence
(Bourdieu, 1977, p. 11).
Prior to even embarking on his analysis of his observations of what social
structures suggest about their own formation, Bourdieu’s most immediate concern is
the dichotomy between theory and action, between theorisation and empiricism,
between reflection and production, and between objectivism and subjectivism.

93

The critical break with objectivist abstraction ensuing from inquiry into the
conditions of possibility, and thereby, into the limits of the objective and
objectifying standpoint which grasps practices from outside, as a fait
accompli, instead of constructing their generative principle by situating
itself within the very movement of their accomplishment, has no other aim
than to make possible a science of the dialectical relations between the
objective structures to which the objectivist mode of knowledge gives
access and the structured dispositions within which those structures are
actualized and which tend to reproduce them (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 3).
In pointing out the limits of objectivist knowledge, instead of turning towards an
analysis purely determined by empirical experience Bourdieu builds a theory that does
not theorise in order to anonymise the observer’s standpoint and erase any sense of
consecutiveness or temporality from the set of actions that are at stake in practice.
Rather, and this is a first hypothesis around Bourdieu’s theory of practice as well as the
lowest common denominator for the following comparison with Niklas Luhmann, he
tries to picture the empirical in theory without theorising it (Nassehi and Nollmann,
2004, p. 85). Bourdieu’s contention with the theoretical, the objectivist standpoint, the
role of the observer, is actually a contention with its opposite – the subjective, the
practice of everyday life, the immediate. It is a contention with the conditions that
make theory possible. Those conditions are the actions that are preliminary to their
observation, but that can only be studied in relation to them. A study of actions leads
to a study of their observation, the methodologies, strategies and methods that are
involved in it, and the structures and dispositions they produce (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 72).
Niklas Luhmann was not overly concerned with the role theory plays in the study
of actions. His interest lay instead in the subject of how actions become
instrumentalised for the formulation of a theory: “Sociology is stuck in a theory crisis”
(1995, p. xlvi) is the first sentence in Social Systems, originally published in German in
1984, in which the German sociologist presented his systems theory for the first time.
Defining this crisis as the incapability of empirical research producing a “unified theory
for the discipline” through successfully “increasing knowledge”, Luhmann enquires
into the relationship between theory and empiricism as well as the role of theory in
general. He questions what theory can do in a science (social science, in this case) that
he classifies as of “empirical nature”, verifying “hypotheses about relations among
data”, conceptualising “in a broad, somewhat indeterminate sense” (1995, p. xlvii).
This question defines his entire systems theory. Social Systems was not Luhmann’s first

94

book, but the first chapter in a proposition to sociology that he made in 1968 when he
started his professorship at Bielefeld University: “My research project will be a theory
of society” (Gripp-‐Hagelstange, 2000, p. 4). Over the following 30 years he published a
series of books on different areas of the social – economics, science, law, art, politics,
religion and education – culminating with Theory of Society (Die Gesellschaft der
Gesellschaft) shortly before his death in 1998, which has been translated into English
only recently (Luhmann, 2012; Luhmann, 2013). Unlike his teacher Talcott Parsons,
with whom he studied in Harvard in the 1960s, his aim was to leave behind a body of
work that is very concise and speaks for itself not as a mere series of thoughts but as a
single, dense theoretical endeavour (Lutz, 2003, p. 29). This endeavour was built on a
set of theoretical premises with which Luhmann identified: systems and action theory.
Systems theory stems from the premise that there are complex structures (systems) in
nature, society, and science, that are formed of objects or things related to each other
and that produce some result in their interaction. 25 This can be an organism, an
organisation, or a part of society. Systems theory is neither a theory about a specific
field, nor a definite discipline. Rather, it is a methodology with which to approach
various problems and questions shared by different disciplines such as ontology,
philosophy, science, biology, political science, psychotherapy, etc. Systems theory acts
as a device with which to shed light on the organisation of knowledge. Talcott Parsons
was the first to use the term “system” in order to study structures in society (Parsons
and Shils, 1951). Structures, for Parsons, present a form of social reality. Its operations
are actions, moments of dissolution in a continuous process of selection that the
actors face. These selections result in the development of systems that can be
observed and studied according to the conditions under which they were constituted,
taking into account behavioural, evolutionary, biological, normative and psychic
parameters (Parsons and Shils, 1951, p. 22). The term “system”, for Parsons, relates
various aspects of a matter under a selective viewpoint. Actions perform the
distinctions generated from that selective viewpoint and constantly reassess the

25
The term itself was first used by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, an Austrian biologist who introduced the
terminology of General Systems Theory (Allgemeine Systemtheorie) to describe the principles that are
common to most organisms and with which behaviour patterns might be explained (von Bertalanffy,
1968).
95

development of the viewpoint when differentiating it from its environment, either
withdrawing or adjusting. Luhmann’s ideas emanated from that basic principle of a
system having an environment and relating to it via the process of distinction and
selection.
Systems are oriented by their environment not just occasionally and

adaptively, but structurally, and they cannot exist without an environment.
They constitute and maintain themselves by creating and maintaining a
difference from their environment, and they use their boundaries to
regulate this difference (Luhmann, 1995, p. 17).
For Luhmann, systems theory is not simply one device amongst others with
which to analyse the social system next to other theoretical models, such as
Structuralism, for example, with which Parsons affiliates himself in his later writing.
Rather, it is the general theory of social systems: “Every social contact is understood as
a system, up to and including society as the inclusion of all possible contacts.”
(Luhmann, 1995, p. 15)
The operative principle of social systems is communication. All different forms of
communication combined constitute the entity of society. In that sense, society is
marked by a method of functional differentiation: within the overall system of society
various other and smaller, but nevertheless self-‐sufficient, systems operate:
economics, law, art, love, etc., that filter communication by means of specific codes.
These sub-‐systems determine what processes of communication link – and convert
improbable communication into probable communication. “Only communication can
communicate” (Luhmann, 1995, p. 188). Communication is the principle of all social
action, it is not an action performed by an individual, a subject, or by means of
language, but the overall condition for all action. It is a selective process, understood
as a synthesis of three different selections: “the selection of information, the selection
of utterance [Mitteilung] of this information, and the selective understanding or
misunderstanding of this utterance and its information” (Luhmann, 2002, p. 157).
Within the process of communication, systems are forced to select pieces of
information from the complexity of an environment. For each communication their
goal is always to provide one that follows up on the previous distinction between
information and utterance. This has a stabilising effect on the growth of a social
system. In turn, while social systems operate using communication as their code or
96

method for selection of what is relevant for them or not, psychic systems (individuals,
organisms) operate on the basis of perception, a different mode of selection that will
be discussed at a later point when it will be necessary to point out whether and how
social and psychic systems – individuals and society – interact. However, what both
have in common is the principle of selection.
This all-‐encompassing notion of how a society is formed technically through
differentiations as selective processes enables Luhmann to cut across the sociological
controversies that he analysed at the beginning of Social Systems:
The general theory of social systems claims to encompass all sociology’s

potential topics and, in this sense, to be a universal sociological theory.
Such a universal claim is a principle of selection ... accepting bodies of
thought, ideas, and critique only if and insofar as these make this principle
their own (Luhmann, 1995, p. 15).
Here, Luhmann is not trying to pose his claim for universality as a claim to
correctness or demand exclusivity. It is not about what the claim to universality serves
for but rather how it can be recognised and valued: “Theories that claim universality
are easily recognized by the fact that they appear as their own object” (1995, p. xlvii).
Luhmann and Bourdieu both develop their ideas from an observation of the
methodologies at stake in their field and the subsequent analysis of a problematic
relationship between theory (an observatory and objectivist standpoint) and
empiricism (a strategy focusing on processes rather than structures, on production
rather than reflection, and on subjectivity and individuality rather than objectifying
principles and common patterns). The concerns that articulate the ways in which
research and theoretical analysis are undertaken convey a great deal of reflexivity over
Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s own positioning as researchers and theorists. Both put their
own analytic position into question in the first place. This leads them – prior to any
definition of conditions of sociality or determinations of social structures – to
reconsider the matters and methodologies of sociological research and to find their
very own self-‐reflexive way of dealing with them. In the following this research
attitude will be further looked at as methodologically intrinsic to the notion of
practice.
97

From objectification to observation
Before enquiring into how Luhmann and Bourdieu define the limits of objectivism and
the objectivist standpoint from their perspective as researchers, it is important to
clarify how both thinkers understand objectivism or what is deemed an objectivist
approach.
The knowledge we shall term objectivist ... constructs the objective

relations (e.g. economic or linguistic) which structure practice and
representations of practice, i.e., in particular, primary knowledge, practical
and tacit, of the familiar world (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 3).
Bourdieu’s first definition here is not directly negative about objectivism as a
method for generating knowledge of social structures, but it does immediately make
clear that if one is to be critical of objectivist knowledge, it is because it implies a
hierarchical order of structures over different modes of knowledge as ways of relating
to social experiences made. By “objectivist knowledge” he means classifications gained
over the observation of so-‐called ‘primary knowledge’, which is not mediated by
structures, but which is gained from immediate experiences in the social world, that
which “gives the social world its self-‐evident, natural character” (1977, p. 3). In
contrast,
objectivism constitutes the social world as spectacle presented to an

observer who takes up a “point of view” on the action, who stands back so
as to observe it and, transferring into the object the principles of his
relation to the object, conceives of it as a totality intended for cognition
alone, in which all interactions are reduced to symbolic exchanges
(Bourdieu, 1977, p. 96).
For Bourdieu, this danger of objectivism lies in the distance and hierarchy that it
generates with respect to the matter of interest: social structures and the ways they
manifest in social actions. This distance is achieved through a process of reflection that
has a negative effect of rationalising about the social, often referring to alien
structures rather than to the conditions and characteristics of the practices and
practical modes of knowledge present (1977, p. 4). The erroneous consequence of
objectivism lies in the misrecognition of structure. It obscures the “distinction between
‘the things of logic and the logic of things’. ... It presents the objective meaning of
practices or works as the subjective purpose of the action of the producers of those
practices or works.” (1977, p. 30) To look into the structures of the social through
98

research is a matter of distinctive selections, and it is precisely this process and
manner of selection of which Bourdieu is so critical.
In the first of his highly acclaimed lectures introducing the subject of systems
theory26 Luhmann described his own research practice as a form of ironic alienation
from the subject matter in order to constantly return to it. The failure of an all-‐
encompassing method of observation from the standpoint of the observer was not a
problem for Luhmann, but the central condition to the complexity of his theory. The
search for the blind spot within observation as a methodological study of social
phenomena was a motivation for Luhmann to develop a theory that incorporates an
analysis of action and, on another level, also its observation.
Unlike Bourdieu, Luhmann does not see the danger of objectivism rooted in
observation and reflection. For Luhmann, these do not exemplify a determination of
rigid structures going hand in hand with a dismissal of the processual character of
actions. Rather, he points to their processual character and their embeddedness in
their immediate context; they can never be extracted in an objectivist manner from
the practices in which they are invested. Observation is,
a matter of events or processes that are not immediately under pressure

from a situation. ... Free of the pressure of having to produce results,
observation can afford a more complex view of the system. ... This is
possible because action and observation do not necessarily exclude each
other. Chances for action and observation constantly fluctuate; both occur
together and collaborate as soon as observation is communicated or even
observed (Luhmann, 1995, p. 300).
The observation of an observation is not only an operation, but also a process,
constantly referencing itself. As such, it is self-‐referential, which for Luhmann – as
pointed out earlier – is a defining characteristic of any system. The purpose of
observation as an operation is a matter of distinction, of determining differences, and
of generating reflections. “Difference is the functional premise of self-‐referential
operations. ... Without difference from an environment, there would not even be self-‐
reference.” (1995, p. 17)

26
Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Systemtheorie, which Luhmann held in the winter of 1991-‐1992 at
Bielefeld University (Baecker, 2009).
99

If Luhmann defines observation, a system’s operation, as a necessity to self-‐
referentiality, a system’s function, this also indicates that the basic principle that
allows for both to occur is selection. “Difference does not determine what must be
selected, only that a selection must be made” (1995, p. 32). Whereas Bourdieu is
critical about the manner in which selections are made, Luhmann provides us with the
opportunity to focus on the process of how selections are made as an operation that
serves as a specific function for the development of a system, and therefore of
sociality. Luhmann allows us to step back from any determination regarding the value
of those selections and emphasises the process of their generation. This provides for
an understanding of a relationship between reflection and process, and between
theory and practice, that is neither dichotomous nor dialectical, but of an
interdependent and interactive nature. It allows for understanding observation as not
necessarily objectifying. With the help of Luhmann we are able to shift the emphasis
from the classification of observation as a tool for objectifying practice, to observation
as a basic distinctive operation that is necessary in order to generate the possibility of
social structures as systems. While for Bourdieu the danger of objectivism lies in the
distance and hierarchy that it generates from and for practice, for Luhmann
“hierarchisation is only a specific case of differentiation” (1995, p. 18). Observation
and objectification are not necessarily equal, just as reflection and theorising are not
always on the same plane.
Hence, the problem of objectivism is not rooted in observation and reflection as
basic operations of social systems, but in the fact that they often misrecognise social
structures. Bourdieu and Luhmann complement each other and reveal this problem.
With Luhmann providing a different use of the same terminology we can now look
differently into Bourdieu’s thinking around social structures without getting entangled
in the relationship between theory and practice. If we really want to look at how the
social is constituted and formed – as is the aim of bringing these thinkers’ thinking
together – we must keep an operative distance from the idea of an always-‐hierarchical
relationship between theory and practice, and between observation and action. It is
necessary to think strategically and technically about these theories and intersect
Luhmann’s emphasis on sociality as a set of operations in and between systems with
Bourdieu’s view on social structures and the dispositions that engender them. Only
100

then can a formulation of theory and practice, of action and reflection, be established
that is not automatically caught up in the dialectics of theory and practice (as
suggested by the anthropological and sociological debate briefly referred to above) but
instead emphasises a mutual process that is technically nothing more than
differentiations and distinctions.
To a certain extent this articulation disregards Bourdieu’s claims surrounding the
distinct structural dispositions of action and reflection. But I do not intend to discard
the politically conflictive ramifications of Bourdieu’s theory of practice and the role
distinction plays in it as a methodology for establishing systems of power. However,
for now the intersection of Bourdieu and Luhmann focuses strategically on the
structures and dispositions that their terminologies determine and set in motion,
which is a mechanism of distinctions. Both theorists aimed at a relationship between
actions and their observation and subsequent reflections as processual and alternative
to the hierarchical logic of structuralism, without the danger of the reflections falling
into objectifying tendencies. The following study of their concepts of “structure”,
“process”, and “disposition” will therefore provide vital grounds for the development
of a notion of practice as generating social formations by treating sociality as its
material in constant production and reflection.
Structure and process (Luhmann) as dispositions (Bourdieu)
For Luhmann, structure and process mutually presuppose each other: “structuring is a
process, and processes have structure” (Luhmann, 1995, p. 44). The only way in which
they differ from each other is through their relation to time. However, the difference is
not merely that structures are atemporal and processes temporal, but that the
difference between structures and process “reconstructs the original
(=environmentally conditioned) difference between reversibility and irreversibility”
(1995, p. 44). Structures capture the reversibility of time as they offer various
possibilities for choice, whereas processes are composed of irreversible events. Again,
for Luhmann these are descriptions of modes of selection:
Structures comprehend the open complexity of the possibility that every

element could be connected with every other one, in a narrower model of
relations that are “valid”, customary, predictable, repeatable, or whatever
is preferred. By means of this selection they can instruct further selections

101

by reducing the constellations that can possibly be surveyed at any
moment. Processes (and this defines the concept of process) result from
the fact that concrete selective events build upon one another temporally,
connect with one another and thus build previous selections or predictable
selections into individual selections as premises for selection (Luhmann,
1995, p. 44).
Luhmann is describing how decisions are made within social systems or, in other
words, he is giving various accounts for the generation of habits, of behaviour, and of
conditioned actions with respect to the inherent goal of increasing probability for the
operations of social systems. Structure and process are two forms of reflexive
selection, meaning that the distinctions necessary to arrive at their constitution always
take into account their own conditioning as forms of practice.
A system that controls its own structures and processes can assign all the
elements that it produces and reproduces to these forms of amplifying
selectivity. ... The gain in order here lies in that the system can orient itself
to these differences and adjust its operations to them (Luhmann, 1995, p.
45).
Both structure and process are reflexive selections that enable a system to
produce and reproduce itself with its decision-‐making patterns: “the pre-‐selection of
what can be chosen is experienced as validity in the case of structure, but as the
sequence of concrete events in the case of processes” (Luhmann, 1995, p. 46).
Luhmann’s terminology of structure and process differs from how Bourdieu
defines structures as relations.27 It is important that for Luhmann structure consist of
“how permissible relations are constrained within the system” (1995, p. 286), but the
structure is not the entirety of these relations. Rather, they are what enable structures
to form and to develop. What Luhmann thus terms “pre-‐selections of what can be
chosen” (1995, p. 45) is to be found in Bourdieu’s concept of disposition functioning as
“an internal law relaying the continuous exercise of the law of external necessities”
(Bourdieu, 1977, p. 82). This, as with Luhmann’s structure and process, is a form of
distinction that takes into account its own conditionings. It is temporal in that it is

27
As previously mentioned, Bourdieu defines structures as “relations between the groups, the sexes, or
the generations, or between the social classes” (Bourdieu, 1990, p. 95). This comes rather close to
Luhmann’s definition of a social system built out of communications as relations. “Every social contact is
understood as a system, up to and including society as the inclusion of all possible contacts” (Luhmann,
1995, p. 15).
102

constituted by a selection of events but at the same time it provides the pre-‐selection
for the selection of those events, generated by a continuous process of distinctions.
Habitus (Bourdieu) and double contingency (Luhmann)
If structure and process, and disposition, are methodologies that enable selection
while they are themselves selections and distinctions with respect to the environment,
then we should examine how they become implemented and affect the functioning of
systems and structures. Here, Bourdieu and Luhmann provide us with the most
prominent and important concepts within their research: “habitus” and “double
contingency”. These are also particularly relevant for the wider context of sociology
and anthropology addressing the question of how the social is generated, how it
operates and develops.
Habitus is the system of durable, transposable dispositions, structured

structures predisposed to function as structuring structures, that is, as
principles of the generation and structuring of practices and
representations (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 72).
These acquired dispositions function as categories of perception that are at the
same time also the organising principle of action (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 108). As an
operationalised set of expectations and understandings based on the collection of
experiences, the habitus is a “durably installed generative principle of regulated
improvisations that produces practices which tend to reproduce the regularities
immanent in the objective conditions of the production of their generative principle”
(Bourdieu, 1977, p. 78). The habitus is both the result of and the condition for social
practice. Methodologically, it is the central element of the social and cultural theory
that Bourdieu developed in order to analyse the relationship within and functioning of
social groups and their divisions and classifications. These are placed in relation to a
system of potentialities associated with the situation in which the interests of those
involved are defined (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 76). This is a reciprocal event, unlike the
establishing of rules that solely function as objectifying principles.28 Formed as a system
of dispositions, the habitus does not assume the character of a rule because rather than

28
Bourdieu is referring to Max Weber and his definitions of rules as principles for interactions in the
systems of economy and society (Weber, 1964, pp. 246-‐249).
103

being static, it is a “strategy-‐generating principle enabling agents to cope with
unforeseen and ever-‐changing situations” (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 72). Bourdieu emphasises
the recursive and reflexive character of the formational process of dispositions:
Any “habitus” is only effectively realised in relation to a determinate

structure of socially marked positions; but conversely, it is through
dispositions, which are themselves more or less completely adjusted to
those positions, that one or another potentiality lying inscribed in the
positions is realised (Bourdieu, 1996, p. 256).
Habitus is a principle used to generate objectively classifiable judgements. It is a
structure that structures and organises practices, but is also itself structured as the
principle of division into classifications that organise the perception of the world.
Such an organising principle for actions that is determined by its own
conditioning, outlining the way in which systems operate and reproduce themselves, is
also to be found in Luhmann’s concept of “double contingency”. This term is taken
from Parsons’ anthology Toward a General Theory of Action (1951), in which Parsons
establishes double contingency as fundamental for all interaction.
On the one hand, ego’s gratifications are contingent on his selection

among available alternatives. But in turn, alter’s reaction will be contingent
on ego’s selection and will result from a complementary selection on
alter’s part (Parsons and Shils, 1951, p. 16).
For Parsons, the problem of double contingency is not a matter of mere
agreement or a behavioural pattern, but the condition for social action. This circle of
mutual dependency and of self-‐referential determination needs to be solved in order
for social interaction to occur. Parsons chooses to solve this problem within the
concept of action by making a “shared symbolic system”, a normative orientation
assuming consensus, a feature of action (Luhmann, 1995, p. 104). It is on this point
that Luhmann vehemently disagrees with Parsons, given that he does not believe in a
normative code for interaction as a solution or as an elimination of contingency.
Luhmann criticises Parsons for presupposing that behavioural patterns (e.g. culture)
are handed down in society and that every social action always uncovers these
patterns (1995, p. 104). Rather, the effect of social structures in communication is a
stabilising one that comes from within the system, not from the outside. The “social
dimension” (1995, p. 116) of communication is that it constitutes a set of processes
that necessarily include as much contingency as selection. Luhmann reformulates
104

double contingency in that it shifts from being a problem to being a condition for social
structures. Double contingency provides much of the impetus for the evolution of
social systems, but no preordained value consensus is required for double contingency
to occur. The concept refers to the generation of meaning and knowledge in social
interaction, which for Luhmann is always communication. If double contingency is
understood as a condition,
the concept thus describes something given (something experienced,

expected, remembered, etc.) in the light of its possibly being otherwise; it
describes objects within the horizon of possible variations. ... It enables the
differentiation of a particular world dimension for socially distinct meaning
perspectives (the social dimension). ... The social is then accessible in all
meaning as the problem of the similarity or discrepancy of interpretative
perspectives (Luhmann, 1995, p. 106).
Both Luhmann and Bourdieu develop concepts aimed at analysing the selective
patterns used in social situations to generate understanding and knowledge.
Semantically, the two concepts of habitus and double contingency are quite similar.
Whereas Bourdieu defines the habitus as a system of dispositions that tends to
“reproduce the objective structures of which they are the product”, and that “are
determined by the past conditions which have produced the principle of their
production” (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 72), Luhmann similarly defines a self-‐referential
relation to the conditions of production of double contingency:
The autocatalysis of social systems creates its own catalytic agent: namely,
the problem of double contingency itself. ... The self-‐reference built into
the circle of reciprocal consideration becomes negative – and, with that,
productive (Luhmann, 1995, p. 121).
Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s concepts of double contingency and habitus
investigate the formation of order within the social, an order defined as producing a
self-‐referential and recursive relation between structure and action (form and
formation) which is not imposed on the process of communication in which the
formation of order is negotiated, but is actually a product of it. These concepts do not
operate dialectically, but recursively as a continuous mode of self-‐organisation.
Temporality and connectivity: formation of practice
It is now necessary to point out why the concepts of structure and process as
dispositions (double contingency and habitus) gain relevance for the formulation of

105

practice and communication, which as stated at the beginning of this enquiry implies a
Möbius effect, or recursive feedback loop, with respect to its portrayal of how social
order is generated and how its patterns and logics operate. Both theorists discuss the
matter of time and temporality to introduce the idea of consecutiveness of social
activity. As soon as temporality comes into play, the reciprocity of concepts such as
habitus and double contingency is confronted with the issue of reversibility and
irreversibility in interaction. 29 For Luhmann, systems not only reproduce through
selections that are made according to mutual expectations (as in double contingency),
but also according to experiences. The concept that brings experiences and
expectations together in order to place emphasis on the selective process is culture,
which Luhmann defines as a,
supply of possible themes that is available for quick and readily

understandable reception in a concrete communicative process. ... Culture
is not necessarily a normative content for meanings; perhaps it is more like
a limitation of meanings (reduction) that makes it possible to distinguish
appropriate from inappropriate or even correct from incorrect uses of
themes in theme-‐related communication. This terminological simplification
of complex theoretical deduction makes it possible to formulate questions
dealing with the relationship between culture and system structures on
societal development (Luhmann, 1995, p. 163).
Luhmann characterises culture’s relevance for society as a social memory that is
maintained for the purpose of communication. Culture is thus first and foremost
understood as a process of formation that consists of a constant balance of reflection
on the past in order to grasp the contemporary. The operation of “grasping”, though,
does not arise from a decision that follows an external norm, because, as with any
other selection, it can only take place within the system; it cannot be determined from
the outside. “The generalized result of constant operation under the condition of
double contingency is finally the social dimension of all meaning, namely, that one can
ask for any meaning how it is experienced and processed by others.” (Luhmann, 1995,
p. 112) The moment of asking is when “expectations acquire structural value for
building emergent systems” (Luhmann, 1995, p. 110), which is a connective value.

29
The element of the difference between reversibility and irreversibility was already shortly introduced
when clarifying Luhmann’s concepts of structure and process. Here, however, it is not limited to
clarifications about Luhmann but shifts towards a necessary characteristic for both theories.
106

Connectivity presupposes temporality. In communication as in interaction the supply
of themes (i.e. culture) can only manifest itself in a constant oscillation between
experience and expectations (i.e. double contingency) in which selections are made
that aim for the highest possible degree of connectivity.
When it comes to Bourdieu, it might appear as obvious to first equate the
concepts of culture and habitus. However, I choose to point out similarities between
the concepts of culture and double contingency because they are both thought of as
conditions of practice and communication, rather than their results. If one were to
equate habitus with culture, this would presuppose that culture is something external
or even superior that pre-‐determines communication and practice. Bourdieu relates to
Saussure’s concept of the constitution of linguistics in order to criticise the formulation
of culture as a code.
Saussure constitutes linguistics as a science by constructing language as an

autonomous object, distinct from its actualizations in speech, in order to
bring to light the implicit presuppositions of any mode of knowledge which
treats practices or works as symbolic facts, finished products, to be
deciphered by reference to a code (which may be called culture). ... It
would not be difficult to show that the construction of the concept of
culture ... similarly implies the construction of a notion of conduct as
execution which coexists with the primary notion of conduct as simple
behaviour taken at face value (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 24).
More precisely, Bourdieu calls this a “detemporalising effect” that is imposed on
practice. For Bourdieu, the dismissal of temporality in social science30 has the effect of
totalising situations when analysing them, disregarding the embeddedness of the
situation in a temporal context. Instead, he claims “to restore to practice its practical
truth, we must therefore reintroduce time into the theoretical representation of a
practice which, being temporally structured, is intrinsically defined by its tempo”
(Bourdieu, 1977, p. 8).
Practice unfolds in time and it has all the correlative properties, such as
irreversibility, that synchronization destroys. Its temporal structure, that is,
its rhythm, its tempo, either acceleration or slowing down, subjects it to a
destructuration that is irreducible to a simple change in an axis of
reference. In short, because it is entirely immersed in the current of time,

30
Here, Bourdieu directly contradicts Max Weber who thinks that time is not important for the analysis
of a situation when arriving after the situation occurred (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 9).
107

practice is inseparable from temporality, not only because it is played out
in time, but also because it plays strategically with time and especially with
tempo (Bourdieu, 1990, p. 81).
There is an element of linearity in both theories, although their very rigid
structural outlines might suggest that. But this is not a linearity that unveils a hierarchy
of social order or a chronology of its evolution (this would be counterproductive to
their common understanding of the social as being able to reproduce itself
continuously), and the linear component I would like to highlight is that of
consecutiveness of events, of occurrences.
Bourdieu and Luhmann set out from the idea of linearity when it comes to how
consciousness deals with the complexity of social structures. Luhmann introduces the
fundamental distinction between social and psychic systems in order to differentiate
between society and social groups communicating according to their roles and
functions and the self with its consciousness and individual modes of perception. “The
social system places its own complexity, which has stood the test of communicative
manageability, at the psychic system’s disposal” (Luhmann, 1995, p. 272). The
individual consciousness has to deal with the relationship between structure and
process within social systems, which is a continuous process of selection that
constantly reduces, but also produces complexity. In relation to that, the psychic
system reacts in “temporalizing the society system’s complexity” (1995, p. 271).
Something only becomes visible and graspable for the psychic system when there is a
process of distinction, differentiation and selection. Bourdieu similarly defines the
nature of practice as “an essentially linear series” (Bourdieu, 1990, p. 83) when it
comes to its meaning production. However, it is important to point out that linearity is
not analogous to chronology: it consists of “practical time, which is made up of islands
of incommensurable duration, each with its own rhythm, a time that races or drags,
depending on what one is doing, that is, on the functions assigned to it by the actions
that are performed in it” (Bourdieu, 1990, p. 84). It is a quality of linearity that a
perspective can be generated from any perceivable moment. This forms part of the
production of the social. Bourdieu and Luhmann’s formulation of the social and its
formation are tightly bound up with time, with actuality and with ongoing events.
There is as much a process of production involved as there is of reflection, of
observation and action, and of presentation and representation.

108

Communication as a form of practice: the Möbius effect
I have outlined the theoretical dispositions of Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s articulations
and explorations regarding the emergence of the social. Now it is time to ask what the
ramifications are of bringing the two theories together. They display similarities not so
much in their terminologies as in their approach to the conditions and possibilities of
the production of the social. Both highlight the proximity between the production of
the social and the conditions that enable it. This “recursive and reciprocal process”, as I
characterised it earlier, employs a Möbius effect: while structures and systems provide
the framework for distinctions and selections, those distinctions and selections are (in
accordance with the concepts of the habitus and double contingency) reproductive of
the structures and systems.
To apply such a description of practice to curating as a structural and processual
disposition sheds light on the function curating assumes within the field of cultural
production. Before looking into how this disposition also affects the curatorial as a
form of knowledge production, the terminologies of practice and communication will
be clarified in order to show their mutual dependency for curating.
For Bourdieu, practice,
always implies a cognitive operation, a practical operation of construction

which sets to work by reference to practical functions, systems of
classification (taxonomies) which organize perception and structure
practice. Produced by the practice of successive generations, in conditions
of existence of a determinate type, these schemes of perception,
appreciation, and action, which are acquired through practice and applied
in their practical state without acceding to explicit representation, function
as practical operators through which the objective structures of which they
are the product tend to reproduce themselves in practices (Bourdieu,
1977, p. 97).
For Luhmann the,
elementary process constituting the social domain as a special reality is a
process of communication. In order to steer itself, however, this process
must be reduced to action, decomposed into actions. Accordingly, social
systems are not built up of actions, as if these actions were produced on
the basis of the organico-‐psychic constitution of human beings and could
exist by themselves; instead social systems are broken down into actions,
and by this reduction acquire the basis for connections that serve to
continue the course of communication (Luhmann, 1995, p. 139).

109

Bourdieu and Luhmann define practice and communication as operations
intrinsic to how the social comes about. Both communication and practice reproduce
their own structures every time they are performed in action by means of double
contingency and habitus. These concepts have a very important function in that they
provide connectivity and probability. For Bourdieu, the habitus “functions like a self-‐
regulating device programmed to redefine courses of action in accordance with
information received on the reception of information transmitted and on the effects of
produced by that transformation” (1977, p. 11). Similarly, for Luhmann, double
contingency "founders upon the problem of complexity and the necessarily selective
reduction of complexity that is steered self-‐referentially within the system” (1995, p.
107). The fact that both models have a self-‐referential and recursive character makes
them different from almost any other dialectical model. The idea of result as
something that puts an end to a process is absolutely abandoned. The self-‐
organisation of this model of practice is assured through the endlessness of
communication.
The notion of practice exemplifying a Möbius effect, a recursive self-‐referencing
loop, first emerged as a subject for analysis when exploring Michael Fullerton’s
exhibition Columbia, suggesting that the relationship between works and viewer is
conditioned upon such a feed-‐back loop as a principle of self-‐organisation of
communication in the exhibition space as a device for the production of knowledge.
The analysis of the process of communication that was installed by Fullerton through
the different elements that constituted the exhibition (i.e. text, images, the process of
communication itself as material in the dialogue between viewer and artwork)
provided for a claim around knowledge production in which knowledge is defined not
as a thing or a series of facts, but as a network of relations that are built and
negotiated in the communicative space of the exhibition. In particular, the artist
negates the direct transformation of information to knowledge by implementing the
element of suspicion, which initiates a process of knowledge production that is not a
result of interpretation, but is conditional upon it. For Fullerton, suspicion functions as
a self-‐regulating device for pursuing knowledge production as a composition of ideas,
works, materials, etc., constituting the exhibition as realm in which knowledge
production emerges through the condition of sociality.
110

The Potosí Principle exhibition is a similar case, even though the means used to
arrive at a production of knowledge are quite different. It might appear that the
abundance of information on the history of Potosí is a realm of knowledge imposed on
the viewer. But the curators of the exhibition framed the works and installations with a
critical and suspicious attitude towards the cultural conditioning of knowledge
production in systems of power (government, religion, etc.). They invited the viewer to
partake in critically addressing the production of meaning. Absolutely central to the
exhibition was the question of how meaning is constructed and how it assumes a
relevance that is not only a result of specific relations and connections, but also
conditional upon sociality as a requirement for knowledge production.
In Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s definition of communication and practice the
motor of sociality is not something that can be added in order to make communication
and practice function, but is implicit in the way these concepts have been constructed,
relying as they do on the self-‐reference of double contingency and the habitus. With
the help of Luhmann’s and Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts it is possible to define a
process of formation as practice that is concerned with knowledge production
inclusive of structure and process, observation and action, and production and
reflection. However, a concurrentness of production and reflection constituted by
recursivity does not imply that such a model of practice is entirely immanent and only
serves to reproduce itself. Its generative function towards the production of sociality
on the conditions of its reflexive nature provides for a perspective on artistic and
curatorial practices having a transformative function that results from an
understanding of the materialities that effect the production of sociality in the curated
encounter. If we understand curating as a practice responding to the oscillation
between structures and actions set up in the exhibition space, then any transformative
function of the knowledge it produces is not a matter of the application of something
within the exhibition space to what is outside of it, but a matter of negotiating the
materialities involved in processing it. Sociality, in such intellectual conception, is
understood to be performed and thereby produced in terms of “path building” or
“order making” activities (Bennett and Joyce, 2010, p. 4), not determined by otherwise
predetermined structures, but of all those involved in building relations and
communicating via the building of relations in the curated encounter. Beyond any
111

artworks and their contextualisations, sociality is the material with which curating as a
practice of communication deals. The forms of sociality that it produces and
administers through its processes of knowledge production are not bound to their
place of origin but exist in the ways their communicability and connectivity acquires a
new structural value for a further building of relations that can – in other social
contexts – re-‐assume a generative function via their materiality towards the
production of sociality. To constitute this material register as an important dimension
for exploring the curated encounter, and specifically here the communicative space of
the exhibition, serves to appreciate a hitherto under-‐theorised dimension of the
curated encounter as a space of social ordering and form of cultural production.
However, in this context it would be farfetched to derive a definition of
curatorial practices from these observations, particularly because the corresponding
concepts of spectatorship and relationality have not yet been discussed. But from
having looked at particular examples in which artists and curators not only actively
engaged the viewers and participants at their exhibitions in processes of knowledge
production, but also made them the source of processes of knowledge production,
there emerges a concept of epistemic practices based on a system of organisation and
manifestation that is generative of its own social, political and cultural conditions, and
that can thus attempt to manifest a relevance of what is produced beyond its specific
politics of installation.
112

Chapter Two
Enquiring into the function of communicative processes taking place in the exhibition
space remains an unfulfilled task if there is no discussion of the notion of
spectatorship. While the analyses of exhibitions in Chapter One looked at the ways in
which objects, actors, and spaces are brought together into a relation and also
determined the functioning of these relations referring to theories of social action,
spectatorship was not addressed in any more detail than through a description of its
active and participatory role in the process of knowledge production. In isolation,
however, this concept is subject to a series of debates, particularly in relation to
artistic and curatorial practices that dismiss the exhibition space with the intention of
preventing passive forms of spectatorship and linear modes of knowledge production.
This chapter discusses a series of projects that purposely move away from the
exhibition space in order to differentiate from, circumvent and subvert the ways in
which spectatorship is conditioned, often restrictively, by the confrontational
relationship between viewer and works customary to the exhibition space. The
selected works are Manifesta 6, Unitednationsplaza and Night School, a series of
independent yet consecutive projects initiated by American Russian-‐born artist Anton
Vidokle in collaboration with artists, theorists, writers, etc. The dismissal of the
exhibition as a communicative space in the examples discussed entails an exploration
of dematerialised media in contemporary artistic and curatorial practice that
transform form, content and modes of presentation of art, altering the roles of
institutions, their political agendas and their social function. The analysis further
refines the notion of the communicative space by looking at how the discursive
provides a model of practice and a concept of space.
From communication to interaction
The selected projects are mainly concerned with the transformation of the role of the
spectator from observer to participant, an active stakeholder in processes of
communication and interpretation in the space of contention with art. This is no longer

113

the exhibition space, but might be a seminar room, a bar, an office, a kitchen or any
other space in which people meet to talk, discuss and debate. Nonetheless, the
exemplarily formulated opposition of observers and participants must give way to a
much more nuanced consideration of the nature of spectatorship, particularly in view
of the numerous debates pertaining to curatorial and contemporary art discourse in
the recent decades surrounding “discursive” (Wilson, 2007), “educational” (Rogoff,
2014; O’Neill and Wilson, 2010) and “social” (Bishop, 2006; Bang Larsen, 2012) turns.
Especially with regard to the first chapter, which described artistic and curatorial
strategies and methodologies of inciting the viewer to become an active partner in the
communicative situation created, selected concepts of spectatorship, audience
formation, and public are here subjected to further discussion in order to situate the
examples described in the complex discursive formations to which they belong, and
which they reflect and produce in their practices.
A consideration of Rancière The Emancipated Spectator (2007; 2009a) will be
followed by a short introduction to the argument surrounding Relational Aesthetics
(Bourriaud, 2002; Bishop, 2004; 2006; Kester, 2006; Bishop and Gillick, 2006) that
brought the debate on socially engaged artistic practices to broad public attention and
further discussion. This chapter addresses Manifesta 6, Unitednationsplaza and Night
School as examples for discussing the social dimensions of knowledge production.
Conditions of sociality as emerging from the projects will be contrasted with how art’s
social dimension is articulated in contemporary curatorial discourse. Emphasis is
placed on different forms of defining the relationship between what is often,
superficially, called ”the social”, on the one hand, and artistic practices, on the other,
in order to look into claims of public engagement and the production of collectivity in
discursive practices. Much of the discussion around a social function of art is directly
related to investigations into forms of political agency that can be assumed by not only
the artists, but all participants in the processes of communication set out in discursive
practices. For this reason, the analysis contains references to Bruno Latour’s notions of
“gathering” and “re-‐assembling the social” in the context of actor-‐network theory
(ANT) with the purpose of advancing the idea of knowledge production emerging on
the conditions of sociality.

114

The emancipated spectator
In his recent publication on contemporary curatorial thought Terry Smith asserts that
“spectatorship is the next major category of agency in the art world” (Smith, 2012, p.
236). This claim is not, however, the beginning of an enquiry into what kind of agency
spectatorship would entail. Rather, it is the conclusion to a general review on activist
curatorial practices that directly reshape the viewers’ role as “prosumers”, “consumers
of art becoming participant producers” (Smith, 2012, p. 237).31 Although my approach
to disambiguating a notion of spectatorship follows a reverse order of argument to
Smith’s, it also affirms a correlation between spectatorship and agency. However, my
interest lies in a more nuanced definition of the condition for knowledge production
that the prosumer concept would entail.
Jacques Rancière’s The Emancipated Spectator became widely discussed for its
redefining of spectatorship, particularly with respect to participatory and performative
artistic practices. The essay was first published in Artforum (Rancière, 2007) before
appearing in a publication of the same name alongside further investigations into the
political efficacy of art and imagery (Rancière, 2009a). The French thinker elaborates
on a notion of emancipated spectatorship by discussing models of engaged
spectatorship (that with which the spectator is confronted) in theatre, such as Bertolt
Brecht’s epic theatre (Brecht, 1957) and Antonin Artaud’s theatre of cruelty (Artaud,
1994) as well as with the notion of the spectacle itself (Debord, 1994). Rancière
articulates a paradox here: there is no theatre without spectators, but the spectator is
“separated from the capacity of knowing just as he is separated from the possibility of
acting” (Rancière, 2007, p. 272). Brecht, Artaud and Debord defy understandings of
theatre as forms of representation that the passive spectator merely consumes.
Instead they proclaim theatre as a forum for active participants. Rancière, however,
calls into question a number of presuppositions based on these theories from the field
of Marxist social and cultural critique. He casts doubt on the equivalence of theatre
and community; seeing and passivity; mediation and simulacrum; and the opposition

31
Smith reviews a number of examples of what he calls “engaged, activist curating”. For example, The
Interventionist: Art in the Social Sphere (2004) co-‐curated by Nato Thompson and Greg Sholette at
MassMoCa, or This is What Democracy Looks Like! (2011), curated by Keith Miller at New York
University’s Gallatin Gallery. (Smith, 2012, pp. 232-‐237)
115

of collective and individual. And most importantly of all, he casts doubt on the idea
that spectatorship is a form of passivity that should be “turned into activity” (2007, p.
278). Instead, “it is our normal situation” (2007, p. 279). Rancière sees a fundamental
foundation of inequality in how Brecht and Artaud try to convey forms of equality by
conceiving of theatre as a pedagogical realm for the transmission of knowledge. The
radical instructions that force an active engagement of the spectator only serve to
further manifest an insurmountable distance between the schoolmaster and the
ignorant (Rancière, 1991), even though “in the pedagogical process the role of the
schoolmaster is posited as the act of suppressing the distance between his knowledge
and the ignorance of the ignorant” (Rancière, 2007, p. 274).
Rancière does not discard the idea of the spectator’s participation and
performativity, instead arriving at its realisation by different means, namely by
recognising distance “as the normal condition of communication … dismissing the
opposition between looking and acting and understanding that the distribution of the
visible itself is part of the configuration of domination and subjection”. Here, the
activity of looking has a modifying capacity in the sense that its processes of
interpretation are already means of transformation and forms of reconfiguration of
such distribution. Rancière specifically addresses the dramaturge’s intention for the
spectator to see, feel and understand particularities of what is presented, and sees this
position as aligning with that of the master who conceives of his realm of practice as
one of “equal, undistorted transmission”. For the role of the curator or organiser
Rancière’s proposal of emancipated spectatorship means to not presuppose that the
processes of communication entail forms of knowledge transmission or a cause-‐and-‐
effect principle of learning. (2007, pp. 275-‐277)
Equally problematic, in Rancière’s view, are those forms of practice that,
subsequent to an understanding of the realm of the theatre as a space of production
of affect, have thought of forms of active participation on the part of the viewer that
result in a “gathering of an unseparate community”. Rancière is skeptical of the idea of
theatre as a specifically communitarian place, since “the collective power that is
common to these spectators is not the status of members of a collective body”.
Instead, their collective power is their ability to translate what they are looking at in
their own way. According to Rancière, emancipated spectatorship is a capacity
116

external to viewing – but also its “normal situation” – which works through
“unpredictable and irreducible distances” and a “play of associations and
dissociations” (Rancière, 2007, pp. 278-‐279).
The emancipatory effect of this concept of spectatorship becomes obvious when
acknowledging that Rancière is writing from the perspective of class distinctions; the
agency of spectatorship belongs to everybody, and not to a particular class. That which
is seen and interpreted can lead to a “redistribution of the sensible”, which is an a
priori law that conditions the possibility of perception according to its social, political,
and cultural predicaments (2004), blurring “the opposition between those who look
and those who act, between those who are individuals and those who are members of
a collective body” (2007, p. 279).
The idea of emancipation as a process of “collectivising our capacities invested in
scenes of dissensus” (Rancière, 2009a, p. 124) becomes important when examining the
function of spectatorship in relation to its social, cultural, and political conditioning as
explored in discursive practices. They can be viewed as analogous to participatory
forms of theatrical practices that Rancière describes as interested in disrupting the
traditional distribution of places (2007, p. 278). A question that Rancière only touches
upon is in what way a collective body can be produced with an element of
communality inherent to it rather than prescribed to it. This chapter dwells in detail on
this question throughout the analysis of Unitednationsplaza. Rancière’s conclusive
proposition of emancipated spectatorship issuing a “community of storytellers and
translators” (2007, p. 280) is, however, far too vague. It does not further define the
processes of translation referred to or discuss what function stories assume for the
production of knowledge. It is in the conditions that Rancière formulates for art to
assume a political and social function that his work is important for how different
actors relate to each other in communicative space. His “aesthetic break” is a
condition for art to produce political effects, a condition that entails a rupture of
artistic cause and political effect. Another condition for emancipatory spectatorship is
a level of indeterminacy of the image. The “pensive image” generates thinking
processes that cannot be attributed to the intention of its producer and have an effect
on the viewer without establishing a fixed relation to a particular object (2009a, p.
107).
117

Introducing Rancière’s notion of emancipated spectatorship to discursive
practices that do not rest upon the production of images makes tangible a certain level
of paradoxicality in Rancière’s thinking. On the one hand, Rancière outlines forms of
direct relationing between spaces of experience and what is installed in them, while on
the other, he argues for an intrinsic element of rupture between the aesthetic and
political regime. This becomes particularly apparent when looking at how Nicholas
Bourriaud responds to Rancière in the context of how his conception of relational
aesthetics has met criticism from the French philosopher and other intellectuals.
Relational aesthetics
In 1998 Bourriaud published the widely discussed essay “Relational Aesthetics”, in

which he describes the work of artists such as Rirkrit Tiravanija, Liam Gillick, Vanessa
Beecroft, Philippe Pareno and Douglas Gordon as concerned with the changing
systems of social relations, taking as their horizon “the realm of human interactions
and its social context, rather than the assertion of an independent and private
symbolic space” (Bourriaud, 2002, p. 14). From a contextualisation of these works,
specifically regarding their “form” as encounter, or as Bourriaud prefers to say,
“formation” (structures with independent sets of inner dependencies that resemble
typical features of everyday life), the French curator derives a particular characteristic
that sparked controversy amongst many in the fields of art theory, curatorial
discourse, philosophy and sociology.
As part of a “relationist” theory of art, inter-‐subjectivity does not only

represent the social setting for the reception of art, which is its
“environment”, its “field” (Bourdieu), but also becomes the quintessence
of artistic practice (Bourriaud, 2002, p. 22).
Critiques of Bourriaud’s concept of relational aesthetics coincide in the
accusation directed at Bourriaud that he did not differentiate between what the work
emphasises and what it produces, meaning that even if a work emphasises the role of
dialogue and negotiation this does not presuppose that those relationships also define
the work’s content. Rancière criticises Bourriaud for confusing the realm of production
with that of reception, which consequently entails the dissolution of inter-‐subjectivity
in communality. This criticism comes on the back of Rancière’s own account of the
political effectiveness of art and its ability to issue social transformation. For Rancière,

118

the radical autonomy of the “aesthetic regime” of art is that is has no utilitarian or
representative function (2009, p. 60). Relational art is problematic to him, since it
conflates political forms of collective actions with punctual and symbolical subversions
of the system, which is how Rancière characterises the artistic practices Bourriaud
discusses. Bourriaud, in turn, criticises Rancière for overlooking the formal dimensions
of works such as Tiravanija’s installations of soup kitchens, and accuses the
philosopher of arguing on the basis of a conservative notion of art that locates an
emancipatory potential only in its difference and distance from activist tendencies
(Bourriaud, 2009, p. 22).
The particularities of their respective critiques obfuscate the core question and
problematic that both theories discuss. How does art configure a relationship to the
world in such a way that its production constitutes its reception but does not
determine it and, in turn, have its reception respect the particularities of the work but
not depend on them? This question addresses the degrees of autonomy produced in
communicative spaces for all stakeholders involved in partaking in the production of
discursive formations. It also serves to differentiate between levels of individual and
collective autonomy, particularly with regard to how the latter is proclaimed as a
product of a transformative social function of art.
For discursive practices, the category of the work needs to be rethought and
reformulated in a way that accords with its dematerialised status, which is crucially
important for situating the curated encounter in the context of the commodification of
knowledge production.
Simon Sheikh gives a precise account of the double process at stake:
Since the 1960s, with the advent of minimal sculpture, conceptual art and
site specific practices, art institutions have had to take the double process
of dematerialization of the art object on the one hand and the so called
expanded field of art practices on the other, into account. Which, in turn,
has led to the establishing of new public platforms and formats, not just
exhibition venues, but also the production of exhibitions in different types
of venues, as well as creating venues that are not primarily for exhibition.
The crucial shift that cannot be emphasized enough is accurately best
described as “art conquering space” by Chevrier, who has written of how
this conquest has facilitated a shift in emphasis from the production and
display of art objects to what he calls “public things”. Whereas the object
stands in relation to objectivity, and thus apart from the subject, the thing
cannot be reduced to a single relation, or type of relation (Chevrier, 1997,
cited in Sheikh, 2009).

119

To perceive the product as a thing introduces processes of constant
renegotiation of the positionalities assumed by stakeholders in the discursive
formations built into the process of communication. In addition to such renegotiations
of positionalities (spectatorship, audience conceptions, public address) the ethical and
political quality of the discursive as a model of practice is in need for deliberation.
Sheikh sheds light on the conflictive situation confronting dematerialised artistic
practices. Their intention to reflect on the meanings of art – its social and political
responsibility and function within the sphere of cultural production – led to forms of
discursive practices that seek to evade processes of commodification while
simultaneously caught up in them.
We can then, perhaps, talk of a linguistic turn, meaning that language and
(inter)textuality have become increasingly privileged and important, in art
practice, the staging of the discourses around art, the aestheticization of
discourse, and the new knowledge-‐based industries such as marketing, PR
and services. Similarly, and also simultaneously, as art has become
dematerialized and expanded, labour itself has become dematerialized and
expanded, we could say, and production shifted towards a cultural industry
and the so-‐called knowledge economy (Sheikh, 2009).
What is subject to processes of commodification in the knowledge economy is
not a particular relation that is produced in discursive formations, but the element of
relationality itself, which lies in the recursivity intrinsic to processes of relation-‐building
in discursive art practices.
However, Claire Bishop refers to such recursivity as the political quality in
relational forms of artistic practices.
Rather than suggesting that the only good art is political art, the essay was
moving toward what I understand Rosalind Krauss to mean by “recursivity”
(i.e. a structure in which some of the elements of a work produce the rules
that generate the structure itself) (Bishop and Gillick, 2006, p. 107).
Bishop seeks to more precisely define the functioning of relationality. She
criticises Bourriaud for perceiving the quality of relational art as solely bound to its
environment of production. “Relational art sets up situations in which viewers are not
just addressed as a collective, social entity, but are actually given the wherewithal to
create a community, however temporary or utopian this may be” (Bishop, 2004, p. 54).
Instead, she locates the political quality – the socially and culturally transformative
function of a work – in the interdependency of the structures that enable the building
120

of relations with the processes that condition it. Bishop is critical of how Bourriaud
defines the spatial and temporal constellations of an artwork as the basis of its political
significance, since this conception not only disregards any level of recursivity between
production and reception, but also ignores the level of reception entirely. This in turn
identifies participation not as an active engagement in the realm of reception
(formerly the environment of spectatorship) but as part of the artist’s practice (Bishop,
2004, p. 63). Futhermore, she accuses Bourriaud of equating “aesthetic judgment with
an ethicopolitical judgment of the relationships produced by a work of art” (Bishop,
2004, p. 65) as Bourriaud fails to address the quality of the relationships established by
relational art.
The following discussion of examples from the realm of discursive art practices –
primarily Unitednationsplaza – is situated in a complex and paradoxical landscape.
Given the way in which recursivity was articulated as a condition for the emergence of
sociality, in the context of artistic practices fostering relation-‐building processes
recursivity assumes a dual function – both positive and negative. While Bishop refers
to recursivity as a condition for a political quality of relational art practices, Sheikh
defines its dematerialised status as particularly responsive to forms of co-‐option by the
knowledge economy.
This chapter addresses this conundrum associated with practice and discusses
the examples from both perspectives, particularly in the context of ultimately
proposing a material turn for artistic and curatorial practices for finding ways to
counter forms of co-‐optation and recuperation in and by the knowledge economy.
Therefore discursive art practices are discussed in the context of the interrelations and
interdependencies of the history of artistic practices and their social and political
function and relevances, institutional politics, the commodification of immaterialities
in contemporary cultural production and the knowledge economy. However, the
notion of materiality is not being proposed in clear opposition to the immaterial, but
as a mode of thinking through and negotiating the complexity of how artistic and
curatorial practices can produce sociality and thereby issue political relevance for
cultural production within the increasingly dematerialised knowledge economy.
Particular attention is paid to the demise of the exhibition space and claims of its
loss of political affect. Hence, the preceding introduction to the notion of emancipated
121

spectatorship served as a transition from discussing the role of the viewer in the
communicative space of the exhibition in the first chapter to taking the element of
recursivity into a context of dematerialised discursive art practices that foster a social
and political engagement of art with the world that is otherwise neglected.

Unitednationsplaza – from the exhibitionary to the discursive
Unitednationsplaza is a highly complex example in that it reflects on cultural, social

and political issues while challenging many assumptions that underlie the
contemporary discourse surrounding artistic and curatorial practices. These include
the disambiguation of the roles of curator and artist, the exhibition space, institutional
practices, the notion of the public, and art as a medium of critique and social
transformation.
Unitednationsplaza was an independent event-‐based programme of talks,
lectures, workshops, and screenings set up in 2006 by E-‐flux, a collective publishing,
artistic and curatorial enterprise with Anton Vidokle acting here as its main protagonist
in collaboration with Boris Groys, Jalal Toufic, Liam Gillick, Martha Rosler, Natascha
Sadr Haghighian, Nikolaus Hirsch, Tirdad Zolghadr and Walid Raad. It was an
experimental series of seminars lasting twelve months and involving around 100
artists, writers, philosophers and audience members. Hosted in a building on Berlin’s
Platz der Vereinten Nationen (United Nations Plaza), the project gained its name when
Liam Gillick placed the lettering Unitednationsplaza upside down on the outside of the
building (Uchill, 2012, p. 33) [Figure 23]. Inside the former supermarket office building
various spaces were furnished with a modular system by architects Nikolaus Hirsch,
John Lau and Michel Müller, whose elements could be configured to facilitate all sorts
of different activities: talking, listening, showing, reading, looking, cooking, drinking,
dancing, etc. “The spatial concept of Unitednationsplaza investigates the ambivalent
character of the contemporary art institution,” presenting different models of
institutions such as galleries, theatres and schools (Studio MC, 2012) [Figure 24-‐26].
The audiences – sometimes large, sometimes small – were mostly made up of
international artists or art world figures living in Berlin.
The project itself can neither be analysed outside of the context from which it
emerged, nor without taking into account how it transformed after the session in Berlin

122

during 2006 and 2007 and its condensed, one-‐month version in Mexico in March 2008. It is
therefore important to consider Unitednationsplaza as one project in a string of events
that took place between 2006 and 2010, starting with Manifesta 6, the biennial curated by
Mai Abu El Dahab, Anton Vidokle and Florian Waldvogel – which was scheduled to take
place in Cyprus in 2006 but never happened – and ending with Night School, a version of
Unitednationsplaza realised at the New Museum in New York in 2008 and 2009.

Figure 23
View of the Unitednationsplaza building at Berlin’s Platz der Vereinten Nationen, with addition by Liam
Gillick. Courtesy of E-‐Flux.
123

Figure 24
Unitednationsplaza’s modular architecture inside the former supermarket office by Nikolaus Hirsch
and Michel Müller. Team: Nikolaus Hirsch, John Lau, Michel Müller. Courtesy of E-‐Flux.

Figure 25
Unitednationsplaza’s modular architecture inside the former supermarket office by Nikolaus Hirsch
and Michel Müller. Team: Nikolaus Hirsch, John Lau, Michel Müller. Courtesy of E-‐Flux.

124

Figure 26
Concept of modular architecture for Unitednationsplaza proposing different forms of use. Architecture
by Nikolaus Hirsch and Michel Müller. Team: Nikolaus Hirsch, John Lau, Michel Müller. Photo: Michel
Müller.

Manifesta 6 School
The Manifesta 6 School is a pretext, an excuse and an opportunity. It is a
pretext for questioning and possibly challenging the methods of the
institutionalised art world. It is an excuse to bring together inspiring
thinkers and cultural producers to invigorate the position of art, and
cultural production at large. It is a great opportunity for a wealth of critical
endeavours: looking at the role of art institutions as participants in cultural
policymaking; questioning the role of artists as defined by the institutional
climate in which they practice and produce; revealing the power positions
that legitimise the prevailing elitism; looking at culture’s entanglement
with the pressures and demands of corporate globalisation. And, finally,
asking what kind of education do we as art professionals need today in
order to play an effective role in the world? (El Dahab, 2006, p. 2).
The idea of initiating an art school instead of curating an exhibition took centre
stage right from the beginning, when, in early 2005, curators Mai Abu El Dahab, Florian
Waldvogel and artist Anton Vidokle responded to the open call initiated by the
Manifesta Foundation in Amsterdam for appointing a team of curators for the 2006
Biennial scheduled to take place in Nicosia, Cyprus. The Manifesta 6 School was

125

envisioned as a temporary institution comprising three departments32 – each led by
one member of the curatorial team – and the plan was for it to take place in both parts
of the divided city of Nicosia, in both the Greek and Turkish sectors. Various activities
were set to take place over the twelve-‐week duration of the Biennial: lectures,
screenings, performances, publication launches, exhibitions, radio and television
programmes, symposiums, workshops, and so on. Alongside members of the local or
general public, those involved was to include 90 people who had been selected for
each department following an open call that was widely published by the Manifesta
Foundation and advertised on E-‐Flux. The “exhibition-‐as-‐school” concept articulated a
desire to move away from the space of the exhibition towards the more discursive
space of the school. The reasons with which all members of the curatorial team
manifested this desire – and thereby elaborated on the concept of the school as a
discursive medium – either focused on the school as a medium for an enhanced
educational experience, or on the element of the discursive as a different mode of
production for art practices.33 What Unitednationsplaza inherited from the Manifesta
6 School concept was not the structure of the school with its three departments, its
themes or its realisation within a three-‐month timeframe. Rather, it took from it an
ambition and an intention to explore alternative ways to the framework of the
exhibition as a construct for thinking about art as a catalyst of the cultural, social and
political histories that condition its production and reception.

32
The first department was overseen by Mai Abu El Dahab and was set up to look at different forms of
agency and modes of participation within the cultural field, with particular interest in the power
structures of public institutions, academia, media and other forms of organisations that operate on a
socio-‐political scale. The second department was led by Anton Vidokle and centred on topics such as the
entanglement of cultural production with politics of progress and the ethical/aesthetic value of
incorporating subjectivity into the classical Marxist equation (This was supposed to happen in a school in
the Turkish part of Nicosia.) The third department was set up mainly to operate online. Florian
Waldvogel supervised its intended focus on the production of knowledge and meaning in the context of
Cyprus as a complex political reality and specific location, both on a social and individual level. (El
Dahab, 2006)
33
I am referring here mainly to a set of writings by Vidokle (Vidokle, 2009) together with various
collaborators (El Dahab, Vidokle and Waldvogel, 2006; Rosler and Vidokle, 2008; Vidokle and Zolghadr,
2007) or presentations of Unitednationsplaza and Night School at symposiums (Vidokle, 2010; New York
Conversations, 2011), in which Vidokle recalled his intentions, described the project and responded to
its critics. Shortly after the end of Night School in 2009, Vidokle commissioned a selection of essays by
Liam Gillick, Maria Lind, Monika Szewczyk and Jan Verwoert reflecting on Unitednationsplaza and Night
School as well as on Vidokle’s artistic practice in general (Vidokle and Sholis, 2009).
126

But what precisely does it mean, the desire that art should enter all aspects
of social life? Is it a desire to bring art out of rarefied and privileged spaces,
or is it merely a move towards the further instrumentalisation of art
practice? Perhaps the exhibition is not the place to start. One must begin
at the beginning. The Manifesta team proposed going back to school
(Vidokle, 2006, p. 8).
Vidokle saw the potential of this proposal in that it offers much more than a
process of learning.
An art school is not concerned solely with the process of learning, but can
be and often is a highly active site of cultural production: books and
magazines, exhibitions, new commissioned works, seminars and symposia,
film screenings, concerts, performances, theatre productions, new fashion
and product designs ... these and many other activities and projects can all
be triggered in a school. I say “triggered” rather than “located at” or
“based in” to draw attention to the danger pointed out by Paulo Freire,
who wisely cautioned against positioning school as a privileged or an
exclusive site of “knowledge production”, which only reaffirms existing
social inequalities and hierarchies. The activities of the Manifesta 6 School
are an attempt to infiltrate the space of the city, to transform it and be
transformed by it (Vidokle, 2006, p. 4).
The divided city of Nicosia on Cyprus, however, never saw this transformation
take place. The school’s plan to hold events in both parts of the city led to a number of
political conflicts that drew in the biennial’s organiser Nicosia for Art Ltd. (a non-‐profit
organisation owned by the Municipality of Nicosia and set up to run the project) and
the International Manifesta Foundation based in Amsterdam. In a press statement
published on 6 June 2006 on E-‐Flux, the curators stated that their contract was
terminated by the Mayor of Nicosia on 1 June 2006, effective immediately. This
decision was taken due to a variety of alleged breaches on their part, including their
apparent unwillingness to mediate the conflicted situation of the school taking place in
both parts of Nicosia so as to reach an amicable compromise allowing the project to be
realised. The curators defended themselves by making clear that any form of
disagreement should not be resolved by compromising and thereby obstructing the
dissemination of ideas and impeding artistic production (El Dahab, 2006). While
acknowledging the politically conflicted situation of organising a project in a divided
city (the contractual agreements made with the local authorities had always defined
the project as bi-‐communal) the curators felt that the opportunity to realise Manifesta
6 in only one section of the city would mean a profound change to the initial concept
127

that they would not and could not accept. Manifesta 6 was therefore cancelled.
The debates sparked during the process of cancellation and in its aftermath
concentrated on the reasons behind the biennial being cancelled; on how the
conflicted political situation came to affect the realisation of the Manifesta 6 School.
But they also engaged with the subject of the concept of the school’s potential for
becoming a problem-‐solving strategy for political conflict. It is curator Mai Abu El
Dahab who takes a self-‐critical stance here, judging the project’s intention to work bi-‐
communally to be a “naive problem-‐solving strategy that ignores similar contrived
attempts that have always fallen short as they repeatedly underestimate the
complexity of this longstanding reality” (El Dahab, 2006, p. 3). Behind this argument
lies the understanding that the local context needs to be the matter from which any
conceptualisation of an international biennial emanates. Therefore the conflicted
political situation of the divided city of Nicosia as the location for the biennial is a
situation that for Vidokle demands not “commentary, but involvement and
production” (El Dahab, 2006, p. 9).
This demand is not exclusive to the Manifesta 6 School, but a central concern to
Vidokle’s artistic practice. In a collection of essays, editor Brian Sholis puts forward two
parameters that characterise Vidokle’s artistic practice:
The first characteristic is the self-‐effacing nature of his endeavours. Not

only are many of his projects subsumed under an anonymous/sounding
corporate identity, e-‐flux, but they are also nearly always collaborative. ...
The second quality is his relative freedom from the network of institutions
that is generally believed to confer legitimacy upon individual artistic
practices (Vidokle and Sholis, 2009, p. 7).
Anton Vidokle was one of the founders of E-‐Flux, a collective publishing
enterprise, artistic project and curatorial platform, which started as a newsletter
information service for the art world in 1998. Today, E-‐Flux is much more than a news
feed, it functions as a framework for an online platform incorporating the E-‐Flux
Journal, and E-‐Flux Projects realising exhibitions and other projects such as Time/Bank
all over the world and in cooperation with major institutions, including Documenta 13.
The E-‐Flux news service derives revenue from the fees paid by institutions to have
their press releases or announcements mailed out to about 70000 members of the art
world. This is often used to fund the projects, amongst them Unitednationsplaza. This
institutional self-‐sufficiency is often at the centre of debates around Vidokle’s role as

128

an artist/entrepreneur. As Jan Verwoert summarised: “e-‐flux sparks debates that are
heated and polarised. ... To some, e-‐flux represents the ultimate model of artistic
emancipation; to others, a culmination of art-‐as-‐business” (Zolghadr, 2012, p. 1).
Conceptually, Vidokle frames his projects through his role as an artist rather organiser,
a position that Verwoert finds “cogent”.
Unitednationsplaza is an example of Vidokle’s independence from institutions
when financing and disseminating his artistic practice, enabling him to create a public
discourse that serves to critically address, interrogate and validate his practice. The
aforementioned demand of involvement and production can thus be understood in
another way: as the process-‐based form of self-‐reflexivity with which Vidokle makes
his own involvement in every aspect of production the subject of his artistic practice. It
should be noted that what might be interpreted as a form of control mania is paired
with an emphasis on the collaborative nature of his practice.

The discursive model of practice
Unitednationsplaza created a communicative space for relationships to develop over

time with a set of different roles and responsibilities involved that can nevertheless all
be incorporated in the notion of “the participant”. The project was conceived in
opposition to what Ferguson calls the “standard story” (Ferguson, 1996, p. 176), a
straightforward definition of the institution or the curator being the host of an
exhibition in which the art object is as much a guest as the viewer, with no or only little
agency. Vidokle explores the discursive model of practice as an alternative to the
framework of the exhibition with regards to how art can function as a catalyst of the
cultural, social, and political histories conditioning its production and reception.
Vidokle saw the potential of the discursive model of practice as “a highly active site of
cultural production” (Vidokle, 2006, p. 9). He emphasises the idea of space triggering
processes of transformation rather than being viewed as a secluded and privileged site
for knowledge production. It is with regard to the potential of discursivity as a spatial
activity that Vidokle wants Unitednationsplaza to be a transformative project. For the
following analysis this prompts the question of how relations between participants are
spatially configured and what processes of transformation take place in them or are
subject to them.

129

Revised relations
The relationship between space, people and things that Vidokle configures in
Unitednationsplaza is first and foremost a proposition to leave behind the
communicative space of the exhibition. Maria Lind paraphrases Unitednationsplaza’s
intention and ambition in the form of a question: “How can we think things differently,
form the points of view of formats and protocols, methods, and procedures?” (Lind,
2009, p. 22) Vidokle points to a loss of the potential of the exhibition as a
communicative space. Somewhere in the process of the institutionalisation of the
exhibition as a medium for knowledge production the “possibility of the audience
having an active stake in the situation” is lost, or at least severely diminished (Vidokle,
2009, p. 198). In contrast, curator Anselm Franke believes that the taking over of
exhibitions’ responsibility for generating the conditions for viewers to assume agency
is a framework that entails “a sort of atmospheric, all-‐around dynamism in which
entire subjects, if not worlds, are animated ... creating zones of contact between
subjects and ‘worlds’” (Franke, 2009, p. 8). These zones of contact follow certain
scripts and rules in which behaviour is pre-‐scripted, and thus largely predictable.
Seldom does the contact zone come to fully represent the meaning that Mary Louise
Pratt (1992) gave the term:
an attempt to invoke the spatial and temporal co-‐presence of subjects

previously separated by geographic and historical disjunctures, and whose
trajectories intersect” in an interactive and improvisational dimension.
More so, the contact zone symbolise the frontier at which “accounts of
conquest and domination” are fought out (Green, 2003, p. 24).
This generates not a production of subjectivities, but a “subjectifying magical
circle waiting, like negative forms, to be filled in” (Franke, 2009, p. 8). The function of
the exhibition is being reduced to an “economy of negation and the affirmation of
conditions” (2009, p. 11), and falling short when it comes to continuing the enquiry
into processes of production that could stem from communicative exhibition spaces.
Hosting relations
Vidokle’s interest in experimenting with different discursive formats is an attempt to
model an alternative pattern of hospitality for the relationship between institution,
artist and public. Jan Verwoert identifies a relational quality in Anton Vidokle’s

130

authorship. “To authorise also means to inhabit the space you open up through your
voice, your discourse, to spend time in this space, furnish it and turn it into a place for
living” (Verwoert, 2009, p. 12). For Verwoert, the kind of authorship that Vidokle
assumes is that of a “contemporary host” who is “called forth to conjure up names of
saints, seasons or rites of passage to celebrate and themes to interpret in order for
guests to be invited, audiences to be invoked, thought to be gathered and works to be
created” (2009, p. 16). Verwoert describes Vidokle as a facilitator, generating the
conditions for engagement and functioning as a commissioner, programmer and
editor. Vidokle never adopts the role of presenter, never discloses the hospitable
condition as an authorial gesture. Rather, at most of the events held by his friends and
collaborators – writers, artists or curators – he is one guest among many. Vidokle’s
authorial position as the initiator and organizer of Unitednationsplaza is somewhat
concealed by the collective nature of the project. But – and here comes the twist to an
otherwise common articulation of curatorial responsibility – the position from which
Vidokle speaks is not one in which various forms of engagement are already mapped
out in his mind. Furnishing the communicative space of the discursive means to
assume the “role of being a keeper of the building” as well as “one of the voices that it
houses” (2009, p. 16).

131

Figure 27
Seminar with Diedrich Diederichsen during the opening conference “Histories of Productive Failures:
From French Revolution to Manifesta 6” of Unitednationsplaza on 29 October 2006. Courtesy of E-‐
Flux.

Figure 28
Discussion with Martha Rosler during Unitednationsplaza’s “Martha Rosler Library Lecture
Programme” on 19 June 2007. Courtesy of E-‐Flux.

132

Figure 29
Bar at Unitednationsplaza by Salon Aleman, a project by Ethan Breckenridge, Julieta Aranda, Eduardo
Sarabia, Danna Wajda, Willi Brisco. Courtesy E-‐Flux.
133

Figure 30 – 31
Seminar with Tirdad Zolghadr titled “That’s Why You Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties”, 12 – 23
March 2007, Unitednationsplaza, Berlin, Germany. Above: Screenshot of Unitednationsplaza.org.
Below: Photo courtesy of E-‐Flux.

134

Figure 32
Liam Gillick giving a presentation during his series of events titled “Five Short Texts on the Possibility of
Creating an Economy of Equivalence”, 7 – 11 May 2007, Unitednationsplaza, Berlin, Germany.
Screenshot of unitednationsplaza.org.

Figure 33
Detail of Liam Gillick’s presentation. Courtesy of E-‐Flux.

135

Over the course of Unitednationsplaza a series of events challenged the
understanding that the host primarily becomes a guest to the discursive condition that
has been created. Writer and curator Tirdad Zolghadr challenged such an authorial
position using different formats, complicating the ways in which the communicative
spaces of the discursive are devised. In a series of seminars titled That’s Why You
Always Find me in the Kitchen at Parties,34 which ran from 12 to 23 March 2007,
Zolghadr sought to “pursue this possibility of new forms of discussion as rigorously as
possible”, and “apply the analytical rigor customarily reserved for ideological,
infrastructural or art-‐critical concerns to the very material format in which these
discussions are embedded” (Unitednationsplaza archive, 2015b) [Figure 30; 31].
Zolghadr expressed an interest in testing Vidokle’s call for active productive
engagement, investigating the discursive as an infrastructure that can maintain a
certain quality of ambivalence towards an authorial positioning in relation to the
participants. The specific target of the intervention was a format that dominated
Unitednationsplaza: the seminar and the lecture. Even when not held in an academic
or otherwise institutional setting, these open spaces for conversation always entail the
allocation of roles: speaker versus audience. Zolghadr was interested in pointing to
how the degree of participation Vidokle imagined was actually hindered by the rather
conventional academic format. Zolghadr therefore changed the format of his
contribution to the programme every night, inviting other colleagues and artists to
come up with new and different formats. An intervention by artist Chris Evans set off a
debate about how strategies of exclusion control the discursive – even when the
intention is to provide possibilities for inclusion. Evans, in turn, also invited several
other participants, including Zolghadr himself, to sit down at the kitchen table for a
discussion that was broadcast via video to the seminar room. The divide between
those in the kitchen and those in the seminar room was unintentionally widened by a
technical failure preventing the broadcast from taking place. The audience in the
seminar room could not hear anything – they thought this was part of the
performance, assuming that this was an intentional strategy for alienating them from

34
Invited guests were Stefanie Wenner, Adrienne Goehler, Florian Schneider, Jackson Pollock Bar, Chris
Evans, Jörg Heiser, and Jennifer Allen (Unitednationsplaza Archive, 2015b).
136

the discussion. In response, some people in the seminar room decided to form their
own discussion – buying their own drinks, and eventually using the modular furnishing
to barricade the kitchen with the performers inside. Later, the participants in the
kitchen asked why nobody had communicated with them about the technical failure,
wondering to what extent the other participants’ response of using the blockade to
further the agonistic separation was a reinforcing of conventional hierarchies (Hadley
& Maxwell, 2008, p. 22).
This controversy surrounding Evans’ intervention points to the economies of
attention that determine levels of participation and engagement when the discursive is
employed as a medium for interaction aimed at generating different (predominantly
more informal and less didactically governed) conditions for knowledge production.
Despite its intentions, Unitednationsplaza did not articulate the relationship between
the degrees of freedom provided by means of unconventional formats of presentation
and those provided by traditional frameworks (the exhibition space, the lecture, the
seminar). Instead, the project manifested this relationship in ambivalent, at times
paradoxical, and certainly conflictive terms.
Rebecca Uchill attests that even though Unitednationsplaza points to “limits of
open engagement in knowledge production”, its various formats – employing forms of
exhibiting, instructing or governing relations – are indicative of discursive practices
that “even at their most experimental, have regulating capacities”. The conflictive
pattern of hospitality rendered by the project can be described thusly: while aiming to
point to the limits of discursive procedures it in fact acknowledged and accepted them.
For Uchill this forces “both producers and produced publics to determine their
willingness to operate within them”. (2012, p. 36)
Collective authorship
Unitednationsplaza never produced a limitless space in which authorship could be

given up entirely. Rather, authorship was collectivised. Verwoert starts by defining the
relational quality of authorship as being “founded through the creation of a voice”
whose job it is to “follow through and conclude a discourse” that is a “stream of
words, thoughts, stories, ideas or images, a series of articulations or manifestations
unfolding (according to) a pattern, structure, or choreography that allows for ideas and

137

emotions to take shape”. This produces a body of work “that offers something for
others to share”, and which becomes “a resonating body that makes the voices of
many others resound”. The collective surrounds the authority of the host. The very
format of bringing people together by generating a space for the fathoming of
relationships and associations is a definition of collectivity that “manifests itself in
some kind of subjectivity that would make the multiplicity of its voice resonate”.
(Verwoert 2009, pp. 12-‐13)
The constitution of collective subjectivity is a moment of experience, for which
individually “one material trace [is] produced in the course of the signifying practice of
unfolding authorship”. Sharing the experience of many individual voices coming
together and authorising the experience they have produced together makes for the
realisation that this process “has an effect on – and in this sense acquires a certain
authority/credence in relation to – the way people experience themselves” and their
immanent togetherness. The continuous deliberation over one’s individual role in a
collective event creates a loop, an indefinite process of negotiating the individual in
relation to the collective and the collective in relation to the individual. Hence, the
production of collective subjectivities appears as a manifestation of a “twist” on how
collective subjectivity is a form of consciousness produced through particular forms of
material practice. In the case of Unitednationsplaza, these particularly include the
modular furnishing that is used differently in each case to influence the behaviour
patterns of guests, hosts and participants. (Verwoert 2009, pp. 13-‐15)
As with the example of the Chris Evans performance, the materiality of the
furnishing can assume an authoritative character that produces different forms of
subjectivities as both individual and collective forms of experiences. Understanding the
modular furnishing as a form of material production also makes it possible to render
the role of Vidokle as resting on the ambivalence between inclusion and exclusion,
individuality and collectivity. It is the production of collective subjectivities for which
Vidokle ultimately receives credit as a host in the pursuit of autonomy, or better “the
dream and demand of autonomy” inherited from modernity, “the hope and claim that
the power of a cultural practice to truly make a difference was inseparable from the
freedom to determine its own conditions”. (Verwoert, 2009, pp. 17-‐19)

138

The curated encounters that Unitednationsplaza produced can be described as
situations of hospitality in which the host sought to escape the hospitable condition
and joined the experience as a guest. This, however, established a type of authorship
that was a form of governance, despite its relational qualities. The collective
functioned as a disguise for the host’s authorial role, but did not replace it.
In this context Vidokle’s understanding of artistic practice should be read as a
“demand ... to engage with society in order to create certain freedoms, to produce the
conditions necessary for creative activity to take place at all” (Vidokle, 2009, p. 193).
Curators also subscribe to this demand as a form of curatorial responsibility, producing
a communicative space and thereby facilitating a context for argument, debate, and
the generation of art as a product of the social, political and cultural factors that
condition it. On the face of it, this shared demand seems to be blurring the categorical
distinction between artist and curator. While appearing to be his own guest, making
art about creating the conditions for art production, the host Vidokle assumed and
exercised power when making decisions about whom to invite as speakers or not. In
running Unitednationsplaza as an artist-‐run independent project in the larger
framework of E-‐Flux, he even obliterated the one condition writer J.J. Charlesworth
claimed was necessary for the categorical distinction between artist and curator:
It may be that an artist can curate and that a curator can make art, but –
until all artists are in charge of their own personal art space – the
categorical distinction between artist and curator remains an institutional
one, governed by an inequality of access to resources (Charlesworth,
2008).
My intention is by no means to define Vidokle as a curator, but to describe
Unitednationsplaza as a particularly interesting example of a curated encounter within
the discursive as its medium of production. I respect the many ways in which Vidokle
disavows the practice of curating as well as the role of a curator and positions himself
against those forms of practice as an artist (Vidokle, 2010). However, I would suggest
that Vidokle intends Unitednationsplaza to complicate the ways in which we think art
is produced, what art can produce, and how artists, curators, critics, institutions, and
the public have a stake in art. Unitednationsplaza is, therefore, not only an interesting
proposition for the curatorial, but also exemplary for its condition as practice.
139

The discursive model of practice
Unitednationsplaza creates a communicative space in the realm of the discursive.

Unitednationsplaza did not, however, introduce the discursive as a realm of
production to the art world – the discursive is a highly contested ground that
Unitednationsplaza adopts, taking on the many complexities that define it. Many
examples can be found that explore the discursive as a sphere of knowledge
production and a medium foregrounding artistic practices that abandon the exhibition
space,35 and there are many more theoretical concepts that contextualise it (Foucault,
1980; Shermann and Rogoff, 1994; Bourriaud, 2002; Kester, 2004; Bishop, 2004; 2006;
Sheikh, 2005; Möntmann, 2006). While I will return to some of these at the beginning
of the next chapter on curatorial discourse, at this point I will focus on discussing the
notion of the discursive in direct relation to Unitednationsplaza, closely examining the
way its initiators, participants and critics addressed it as a model of practice.
One of Vidokle’s most frequent collaborators is artist Liam Gillick, who played a
central role in Unitednationsplaza and Night School. His many contributions were all
concerned with the notion of the discursive challenging the exhibition space as a
predominant mode of knowledge production by foregrounding improvised and self-‐
organised structures rather than aiming to infiltrate institutional mechanisms. Gillick
describes the discursive as analogous to forms of artistic practice that are “indebted to
conceptual art’s reframing of relationships”. The discursive is a “model of production
in its own right, alongside the production of objects for consideration or exchange”. In
speech and writing it takes the form of statements, conversations, discussions and
debates, and it is “the basis of art that involves the dissemination of information”. In
this context it can take the form of either an infrastructure (a seminar, a workshop, a
publication) or a medium (spoken or written word). (Gillick, 2009b)
Whenever Gillick speaks about the discursive as a model of practice, his
description is echoed by his own involvement in Unitednationsplaza [Figure 32; 33]. In
the many short texts that he read out or talked about in his brief lectures, followed by
rather lengthy discussions in the seminar room, auditorium or bar, the discursive was

35
For example, Documenta 11 (2002), directed by Okwui Enwezor, and Utopia Station (2003), curated
by Hans-‐Ulrich Obrist, Molly Nesbit and Rirkrit Tiravanija for the 53rd Venice Biennial.
140

not only the medium of choice, but also itself the subject matter of the discussion. It is
this doubling of the function of the discursive that Gillick explores with regards to the
role of the artist and public address within the broader framework of cultural
production. The subjects of his presentations and discussions dealt with the
problematics and ambivalences as well as with the potentialities with which he
characterised the discursive as a model of practice. In early 2009, following his many
participations in Unitednationsplaza in Berlin36 and Mexico,37 and during Night School
in New York,38 Gillick gathered his thoughts in a collection of two texts subsequently
published on E-‐Flux, titled Maybe It Would Be Better if We Worked in Groups of Three.
The first text focussed on the notion of “The discursive” (Gillick, 2009b), and the
second on “The experimental factory” (Gillick, 2009c). These texts are a consolidation
of his presentations during Unitednationsplaza and Night School, and they should be
viewed in this context, even though they were published almost a year later.
Relating Gillick’s analysis of the discursive to Unitednationsplaza seeks to
evaluate its qualities as a producer of alternatives to the exhibition space, and points
to the problematics of the discursive as both infrastructure and medium. In relation to
Unitednationsplaza Gillick is a participant, an observant, but also acts as a critic. This
serves to illustrate just how difficult it is to analyse Unitednationsplaza, due the
ceaseless shifts of roles and perspectives: from viewer to participant, from artist to
curator to critic and from participant to activist to observant. The different interests
that come to the space of communication in order to claim their place and their stake
in discursive practices are many and varied.

36
Gillick spoke in the very first conference at the start of Unitednationsplaza on 28 October 2006, for
which the subject of discussion was “productive failures”, followed by a response from Maria Lind.
Later, he gave five 30-‐minute lectures followed by discussions at the bar on 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 May 2007
(Unitednationsplaza Archive, 2015a)
37
On 1 and 2 March 2008 Gillick presented Two Short Texts on the Possibility of Creating an Economy of
Equivalence (Day 1: “The day after closure of an experimental factory of Equivalence”; Day 2:
“Reoccupation, recuperation and PRECISE renovation“). (Unitednationsplaza Archive, 2015c)
38
As part of the third public seminar of Night School on 27, 28 and 29 March 2008, Gillick presented a
series of three one-‐hour lectures titled Three Short Texts on the Necessity of Creating an Economy of
Equivalence. The lectures themselves were subtitled, “The night before closure of an experimental
factory”, “Redundancy following the promise of infinite flexibility” and “Reoccupation, recuperation and
pointless renovation” (Unitednationsplaza Archive, 2015d).
141

Going to the bar
The use of the word discursive includes the following considerations: first
(a technical definition), the movement between subjects without or
beyond order; second, a set of discussions marked by their adherence to
one or more notions of analytical reason (Gillick, 2009b).
This preliminary division between a rather technical and a more intellectual
definition of the discursive helps to enquire into how Unitednationsplaza employs a
discursive model of practice. What first comes to mind when thinking about the
“movement between subjects without or beyond order” is quite literally the flow of
people in the Berlin building, frequently moving around the seminar room, kitchen and
bar. Gillick incorporated this flow of people into his participation in the programme as
a strategy of displacement. Each of his half-‐hour lectures was followed by a discussion
at the bar. In so doing he disrupted the traditional relationship between speaker and
audience that was prevalent during his more formal lectures and used the informal
space of the bar to continue the discussions on a either one-‐to-‐one basis or in small
groups, inviting people to assume an active part in the discussions.
(Unitednationsplaza Archive, 2015a).
For Vidokle, the informal character of these conversations was derived from the
openness of the project, in that “everyone who came could participate to the degree
that they wished”. The possibility “of the audience having an active stake in the
situation” serves to negate, abandon, subvert and displace the traditional roles of
speaker and audience. Challenging the roles and responsibilities of artists, curators,
artworks, and spectators enabled “the kind of productive engagement that is still
possible, if spectatorship is bypassed and traditional roles of
institution/curator/artist/public are encouraged to take on a more hybrid complexity”.
In order to overcome the limitations of the exhibition as a space of production
(understood to be inherent to the predominant passive forms of engagement in
spectatorship, which result in the loss of agency of artists in social and political terms)
the discursive is employed as a model of practice investigating the potential of
mapping a space of production in which more active forms of engagement and
interaction can develop. (Vidokle, 2009, p. 198)
“The discursive is what produces the work, and in the form of critical and
impromptu exchanges, it is also its desired result” (Gillick, 2009b). Analogous to the

142

nature of the discursive – as founded upon the dissemination of information as an
alternative to the studio or exhibition space – the element of speculation opens up
spheres of experimentation and risk. It functions in this context as a mode of
construction that is “in flux”, designating the discursive as a continuous movement.
Furthermore, the positionalities behind the statements and texts are of an equally
incomplete nature. With regard to the question of authorship, their individuality can
only be viewed in the context of their collectivity, which generates a “sense of
reclaimed speculation” (Gillick, 2009b).
At no point does my use of the word [discursive] really imply coherence

with notions of “discursive democracy” as posited by Habermas and
others, yet within the cultural terrain it does have some connection to the
idea of melding public deliberation while retaining the notion of individual
practice within the “group” (Gillick, 2009b).
Although Gillick does not tap into a discussion of the Habermasian notion of
communicative action as a democratising tool, the relationship between the individual
and the group supplies a protective mechanism to the element of speculation:
The discursive is a practice that offers one the opportunity to be a

relatively unexamined, free agent within a collective project. ... It allows
the artist to develop a set of arguments and individual positions without
having got to conform to an established model of artistic or educational
quality. Incomplete projects and partial contributions are central to an
effectively progressive, critical environment, but in the discursive they are
not expressed – rather, they are perpetually reformed (Gillick, 2009b).
In this sense, artistic practice produces a curated encounter in which the relation
between host and guest seemingly fades in favour of a collectively produced and
shared experience, which in turn, however, is the very result of the artists’ positioning
in the collective project. The collectively shared experience is no longer just something
that can potentially emerge from the curated encounter, but is its product, the result
of a process in which the artist proceeds to designate the public realm he created “as
art or like art” (Vidokle, 2009, p. 192). Vidokle’s own position as an artist in relation to
the pattern of hospitality he creates is not that of a host, but of a guest becoming the
parasite to the collective condition created.
From Vidokle’s perspective, Unitednationsplaza not only addresses concepts and
terminologies of art, publicness, and sociality, but also produces them. Vidokle regards
these notions as intrinsically linked. Definitions of art, publicness and sociality form a
143

horizon of ambition for Unitednationsplaza within their realm of production: the
discursive. Their entanglement is at the heart of Vidokle’s argument: he regards the
curated encounter as an artwork, which by means of the discursive as its sphere of
production designates a public realm. This, in turn, is posited as a condition for a
production of sociality as a form of active engagement with and within the public
realm.
Social space and public engagement
Vidokle is fundamentally critical of the exhibition space as a place for public

engagement, the constitution of audiences and the condition of spectatorship. He
detects in large-‐scale international exhibitions “a strong desire on the part of the
organisers and participants ... to see their work as transformative social projects rather
than merely symbolic gestures”,39 going on to question this desire by asking whether
“an exhibition, no matter how ambitious, [is] the most effective vehicle for such
engagement?” (Vidokle, 2009, p. 191). From the context it remains unclear to what
kind of engagement he is referring, however. Is it a form of engagement with reality,
requiring active participation in addressing political and social struggles of our time? Or
perhaps a commitment towards attempting to resolve responsibilities on the part of
curators, artists, writers – in short, all those in the realm of cultural production? The
kind of engagement for which Vidokle claims that the exhibition is no longer an
effective vehicle is explored as a form of political agency in discursive practices.
According to the artist, this is impossible to assume in the social formations to which
exhibitions are geared: “audiences” rather than “publics”. Expressing agreement with
observations Martha Rosler made in the 1980s,40 Vidokle and Rosler write that “the
spectators of art have largely lost their political agency as such” and have “no
necessary means or particular interest in affecting social change” (Vidokle and Rosler,

39
Vidokle mentions the examples of Critical Confrontation with the Present as part of Documenta X
(1997), curated by Catherine David, and The Production of Cultural Difference as part of the third
Istanbul Biennial (1992), curated by Vasif Kortun.
40
Martha Rosler’s project If You Lived Here... (part artwork, part curated group show, part discursive
series on and around the subject of homelessness) took place at Dia Art Foundation, Soho, New York, in
1989. E-‐Flux presented the archive of this project in 2009 (Martha Rosler: If You Lived Here Still, 2009).
144

2008). While these observations do not impede the potential to continue to “produce
a critical art object ... there seems to be no public out there that can complete its
transformative function”. It is for this reason that Vidokle looks to the discursive
sphere as a way to “recuperate the agency of art in the absence of an effective public”.
(Vidokle, 2009, pp. 191-‐193)
In 2005 the exhibition Making Things Public, curated by Bruno Latour and Peter
Weibel at the Center for Art and Media (ZKM), Karlsruhe, Germany, enquired into
possibilities of public representation. It proposed a reconfigured engagement with
politics by means of public engagement, revolving around a central question: “What
would an object-‐orientated democracy look like?” (Latour, 2005a, p. 14).
We might be more connected to each other by our worries, our matters of

concern, the issues we care for, than by any other set of values, opinions,
attitudes or principles. ... Objects – taken as so many issues – bind all of us
in ways that map out a public space profoundly different from what is
usually recognised under the label of “the political”. It is this space, this
hidden geography that we wish to explore through this catalogue and
exhibition (Latour, 2005a, p. 15).
This geography could be described as the premise on which the notions of
“public”, “democracy” and “representation” and the ideas surrounding them are
questioned in relation to each other. Representation is itself understood to encompass
three ideas that have been kept separate but need to be taken in to account in relation
to each other. The first disposition, the political, “designates the ways to gather the
legitimate people around some issue” (Latour, 2005a, p. 16). The second, scientific
disposition presents the concerns, issues and topics for representation. The third, the
artistic, translates directly into the curatorial concept in that it presents a model of
practice, “a third meaning of this ambiguous and ubiquitous word ‘representation’, the
one with which artists are more familiar, had to be called to solve, this time visually,
the problem of the composition of the ‘Body Politik’” (Latour, 2005a, p. 16). The Body
Politik is a strategy for assemblage, a form of composition in which Latour includes
everything from “clothes to cities, technologies of meeting, gathering” (Latour, 2005a,
p. 16), the latter deriving from the Heidegerrian understanding of “thing” as not only
having properties, but also accounting for its own history in form and matter
(Heidegger and Krell, 2011, pp. 148-‐151). The relational is a conditional circumstance
for all kinds of gatherings around matter-‐of-‐concerns such as “what forms the Body

145

Politik?” For Latour, this serves to register “a huge sea change in our conceptions of
science, our grasps of facts, our understanding of objectivity” with the aim of
imagining “a new eloquence” that entails a consideration of its formational process,
exercised through an object-‐orientated democracy that “should be concerned as much
by the procedure to detect the relevant parties as to the methods to bring into the
centre of the debate the proof of what is to be debated”. This is what Latour calls
Dingpolitik (politics of things), a term that he uses to describe the refocusing of
political thought. (Latour, 2005a, pp. 16-‐18)
Thus, long before designating an object thrown out of the political sphere
and standing there objectively and independently, the Ding or Thing has for
many centuries meant the issue that brings people together because it
divides them (Latour and Weibel, 2005, p. 10).
Curator Katharina Schlieben uses this concept in the context of discursive
practices to “examine collective forms of collaborative work in terms of social
constellations of actors” (2010, p. 16). Schlieben looks to Latour for thinking about the
motivations behind attending collectively to the discursive sphere and for rethinking
the ways in which people gather around issues. She refers for example to Collaborative
Practices, Part 1 at Kunstverein Munich (2004) and Vielstimmigkeit – Collaborative
Practices, Part 2 at Shedhalle, Zurich (2005), both of which she was involved in as a
curator. According to Schlieben, they represent “a strong call to address the question
of collective work processes, group constellations and collaborative practices, in order
to differentiate and to examine them under the lens of societal, cultural and political
inquiries” (Schlieben, 2010, p. 17). This also holds true for Unitednationsplaza.
The first ever event held at Unitednationsplaza was a conference 41 that
discussed and reflected on the non-‐occurrence of Manifesta 6. The main subject of
debate was the notion of the school, with reference to historical predecessors such as
the Bauhaus, the Black Mountain College of Art or the Copenhagen Free University.
Examining how these examples presented forms of gathering around matters of

41
The conference was titled Histories of Productive Failures: from the French Revolution to Manifesta 6
and took place as Unitednationsplaza’s opening conference from October 27 to 29, 2006. Guests invited
to make presentations included Anselm Franke, Anton Vidokle, Haris Pellapaisiotis, Mete Hatay, Pavlina
Paraskevaidou, Rana Zincir Celal, Liam Gillick, Maria Lind, Diedrich Diedrichsen and Tirdad Zolghadr.
(Unitednationsplaza Archive, 2015)
146

concern sparked a debate about what kind of gathering the notion of the school
provides and whether it is truly free and independent from the constraints
characterised the communicative exhibition space. In this sense Diederich
Diederichsen criticises an independent artist-‐run discursive space as creating a “quasi-‐
academic space” (2008, p. 24) that seeks to institute processes that contradict the
disciplines of academia but at the same time operate on the very premise of academic
knowledge production. This criticism is based on a functional form of judgement, one
that Katharina Schlieben criticises as “ill-‐equipped to convey the multi-‐layered and
complex nature of the work processes involved” (Schlieben, 2010, p. 17). Instead,
Schlieben suggests looking more closely at the premises upon which collaborative art
projects operating in the discursive sphere are predicated upon, paying attention to
their “polyphonic lines” (2010, p. 18). The notion of polyphony refers to how language,
as a medium, can include a variety of voices, and how those become communicated.
Applied to Unitednationsplaza, this entails the question how the identity that
Unitednationsplaza creates for itself is made up from the voices that it houses.
Latour’s concept of gathering provides Schlieben a form of negotiation, a possibility for
defining identification in the sense of group formation as a process-‐oriented practice
allowing for polyphony, disagreement and antagonism. Recalling Verwoert describing
the collective as environing Vidokle’s identity as the project’s host, Schlieben considers
the ways in which the actors involved partake in the process of negotiating the
individual and the collective. This applies both to the ways in which the invited
collaborators took an authorial role (in contrast to Vidokle, who himself never gave a
presentation during Unitednationsplaza) and to the ways in which the participants
engaged in the communicative processes that took place. A case in point, cited earlier,
is the Chris Evans performance, staged by Tirdad Zolghadr.
Many collaborative constellations of actors could be ascribed to a culture
of practice because the component of gathering is indeed integral to social
practice. ... At the outset of these practices lies a fragmented, incomplete
knowledge or a limited palette of methods that motivate the actors
involved to engage in a dialogue that may be transformed into joint social
action. This presupposes generating contact zones or interfaces, and may
be formulated as a social moment that focuses on the “in-‐between” as
productive opportunity, avoids reproducing dichotomies, acknowledges
diverse speaker perspectives, and reflects on the dynamics and paradoxes
of translation (Schlieben, 2010, p. 20).

147

Art as social space
Nina Möntmann enquired into the social function of art by looking into propositions of
art as social space, analysing different forms of spatiality that artworks suggest or with
which artists work (Möntmann, 2002). Following various analyses of relationships
between space and place beyond the framework of the studio, gallery or museum –
into the urban, discursive, and cultural sphere – Möntmann locates the potential of art
deliberating social spaces, under the condition that it,
discards inside/outside dichotomies in favour of a reciprocal dynamic

process between issues immanent to the institutional art world and public
issues(those publicly discussed in institutional, cultural, urban and
consumption and action-‐specific discourses). This process produces a new
social space that incorporates the recipients – authorised as social subjects
– into the discursive artistic process. This realm of production – concrete,
distinguished and coupled with an analytical interest – presents a model
function for the handling of a place as a platform for the production of
social spaces (Möntmann, 2002, p. 166, author’s translation).
As a result of this process, art deliberates social space in that it can provide a
context for reflection, and speculation, on the possibilities that arise upon references
to space, to people or to things and their relation to other spaces, people or things.
The curated encounter functions as a platform for the production of social space. This
requires ensuring what Schlieben calls the ‘in-‐between’, speculation as simultaneous
reflection and production, which per se constitutes a relational activity.
For Vidokle, however, Unitednationsplaza is not a curated encounter as a
platform for the production of social space. He expects the project, in the context of
artistic practice, to “play an active part in society” following the “paradigm of critically
engaged art practice that we are still following today”. Furthermore, Vidokle seeks to
reformulate this expectation. He is interested in rescuing the premise of contemporary
art practice from being rendered “futile or, at the very least, severely reduced in its
transformative political and social agency”. This premise is the production of a critical
art object in relation to an effective public. Vidokle believes this public has been lost
due to the rise of audiences as “groups of consumers of leisure and spectacle”. Hence,
Unitednationsplaza is conceived as a critical art project encouraging experimentation
and with an emphasis on process rather than product, to take the place of the critical
art object. The project takes as its departure point a historically valued function of art

148

in its exploration of how to once more provide the conditions for perceiving art
practice as having a political and social agency. (Vidokle, 2009, pp. 192-‐193)
Devising a space for social interaction in the format of an artwork in order to
create a space for and of engagement has many precedents in recent art history.
Looking into one specific example will make it possible to discover whether, within the
setting of an artwork, it might be possible to contest the relationship between art and
society beyond the realm of speculation – and without being institutionalised in the
process. This will provide for a more contextualised understanding of Night School, the
last iteration of the Unitednationsplaza at New York’s New Museum, which
approached Vidokle and commissioned him to produce an artwork.
In 2006 Claire Bishop defined the “social turn” in art practice, referring to an
enhanced “interest in collectivity, collaboration, and direct engagement with specific
social constituencies” creating “intersubjective spaces” that become “the focus – and
medium – of artistic investigation” (Bishop, 2006, p. 179). Rirkrit Tiravanija’s practice is
a prominent example of this phenomenon. As a frequent collaborator with Vidokle, he
also participated in Unitednationsplaza. Möntmann examines Tiravanija’s practice for
deliberating on the specificities of the communicative spaces that the artist employs in
order to explore a transgression of boundaries in the relationship between artist, work
and viewer (2002). Her analysis includes a discussion of the notion of authorship, the
category of the aesthetic, and the understanding of the artwork as a dialogical entity.
The difference between Tiravanija’s projects, which took place in the 1990s, and
Unitednationsplaza, which took place in the late 2000s, is that in the meantime many
artistic and curatorial projects aiming at shifting the processes of production of
communication and social interaction from the exhibition to the discursive sphere not
only explored the ways in which this could potentially and speculatively provide for an
alternative economy of knowledge that was not consumer-‐oriented, but also saw that
potential fail in terms of a transferability from theory to practice, or from
spectatorship to participation. An important question for this analysis is how discursive
practices can be defined as art deliberating social space, and how they can be judged
not only in aesthetic terms, but also in social or political terms.
For Möntmann, Tiravanija’s practice found a way to produce social interaction by
means of extending the notion of the exhibition space to become a situation and
149

process (Möntmann, 2002, p. 112), thereby challenging a traditional conception of the
exhibition space, the authorship of the artist, the role of the curator, the function of
the institution and agency of spectatorship. While this had already been addressed in
the 1970s when artists such as Daniel Buren challenged the communicative structures
of the exhibition – incorporating a process of production into the terminology of the
exhibition by working “in situ” – the position of the viewer as a perceiving consumer
largely remained intact. With Tiravanija the configuration of the role of the viewer as a
producer of knowledge changed, which in turn affected institutional hierarchies and
the form taken by the governing processes of subjectivation. Tiravanija critiqued the
demand for subordination of the viewer in the interest of the institution calling for
“participatory practices instead of cognitive perception”, substituting the notion of
“spectator” or “viewer” with “visitor” in order to describe the changing role and
function with respect to modes of action. Tiravanija challenged the nature of the
exhibition space by physically transforming it into an installation of a kitchen or an
apartment. The higher the degree of transformation, the more these spaces could be
freed from traditional behaviour patterns of spectatorship and used socially. For
Unitednationsplaza the degree of transformation was not very high, since the project
was already taking place outside the institutional space, and using a pre-‐existing office
space, kitchen and bar. However, both Tiravanija and Vidokle set up functional realities
that were formerly alien to the art space. As a kitchen, a bedroom, a seminar room or
a bar they already constitute a social space. It is the context of art in which their nature
as social spaces has a disturbing quality, which both Tiravanija and Vidokle aim to use
in favour of more diversified action patterns on the part of the public. By offering a use
of a different space (that of the kitchen or seminar) in the context of providing a
different use of space (that of art), both Tiravanija and Vidokle functionalise space for
the purpose of social interaction.
In contrast to Tiravanija, Vidokle’s claim that art should resurrect the public as an
agency reflects a political agenda. Tiravanija suspends the usual behaviour patterns of
spectatorship and provides zones of social emergence. Compared to the case of
Unitednationsplaza, here the notion of art as a medium for sociality is less important.
There is no self-‐reflexive ambition on the part of the artists or the participant, at least
not one that is articulated as the work’s intentionality. As MoMA curator Laura
150

Hoptman said in relation to Untitled 1992/1995 (free/still), an installation of a soup
kitchen in the museum:
What this work did was to invite people to interact with each other in a
social way. ... People were not invited to participate in a performance that
was to be documented in order to feature as art, but their being in the
space was part of the art itself (MoMA Multimedia, 2012).
Defining precisely what happened in the space as part of an artwork, or even art
itself, is irrelevant to the nature of these interactions. What does happen, however, is
that emphasis is placed on what constitutes art when it is perceived as art. By
introducing into the gallery space something that had not, up to that point, been
perceived as an action attributed to artistic practice, the focus is turned onto the
conditions under which art is perceived to be art. Vidokle’s interest is in pushing this
focus further into the direction of thinking what agency of spectatorship the
awareness of the conditions for art perception entails. In relation to the demand for
artistic practice to engage with society the project acts self-‐referentially in that it is an
example for the demand it also aims to fulfil. However, in response to this demand the
project fails on the relation between what it proposes and what it is seeking to change.
The project brings people together in a non-‐institutional space to talk about current
concerns in artistic practice (one of them being the conditions of practice and their
remaining social and political agency). In so doing, the project seeks to devise a space
for social interaction in order to transform the audience from listening consumers into
an “effective public”. There is a mismatch however, in the relationship between what
the project is supposed to do and what it actually does. The high level of speculation
and experimentation that the medium of the discursive entails, including forms of
collaboration, is framed within a restrictive contextualisation of relationships between
institution, public and art. From Vidokle’s viewpoint as initiator and organiser of the
project, the platform for building relations that the project set up, is obviously linked
to his position as an artist pursuing new forms of public engagement. But does the
experience from the perspective of the participants link these two spaces of
production together? This would mean presupposing a transformative function for the
self-‐referentiality of the project’s format in relation to the subject matters that emerge
in the spaces of discussion. It is this transformative function that Vidokle perceives as a
result of the project in its condition as an artwork. “To me this means that the public

151

can be resurrected and the modality of critical art practice can be preserved given
some changes to how art experience is conceive and constructed” (Vidokle, 2008).
In deliberating the function of Unitednationsplaza in the context of artistic
practices, the dissemination of artworks and the role of institutions, Vidokle describes
the project in retrospect “a form without content, a host without qualities” and as an
“extended version of Slavoj Zizek’s exam design ... where he makes the students come
up with both the question and the answer”. Vidokle uses this quote to underline the
way in which Unitednationsplaza worked as an “artwork in his own setting”. (Vidokle,
2009, p. 199)
Night School – a “game within the game”
The last iteration of the “exhibition-‐as-‐school” format took place under the title Night
School in 2008 and 2009 at New York’s New Museum.42 After Unitednationsplaza came
to an end in Berlin, the New Museum’s Head of Education, Eungie Joo, commissioned
Vidokle to realise a series of monthly talks at the museum. This particular project
presents an interesting example for continuing discussions around processes of
institutionalisation of critical art practices in relation to the project’s claim for finding
new forms of public engagement.
Much more precisely than Unitednationsplaza, Night School was defined and
conceptualised as an artwork. Night School was similar to Unitednationsplaza in
format and content, inviting almost the same series of speakers, but much more
regulated. Its processes of institutionalisation can be compared to how Beatrice von
Bismarck (2006) characterises the experimental and speculative nature of discursive
practices when implemented in major art institutions.
Night School corresponds perfectly with the characteristics Bismarck deliberates
for the institution within the institution, the “game within the game”. Its time span of
just over a year was “temporalised in its make-‐up, self-‐reflexive and orientated
towards different publics” (Bismarck, 2006, p. 128). The monthly events consisted of
four days, including public discussions with invited speakers and regular meetings with

42
From the press release: “Night School is an artist commission in the form of a temporary school” (New
Museum, 2015).
152

a core group of around twenty participants pre-‐selected by Eungie Joo, Anton Vidokle
and Liam Gillick. They met at the museum, a bar or someone’s house so that “the
working context forms a space that is generated by its own use, through which one can
‘do’ something with the place and permeate it with discursive and social movements”
(Bismarck, 2006, p. 128).
Bismarck outlines how the maintenance of this self-‐reflexive nature of the
production of social space is very much in the interest of the hosting institution if it is
to maintain its power position and control the kinds of engagement that take part in it.
The institution achieves this by creating another institution internally that seemingly
possesses a higher degree of manoeuvrability with its proposition to work against and
in antithesis to its host. Concerned as she is with the role of academies and art schools
today, Bismarck argues that evoking the model of the artist-‐run temporary institution
is not a form of resistance against the divisions between public and private, or viewed
and viewer, facilitating their transgression, but in fact functions solely to reinforce
these divisions. The traditional role of the educational institution takes on a
“gatekeeper” function in that it “creates a link between art production and the
formation of its public(s), thus creating a continuous crossover between internal and
external ruling and standards” (Bismarck, 2006, p. 127). The distinction between
internal and external is becoming only more confused by the strategies of
reoccupation when the space of the academy or school hosts within itself the
formation of publics alongside art production.
This conflict-‐charged, but dynamic and contingent handling of regulations

and standards, carries a resistant potential that can be brought into play to
preserve relative autonomy in the institution’s room for manoeuvre. In this
respect it makes sense to set up a working context within the institution
that can in itself illustrate and perform the conditions and qualities of the
institution, confront them with each other and negotiate them, without
itself becoming entirely subsumed within the institution (Bismarck, 2006,
p. 129).
What Liam Gillick claims is the potentiality of the discursive – confronting a
socio-‐economic system by mimicking and paralleling its structure – is problematic for
Bismarck in terms of the mediated parallel positioning that discursive practices choose
to adopt in relation to the institution in order to live off it in a somewhat parasitical
relationship.
153

However, from another perspective, it is precisely this strategy of building an
institution within an institution that Maria Lind articulates as a form of institutional
critique. Situating Vidokle in a so called “fifth phase of institutional critique”, labelled
as “institution building”, it is “the whole ‘institution of art’, the apparatus itself that is
being scrutinised and challenged, not least its economic side, again from within the
belly of the beast” (Lind, 2009, p. 28). Instead of addressing the institution directly, the
critique operates by pointing to the functioning (or malfunctioning) of the institution
as contextualising artistic practices within larger cultural, social or political contexts.
This is achieved by “instituent practices”, a term Lind borrows from Gerald Raunig
(Raunig, 2009), representing an “active making of new modes of working and coming
together in various ways, including transversal ones” while facing the dilemma of
“whether and how critique can be performed” (Lind, 2009, p. 30). It is in response to
this dilemma that the fact that “Vidokle’s projects are generally not cloaked in ‘critical’
rhetoric” has to be perceived: “instead, they simply offer structures and procedures
that allow for something that differs from most of dominant discourses and
mainstream activities” (2009, pp. 30-‐31). The lack of what Lind calls a “critical rhetoric”
is also praised by Media Farzin in her account of Unitednationsplaza as a deficiency
that has an enabling function, presenting the project’s potentiality:43
In turning from an object-‐based production to a discourse-‐centred

approach, the artist reserves the option to not do and not make. The
audience, in their turn, is allowed the option to not engage, to not take
part – or to envision a completely different way of engaging (Farzin, 2009,
p. 39).
In this context, one of the participants of the “core group” of Night School, offers
a different reading of Vidokle’s “institution-‐building” process. Taraneh Fazeli believes
that although transferring a self-‐initiated group structure into a larger museum might
raise questions about the status of the institution as such and could therefore be a
form of institutional critique in which “expanded ‘publics’ would be addressed”, the
danger is “that dissent and contention will fall away in favour of unity-‐seeking
discourse in a hermetic quasi multiplicity”, enabling a process of self-‐determination

43
Defining potentiality after Rogoff and Agamben as “to be in relation to one’s own incapacity” (Rogoff,
2006a; Farzin, 2009, p. 38).
154

that often results in an overt self-‐congratulation. Especially Night School demonstrated
that the exhibition-‐as-‐school concept established those very divides that it set out to
overcome in the name of public: the level of participation from the audiences that
came to the monthly lectures was limited. In contrast to Unitednationsplaza (referring
to the Chris Evans performance), where “the blockading incident may suggest there
was a porosity that allowed discourse and action, theory and praxis, to produce each
other”, active participation was absent and even though interruptions were welcomed
by the presenters, “the audiences at most events remained cautiously mute”. (Fazeli,
2010, pp. 129-‐130)
Gillick points to the notion of a physical displacement that concerns the role of
the institution, the artist, as much as the viewer or participant in bringing us closer to a
“functional reality” in which artistic practice can engage with society by means of
developing relations: “Vidokle’s project fought the notion that anyone who thinks
about what to do and how things could be better operates within the realm of the
utopian via the contingencies of every day”. It is in between the spaces of utopian
dismissal and continuous belief in a future that holds the potential that “you‘ll find
components of cultural ‘movement’ that have little to do with classical ideas of
representation or how you might be feeling or what’s going on ‘outside’, but without
losing the precise connection to other people in other situations.” (Gillick, 2009a, pp.
50-‐52)
The lack of this functional displacement is the key to the failure of Night School.
As an institution within an institution it entered into a dependent relationship that left
little much room for manoeuvre. It seemed content with an ambition “to transform
social and subjective realities into a format in which we can handle and conserve it,
but not to interfere and take an active part in the production of social and political
realities” (Möntmann, 2006, p. 8). The problem for Möntmann is that the historical
backdrop to any institutional constitution is the way in which social principles and
values are formed. In the ongoing phase of collapse in state funding these principles
and values are shifting. Institutions are increasingly driven by the urge to establish and
maintain those power structures that help sustain the legitimation of their role as
providers of education and knowledge products, rather than engaging in its processes
of production. In terms of public participation, or “public acting”, as Andrea Phillips
155

calls it (2011), this is what Unitednationsplaza (in contrast to Night School) might at
times have been attempting to critique when it blurred traditional patterns of
behaviour at a lecture or seminar. But Night School only reaffirmed the situation with
its attempt to counter educational forms of knowledge production by producing other,
albeit temporary, versions of it. It is in this sense that Vidokle’s characterisation of the
educational distortion against which the project is pitted, unfortunately reads as just
another description of Night School:
The academic structure of educational institutions, with their insistence on

the necessity to comply with previously established rules and standards,
often guarantees that for all the promise of experimentation and
innovation, each successive generation of students evolves into a replica of
the preceding generation (Rosler and Vidokle, 2008).

At best we have to understand Night School as continuing the exploration into
the potentiality of the discursive that Unitednationsplaza presented. At worst, it could
be defined in terms of its role as part of the New Museum, an “enterprise art
institution in late capitalism”, within which “an educational commission is a consumer
commission”. In the case of Night School, proposing to provide for new forms of public
engagement, adopting a semi-‐autonomous framework within the sphere of
institutional cultural production did not precipitate the exploration of a critical and
political potential of discursive practices. Instead, it threw the project back into setting
off a crisis of legitimacy for its host, for which it adopted “corporatist logic, flexible
working conditions, event-‐style programmes and a populist concept of the public
sphere”. (Möntmann, 2006, p. 9)
The artwork as dispositif
Möntmann explores the shifts in mind-‐set needed if one is to conceive of artistic

practices that generate social space when talking about the discursive as a functional
site for social interaction with reference to Foucault’s notion of the “dispositif”
(Foucault, 1980, pp. 194-‐196). This term specifies the topological and functional
structures, and the mechanisms and strategies, that manifest the exercise of power in
order to generate social order. Foucault uses the notion to analyse the configuration of
social relationships and the rules that they follow (whether implicit or explicit). These

156

rules form the apparatus, itself a system of relations comprising discourses, laws,
administrative means, architectural forms – in fact anything that structures life as we
know it and exercises a guiding influence on our behavioural patterns. It is within the
context of a dispositif, which a discursive practice partly constitutes, that “it can be
said that the artist models the ‘interface’ of the public and the institution as a field of
application available on both sides” (Möntmann, 2002, p. 111). Vidokle defines the
function of his project as an artwork in precisely this way. The previously mentioned
relationship between sociality and publicness that Vidokle is interested in can now be
more clearly defined from his perspective: the artwork, even if resulting from
collaborative practice, negotiates notions of publicness within the production of
sociality that occurs in the curated encounter as a platform, or interface, for a
production of social space in which notions of public and institution can meet.
Recalling how Verwoert describes Vidokle as an authorial host who assumes the
position of a guest to the curated encounter he produced (Verwoert, 2009), curator
Monika Szewczyk compares Vidokle to Diego Velazquez portraying himself in Las
Meninas (1656).
One of the greatest paintings ever made shows the artist stepping away
from his creation; and, crucially, this takes place at that moment when
absolute sovereignty appears: the king and queen reflected in the mirror
behind him are figureheads of the regime of his day (Szewczyk, 2009b, p.
56).
Szewczyk is discussing here how Vidokle defines his artistic practice in terms of
collaboration, in his pursuit of an answer to the question of how art self-‐reflexively
produces the conditions for its own production. She accuses Vidokle of having
assumed the position of an artist without taking into account the context in which it is
perceived as art, while also refusing to act solely as a curator, a role that Vidokle
himself describes as entirely “predicated upon the existence of artistic production”,
having a “supporting role in its activity” (Vidokle, 2010). The curatorial role of
facilitating the space of production that Vidokle clearly fulfils in initiating and
organising projects such as Unitednationsplaza and Night School is packaged as an
artwork that appeals for judgement on aesthetic terms. But judging the projects purely
on their formal appearance entails a great danger, one that is inherent to the doubling
of presenting a moment of reflection on the conditions of production as a product of it
157

– of making art the product of its contextual appearance. “The proliferation of
discursive projects does carry the risk of what Simon Sheikh has called ‘talk value’ –
that it can turn into discussion for the sake of discussion, like any other formalism”
(Lind et al., 2009, p. 114). Fellow curator Dieter Roelstraete defends
Unitednationsplaza in that it has been “healthily aware of the dangers of calling any
form of art-‐talk ‘performative’, and therefore ‘art’”, aware of the “all-‐too-‐self-‐
conscious ‘excesses’ of discussion, where every utterance is too quickly and lazily
fetishised into an art project” (Lind et al., 2009, p. 115).
Going back to Szewczyk’s argument around what kind of judgement the
constitution of Night School as an artwork involves, she asks: “What is the subject of
aesthetics? And what is the universal truth governing this odd experience combining
thought and feeling, perception and action?” (Szewczyk, 2009b, p. 64) To answer these
questions would mean calling for an aesthetic judgement of all that constitutes the
discursive as an artwork: the relations between the participants, the presenters and
audiences, and the speakers and listeners. Continuing the Velazquez metaphor, this
call for judgement is best described with the image of the painter withdrawing from
the canvas in order to observe the capacity of art to bring people together. The subject
of the artwork is art as a social medium. So we might say that Vidokle’s interest in
using art to deliberate social space has a calculated dimension. Vidokle seems not only
to anticipate, but also to presume the sense of a regained speculation when it comes
to defining the roles, functions and identities that form part of it or are a result of it.
He presupposes that by bringing people together art can have a transformative
function, enabling artistic practice to comply with the demand that it engage with
society.
But should discursive practices be appropriated as a medium to generate artworks?
Should they not better function as an infrastructure, just like the exhibition space, in
which the processes of production provide for a testing ground for relationships? Even
though the projects succeeded, at least on some occasions, in suspending role divisions
and hierarchies, did they really “provide the matrix for the generation of social situations
in the art world” (Möntmann, 2002, p. 111)? Or was the realm of production being
confused with what is, allegedly, produced in it? Is the artwork the gathering of people,
or a presupposed production of sociality that occurs in it?
158

Claire Bishop emphasises what it means to describe a discursive project as art:
there is “the significance of dematerializing a project into social process” and “the
possible achievement of making dialogue a medium”. She highlights the importance of
considering projects that aim to relate art to the realm of the social as works of art,
instead of merely “as collaborative projects in the most general sense, because only if
judging the work’s conceptual significance as a social and aesthetic form” can criticism
address the “disruptive specificity of a given work”, and not base discussion solely on a
“generalized set of moral precepts” (Bishop, 2006, p. 181). In this context Bishop
criticises Grant Kester for confusing the criteria for defining art when he suggests that
the articulation of a relationship to the social constitutes an artwork.
He [Kester] challenges us to treat communication as an aesthetic form, but,
ultimately, he fails to defend this, and seems perfectly content to allow
that a socially collaborative art project could be deemed a success if it
works on the level of social intervention even though it founders on the
level of art (Bishop, 2006, p. 181).
Bishop stresses the importance of maintaining a categorical distinction between
judging a work on its aesthetic qualities and its socio-‐political relevance. Both criteria of
judgement are valid and applicable, but the one should not be subsumed by the other,
believes Bishop, who is critical of Kester’s attempt to “think the aesthetic and the
social/political together, rather than subsuming both within the ethical” (Bishop, 2006, p.
181).
Undoing the social
The preceding analysis of Vidokle’s project focussed primarily on a discussion of its

format, which comprised a discursive model of practice framed within claims
pertaining to the production of art as a social space fostering public engagement.
Vidokle’s articulations on his role as author and artist have been reviewed in relation
those of the project’s participants and collaborators in order to render the project in
the context of artistic and curatorial discourse on the function of art as social space
and the attribution of collectivity to the processes of production of social space.
A conclusive analysis of these particular examples of discursive practices in
relation to a demise of the exhibition space will require a disambiguation of
159

terminologies around the social. This is necessary for an enquiry into how discursive
practices provide a platform for the production of social space and the emergence of
sociality as a condition for relational activity.
Looking again at Latour will help to complement the partial and constrictive
articulations Vidokle uses to characterise Unitednationsplaza as a project fostering a
shift from viewers and consumers to producers. Largely unimaginative in his
formulations of how exhibitions inhibit forms of emancipated spectatorship, Vidokle
conflates collaborative practices in the medium of the discursive with the production
of collectivity as a condition for social transformation, which he entirely attributes to
the agency of art.
Examining Bruno Latour’s notion of gathering and assembling the social will
provide an approach to Unitednationsplaza from a perspective that can address the
relationing between art, sociality and publicness through a curated encounter very
different from Vidokle’s, one that avoids the production of any hierarchy or cause-‐
effect relationship between them. I shall draw a parallel between Vidokle and Latour
that demonstrates the non-‐arbitrariness of discussing of Unitednationsplaza and
Vidokle’s role within the project in relation to Bruno Latour in the context of actor-‐
network theory (ANT). Drawing such a parallel is, however, an entirely artificial
endeavour and used here solely for the purpose of furthering the argument around
social dimensions of knowledge production emerging from, and generated by, the
artistic and curatorial practices that this thesis aims to elaborate.
Both Vidokle and Latour intend to break with the presuppositions of practice in
their respective fields. They both seek out forms of practice that are not only
responsive, but also reflexive of its social, political, and cultural conditioning. There is
an important difference between them, however. Latour is no social constructivist, and
he does not search for a social dimension in scientific practice – that would mean
elaborating on the construction of facts in an otherwise predetermined social setting.
Vidokle, on the other hand, assumes the position of a social constructivist who looks
for a specific social dimension of artistic practices. While Vidokle does make an effort
to avoid certain predetermined social settings, such as the exhibition space, the
discursive sphere of production is no less conflictive in terms of its predetermined
space of action. This recalled the previous discussion of the notion of authorship in
160

relation to patterns of hospitability. Vidokle even goes so far as to derive a renewed
claim that artistic sovereignty from the particularities of discursive models of practices
not only produce art but also produce the conditions for art to become art.
One of the qualities that define our contemporary notion of art is a certain
claim to artistic sovereignty that historically became possible with the
emergence of a public and of institutions of art, around the time of the
French Revolution. An artist today can aspire to such sovereignty, which
implies that, in addition to producing art, one also has to produce the
conditions that enable such production and its channels of circulation. The
production of these conditions can become so critical to the production of
work that it assumes the shape of the work itself – such is the case with
UNP (Lind et al., 2009, p. 115).
The difference between Vidokle and Latour is that when Latour proposes an
alternative social theory, he first of all breaks with all terminologies and conceptions of
the social, society and all those structures that determine it, such as the subject/object
divide, or the nature/society dichotomy. Vidokle, on the other hand, uses
Unitednationsplaza to re-‐institute the divides, dichotomies and premises that
characterise the domain of art as one in which sovereignty is ceaselessly negotiated.
But despite Vidokle’s claims, how could Unitednationsplaza be materially
registered and thereby defined in terms of the potentiality of discursive practices as
producing a functional reality without falling back into the trap of rendering the
project using dichotomies such as the discursive versus the medium of the exhibition,
viewer versus participant, or art versus non-‐art? So, how can the Unitednationsplaza
experience (relational activities providing for a reflexive approach in terms of how
social, political, and cultural issues condition knowledge production) be articulated in
arguing for its materiality as a way that extends the artistic and curatorial as realms of
contemporary practice towards the production of agency?
From matters of fact to matters of concern
Bruno Latour is predominantly concerned with methodologies for exploration, with a
shift in perspective from the process of production to the conditions of how to
produce. In one his early work Laboratory Life (Latour and Woolgar, 1979) Latour
analyses the ways in which scientific practice is being practiced, attending to the
fundamental question for every practice of how it is that facts become evident and
161

knowledge is produced. Latour and Woolgar’s account of the scientific work in the
laboratory of the neuroendocrinologist Roger Guillemin meticulously not only
describes what happens in the laboratory, but also presents the discussions between
the people working in the laboratory and the ways in which they present their work to
the scientific community. It questions how scientists constitute facts and what kind of
role rhetoric strategies and experiments play within that process. His observations of
participants led Latour to dispute the idea that scientific facts result from experiments.
Rather, hypothesis, statements, opinions and extant postulations go through a series
of transformations in the form of tests and experiments, in which their materiality
produces their cultural conditioning. The common thread throughout is the notion of
scientific truth. “A fact only becomes such when it loses all temporal qualifications and
becomes incorporated into a large body of knowledge drawn upon by others” (Latour
and Woolgar, 1979, p. 106). Here, Latour is contradicting the idea that scientific facts
are either “found” or “discovered”. Instead the laboratory is described as a space of
production in which facts are manufactured and manifested by means of strategic
debates between scientists. They ascertain their collective hypothesis to the extent
that it later finds its way as a fact into books, where its history of emergence is no
longer told. Latour rejects this generation of facts and goes on to develop the claim
around a shift from matters of fact to matters of concern (Latour, 2005a). On a
methodological level, the shift from matters of fact to matters of concern signifies a
shift from natural to social studies, obliterating the distinction between the natural
and the social. Latour strongly opposes the way in which the so-‐called “second
empiricism” of social studies represents a higher order of explanation in relation to the
first empiricism, that of natural studies. Instead, Latour proposes that scientists “learn
how to feed off uncertainties, instead of deciding in advance what the furniture of the
world should look like” (Latour, 2005b, p. 115).
In this context Latour’s enquiry into the very premises of his own practice as a
social scientist goes so far that he avoids using the expression the “social” altogether.
In fact, the first edition of Laboratory Life still featured the subtitle “The social
construction of scientific facts” (Latour and Woolgar, 1979). The authors later dropped
the word “social”, however, in order to characterise the laboratory not as a social
construction, but as a socially solidified construction of facts: the materiality of things
162

in the laboratory is transformed by various processes of experimentation in which
natural products are ontologically disentangled for presentation as scientific facts
perceived as cultural phenomena. The ways in which Latour describes scientific
practices should not be misread as confirming that scientific knowledge comes about
by means of social relations. On the contrary, he accounts for science as a place of
instrumental fabrication of knowledge through strategic forms of action, which are
necessarily social because every interaction is social (Latour and Woolgar, 1979, p. 28).
The way in which Latour deals with the questions of how truths and certainties
arise entails a break with sociology and its vocabulary around the notion of “the social”
as some kind of fixed entity. The attempt to redefine the term “social” in Reassembling
the Social (Latour, 2005b) as an actor-‐network account must be understood in the
context of his preliminary works (Latour, 1993; 1999). “Social” is not used here as a
category. It no longer denotes a space of its own, an antagonism or an element in
binary opposition to nature. The term has been opened up and blurred so radically
that it is no longer meaningful for drawing any defining distinction whatsoever.
Actor-‐network theory
Actor-‐network theory (ANT) looks for the relational connections that form networks
challenging knowledge production in dichotomous structures. It relies on what can be
called a material culture of thinking that refuses to reduce to categorisations such as
subject and object and instead spends time carefully elaborating on different stages of
mediation between them.
Truth and falsehood. Large and small. Agency and structure. Human and
non-‐human. Before and after. Knowledge and power. Context and content.
Materiality and sociality. Activity and passivity … all of these divides have
been rubbished in work undertaken in the name of actor-‐network theory
(Law and Hassard, 1999, p. 3).
Developed in the late 1980s by Bruno Latour and Michel Callon, ANT is an
approach to social theory that considers people and objects as equals in social
networks. ANT’s analysis of social formations begins at a point where “action should
remain a surprise, a mediation, an event” (Latour, 2005b, p. 25). Actions are not
limited to those carried out by people; they include various phenomena including
natural elements and technological artefacts. Latour uses the word “actant”, a term

163

borrowed from semiotics, to describe everything that causes, or has a stake in, a chain
of operations (Latour, 2004). ANT proposes that our social connections need to be
defined anew every time, taking into consideration how things have an important
stake in the development and maintenance of social formations. Nature, culture,
technology and society, the natural, the ideal and the material, thus no longer
contradict one another. ANT does not differentiate between those who act, and that
which behaves, eliminating any distinction between structure and system, process and
action, or subject and object. Rather, the theory is based on an extended concept of
the “thing”. Here, a thing is much more than simply an object, and it can have its own
agency as an issue and concern. Things such as computers, bacteria, machines and
power stations are understood to be hybrids, or quasi-‐objects. They can no longer be
unequivocally assigned to the realm of either nature or society. They represent a
certain quality of in-‐betweenness and reproduce themselves exponentially by means
of making associations and developing networks. The task of social scientists is to
describe rather than explain, and they cannot allow themselves to fall into the trap of
assigning a dual meaning to the social: “behind the innocuous epistemological claim
that social explanations have to be ferreted out lies the ontological claim that those
causes have to mobilize forces made of social stuff” (Latour, 2005b, p. 103). Instead of
trying to explain the actions of actors, and by extension predicating a causal
relationship, ANT avoids any form of explanation and instead describes “how things
come together” (2005b, p. 75), producing a material register of that which is often
being reduced to the appearances in our consciousness.
ANT replaces the traditional concept of the social as some form of fixed bond
and as an existing base upon which things can occur, and instead argues for methods
of understanding social formation as an endless process of production. In so doing, the
theory challenges traditional sociology in more than one way. The scientist is not
superior to the actors he observes. There is nothing more visible from the outside that
is not also visible from the inside. In other words, there is no blind spot to social action.
Neither is there a hidden meaning to the relations that are revealed by the scientist.
The scientist is no longer in a position to mediate between nature and society because
that divide does not exist in reality, but only forms part of the “modernist settlement”
that Latour and ANT so vehemently oppose. Referring to the modernist settlement he
164

describes as a production of certainties based on dialectical hierarchies in which
epistemology, ontology and psychology are forces that are supposed to provide
explanations for the relations between mind and nature, nature and society, and
society and mind, respectively.
Latour concludes his critique of dialectical thinking by describing how people are
“locked not only into the prison of their own categories but into that of their social
groups as well”. According to Latour, the modernist settlement is not only a
(somewhat abstract) theoretical construction, but also a pressing political problem,
because objectivity, gained from the dialectical dispositions, is used to generate forms
of social order. In contrast, the kind of alternative settlement that Latour starts to
outline in Pandora’s Hope (1998) and later articulates as a social theory using ANT as
its theoretical foundation in Reassembling the Social (2005b) is a process-‐oriented
form that observes “science-‐in-‐the-‐making”, in which, as Latour says, “we do not lack
certainty, because we never dreamed of dominating the people” (1999, p. 15).
Latour credits artistic practices with the potential to call the modernist
settlement into question. He renders artistic practices as a construction site. He does
not in this context, however, allude to a construction of facts as a fabrication of reality.
Instead, he points to a string of associations for which “the whole idea of a building
made of social stuff vanishes” (2005b, p. 92). The idea of the social as a fixed
characteristic or form of explanation gives way to clusters of associations, spatial
formations that do not produce matters of fact, but matters of concern. These even
resist social explanations in that they are “uncertain, and loudly disputed, taken as
gatherings”, whose “traces” can be found everywhere (2005b, pp. 114-‐115).
It provides a rare glimpse of what it is for a thing to emerge out of

inexistence by adding to any existing entity its time dimension. Even more
important, when you are guided to any construction site you are
experiencing the troubling and exhilarating feeling that things could be
different, or at least that they could still fail – a feeling never so deep when
faced with the final production, no matter how beautiful or impressive it
may be (Latour, 2005b, p. 89).
Sociality by association
Latour’s critique of object-‐oriented sociology and the dominating position of the social
researcher can be applied to artistic and curatorial practices within the medium of the

165

discursive. With reference to Latour’s articulation, and contrasting somewhat Vidokle’s
self-‐positioning, the artist or curator should not exhibit superiority towards the actors.
The relations built in the space of associations do not retain any hidden meaning to be
deciphered by the artist or curator, who is no longer in a position to mediate between
art and society, because art – conceived of as a relational activity – always entails the
production of sociality. Such understanding, as proposed earlier with the account of
ANT, conceives of practices as relation-‐building activities operating within a hybridity
in which it is impossible to dissagregate that which is structure or process, being the
result or the enabling factor in processes of knowledge production. This hybridity relies
on taking the concept of agency and applying it not only to the human, but also to the
non-‐human world. However, this does not mean that any matter or material entity has
an agency autonomous from the human. Rather, it is the network of agents, actants,
and the relations between them that are looked at for understanding practices within
what can be called a material culture of knowledge production.
When talking about agency in relation to objects, things, and non-‐human entities
in the context of art, the question what agency the artwork can assume in terms of
having material power is obvious. In his book Art and Agency (1998) British
anthropologist Alfred Gell looks at the relation between objects and humans and
develops a theory of abduction for how objects contain embedded forms of human
agency. The artwork or artifact builds a representational front for the people’s
intentionality. Daniel Miller describes Gell’s account not as a mere theory of “casual
inference”, but as a theory of “inferred intentionality” based on a “refutation of an
aesthetic theory of art” (Miller, 2005, p. 33). He thereby also points to the limitations
of this theory, which I would like to highlight here in the context of proposing a post-‐
representational approach not only to the notion of art, but also to the context of
materiality: The relationship Gell proposes between object and human agency is
consistent of a circular process in which it is impossible to clearly differentiate
between object and subject in terms of agency, however the dualism of the subject-‐
object divide remains foundational for the theory. Latour, in contrast to Gell, is rather
disregardful of the concept of intentionality precisely in order to surpass this dialectic
and, instead, suggests thinking agency as a result of an engaged notion of practice that
takes account of the different kind of effectivities that material objects and processes
166

employ as an implication of the positions they hold within networks of relations such
as artistic practices – whether exhibitionary, discursive, or performative – that always
include human and non-‐human actors.
In this sense it proves worthwhile looking at how exactly the account of
Unitednationsplaza could benefit from being read as ANT-‐based. Latour’s description
of how “groups are not silent things, but rather the provisional product of a constant
uproar made by the millions of contradictory voices about what is a group and who
pertains to what” (2005b, p. 31) is echoed in Verwoert’s description of people getting
together during Unitednationsplaza as a form of gathering driven by the speculative
character of the discursive, which provides for all the different voices housed under
one roof (Verwoert, 2009). More directly, he also refers to the experience of the
process of forming a group as an “‘imprint of the momentum’, which is a collective
effort, not a private property” (2009, p. 19). This refers to a revised concept of actors’
identification with their action and the forms of agency expressed through it. For
Latour, the relation between actor, action and agency is not causal, but can only be
revealed in describing a process of links, traces, associations and translations, and the
description of the group is never independent from its materialisation in actions.
Similarly, Verwoert describes the constitution of the group as the collective effort that
results from experiencing the form of gathering while participating in it.
Katharina Schlieben describes how this form of culture of practice replaces the
study of social order by tracing associations and gathering fragmented accounts in
order to assemble a contact zone as a productive opportunity, rather than
instrumentalising artistic practice for the dissemination of already validated forms of
knowledge.
Latour’s inquiry on the gathering as “thing” and its representation is

consistent with the question of the performance of collective practices and
their actors, and their respective mechanisms of representation. It also
addresses the implicit moment of the social per se, which we may regard
as a network in which elements correlate, complement each other and
offer new scopes for action (Schlieben, 2010, p. 20).
In Latour’s vocabulary “social does not designate a thing among other things, like
a black sheep among other white sheep, but a type of connection between things that
are not themselves social” (Latour, 2005b, p. 5). This connection is a network
connection, although here the term “network” should be understood not as a series of

167

inter-‐connected points, but as what designates “the ability of each actor to make other
actors do unexpected things” (Latour, 2005b, p. 129). The “implicit moment of the
social” that Schlieben describes can therefore not be defined as a result of an action.
Instead, it is its beginning.
The question of the social emerges when the ties in which one is entangled
begin to unravel; the social is further detected through the surprising
movement from one association to the next; those movements can either
be suspended or resumed (Latour, 2005b, p. 247).
In relation to Unitednationsplaza, the Chris Evans performance could be
regarded as the event through which the notion of a material register of the
production of sociality emerged, the reason being that the performance explicitly
unravelled the ties – the conception of interaction as a form of participation between
speaker and guests – which had previously been set up. The performance dealt with
the restrictions of its own condition in such a way that it made the uncertainties
deriving from this condition the subject matter of its exploration. Or, in other words,
the scenario that Evans devised can be described as especially “anti-‐social” in order to
shed light on the processes of relation-‐building and translation that the quasi-‐
academic setting of Unitednationsplaza obstructed, rather than provided for. The artist
showed how collaborative processes can generate spaces of communication that
based on their material register offer new scopes for action. This particular example
can be described as an ANT experiment that requires the rendering of the assemblage
as encompassing much more than solely people, and include such elements as the
failed audiovisual transmission, the projectors, the door, the hand that knocked, the
sound of the knocking, etc. When defined as the forming of associations within
relation-‐building processes, the social can be traced through the many material
entities that participate in such processes. However, this definition of a transformative
function ascribed to forming relations, bringing people together and using the element
of uncertainty as a condition for practices does not provide for an implication of a
social function for art or artistic practices.
The fundamental difference between Vidokle and Latour lies in the attention and
determination with which Vidokle critically addresses the conditions of art production
as deficient in not responding to the “need to engage with society in order to create
certain freedoms, to produce the conditions necessary for creative activity to take

168

place at all” (Vidokle, 2006, p. 8). It is, however, paradoxical that at the same time as
attempting to critique the conditions for art production the project itself rests upon a
notion of art production. To clarify the nature of the paradox, one should look at the
relation between ANT as a proposition for a social theory and its contextual critique of
theories of the social. Latour gives an account of ANT as providing for an alternative
social theory for which he debunks each and every premise upon which theories of the
social have been founded. This is very different from Vidokle, whose theoretical
conceptions and practical implications are founded upon a number of conjectures
around art as a social medium that presuppose that the social is an attribute linking art
with public engagement. This might actually prohibit forms of active engagement,
rather than engender it.
Vidokle’s interest in using art to deliberate social space is far from unconditional;
it assumes that by bringing people together art can function to transform a curated
encounter into a space of real social action, where collaborative discursive practices
produce sociality. But Latour proposes that there is no society, no setting and no
framework that predetermines sociality, which can only be traced by observing how
actors materialise their own existence in the group as it forms through their actions.
The social is not some positive concept that can be instituted or manufactured in the
sense of transforming how and by what it is governed. Rather, the question addressed
at the curated encounter must be how processes of subjectivation and imagination can
be instituted in a different way, for example by providing a space in which there is the
possibility to track those associations and connections that “might end up in a shared
definition of a common world” (2005b, p. 247). This is what Bruno Latour frequently
calls “collective”, although this is certainly not a reference to the construction of the
collective in the discursive as it appears in Unitednationsplaza. Here, we saw a set of
practices that produced the collective as a specific form of subjectivity organized in a
space devised by the host, who, as its author, acted as a parasite to the collective
condition that he created for his own positioning as an artist in the context of social
and political practices.
The deployment of Latour’s observations on the production of sociality in group
formation to enhance my analysis of Unitednationsplaza is pursuant to the idea of
using Latour’s articulations to facilitate the development of a vocabulary pertaining to
169

a material register of the curated encounter in discursive practices, with specific regard
to arguments bearing on socially transformative functions of artistic and curatorial
practices. The aim is to uncover the figurative representations we often apply in
terminologies relating to the social. I propose that any transformative function of
artistic and curatorial practices lies in developing an exceptionally powerful and
resilient attitude towards any argument that employs art as a social medium from an
idealistic point of view. Arguments such as these often go in hand with a sense of
instrumentalisation, and use art as an explanatory force intended to arrive at an
objectification or commodification of sociality that could further a production of
certainties or implication of domination. The question, then, is not whether art is a
social medium, but whether art functions as a space in which to account for the
associations and connections that might be tracked producing a material register of
practices.
This chapter further developed the analysis of exhibitions as communicative
spaces, by addressing the question of whether discursive practices also function as
spaces in which the process of emerging dialogues and collaborations translates
laterally the matters proposed by artists – and other cultural producers from different
backgrounds and contexts – into a materiality that can perpetuate its own currency as
a matter of content beyond the structure that nurtured it. Again, this has nothing to do
with the concept of an art object or artefact having or assuming agency for or instead
of people. Rather, by building a “functional reality” (Gillick, 2009a, p. 52) the discursive
gains relevance as a communicative space whose ontological and epistemological
status are dependent on the relations that emerge from negotiating different material
registers of subject and object, and which can only be defined by their observation,
description and discussion.
Action overtaken
In an essay published in 2012, well after Unitednationsplaza and Night School came to
an end, Vidokle continues to develop his thoughts on art’s potentially transformative
function. Instead of outlining a project aimed at achieving a transformative function,
he articulates and explores the paradox that locks artistic practices into a situation of
170

no escape from the “supra-‐institution of Contemporary Art”, which hinder any such
transformations. Vidokle describes how “recent biennials and Documentas have
evaded thematisation specifically under the banner of a vague and relativistic, open-‐
ended idea of heterogeneous plurality”. He claims that these are only proof of how
“the classification of art as ‘contemporary’ emerged as a convenient means of playing
two sides of a paradigmatic shift simultaneously”. (Vidokle and Kuan Wood, 2012, pp.
4-‐7)
Contemporary art has a very peculiar way of distancing itself from the
universalising impulses of modernity by replacing these impulses with a
much more concrete, actual universal format for drawing art from all
corners of the globe together into a single, massive container (Vidokle and
Kuan Wood, 2012, p. 4).
The situation that art production faces when not being content with “using the
currency of the regime that governs it”, as Vidokle describes it, requires not a search
for an alternative model of production for artistic practice, but the realisation that the
change in perspective has to occur on another level, one that engages in a conflict with
the ways in which art has been used “to promote liberal and democratic values” in the
history of art in the Western hemisphere (Vidokle and Kuan Wood, 2012, p. 6). He
might have added that artistic practices are too easily defined as an intrinsically
democratic relational activity. This recalls Claire Bishop’s criticism of Bourriaud’s
concept of relational aesthetics as resting “too comfortably within an ideal of
subjectivity as whole and of community as immanent togetherness” (Bishop, 2004, p.
67). Vidokle refers back to Marcel Duchamp to argue against the commodification of
discursive practices and to search for a renewed sovereign position for art production.
Vidokle credits him with “breaking the contract” between the exhibition and the work
of art based on Duchamp’s symbolic and representative value, which enabled artists to
use the exhibition as a site to reconsider the conditions for art production (Vidokle and
Kuan Wood, 2012, p. 1). But the enclosure of this revision reducing the politics of any
given artwork to having its diplomatic capacity confined to the contemporary art
system prevents the artist from acting from a sovereign position. This was Vidokle’s
central motivation for initiating Unitednationsplaza devalorising the communicative
potential of the exhibition space. In the face of another phase of recuperation of
artistic sovereignty for processes of production in the knowledge economy, Vidokle
171

looks to the curatorial as potentially providing a framework that can put into practice
the demand for a sovereign position of art deliberating a communicative space for
negotiating its own transformative function:
Could it be, then, that if we are to take the lessons of institutional critique
to heart, that a Duchampian break today would necessarily have to take
into consideration not only the aesthetic field and its logics of museological
enclosure, but would also have to identify the weak points and systematic
inconsistencies of the meta-‐museum of global liberal democratic capitalism
that has absorbed it? ... Today, when artists seeking the freedom to work
as they please do so by employing curatorial methodologies in their work,
and when curators themselves seem to be the proven beneficiaries of
Duchamp’s contextual break, should it not be the task of the curator to
pose these questions concerning sovereignty and contextual freedom?
(Vidokle and Kuan Wood, 2012, p. 6).
Vidokle would not go so far as to suggest that the curator would not have been
any less engaged in maintaining and expanding the enclosure of contemporary art, and
also does not explain what form the curator’s Duchampian contextual break might
take. Again, here Latour serves to map out a possible answer, claiming to break free of
any attempts to relate art and life, art and reality, and art and the social as a form of
classifying reality.
Reality is an object of belief only for those who have started down this
impossible cascade of settlements, always tumbling into a worse and more
radical solution. Let them clean up their own mess and accept the
responsibility for their own sins (Latour, 1999, p. 14).
In Re-‐assembling the Social Latour states that there is no social. It has long
evaporated, or was never even there “in reality”. This is because reality is a category
which cannot be observed without an act of definition. But the social can, if it is taken
away from being a definition of a group, an intentional action and a classification of
behaviour. All these explanations only serve to bridge the gap between the “out there”
and the “in us”. Instead of groups, there is group formation; instead of societies, there
are collectives; instead of actors there are the many things that make actors act, such
as actants, hybrids and quasi-‐objects. According to ANT, action is overtaken, which
simply means that it should remain “a surprise, a mediation, an event”, which, when
wanting to follow the string of actions, poses the challenge of not conflating all the
agencies into some kind of meta-‐agency of “society” or “culture”. Instead, analysis
should begin from the “under-‐determination of action, from the uncertainties and
172

controversies about who and what is acting when ‘we’ act” (Latour, 2005b, p. 45). It is
only in those short moments when associations between things and humans are built
that the social can be gazed upon in its process of emergence, not as “social stuff” –
some kind of product – but as associations, describable only in following the many
transformations and translations that took place.
My analysis of Unitednationsplaza sought to accomplish exactly that, by
describing the transformations and translations of relations with the help of Vidokle’s
own articulations and those of his collaborators and participants to the projects. Its
intention was to reflect the complex recursive structures and processes between art
production and its social, political and cultural conditioning in the same way that
Vidokle articulates that “the production of these conditions can become so critical to
the production of work that it assumes the shape of the work itself” (Lind et al., 2009,
p. 114). However, subsuming relation building processes in a curated encounter
entirely under the notion of the artwork is wrong, because the artwork cannot
simultaneously be both the material that produces relations and the structure that
provides its processes of interaction. My analysis shows that Unitednationsplaza can
be perceived in terms of an experiment that made working on the conditions of art
production its product. This brought an understanding of how the notion of art
contemporaneously resides in its exhibition making, communication, distribution and
circulation. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated just how quickly those processes
could be turned around to attain the status of product.
The fact that Vidokle never describes the project in terms of curating, and
frequently even insists that the facilitating role of the curatorial is secondary to a
sovereign positioning of the artist (Vidokle, 2010) signals a central denial of the
possibility of comprehending art at a systemic level. He also fails to see that curatorial
practices can “assume more of art than the primacy of its production” (Malik, 2012).
Arguing for abandoning the hierarchisation in notions of curating facilitating art
production, Suhail Malik calls for an understanding of how “curating can organise art’s
present and future as a demand and not just a fact”. Malik does not specify how art’s
present future can be organised as a demand in difference to a fact. But from the
context of his essay, which focus on criticising the educational turn, the notion of
demand can be understood as a form of enquiry that insists on the necessity for its
173

relevance to be addressed with respect to how its production is conditioned socially,
politically and culturally. In analogy, we could recall Latour’s proposition for a shift
from matters of fact to matters of concern, which requires a change in perspective
from the process of production itself to the conditions of how to produce, that is to
track the associations produced materially that define a relational understanding or
practice in terms of producing sociality. (Latour, 2005a).
Malik does not talk about Unitednationsplaza specifically, but he critically
addresses the “assumption that better politics – and something like better art – will
happen through the formation of spontaneous communities, of common interests
coherently realized, of self-‐authorized informal educational-‐artistic endeavors” (Malik,
2012). In this context the notion of art’s present and future to be organised as a
demand can further be understood referring to the way art implies a negotiation of
issues and concerns that extend well beyond its immediate context of experience.
Such negotiation processes aim to establish the universality of art’s manifestations. As
an example of such a demand, we could bring into the picture Vidokle’s demand for art
to be able to produce an effective public.
While Vidokle does not attest any role to curating in relation to such demand
other than facilitating its production and articulation, in fact not accrediting any power
to curators, Malik suggests a relation between curating and art in which “curating must
assume its power to comprehend art at a systemic level as its own condition”, enabling
curating to “take art out of its sclerotic indifference to itself” (2012). This argument
rests on a series of presuppositions. On the one hand, for Malik to request for curating
to assume power refers to how curating, and particularly exhibition making, has been
perceived to have a primarily facilitating function for the presentation of art. On the
other hand, Malik claims that art is unable to address a relationship between its
strategies and conditions of production. Therefore, to put Malik’s request for curating
in other words, curating must assume a position of organising the ways in which art’s
presentation and experience produces a reflexive understanding on its conditions of
production. Crediting curating with such an important capacity of signification,
consequently the practice has to be understood as grounded in, on the one hand, a
notion of conflict with regard to claims around art’s production of autonomy and
sovereignty, and, on the other, institutional forms of governmentality.
174

The next chapter aims at positing a curatorial function as an organisation of
conflict of, one the and hand, art’s claim for universality in terms of meaning
production, and the institutional politics that use the ways in which art produces
knowledge, for example by providing spaces for the generation of sociality, for the
manifestation and exercise of power. With regard to this enquiry the next chapter
discusses Former West, a long-‐term research, exhibition, education and publishing
project that proposes to use art, and particularly its material power, as a research
device into the social, political and cultural condition of art as art and the mechanisms
of power with which agency is attributed, build and distributed in accounts of social
change. As such the project can be perceived as aiming “to take art out of its sclerotic
indifference to itself” (2012). Whether the project achieves such intent, and to what
extent a material register of sociality production effected by a relational understanding
of artistic and curatorial practices alters claims for art’s autonomy and sovereignty will
be critically discussed on the backdrop of how recent curatorial discourse itself
wrestles with its signifying capacity and epistemic quality towards the production of
knowledge.
175

Chapter Three
This chapter focuses on the notion of curatorial agency with regard to the production
of sociality and knowledge. Having previously explored different formations of
individual and collective agency with regard to situations of hospitality in the curated
encounter, the time has come to outline the question of what political, social or
cultural function this agency can assume. This chapter therefore articulates a relation
between curatorial strategies and the realm of cultural production, further exploring
questions around institutional politics and the role of artists and curators in addressing
concerns around the ongoing economisation of the cultural sphere. This elaboration
on the notion of a “curatorial complex” will serve to both describe how contemporary
curatorial practices working across different formats and seeking to escape the logic of
representation, are situated in knowledge-‐power relations and contribute to their
formation. Ultimately, this chapter will outline the idea of a material turn in curatorial
practices as a form of counter-‐hegemonic commitment in the curatorial complex.
This chapter first addresses the proliferation of the curatorial in an expanded
field of exhibitionary, discursive and performative practices. This involves the selection
for review of projects that posit discursive forms of practices alongside more
conventional forms of exhibition making. This will advance the discussion around the
discursive in relation to claims for social engagement in artistic and curatorial
practices. At the same time, the notion of the communicative exhibition space
fostering forms of emancipated spectatorship will be reviewed in this context.
As a starting point for this exploration, this chapter discusses the Former West
project in order to exemplarily enquire into the dispositives, institutions and economic
and social parameters in which contemporary curatorial projects are embedded.
Former West is a long-‐term international research, exhibition, publishing and
education project, a speculative platform considering the cultural, social, economic
176

and political consequences of the changes that the year 1989 brought to the West.44 It
was initiated in 2009 by Maria Hlavjova, artistic director of Basis voor Actuele Kunst
(BAK) in Utrecht, and Charles Esche, director of the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven,
and Katrin Rhomberg, at the time curator of the 6th Berlin Biennial. The curators of the
project are joined by a number of research advisors who take part in programming the
events and exhibitions of Former West (BAK, 2015d). In addition, many artists, curators
and thinkers around the world regularly contribute to the programme, which makes
Former West both a platform and a resource for thinking about and through
contemporary art.
The analysis of the project emphasises the specific cultural technologies involved
in producing and organising “imaginaries” as a political component in the generation
of sociality. This term was introduced by curator Simon Sheikh into the Former West
context, in reference to the Greek philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, who defines
imagination as an indispensable concept for describing the formation of social
structures: societies form through institutionalising imaginaries by means of
subjectivity, meaning, the formation of social relationships, etc. (Sheikh, 2011, p. 164;
Castoriadis, 1987, pp. 71-‐74). Jacques Lacan refers to the imaginary as one of three
interdependent elements of order for human existence and the constitution of psyche,
alongside the symbolic and the real. He firstly introduces the concept of “imaginary
order” pointing out how the toddler is captivated and excited by his reflected image in
the mirror. This marks an inherent duality in the process of self-‐identification. Hence,
imaginary order is organised by the production of images. (Lacan, 1971, pp. 60-‐71)
Central to this chapter is the notion of producing imaginaries pertaining to both
the individual and a collective body of people, because the curators of Former West
repeatedly refer to it as a political quality of a society dealing with the entirety of its
constitution (Hlavajova et al., 2011, pp. 8-‐9; Sheikh, 2011, pp. 160-‐166). The analysis of
Former West focuses on the implications for processes of knowledge production in
curatorial practices of the proposition of the production of imaginaries by means of
artistic practices and in the curated encounter. Using several examples from this long-‐

44
The term “Former East” is used as a catch-‐all for the former communist states of Central and Eastern
Europe, including the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact: Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
177

term project, priority is given to contrasting the medium of the exhibition with the
discursive, with an emphasis on the various curatorial strategies and on the potential
of communicability that lies in the diverse mediums of practice. This serves to evaluate
the political quality associated with each format for the production of imaginaries. The
analysis focuses on notions of sociality and communality as both a requirement for and
a product of the curated encounter, assessing what function such conceptions assume
in the development of curatorial practices into modes of practice towards the
formation of the social sphere.
Beyond the confines of the Former West project, this chapter enquires into
notion of producing imaginaries against the backdrop of artistic and curatorial
practices expressing an interest in finding new relations in art and society, articulating
horizons of social, cultural and political expectation in the curated encounter as a
space of experience (Bishop, 2006; Wappler, 2011).
From the exhibitionary to the curatorial complex
In his seminal text The Exhibitionary Complex, first published in 1988, Tony Bennett
looks at the function of the exhibition in modern societies and shows how the
exhibition came to present an alternative mode of production of knowledge and
power, ultimately seeking to empower its public through education (Bennett, 1988).
Rather than addressing one particular exhibition Bennett describes the typology of the
exhibition in the context of the formation of societies, defining “the exhibitionary
complex” as a set of institutions and their accompanying knowledge-‐power relations.
Locating its formation towards the mid-‐1800s with the advent of The Great Exhibitions
– the antecedents of World Expos, national exhibitions and biennials – the museums
opened their doors for the first time to a more general public, transforming
themselves from private domains to public arenas. They became “vehicles for
inscribing and broadcasting the messages of power … throughout society” (Bennett,
1996, p. 82). Bennett identifies a relation between the formation of the exhibitionary
complex and the development of the bourgeois democratic polity, in that it presents a
“set of cultural technologies concerned to organize a voluntarily self-‐regulating
citizenry” (1996, p. 84). The exhibitionary complex also always provides moments of
178

spectacle and forms of symbolic representations of the self, for which it acts not solely
in a disciplining fashion, but also as a space of production of affect. In this regard the
modern museum, identified as a complex of knowledge-‐power relations45, governs
through various forms of affective empowerment.
Curatorial discourse is very much aware of Bennett’s observations and the
interpretations and further developments emanating from the field of sociology and
from visual cultures (Rose, 2001). In fact, curatorial discourse itself could be viewed as
the contemporary arena of debate around the political function of the space in which
art is installed (in an exhibition or in more discursively configured spaces) as a form of
cultural production. The discourse around the notion of the “curatorial” deals in
particular with how such knowledge-‐power relations are formed in and by curatorial
practices. Like Bennett, Nora Sternfeld focuses strongly on the knowledge-‐power
complex, not with a view to locating the curatorial as caught in a web of institutional
disciplinary mechanisms, but in order to understand curatorial agency as a form of
actualising notions of “power” and “knowledge”, in line with postcolonial theorist
Gayatri Spivak’s verbs that indicate forms of “how to do something” (savoir) and
“being able to do it” (pouvoir).
If we think curating beyond representation as “being able to do

something”, then it involves processes that produce themselves – so it is
no longer about exhibitions as sites for setting up valuable objects and
representing objective values, but rather about spaces for curatorial action
in which unexpected encounters and discourses become possible
(Sternfeld, 2013, p. 152).
In light of the ways the exhibitionary complex has contributed to forming the
discourse around curating practices, I propose a consideration of the notion of a
“curatorial complex”. The function of this term is to describe not particular curatorial
projects but the typology of large-‐scale curatorial projects such as biennials,
Documentas or large-‐scale projects such as Former West. In order to outline what the
notion of a curatorial complex could specifically refer to, I will look into how spaces for
action, as Sternfeld calls them, are built and what function they can assume in the

45
The term “knowledge-‐power relations” originates in Michel Foucault’s discussions of how
mechanisms of power produce various kinds of knowledge used to reinforce exercise of power
(Foucault, 1980).
179

context of contemporary forms of cultural production. Introducing the notion of the
curatorial complex, which entails a discussion of curatorial discourse, focuses the
analysis of Former West less on the history of the activity of curating in institutional or
independent contexts – as exercised by curators or artists – and more on approaching
the curatorial as a methodology of practice that has a distinct political quality.
Sternfeld considers this political quality to be particularly empowering for producing
sociality that can alter the knowledge-‐power relations. But Bennett’s remarks on the
exhibitionary complex suggest that the curatorial complex must first of all be
conceived as dependent upon these relations determined by the economic, political,
social and cultural conditions that define the times in which they operate.
In order to develop the notion of the curatorial complex I will continue from the
previous chapter to describe and analyse how the relationship between art and the
social – particularly the part curatorial practices play in establishing this relationship –
has been a focus of curatorial discourse since the 1990s, particularly with regard to
art’s capacity to act politically. The following articulation is by no means representative
of the growing interdisciplinary field of curatorial discourse and should not be
mistaken for any kind of historical account or conceptual overview. Two recent
examples of curatorial discourse have already taken on this task. Paul O’Neill has given
a detailed historical account of the emergence of curatorial discourse since the late
1960s and he locates the “consolidation of a curator-‐centered discourse in the 1990s,
when a history of curatorial practice began” (O’Neill, 2012, p. 9). Terry Smith has
discussed many prominent curatorial projects of the recent decades in great detail,
providing a historical account of artistic and curatorial projects and their relation with
the emergence of intellectual discourse (Smith, 2012).
The field of the curatorial
Over the course of the 1990s a series of symposiums and seminars were organised in
response to a growing frustration with how curating was increasingly becoming a
practice of exhibition making that fed rather than challenged the apparatus of cultural
production, not providing a critical dimension to the contextualisation of artworks but
merely situating the production of exhibitions in the midst of an increasingly
consumer-‐led entertainment industry. Some events debated the roles and

180

responsibilities of curators in this context, including the 1992 symposium A New Spirit
in Curating,46 organised by Ute Meta Bauer at Künstlerhaus Stuttgart; Stopping the
Process a symposium organised by the Nordic Institute for Contemporary Art, Helsinki
(Hannula, 1998); and Curating Degree Zero the touring archive and publication of the
same name (Drabble and Richter, 2015), to name but a few. At the same time
publications such as the aforementioned Thinking About Exhibitions (Greenberg et al.,
1996) and Curating: The Contemporary Art Museum And Beyond (Harding, 1997)
offered a selection of essays from curators, critics, critical theorists, sociologists and
art historians that discussed the role of the curator, communication, display, narrative
and spectatorship from the perspective of the realm of cultural production. In
response to the growing visibility of the figure of the curator, not least embodied in
the prolific practice of figures such as Harald Szeemann or Pontus Hultén, awareness
increased with respect to how much the role of the curator as a cultural agent was
entangled in systems productive of value, power and reputation. This led, on the one
hand, to a discursive turn in curatorial practices, foregrounding the format of the
symposium, seminar, interview, etc., and, on the other, the development of
theoretical approaches. The attendant critical discussion of the authorial position of
the curator, the objectivity of the space of the exhibition, the neutrality of the
museum and the economic and political entanglement of institutional practices
produced what Nora Sternfeld calls a “reflexive turn” in curatorial discourse, leading to
the evolution of a plethora of transdisciplinary and transnational curatorial practices
that reinstitute curating as a cultural practice in new, different and more experimental
ways (ARGE schnittpunkt, 2013).
The format that came to dominate the realm of curating practices in the 1990s
was the discursive. In part this was a response to the crisis of representation in the
exhibition space, and in part it was inspired by artists foregrounding the discursive as a
material for their practice. 47 To define the curatorial as a discursive space of
production is linked to claims for the potential of curatorial practice to act as a

46
Participants included Bart Cassiman, Eric Colliard, Colin De Land, Corinne Diserens, Helmut Draxler,
John Miller, Hans-‐Ulrich Obrist and Philippe Thomas (Künstlerhaus Stuttgart, 2015).
47
Chapter Two explored the history of the discursive as a medium of artistic practice. The current
chapter emphasises a discursive turn in curatorial practices.
181

medium not only of enquiry but also of critique towards the social, cultural and
political conditions of the cultural practices. It is in this sense that Mick Wilson
positions the value of the discursive against that of commerce, with its critical
communicative experience, making the public sphere “the promise of multiple sociable
fora of reasoned discussion which are unconstrained by the imperative of the state
and un-‐tethered from the transactional logic of the market space” (Wilson, 2007, p.
204). Both Wilson and Paul O’Neill describe how the gesture of generating discussion,
conversations and debate by means of curating is linked to an “evacuated role of the
critic in parallel cultural discourse,” (O’Neill, 2010, p. 242) making the space of curating
a space of issuing critique. In pointing out the dangers of the curator orchestrating the
production of critique Wilson refers to Liam Gillick, who, in an exchange with Saskia
Bos, describes the conflation of the curatorial with the critical space as affecting
criticism in the sense of that it “has become either a thing of record, or a thing of
speculation whereas curatorial voice has become a parallel critical voice to the artist
that contributes a parallel discourse” (Wilson, 2007, p. 205; Bos and Gillick, 2004, p.
74). Wilson therefore concludes that, “this pattern of development presents itself as
the displacement of an exhausted critical discourse – and the partially evacuated role
of the critic – by a dialogical process variously facilitated, co-‐ordinated or enacted by
the curator role in conjunction with the role of the artists” (Wilson, 2007, p. 205).
One of the first large-‐scale events that purposely used the realm of the discursive
in this sense was Documenta X (1997), curated by Catherine David – not to replace the
exhibition space, however, but to complement it. The 100 Days – 100 Guests
programme invited artists, architects, philosophers, urbanists, economists, and other
cultural figures from all over the world (particularly Arab and African countries), to
debate what David called “the great ethical and aesthetic questions of the century’s
close: the urban realm, territory, identity, new forms of citizenship, the national social
state and its disappearance, racism and the state, the globalisation of markets and
national policy, universalism and culturalism, poetics and politics” (David and
Sztulman, 1997). David articulates her curatorial methodology as “retroperspective”.
The event programme therefore needed to be considered together with the
Documenta publication Politics-‐Poetics (David and Chevrier, 1997) that covered the
entire post-‐war period in 800-‐plus pages of montaged texts, images and interviews.
182

While the book was conceived as a backdrop to an interpretation of artistic activity
from 1945 until the end of the twentieth century in the context of shifting political,
cultural and social relationships in times of globalisation, David stated firmly that her
agenda for the discursive programme was more pragmatic than programmatic:
it makes no claim to anticipate the course of developments in the future or
the possible evolution that can already be glimpsed in the works and
attitudes of younger generations, but it does lay the accent on certain
strong alterities of contemporary culture, etc. (David and Szutlman, 1997,
p. 12).
The unprecedented 100 Days – 100 Guests programme configured a relation not
only between art and theory, but also between the critical and the curatorial. By
offering a space for reflection, the discursive allowed for curating to affirm its status as
a cultural practice producing a critical debate on the conditions of its own practice, its
temporal and spatial context, and, more precisely, its contemporary and geo-‐political
context.
Many scholars have praised David’s Documenta X for introducing a decisive
change in the history of curatorial as cultural practices. Irit Rogoff refers to Documenta
X as “the most visible moment of shift in a somewhat uneasy relation between
curating, artistic practices and knowledge production, and political imperatives”
(Bismarck and Rogoff, 2012, p. 26), as it did not intend to resolve this relation but to
produce a friction between the hegemonic discourse in which an institution such as
Documenta is firmly situated and the counter-‐hegemonic aspirations Documenta X
pursued. Oliver Marchart analysed and identified those shifts that Documenta X (and
later 2002’s Documenta 11 directed by Okwui Enwezor) introduced to the field of
curatorial practices, particularly with regard to large-‐scale exhibitions and biennials, as
processes of politicisation, attempts to “de-‐centre” the West, forms of theorisation,
and strategies of mediation. But while praising the progressive effects that particularly
Documenta X and Documenta 11 achieved, Marchart points to the inevitable tendency
of large-‐scale exhibitions to produce hegemony. Marchart describes this phenomenon
as the “irony of the political”:
the counter-‐hegemonic effects that these shifts produce have to be read in
relation to the history of large-‐scale exhibitions as formerly national and
now global hegemony-‐producing machines. Hence, while attempting to
critique dominant culture such large-‐scale events also always produce it
(Marchart, 2008a, pp. 7-‐10).

183

The social, cultural and political function of the mega exhibition was a specific
subject of interest in curatorial discourse at the turn of the millenium, largely in
response “biennialisation”, the exponential growth in temporary exhibitions and art
events on a global scale that can be criticised for its fostering of a form of cultural
consumerism for a distinguished and well-‐educated middle class. Publications such as
The Manifesta Decade (Vanderlinden and Filipovic, 2005) reflected critically on the
shifting conditions of exhibition making and the ways in which cultural policymaking
influences curatorial practices, with particular reference to Manifesta, European
Biennial of Contemporary Art. In their introduction to this compilation of essays and
texts by curators, artists, theorists and art historians, Vanderlinden and Filipovic
characterise the period from 1989 to 2005 as a “long decade” full of shifting paradigms
and practices of large-‐scale exhibitions that are in need of analysis, particular because
the cultural repercussions of the political events – from the geographical and political
remapping of Europe and its neighbouring terrains in 1989 to the rejection of a
European constitution in 2005 – had not been identified and reflected upon. “The
impetus to frame this study from a European perspective was a strategic one,
especially at a moment when the question of what Europe is or hopes to be is
altogether uncertain” (Vanderlinden and Filipovic, 2005, p. 13).
It has become a curatorial strategy to contextualise the production of a discourse
on curatorial practices – and exhibition-‐making in particular – by reflecting on social,
political and cultural conditions, predominantly in order to differentiate between these
practices and market-‐oriented productions and displays of contemporary art. For
example, for their 2010 Taipei Bienniale at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum curators
Hongjohn Lin and Tirdad Zolghadr proposed “an exhibition on the politics of art” that
could reflect on “how art is being produced, circulated and consumed” (Taipeh Bienial,
2010).
An exhibition, therefore, is never an innocent collection of artwork, but

rather a set of social relations upon which the production of art is
constructed. To invoke the politics of art is simply to make these social
relations visible, so that the division between the social and the aesthetic is
no longer distinguishable and thus, rendered obsolete (Taipeh Bienial,
2010).
This form of self-‐reflexive strategy in curatorial practice is, in part, a reaction to
how art history traditionally canonised the reception of contemporary art focusing on

184

aesthetic qualities of particular works within individual art practices, often without any
consideration of the social, political or cultural context of their emergence. A critical
reaction to this process has been established for equally long by artists, curators and
art theorists, both in practice and in theory.
Lin and Zolghadr’s proposition is a personal response to the biennial
phenomenon 48 from a centre position. Their interest in eradicating any division
between the social and the aesthetic is a response to how biennials – even though
they have made a significant contribution to discussions on the dialectics of margin
and centre and disintegrated the predominant presence of Western artists in large-‐
scale exhibitions – maintain comparable dialectics for their own field of production.
For artists and curators alike, participating in biennials comprises a form of validation
of their work on an international scale, leading to increased public visibility and market
figures. From their own position as biennial curators, and rejecting the idea that
artistic and curatorial practices should be a product of the biennial culture, Lin and
Zolghadr devise a self-‐reflexive curatorial strategy that uses the exhibition as a
research device on the matter of art and its production.49
Curating vs. Curatorial
The desire for expressing self-‐reflexivity has long characterised much of intellectual
curatorial discourse, particularly since the mid-‐2000s, with the introduction of the
distinction between “curating” and “the curatorial”, and the subsequent development
of the curatorial as a mode for “getting away from representation to a very large
extent, and trying to see within this activity a set of possibilities for much larger
agendas in the art world” (Bismarck and Rogoff, 2012, p. 22). Particularly around the
beginning of the new millennium the methods and strategies for learning how to
curate and come to define the practice of curating were subject to continuous
examination. The loss of the figure of the curator as the mere exhibition organiser and

48
There is wide discussion of the biennial as a contemporary cultural phenomenon, see in particular The
Biennial Reader (Filipovic and Van Hal, 2010), an anthology on the global biennial phenomenon.
49
For a critical discussion of the Taipei Biennial see Milena Hoegsberg’s Notes on Self-‐Reflexive
Curatorial Strategies on the 2010 Taipei Biennial and Shanghai Biennial (Hoegsberg, 2010).
185

the blurring of disciplinary boundaries with regard to the role of art blending into the
social led to a discourse on the function, role and responsibility of curating practice.
Partially in response to the proliferation of institutions providing training in the area of
curating in the last two decades, a distinction was drawn between the applied and the
academic model: the practice of curating was being contrasted with the notion of the
curatorial, a distinction prevalent in Goldsmiths’ Curatorial/Knowledge PhD program
led by Irit Rogoff and Jean-‐Paul Martinon.
If “curating” is a gamut of professional practices that had to do with setting
up exhibitions and other modes of display, then “the curatorial” operates
at a very different level: it explores all that takes place on the stage set-‐up,
both intentionally and unintentionally, by the curator and view it as an
event of knowledge. So to drive home a distinction between “curating” and
‘the curatorial’ means to emphasize a shift from the staging of the event to
the actual event itself: its enactment, dramatization, and performance
(Martinon, 2013, p. 4).
This distinction serves to focus on the processes of communication and
production of narratives that take place in an exhibition or event, thereby disregarding
those that lead to the production of this event in the first place, its planning and
organisation. Martinon and Rogoff speak of curating as producing “a moment of
promise, of redemption to come”, whereas the curatorial is what “disturbs this
process”, engaging works of art in a process by which they are “precipitating our
reflection … encouraging another way of thinking and sensing the world” (Martinon,
2013, p. 4).
The research on the curatorial was undertaken in response to the growing
diversification of curating practices not only in the realm of visual art, but also throughout
cultural production in general. In the attempt to move away from discussing the technical
modalities of curating practices (the ways in which works are put together), the term
“curatorial” sheds light on what is being produced, not only from the perspective of the
curator, but also from that of the viewer, artist, institution, or any other stakeholder.
Whereas the initial distinction was drawn for the spatial realm of the exhibition and the
dialogue created between artworks, space and viewer, the curatorial has increasingly
come to define its own discursive field of production, where it is considered as a form of
knowledge production that results from discursive practices in cultural, social and
political contexts. As a discursive field it appears to not be defined in terms of centre or
186

periphery. Rather, it gives and takes from various disciplines. According to the
proponents of the term, the curatorial cannot be constricted, which provokes endless
attempts to define it. It can therefore be regarded as a multifaceted practice that takes
from, and merges, into many different fields of knowledge, practice and discipline.
The curatorial is a jailbreak from pre-‐existing frames, a gift enabling one to

see the world differently, a strategy for inventing new points of departure,
a practice of creating allegiances against social ills, a way of caring for
humanity, a process of renewing one’s own subjectivity, a tactical move for
reinventing life, a sensual practice of creating signification, a political tool
outside of politics, a procedure to maintain a community together, a
conspiracy against policies, the act of keeping a question alive, the energy
of retaining a sense of fun, the device that helps to revisit history, the
measures to create affects, the work of revealing ghosts, a plan to remain
out-‐of-‐joint with time, an evolving method of keeping bodies and objects
together, a sharing of understanding, an invitation for reflexivity, a
choreographic mode of operation, a way of fighting against corporate
culture, etc. (Martinon, 2013, p. 19).
The above quote is one of the very recent examples that come to define what is
meant by the “expanded field” of the curatorial. From the perspective of the original
distinction, the focus of what the curatorial is or does is shifting ever further away
from a contention with art. It is in this sense that Paul O’Neill speaks of the “curatorial
turn” that has affected the practice of curating, a turn away from practice to discourse,
where “curating is ‘becoming discourse’ in which curators are willing themselves to be
the key subject and producer of this discourse” (O’Neill, 2010, p. 257).
For others, such as Maria Lind, however, the centrality of the artworks remains
important. She credits the curatorial with the capacity “to do something other than
‘business as usual’ within and beyond contemporary art” with its “viral presence
consisting of signification processes and relationships between objects, people, places,
ideas, and so forth, that strives to create friction and push new ideas” (Lind, 2012, p.
19-‐20).
Curatorial practice’s reference to its own discursive positioning in the field of
knowledge production is often paired with the articulation of a political quality in the
curatorial. A plethora of recent publications are testimony to this tendency, including
Curating Critique (Eigenheer, 2007), Cautionary Tales: Critical Curating (Rand and
Kouris, 2007), Curating Subjects (O’Neill and Andreasen, 2007), Cultures of the
Curatorial (Bismarck et al., 2012), The Culture of Curating and the Curating of

187

Culture(s) (O’Neill, 2012), and The Curatorial: A Philosophy of Curating (Martinon,
2013), all of which devise an intellectual curatorial discourse by exploring the history of
curatorial practices, particularly exhibition-‐making, in light of current and divergent
fields of practice that reflect on exhibitions and events in their social, cultural and
political context.
All this discourse leads to the questions of how curatorial practices can function
as critical cultural practices and what methodologies and strategies of production exist
to analyse curatorial work in this capacity. The self-‐reflexivity of this discourse is
furthermore enhanced by the ways in which curators themselves constantly refer to
their own practice or the practice of their colleagues. This results in a cycle of
reflexivity as both condition and product of curatorial practice. Self-‐motivated critical
thinking about their own practice in the context of socio-‐political and cultural
particularities produces reflexivity as a strategic starting point for the work of curators
who, in so doing, locate their work in the midst of the discursive field of the curatorial.
Drawing on Luhmann and Bourdieu’s analysis in the first chapter, we can speak of a
habitus of self-‐referential communication that characterises contemporary curatorial
discourse.
One important question, however, remains unanswered in large part of
curatorial discourse: does self-‐reflexivity as a curatorial methodology assume a specific
function in the context of the exhibition, the symposium, the interview or the
performance in relation to the viewer, visitor or participant? Or does it merely serve to
locate and position one’s own practice in the field of curatorial discourse?
This question arises with regard to the previous analyses of Fullerton’s exhibition
Columbia and Unitednationsplaza, where the element of self-‐reflexivity was not
articulated by the artists or curators, but emerged from the analysis of each project
itself. Chapter One characterised the moment that kicked off a process of
communication in and around the works in Fullerton’s exhibition as an “event of
suspicion”. In the case of Unitednationsplaza it was the lack of any objects and the
subsequent positioning of the element of the discursive as a form of art production
that led to the question about the function of art for the production of sociality. The
following analysis of Former West will exemplarily elaborate on the matter of how self-‐
reflexive strategies of curatorial practice operate via the production of communication
188

and sociality. The knowledge-‐power relations at stake are a central concern, here, as
they imply a perspective on the curatorial as a technology as well as a “dispositif”
(Foucault, 1980, pp. 194-‐228). It is in this context that we might speak of a “curatorial
complex”, a set of methodologies and strategies of production that present the
“curatorial” both as a typology and a way of thinking.
Former West
The following analysis of Former West as a multidimensional curatorial project

explores the circularity of curatorial discourse on its specific “curatorialness”, focusing
more on the strategies and methodologies of its players and less on the material –
artworks, objects, people, communications, things – that it organises and produces.
Former West is rooted in the intellectual curatorial discourse of recent years, as briefly
and selectively introduced here:
Former West is a long-‐term international research, education, publishing,

and exhibition project (2008–2016), which from within the field of
contemporary art and theory: (1) reflects upon the changes introduced to
the world (and thus to the so-‐called West) by the political, cultural, artistic,
and economic events of 1989; (2) engages in rethinking the global histories
of the last two decades in dialogue with post-‐communist and postcolonial
thought; and (3) speculates about a “post-‐bloc” future that recognizes
differences yet evolves through the political imperative of equality and the
notion of “one world” (BAK, 2015a).
Former West is directed by Maria Hlavajova, artistic director of Basis voor
Actuele Kunst (BAK) in Utrecht, the Netherlands. The project has shifted its direction
and focus several times between its founding in 2008 and the present day, but the
format in which it operates has remained constant. Former West sets up discursive
relations that act as a framework for different formats of curatorial, artistic and
academic research practices in order to find a space and place so they can manifest
themselves and develop, through congresses, seminars, exhibitions or publications, for
example. This loose series of temporal manifestations ranges from large-‐scale public
events such as international congresses (Utrecht in 2009, Istanbul in 2010, Vienna and
Utrecht in 2012) to the 2013 Berlin summit, and artists’ solo exhibitions or thematic
group shows at BAK in Utrecht, Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid, Haus der Kulturen der
Welt in Berlin, and elsewhere. The project recently embarked on its “culminating

189

phase”, from 2014 to 2016, during which various Public Editorial Meetings are being
organised, leading to a Former West publication (BAK, 2015c). Many more intimate
research interviews, seminars and summits took place in between the congresses, and
all events are streamed live and later well documented on a website, the virtual home
of Former West, which serves as an online platform, a chronology, and an archive,
hosting as it does a vast amount of material produced in congresses, seminars,
exhibitions, and publications. So if any event is missed, it can be accessed in the form
of documents, recordings, images, etc. (BAK, 2015b).50
My interest in this project primarily emerges from the difficulty in attributing the
various formats that Former West uses (exhibitions, seminars, research interviews,
publications, etc.) to specific technologies or strategies of practice. In addition to the
blurring of boundaries between different forms of practice – artistic, curatorial,
academic – the project situates art as a medium for exploring the precarious socio-‐
political conditions of cultural practices in contemporary times. As will be described in
the following analysis, the curators of Former West see it as a proposition for using art
as an exploratory device to engage in research around the question of how the world
we live in could be imagined otherwise – more specifically, as a “former West”.
The formal and conceptual ambitions of the project respond to the legacy of
many other projects that pursued the idea of freeing the exhibitionary complex from
its representational character in order to disrupt the established order of knowledge
and power. This meant accompanying, if not replacing, the medium of the exhibition
with educational, performative and discursive spaces of production. The discursive
space allowed for the negotiation of much more theoretical and scientific content, and
this has led to a popularisation of scientific knowledge, resulting in an
intellectualisation of the art field, particularly of how relations of power and
knowledge materialise in exhibitionary and performative strategies of display and
enactment.
In order to contextualise the mutual dependency of form and content it is

50
The website also hosts a library specific to the research interests of the project. It more or less mirrors
its physical presence at BAK, which contains over 600 publications comprising exhibition catalogues,
monographs and books on postcolonial studies, cultural studies, art theory, political history, geopolitics
and social sciences.
190

necessary here to mention a number of primarily discursive projects that seek to
construct an anti-‐hegemonic, discursive space of production. Examples range from
Joseph Beuys’ Bureau for the Organisation for Direct Democracy by Referendum at
Documenta 5 (1972), the aforementioned 100 Days – 100 Guests programme at
Documenta X, and the Documenta 11 platforms in 2002. More recently, at the 2005
Cork Caucus, a three-‐week international cultural gathering in Cork, Ireland, trans-‐
disciplinary meetings with artists, cultural practitioners and political activists enquired
into relations between art and democracy (Steiner and Joyce, 2006). A.C.A.D.E.M.Y.
(Nollert et al., 2006) was a series of exhibitions, workshops, seminars and
performances – initiated by Angelika Nollert together with Yilmaz Dziewior, Charles
Esche, Bart de Baere and Irit Rogoff – investigating the political quality and critical
capacity of the specific space of the art academy given the changes that the Bologna
declaration would bring to the educational realm (Nollert et al., 2006).
Writing as one of the curatorial realm’s chief protagonists, Irit Rogoff questions
the function of the various discursive and educational turns that have been claimed for
artistic and curatorial practices (Rogoff, 2014). She points out two characteristics of
contemporary cultural practices, particularly curatorial ones, that shed a first light of
the intricacy of the “curatorial complex”: the issue that curatorial practices face with
respect to how much they contribute to the construction of hegemonic knowledge-‐
power relations even when they attempt to resist, avoid or defer them by searching
for a political quality in artistic and curatorial practices.
The start of Rogoff’s analysis below is a good description of the situation that
Former West faces as a long-‐term, independent, publicly funded collaborative research
and exhibition project. Rogoff describes the process of discursive and educational
turning following Documenta X and Documenta 11.
there already exists a certain amount of infrastructure within the art world,
where there are available spaces, small budgets, existing publicity
machines, recognizable formats such as exhibitions, gatherings, lecture
series, interviews, as well as a constant interested audience made up of art
students, cultural activists, etc. As a result, a new set of conversations
between artists, scientists, philosophers, critics, economists, architects,
planners, and so on, came into being and engaged the issues of the day
through a set of highly attenuated prisms. By not being subject to the twin
authorities of governing institutions or authoritative academic knowledge,
these conversations could in effect be opened up to a speculative mode,

191

and to the invention of subjects as they emerged and were recognized
(Rogoff, 2014).
Examining whether it is particularly useful to use the term “turn” to label the
urgency to rethink either formats and strategies of cultural practices, Rogoff refers to
the circularity of enquiry and designation that emerges given that those formulating
the enquiry are also the ones creating the playing field.
Delving into these questions is made more difficult by the degree of

slippage that currently takes place between notions of “knowledge
production”, “research”, “education”, “open-‐ended production”, and “self-‐
organized pedagogies”, when all these approaches seem to have
converged into a set of parameters for some renewed facet of production.
Although quite different in their genesis, methodology, and protocols, it
appears that some perceived proximity to “knowledge economies” has
rendered all of these terms part and parcel of a certain liberalizing shift
within the world of contemporary art practices (Rogoff, 2014).
The logic of production that characterises cultural practices that add to or
entirely forego the medium of the exhibition is rendered here as one that operates on
the basis of infrastructure production, means of distribution and dissemination of
information, meaning and knowledge. The methods of research are understood to be
provisional and the knowledge economies characterised by their structures,
categories, and criteria are still in the making. This elusiveness is consistent with the
formal openness of such projects, including all kinds of activities and mediums of
practice. The methodology of the curatorial focuses on the curated encounter as an
infrastructure that in the first place provides a structure – form – for any production of
content to take place in, as a possibility of speculation. Here, the curatorial
methodology is akin to the discursive model of practice as described for
Unitednationsplaza in Chapter Two. In this case, however, the production of
speculation is not rendered in the context of an artwork, but rather posited as a means
to align art with the political. Wilson and Gillick propose that in the curated encounter
devised by means of discursive strategies of production, it is not art that is produced,
but something else: a discourse parallel to that of art production, in which art becomes
enlisted in the greater scheme of repositioning the relationship between what is
produced in the curatorial – meaning, knowledge, engagement, sociality – and those
for whom it is produced – viewers, audiences, publics (Wilson, 2007, p. 205; Bos and
Gillick, 2004, p. 74).

192

Former West – conceptual and formal foundations
The following analysis of Former West does not seek to be an account of the entire of
the project, which to date spans seven years. After briefly introducing the
methodological and thematic scopes of the project I will focus my discussion on a
selection of events contrasting the format of the exhibition with discursive events,
enquiring into their different function for setting up a communicative space generating
dialogical forms of engagement between participants, audiences and publics. The
examples on which I will focus my analysis are the 2nd Former West Research
Congress On Horizons: Art and Political Imagination (BAK, 2010), which took place at
Istanbul’s Technical University from 4 to 6 November 2010; the exhibition Vectors of
the Possible (2010), curated by Simon Sheikh at BAK, Utrecht; and Documents,
Constellations, Prospects (2013), a week-‐long event including exhibitions,
performances, discussions, seminars and lectures at Haus der Kulturen der Welt,
Berlin. These parts of the overall project were selected to engage with the question of
whether the collapse of various spatial, temporal and topical formats might offer a
way for curating to further establish itself as a signifying practice seeking to produce a
powerful shift from an emphasis of representation to cultural production as an
emancipatory practice. A particular subject for enquiry is the relationship between the
medium of the exhibition and more conversational models such as the seminar and
the workshop, as well as in relation to performative strategies. With regard to the
focus of this analysis on curatorial agency and its forms of production, the Berlin
summit Documents, Constellations, Prospects is interesting as it conglomerates
exhibitionary, discursive and performative formats for opening up a space of
speculation producing a relation between art and the political. This produces the
research question of whether – and, if so, how – means of curatorial practice different
categories of spectatorship and participation can merge towards the production of a
different kind of public, one that assumes agency towards the production of sociality
and knowledge.
Methodologically Former West emerges from a series of contentions reflecting
the conditions of cultural practices today. In the project’s first years, up until 2012,
most of the exhibitions, events and seminars that Former West organised dealt directly
with the socio-‐cultural ramifications that 1989 introduced to the world and how these

193

ramifications are addressed in artistic and curatorial practices. It is always from a
position of embeddedness that the project’s initiators, curators and advisors address
the complexity of articulating the possibility of a “former West” from within a
predominantly West-‐centric art world, pursuing the idea of,
uncovering the breaches in which we can make out the West’s formerness
and harness the emancipatory promise of the imaginary “former West” in
both art and society within the landscape of rapidly changing global
relations (Hlavajova et al., 2013, pp. 8-‐9).
In more recent years the project has moved from being concerned with the past
to speculating about the future. This is most evident in the 2013 Berlin summit
Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013) and the Public Editorial Meetings (BAK,
2015c). The final publication is being conceived to renegotiate the knowledge
accumulated and assembled over the course of the project along several trajectories
concerned with the current conditions and future prospects of art and cultural
practices, in relation to their institutionalisation, the way they address and constitute
publics, and their overall mode of existence within the current economic and
environmental perspectives.51
Former West – initial research phase
Former West started in 2008 and 2009 with a series of lectures, seminars and research
interviews on the question of what the term “former West” could describe. This
produced a first map of discursive relations between the people involved (including
Paul Gilroy, Etienne Balibar, David Held, Mark Duffield, Boris Groys, Helmut Draxler
and Heimo Zobernig), their work, and the ideas they developed in the process. For
example, in their interviews with Boris Groys52 and with Etienne Balibar,53 respectively,
Hlavajova and Esche seem to question whether the notion of a “former West” and the

51
There are three strands of enquiry, called trajectories: the first titled “instituting-‐in-‐common”
exploring the possibilities of the institution as a political agent; the second addressing the idea of
survival in a time of economic and environmental catastrophes; and the third looking at the “afterlife”
of those terminologies and ideologies that have long dominated the ways of thinking and situating art
and cultural practices in the midst of society (BAK, 2014).
52
Held on 18 January 2009 in Cologne, Germany (Groys, 2009a).
53
Held on 7 September 2009 in Utrecht, the Netherlands (Balibar, 2009).
194

year 1989 are relevant starting points54 to frame their research. Interested in the
personal experiences and views on the historical and present condition of East and
West, these conversations map out the broad field of discussion that Former West, as
a project, later touches upon, located roughly within the dialectics of East and West,
1989 and 2009, modernity and contemporaneity, communism and neo-‐liberalism,
nationalism and socialism, the global and the local, and the universal and the
particular. The conversations are of a generic nature and give the impression of
wanting to piece together the puzzle of what the notion of “former West” could entail
when it is taken to determine the intellectual framework of the series of installations
of the project that are to come. Notably, art itself is less of a topic of conversation.
However, on a formal level the interview is a prominent medium of curatorial
55
practice and therefore important to consider for talking about curatorial
methodology underpinning Former West. It can be assumed that the style of these
conversations is a conscious choice as it provides for the networking research
trajectory through which the foundations of the ideas put forward by the project are
continuously debated by the project curators, artists, researchers and a most likely
specialised public in various geographical, political and cultural contexts.
In this initial research phase the process of knowledge production on the
possibility of constituting the notion of a “former West” for the project was at the
same time already the first product of the project. From the very beginning there was
an equation of research process and product that constituted and continues to
constitute the project’s self-‐reflexive approach. From the outset, Former West
disclosed its organising principle: to gather ideas (whether in the form of works of art,
theories or the mere articulation of ideas) from many different sources (cultural
theory, art practice, philosophy, social sciences, political activism, etc.), giving them
time and space to become articulate and develop. The first public announcement of
the project on E-‐Flux in January 2009 further emphasised the project’s analytical,
exploratory and reflective interest:

54
In addition to 1989, Hlavajova refers to the credit crisis of 2008 as another significant point in time
relevant to the project’s articulation of the perspective of a former West (Groys, 2009a).
55
The most prominent example being Hans Ulrich Obristst series of interviews (Obrist, 2003; 2010).
195

Former West – a term never fully articulated as a counterpart to the widely
used “former East” – considers the question: What impact did the events
of 1989 have on the art of the “West”? The project examines significant
artistic and cultural developments from 9 November 1989 to the present,
speculating on whether 11 September 2001 (destruction of the World
Trade Center, New York) and 15 September 2008 (breakdown of the
international financial system) might represent new milestones in our
artistic, cultural and political histories. More than two decades after one of
the greatest political changes in the last 150 years, the project reflects on
the cultural output of the ‘new world order’, and embarks on a process of
coming to terms, if provisionally, with our recent past. Former West aims
to address this history through researching and charting art and culture
from 1989 until the present to explore how significant changes in society
are reflected and understood in all their complexity in new artistic
productions (E-‐Flux, 2009).
The conception of the 1st Former West Research Congress (BAK, 2009), held on
the eve of the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall at the Ottone,
Utrecht, should be viewed in the light of the preceding extract. The event focussed on
a discussion of the terms “1989”, “West”, “Former”, and “Art”. The curators let these
terms sit next to each other in their introductory talk, which provided the speakers and
participants with several different forms of engaging with what serves as a mental map
by which the project can belong to the idea of a “former West” that it itself creates,
while at the same time critically framing this proposition with regards to still extant
social, political and economic divisions between West and non-‐West.
1989
While Former West is searching for the “meaning of 1989” (Esche and Hlavajova,
2012), it is careful not to reduce the events of 1989 to the evening of 9 November
when, as a result of miscommunications and unclear wordings, the East German
regime granted free travel to East Berliners, who then marched to the inner Berlin
checkpoints and had them opened – and later that night climbed the Berlin Wall at the
Brandenburg Gate. While these are the historic images that mostly define the moment
of change that 1989 introduced in our collective memory, there is a string of events to
196

be examined as part of the notion of “1989”.56
1989 represents the case of the unglamorous fight for everyday democracy
and consumerism, which, although already available in the West, resulted
in the end of a perverse Cold War stability and unleashed an avalanche of
critical shifts on a planetary scale (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012).
Revisiting the changes that 1989 brought provides impetus to the construction of
a notion of the “former West” as a category “in order to help us to rethink the West
away from its own hegemonic self-‐narrative, to which it tirelessly clings despite the
breaking point two decades ago that introduced to the world a radically new
condition”. This is not a historical project, and the curators are not interested in
recounting events in a historical fashion. They instead focus on the impact that 1989 as
a historic landmark represents in our collective cultural memory and, from there, re-‐
examine what they call “a cascade effect of new, transnational processes, the
consequences of which we still struggle to come to terms with” (Esche and Hlavajova,
2012).
American Historian Mary Elise Sarotte locates such a struggle in the discrepancy
between the possibilities of change in world politics introduced by the events of 1989,
especially in the night of 9 November, and their subsequent ceasing to exist in the
process of stabilising the balance of power of the Cold War Era that came into being
post-‐1989. Sarotte uses architectural terms to describe the transformation that the
events of 1989 initiated: the construction process is like prefabricated house in which
all details, right down to the position of each light switch, are predetermined. Literally
breaking through a wall in the attempt to destroy an architecture that had stabilised
post-‐1945 Europe for 40 years did not manage to destroy the foundation of the
present order, but merely replaced the old structures with a newer, stronger and more
resistant version, that is nevertheless made of the same material. In this same sense
Hlavajova and Esche are interested in examining 1989 not “as a time of ending, but of
beginning” (Sarotte, 2009, p. 3). Former West seeks to explain not the end of the Cold
War, but the creation of a post-‐Cold War order in global terms. The events of 1989

56
Such as the protests on Tiananmen Square, Beijing, the beginning of the end of Apartheid in South
Africa, the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, the end of a number of South American dictatorships,
and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
197

only help the Former West research to “recognize this larger picture of how the world
had changed dramatically in that year” and “see how 1989 was a decisive moment in
the history of the twentieth century, and one with planetary consequences” (Esche
and Hlavajova, 2012). However, Former West’s concern with and relation to history is a
starting point for understanding the present not in an effort to prepare or predict the
future, but in an attempt to speculate a formation of a world order that, although
different from the existing one, could nevertheless result from the same historical
incidents and take into account the complexity of global relationships that they
produced.
West
While the curators recognise that there is no single notion of “West”, the most obvious
notion of “West” to which the project wants to associate the quality of “formerness” is
that of the Imperial West, “the West of imperial dominion, one that is associated
irretrievably for the rest of the world with conquest and plunder”. However, the more
complex notion of the West addressed in the context of 1989 is “the one that was
reconfigured in the face of fascist defeat and communist advance after 1945 into a
first, second and third world, membership of which was determined in part by
economics and in part by ideology” (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012).
The ambiguity that this definition of “West” entails at the outset of the project is
that it presents at once its starting point for critique as well as its immediate
environment and space of action. As a manifestation of cultural practices today the
project realises and recognises that its realm of production, that of contemporary art,
was highly affected by the ideological political antagonisms that were played out by a
conceptualisation of East against West in the Cold War.
The latest, post-‐1945 West was bound in particular forms of political

antagonism with its rivals. Officially it maintained a static balance of terror
through the doctrine of mutually assured destruction while fighting proxy
wars of influence far from home soil. This military logic was accompanied
by active competition in terms of social policy and artistic creation.
Defenders of western art, when discussing contemporary practices, praised
the radical innovation of the artist’s choices and sought out forms of so-‐
called autonomous production that demonstrated the extent to which
aberrant forms were possible in democratic governmental regimes. In
return, the post-‐1945 “East”, built on very similar imperial western

198

foundations but with a different critique, also defined its distinction in
aesthetic terms. Officially it controlled its art to ensure proletarian
understanding and rejected formalist experimentation as bourgeois
affectation, while still sharing most of the historic European narrative. This
meant than when this new East became the former East, most of the
shared cultural concepts on both sides of the European divide were
awkwardly reunited in ways that are still not fully acknowledged (Esche
and Hlavajova, 2012).
The problematic from which the ambition to define a former West emerges is
the fact that post-‐1989 the West of imperial dominion found ways to still maintain an
ideological space, namely in the increasing commercialisation of art and other cultural
practices, the so-‐called realm of creative industries. This realm of production has,
however, been largely acknowledged in critical discourse and debated since the 1960s
through, for example, Adorno and Horkheimer’s critique of industrial cultural
production (Adorno and Horkheimer, 1997). Today there is a large realm of critical art
practices that curators argue is a parallel universe to the commercialisation of art.
Hence, Former West is interested not in reconciling the realm of critical and
commercial art practices but in working with the dialectics between them. Several
exhibitions and events in the context of Former West work with this dialectic directly,
such as the exhibition Surplus Value (2009) by Romanian artists Mona Vătămanu and
Florin Tudor or the 3rd Former West Research Congress (BAK 2012a, 2012b). The
congress focussed on the role of contemporary art, arguing that it might have reached
a dead-‐end with regards to its ambition to critically deal with the economic, political
and social problematics to which it responds.
Former
The term Former West offers a spatio-‐temporal constellation of the past in the
present. It defines a position and a perspective, both in time and (ideological) space.
An abstract concept – in the sense that it is neither material nor tangible – is thus
reified into a space and scope of action. It defines a discursive realm that is conveyed
in the connections, associations, attributions and correlations that the people make
between the term itself and the ideas and thoughts produced and debated in the
congresses, exhibitions, seminars and interviews that take place within the framework
of the project. Former West does not imagine a past West, “suggesting the decay of a

199

more glorious version in an imagined past,” but is “informed by a desire for a more
useful and accurate understanding of Western Europe’s place in the entangled global
culture that has emerged post-‐1989” (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012). The curators
suggest perceiving the changes wrought by the events of 1989 as an ambivalent
victory for the West, one that was by no means as triumphant as the West itself later
portrayed it to be. Instead, the West stepped into a vacuum unprepared for the world
leadership role apparently expected of it.
This unconsciousness proved very significant in subsequent years because,

rather than the West as a value system, it was economic globalization,
world-‐integrated free trade, or simply profiteering that were the de facto
winners of the Cold War. Thus, the rapid growth of globalization, following
reforms in China as well as in the post-‐Soviet sphere, radically changed the
map and identity of the West without the latter having a clear sense of
how and why it had come about – or indeed even that the transition to
“formerness” was taking place (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012).
In this sense the “former” is understood to have the capacity to establish a time
span in the contemporary moment that incorporates the past not as something that
has passed but as something that can be reconfigured in its meaning according to its
contemporary context. “Formerness then reaches out from the past to haunt parts of
the present, at times through a rhetoric of lost possibilities and unfulfilled events, at
times as a brake on progressive change” (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012).
Art
When I participated in the first congress of this conceptual framework of the project,
in their opening remarks Maria Hlavajova and Charles Esche invoked in me a sense of
belonging as much as alienation. I felt sympathetic to the proposed notion of a
“former West” as it suggested a rethinking of one’s own position in the contemporary
global context that is characterised by “the inextricably intertwined global histories of
colonialism, communism, capitalism, imperialism, and nationalism (among other isms),
and open up a space for thinking the world otherwise” (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012).
On the other hand there is the question of how such a rethink might be accomplished
from the domain of contemporary art, which the curators address from the beginning
of the project as a contested realm in a period of absolute capitalist hegemony. But
especially because it is becoming more complex to find a critical position for artistic

200

and curatorial practices, Former West is designed to serve as a space in which the field
of contemporary artistic production might be able to find a critical position.
By producing trenchant critique of the contemporary moment, that is at

once disclosing the status quo and proposing how our political and social
futures can be re-‐imagined, art actualises a crucial part of its potential. It is
precisely this – setting up a horizon in a horizon-‐less world, if you will,
replacing the aimless wandering with a sense of a possibility of a new
direction – that Former West wants to establish with and from the field of
art, both poetically and politically (Esche and Hlavajova, 2012).
Former West thus self-‐reflexively situates its ambition in a nexus of affirmation
and critique. On the one hand it understands the impossibility of simply articulating a
prospect of a better world, realising that this is a gesture that has been “written off
overnight as an outmoded, laughable claim and replaced readily with the end-‐game of
liberal democracy and practices of administration with the goal not to change the
world but make it work pragmatically for one’s immediate needs” (Esche and
Hlavajova, 2012). But on the other hand, it proposes the development of alternative
models for the future that take into account the specific contemporary condition by
having enquired into its past. For the curators, pursuing the argument concerning what
I call a “conundrum of practice” is the very function that contemporary art assumes in
today’s society.
Contemporary art is able to work in ways that we might term extra-‐

disciplinary, in the sense that, over the last 20 years, it has successfully
sloughed off at least a part of its own disciplinary burden and can
encounter other fields with less need for self-‐justification than is the case
for other divisions of knowledge. This advantage, though small, is
significant when it comes to a study such as Former West, in which the
general self-‐understanding of a specific society and its formation is at
stake. An extra-‐disciplinary dimension in the form of art that speculates on
the uncertainties generated by political and economic change allows for a
space of thinking that might be up to the challenges of this task – or at
least provide the means to represent what is at stake (Esche and Hlavajova,
2012).
The curators understand art to be functioning as a strategy of investigation, in
that they describe it as “a useful device to measure a more general consciousness of
the state of global relationships and help us to collectively think beyond them”, making
art “a systemic form of imagining from the conditions at hand towards something that
is not yet formed”. Art, as an “extra-‐disciplinary dimension“, produces knowledge in its
capacity of having a documentary function “about how and in what ways the

201

formerness of the West came to be manifested in art and its presentation” (Esche and
Hlavajova, 2012).
In this sense art is not only what engages in a process of production that Former
West enables, but also a device through which Former West research pursues its
interest in the political, social and cultural constellations of the recent past and
imminent future. The relationship between art and Former West is a reciprocal one –
at least, that is how the organisers would like it to be understood. If Former West
produces a contention with art by means of its presentation and generation, can it in
turn be stated that it is from and within the realm of art that a “former” West is being
produced? If so, how can art function as a research device?
Art as a research device
Bringing into focus the relationship artistic practices as forms of cultural production
within the political environment and economy in which they are situated enables
Former West to acknowledge the possibility of the agency of the curatorial. Therefore
the curators explore the idea of using art as a device for researching into the social,
political and cultural conditions of artistic practices. The self-‐reflexive curatorial
methodology of using art as a research device – from the perspective of practice and
within the realm of art – is described by Claire Bishop as particularly relevant to the
moment of 1989 and its place in the context of other attempts “to rethink the role of
the artist and the work of art in relationship to society”, such as “1917 (in which
artistic production was brought into line with Bolshevik collectivism), and 1968 (in
which artistic production lent its weight to a critique of authority, oppression and
alienation)”. Following Hlavajova and Esche’s lead, Bishop points to the loss of a
collective political horizon after the fall of socialism due to “collapse of grand narrative
politics in 1989” that resulted in a “certain impulse of leftist thinking [that] visibly
migrated into Western European artistic production”, which gave rise to the notion of
the “project” as an umbrella term for different types of art production: “collective
practice, self-‐organised activist groups, transdisciplinary research, participatory and
socially engaged art, and experimental curating”. (Bishop, 2012, pp. 193-‐195)

202

Former West refers to many of those categorisations of practices and continues
to explore them in seminars and symposia. In March 2010 a research seminar at the
Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven explored the influence of the utopian projects of the
Russian avant-‐garde on contemporary cultural production (BAK, 2010a). Only a few
days later, another seminar followed at the Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw
discussing art in the former Soviet Union prior to and immediately after 1989 (BAK,
2010b). In April 2010 the London symposium Art and the Social: Exhibitions of
Contemporary Art in the 1990s at Tate Britain looked at the landscape of exhibition-‐
making in the early years of the former West (Europe and North America) (BAK,
2010c). By discussing the broad landscape of projects in art and curating in the 1990s
and directly involving those who launched them or participated in them, such as Maria
Lind, Marion von Osten and Stephan Schmidt-‐Wulffen, to name but a few, Former
West was quick to establish its function as a site of production and resource for
contemporary discourse in the expanded field of artistic and curatorial practices.
The expanded field of artistic and curatorial practice is familiar territory to the
curators and advisors of the project, and the self-‐reflexive approach of Former West –
in congruence with the way self-‐reflexivity emerged as a curatorial strategy post-‐1989
– makes the project a playground for the notion of the expanded field. The project’s
curatorial methodology is produced from a set of self-‐reflexive strategies of production
from the field of intellectual curatorial discourse, some of which are described at the
start of this chapter. In this sense Former West might be deemed simply one more
example of contemporary projects that assume a critical position towards the political,
economic, and social conditions of the realm of cultural practices of which they form
part. However, such an analysis would not make clear why Former West in particular
should be the subject of enquiry. Other similar multi-‐faceted and large-‐scale projects
would then be equally interesting subjects for study, such as GAM – Global Art and the
Museum, initiated by Peter Weibel and Hans Belting in 2006 at ZKM, Karlsruhe, whose
“aim is to spark a debate on how the globalization process changes the art scene and
to undertake a critical review of the development 20 years after its onset” (ZKM,
2014). Former West, on the other hand, seems to be interested in further pushing the
set of boundaries from which it emerges, both in regard to the ways in which large-‐
scale projects collapsing exhibitionary, discursive, and performative strategies of
203

production can be described in the language of curatorial discourse, and in relation to
the question of what cultural, political and social function such projects can assume
beyond the field of art.
Hence, the project itself is a research device into the “curatorial complex”. Many
of the events forming part of the overall project place emphasis on describing the
knowledge-‐power relations in which artistic and curatorial practices operate. The
following analysis of parts of the project will look into how the curatorial methodology
of enquiry into a relation between art and the political is collectively produced and put
forward by the participants of Former West. Outlining the curatorial methodology is,
therefore, not simply an argument to be analysed, because it can also be used to think
through the complex roles and socio-‐political responsibilities curatorial practices
assume in the field of cultural production against the backdrop of their self-‐reflexive
curatorial discourse. This gives reason to closely examine the claims of the curators,
which for large part of the project, particularly in 2009 and 2010 around the twentieth
anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, wrestled with the idea that looking into the
constitution of the past can produce political imaginaries – not only with regard to
world-‐changing events such as those in 1989, but also and particularly in relation to
curatorial discourse itself.
The curatorial as a fabrication of history
The analytical approach to curatorial discourse during the initial research phase of
Former West engendered an interest in conceptually historicising parts of curatorial
discourse in order to situate the project in it as an example of curatorial practice. For
example, Esche articulated the importance of addressing the exhibitions from the
1990s as historical phenomena – even if many of them date back only 20 years at the
most. This enabled the project to appreciate the exploration of experimental forms of
practice championed by projects such as Sonsbeek ‘93 (1993), Culture in Action (1993)
and Chambres d’Amis (1991-‐1993) and thereby understand that in today’s social,
cultural, political and economic context of exhibition-‐making the expansion into
different forms of production, such as participation and collaboration, has become a
norm. For Esche, examining this change by looking at exhibition history held the
promise of providing for a critical analysis of the differences while also articulating

204

expectations regarding contemporary practices. Simon Sheikh took this interest
further in order to develop a curatorial methodology based on a self-‐reflexive
approach that looks into the power of imagination as a political tool.
In his presentation at the 2nd Former West Research Congress, titled On
Horizons: Art and Political Imagination (BAK, 2010), the co-‐curator of the congress
Simon Sheikh proposed pursuing exhibition history as a form of historiography in
relation to an understanding of the function of the notion of “horizon” as an
instrument for delineating a political function in artistic and curatorial practices. As the
title of the congress suggests, the research perspective was overall directed less at the
past as a temporal space, and more to the idea of horizontality as a form of spatial
definition of the relation between past, present and future. Through the notion of the
horizon the curators expressed their interest in the ways art can be understood to
function as a research device in the sense of a political imaginary. In this way, art’s
potential “to set up a horizon in a horizon-‐less world” was being explored (Esche and
Hlavajova, 2012).
Sheikh proposes looking at conceptual history as a form through which
contemporary history can be approached, especially for curating, and later articulates
the idea of political imaginaries as how art’s political function of its poetical imagining
can be explored. This is particularly interesting in relation to the exhibition Vectors of
the Possible (2010) that Sheikh curated during the same period at BAK, Utrecht. Here
he seems to be applying some of the arguments developed at a discursive level in his
presentation. The question that arises here is: what is the relation between theory and
practice in Sheikh’s curatorial methodology.
2nd Former West Research Congress – On Horizons: Art and Political Imagination
In his presentation at the Istanbul congress Sheikh first introduced the notion of
“conceptual history”, a term and concept originated by the German historian Reinhart
Koselleck, who defined the terms social history and conceptual history as practices of
historiography that account not only for the facts and dates of history, but also for the
ideas from which the terms emerge, that they present, and that contextualises them in
retrospect. The relationship between social and conceptual history, a form of research
into the history of history, is reciprocally affective. They are related to each other

205

without either being reduced to the other or derived from the other. The difference
between them is that social history accounts for the becoming of history while
conceptual history accounts for its facilitation in and through language and discourse.
Social change leads to conceptual reflection, which in turn brings about social change.
(Brunner et al., 2004; Koselleck, 2002)
Sheikh is interested in Koselleck’s work for its exploration of the relation
between history and art through exhibition history, as distinct from art history as the
historical study of art. Proposing that curatorial practice can serve to study history,
rather than history serving to study art, Sheikh points to the usefulness of researching
the history of exhibition making in order to reassess the post-‐Cold War world with the
aim of addressing and exploring the notion of a former West.
He refers to a “conceptual history of exhibition making”, which would
necessitate positing the ontology of an exhibition as discursive, partaking in the
formation of a general social history and not solely the history of art. In his argument
he therefore establishes a direct relationship between exhibitions and their cultural
and social context, making the history of art as a discipline somewhat redundant for
contextualising the works in the exhibition. This would allow curatorial practice to
contribute directly to a formation of social history, which would require broadening
the notion of the exhibition in the same way that conceptual art widened the scope of
the aesthetic of the artwork based on “the idea that conceptual art proposed, namely
that art is based on ideas, that art are indeed a series of propositions, whether object-‐
based or not” (Sheikh, 2012, p. 19). Accordingly, in the same way that conceptual art
addressed the politics of aesthetics in art practice, exhibition history would be
concerned with the politics of historiography for its practice. In order to get exhibition
history to orientate its approach to history on conceptual history, Sheikh adopts
Koselleck’s idea of exploring how historiography can be the study of ideas, rather than
the study of facts, subjecting the ideas produced to discourses of power rather than
chronology:
A word can be unambiguous in use due to its ambiguity. The concept, on
the other hand, must retain multiple meaning in order to be a concept. The
concept is tied to a word, but it is at the same time more than the word.
According to our method, a word becomes a concept, when the full
richness of social and political context of meaning, in which, and for which,
206

a word is used, is taken up by the word. Concepts are thus concentrations
of multiple meanings (Brunner et al., 2004, XXII).
While Koselleck proposes to periodise history not according to time, but with the
help of theoretical concepts such as “democracy”, “freedom”, or “state” (Koselleck,
2002, p. 5), Sheikh suggests that terms and concepts such as “formerness”, “post-‐
colonialism” and “post-‐communism” should be imposed on exhibition-‐making, and
that they should be used as “prisms through which one can address and analyse them
and their articulation” (Sheikh, 2012, pp. 20-‐21). This would then produce a typology
of exhibition-‐making that offers different contextualisations from those encountered
in predominantly object-‐based art history. A conceptual exhibition history could
instead account for the history of the curatorial concept and the articulations it
produces, such as the relationship between work and viewer, the constitution of
publics, modes of public address and representation. Consideration of a conceptual
exhibition history as a historiographical practice would entail accounting for the
tension of the social transformation and linguistic articulation in which curatorial
practice is situated. In the early 1990s, Benjamin Buchloh voiced criticism of
conceptual art’s tendency to change the criteria used when judging art, such that the
definition of the aesthetic becomes “a matter of linguistic convention”, entailing the
danger of the aesthetic also becoming “the function of both a legal contract and an
institutional discourse (a discourse of power rather than taste)” (Buchloh, 1990, p.
140). This criticism could also be applied to Sheikh’s proposition of making a
conceptual exhibition history the discursive convention for evaluating exhibitions and
their historical context. The form of evaluation is then particular to the discourses,
with their ideologies based on how the curatorial reflects and produces social, political
and cultural constellations.
Sheikh and Hlavajova cast this element of production in the notion of “horizon”
that serves as a concept to articulate and establish a convergent relationship between
social history and curatorial practice. This proposition follows the “loss of horizon” that
the curators observe as having taken place for cultural practices post-‐1989:
With the (default) victory of capitalist democracy over the competing

system of communism in 1989 (and with it the removal of the opposition
which, while central to both blocs’ ideological premises, ironically kept
alive a certain hope for change), the striving for a better world driven by
the horizon of overarching social progress seems to have been reduced to

207

a commitment to the production of wealth for its own sake… and for the
benefit of a very select few (Hlavajova et al., 2011, p. 8).
The political horizon the curators refer to as having been lost is the extinction of
an opposition. They aim to “recharge” the notion of horizon with new meanings in
order to think of it “as a critical instrument for emancipatory, experimental artistic and
intellectual work”. In a both spatial and temporal dimension the notion of horizon
should serve as a “line ‘demarcating’ that which is not yet within our grasp”. In this
context they enlist contemporary art “with its faculty of imagination and of the
imaginary” to “play a crucial role in the construction (and deconstruction) of political
imaginaries”, based on the belief that “there is a space within the field of
contemporary art where art works and art exhibitions do set up a horizon penetrating
the space of the (otherwise) impossible, or even pointing to what is (said to be)
unimaginable”. (Hlavajova et al., 2011, pp. 8-‐9)
In this context Sheikh explores the space of the exhibition as “a passage to a new
space of experience, where a new horizon becomes visible”, which serves the idea of
radical imagination (Sheikh, 2011, p. 164). Sheikh casts today’s problematic of “the
marriage of liberal democracy and free market capitalism [being] instituted as a
fundamental and historically inevitable category”, as a “society-‐defining authority”
(Sheikh, 2011, p. 155), which acts as a horizon for present actions in that it seems
overwhelming and inescapable. In the same way, Ernesto Laclau renders the horizon
as a “structure of signification” that constitutes experience (Laclau, 2011, p. 102) and
can be experienced as a form of expectation. According to Laclau horizontality is a
liminal experience that has a figurative “grounding function” because “it only shows
itself through the impossibility of its adequate representation” (Laclau, 2011, p. 110).
This institutionalises the idea of a horizon as a signification that organises society, to
the extent that, “there cannot be a society, an organisation of social and political,
without the positing of a horizon” (Sheikh, 2011, p. 159).
Art can define a horizon as “a floating signifier that unifies experience, that
creates a worldview”, not only as a metaphor, but as an image. The shift from
metaphor to image is important to Sheikh, who articulates it as a shift from the
aesthetics of politics to the politics of aesthetics. To understand horizon as an image,
as one moment in the process of imagining, makes it possible to conceive of art as a
device for situating a horizon. Sheikh claims that assembling objects and generating

208

spatial and discursive relations provides a horizontal line “that makes viewing
possible”. (Sheikh, 2011, pp. 160-‐161)
Sheikh’s intersection of the claim for a conceptual exhibition history as
establishing the curatorial as a signifying practice in response to the loss of a political
horizon post-‐1989 sees – at least theoretically – the practice of exhibition-‐making
contribute directly to the formation of social history. This provides a route to thinking
of curatorial practice as a form of historiography with an understanding of horizon as a
device to think through art in political terms. Sheikh puts this idea into practice in his
exhibition Vectors of the Possible, to which the curator refers as a research exhibition
presenting artworks that examine the notion of horizon for the relation between art
and politics, thereby presenting ways to imagine the world.

Vectors of the Possible
This exhibition showed works by Freee, Sharon Hayes, Mathew Buckingham, Chto
Delat?/What is to be done?, Runo Lagomarsino & Johan Tirén, Elske Rosenfeld, Hito
Steyerl and Ultra-‐red. In a short text at the entrance to the exhibition as well as in the
exhibition leaflet, the curator identified the relation between the works. Sheikh
introduced the works as “vectors of the possible”, leaving the viewer intrigued to find
out what the possible would be and in what way an artwork can indicate a possibility.
By providing one? Or by merely illustrating one? The argument around the figure of
the horizon functioning to make a particular worldview apprehensible and contestable
is applied to the notion of an artwork that is understood to trigger an image of a
horizon. The horizon provides a demarcation to which one can relate in both a spatial
and a temporal dimension. It is the relationship with that demarcation point –
produced by establishing a horizon – that sets up a scope of action articulated as a
“vector of the possible”, which therefore refers to what is realisable within that scope
of action. Hence, Sheikh describes the artworks in the exhibition as, “proposals of what
can be imagined and what cannot … reckoning possibility and impossibility in un(equal)
measures, always detecting and indicating ways of seeing, and thus of being, in the
world, in this world” (Sheikh, 2012, p. 224).
209

Figure 34
Installation view, second floor, Vectors of the Possible (2010). BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht,
the Netherlands. Elske Rosenfeld, Our Brief Autumn of Utopia (2010). Text and video material;
dimensions variable. Photo: Victor Nieuwenhuis. Courtesy of BAK, Utrecht.

Figure 35
210

Figure 36

Figure 37
211

Figure 38
Installation view, ground floor, Vectors of the Possible (2010). BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht,
the Netherlands. Hito Steyerl, Universal Embassy (2004). Mini-‐DV, sound; 4 min. Photo: Victor
Nieuwenhuis. Courtesy of BAK, Utrecht.

Figure 39
the Netherlands. Foreground: Hito Steyerl, Universal Embassy (2004). Mini-‐DV, sound; 4 min.
Background: Freee, Protest Drives History (2008). Billboard poster, colour; 4 x 12 m. Photo: Victor
Nieuwenhuis. Courtesy of BAK, Utrecht.

212

Figure 40
the Netherlands. Left:. Freee, Protest Drives History (2008). Billboard poster, colour; 4 x 12 m. Right:
Sharon Hayes, In the Near Future (2009). Multiple slide projection, 35mm colour slides; dimensions
variable. Photo: Victor Nieuwenhuis. Courtesy of BAK, Utrecht.

Figure 41
the Netherlands. Sharon Hayes, In the Near Future (2009). Multiple slide projection, 35mm colour
slides; dimensions variable. Photo: Victor Nieuwenhuis. Courtesy of BAK, Utrecht.
213

Figure 42
Installation view, first floor, Vectors of the Possible (2010). BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht, the
Netherlands. Sharon Hayes, In the Near Future (2009). Multiple slide projection, 35mm colour slides;

Figure 43
Installation view, first floor, Vectors of the Possible (2010). BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht,
the Netherlands. Sharon Hayes, In the Near Future (2009). Multiple slide projection, 35mm colour
slides; dimensions variable. Photo: Victor Nieuwenhuis. Courtesy of BAK, Utrecht.
214

The curator differentiates into various categories the ways in which the works in
the exhibition “fulfil” their function as vectors of the possible. Several works in the
exhibition57 deal with the idea of Utopia as a form of political imaginary. For example,
Elske Rosenfeld’s installation Our Brief Autumn of Utopia (2010) [Figure 34-‐37]
presents a documentation of the roundtable Zentraler Runder Tisch, a committee
comprising various members of East German parties and experts from West Germany
that between November 1989 and March 1990 developed a new constitution for a re-‐
united Germany. The artist displays two video documentations, of the first and last
session of the roundtable, one example of the printed constitution and a slideshow in
which a hand is projected “reading the constitution”, showing each page. The viewer is
invited to experience the meetings by watching a recording of the first and last
session, witnessing the ambitions in the first and the admission of the failure of the
project in the last section of the film. The title Our Brief Autumn of Utopia hints to the
fact that the constitution was never actually enacted. In the context of the curatorial
framework it is the reference to “utopia” in the work’s title that should identify it as a
form of political imaginary. The round table’s goal of realising the potential of an
alternative democracy supports the reading of the work as positing an imaginary. The
element of imagination is key to the viewing of this project, if only because the
documentation is incomplete, with only two sessions featured. The artist’s work
recreates in the present a political imaginary from the past. The question that this
work raises in the context of the exhibition is whether timeliness is a condition for
political imaginaries? Does the documentation regenerate the imaginary that was
created, and for what purpose? According to Sheikh, the utopian character of the work
raises to question of what future the implementation of the alternative constitution
would have brought about that would have been different to the integration of the
former East Germany into its Western capitalist counterpart (BAK, 2010d, p. 17).
Sheikh interprets Rosenfeld’s work as a research project looking “at this lost history
not in order to resurrect or rewrite the past, but in order to imagine another,
alternative future”. It fulfils a role in this regard by being an example of “how a work of
art produces other imaginaries of the world and its institutions, rather than merely

57
A floorplan of the exhibition is displayed in Appendix C (see p. 302).
215

reiterating already existing ones” (BAK, 2010d, p. 17), an approach that the curator
applied to other works in the show, such as Hito Steyerl’s Universal Embassy (2004)
[Figure 38].
The single screen video projection of a four-‐minute film recounts the activist
project Universal Embassy that was established in 2001 by the artist Tristan Wibault in
the former headquarters of the Somali diplomatic mission in Brussels, which sought to
host and help individuals without papers fighting for official recognition. Sheikh asks:
“Can we imagine a world without borders, with the state and its monopoly on granting
rights? Can we imagine universality as equality?” (BAK, 2010d, pp. 19-‐20) Viewing this
work in the context of the idea of artworks functioning as vectors of the possible, it
seems that this idea could better be applied to Wilbaut’s Universal Embassy project
than to the ways in which Steyerl choses to recount it. I would argue that Steyerl uses
the documentary style in her work to critically address the idea of positing a political
imaginary using art projects in order to question the way Wilbaut tries to represent the
non-‐represented. At the same time, Steyerl’s documentation of this attempt adds
another layer of representation to the issue, producing a series of contradictions that
point to the janus-‐faced nature of the documentary form: “documentary forms do not
depict reality as much as first producing it” (Steyerl, 2013).
Hence, thinking about both Steyerl’s and Rosenfeld’s works of a documentary
nature in the context of Sheikh’s notion of political imaginaries leads to the question of
whether these works can and want to fulfil any function as vectors of the possible if
the visibility that they raise for the respective issues they deal with is framed by a
strong set of power relations set up by the curatorial context. This question is one of
those addressed to Sheikh’s interpretative context, as it seems geared more to the
subject matter of the works than to how the work deals with the subject matter
(formally, aesthetically, etc). The works as such can be misread or read in a reductive
fashion.
This also applies to other works in the show, such as Sharon Hayes’ In the Near
Future (2009) [Figure 40-‐43], a series of 35mm colour slides projected in various rooms
of the exhibition. The images show the artist holding up protest banners and signs in
urban public spaces. However, none of the people surrounding Hayes seem
particularly engaged in the protest. The slogans on the signs such as “organise or
216

starve”, “actions speak louder than words”, “never forgetting” do not relate to a
particular contemporary event that sparked the protest, but are taken from historical
protests. In his reading Sheikh emphasises the lone figure of the artist: “how are such
statements readable now, and what do they mean when they are no longer the
expression of the people, as signified not by the crowd of demonstrators, but by a lone
figure holding a sign, putting her body on the line?” (BAK, 2010d, pp. 17-‐18). The
curator understands Hayes work as an image of a sign of protest and not the protest
itself, which for him questions protest as a format of demonstration. The works
therefore articulate their presence in the space in a relation between memory, history
and public space. According to the curator, they can be read as a vector of the possible
in the sense that the distance and form of removal from the performance of the
protest that Hayes projects creates an image of protest that resonates with the viewer
as a potentiality. That same idea can be derived from another work in the show,
Freee’s Protest Drives History (2008) [Figure 39], a large billboard poster showing the
three members of the Freee collective holding a large banner saying “Protest Drives
History” against the backdrop of a barren landscape. Displayed on a semi-‐circular wall
at the back of the ground floor room, the poster literally creates a horizon in the same
way that Hayes’ images were projected in a horizontal line next to each other onto the
wall low above the floor. This format of installation is a particular curator’s choice: “By
positioning the horizon as an image and not just a metaphor, it implies a specific
aesthetics – not only an aesthetics of politics and political movements, but also a
politics of aesthetics” (Sheikh, 2010d, pp. 19-‐20).
The relation between the artworks and the curator’s definition of their role within the
exhibition is quite pragmatic. Given the ways in which these works have been
displayed in other exhibitions, the shortcomings of the narrow interpretative context
that Sheikh provides become apparent. For example, Sharon Hayes showed the same
work at Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver (Sharon Hayes: In the Near Future, 2011)
[Figure 44]. The formal aspects of the presentation were much the same. Again, a row
of projectors displayed the 35mm slides in rotation, showing more than 200 images
that Hayes collected from the audience – she invited audience members to take
photographs of her during the performances in six cities between 2005 and 2009. The
meaning of this work becomes apparent through the viewer giving it time and space to
217

unfold without any specific context in mind. In fact, I would go as far as to argue that
the work aims to eschew a specific contextual reading. The slogans on the protest
signs have been taken out of their context, even though they clearly read as protest
slogans. Furthermore, the excess of images – their repetition in terms of motif or
location – is key to understanding the work as a relation between the body, the words
on the sign, and the time and place of public action. Due to the disconnect between
the words and the time and place of public action, the work escapes a specific
contextual reading and draws attention to speech itself as an act of protest. However,
like Sheikh, curator Jennifer Papararo of the Vancouver exhibit analyses a similar
capacity in the work in order to relate past and future: “Hayes binds the ‘now’ of her
performances to the documentation of past events, blending past and present in
anticipation of a future of actions, establishing the triangular ‘speech act’ of public
protest with its potential use in mind” (Contemporary Art Gallery, 2015). But, in
contrast to Papararo, Sheikh derives his reading of the work as a vector of the possible
in relation to the notion of horizontality, not from the performance itself – referring to
the relation between text, body and place – but from the image created by the
presentation of the work through projection.

Figure 44
Installation view, Sharon Hayes: In the Near Future (2011). Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver,
Canada. Sharon Hayes, In the Near Future (2009). Multiple slide projection, 35mm colour slides;
dimensions variable. Courtesy of the Contemporary Art Gallery.

218

Sheikh’s understanding of the works in relation to the horizon notion is directly
geared towards assuming a specific role and function for the dialogue between works
and viewer. The horizon is articulated as functioning like a device for “interpreting”
and “illuminating” the works (Sheikh, 2012, p. 224). This disables the idea of
horizontality being something that the works can suggest and trigger outside of a
framework that presupposes it. Hence, the idea of exhibition-‐making facilitating a
setting for the reception of artworks in which art can act as a device to situate a
horizon seems to be either fulfilled on a very literal level (in the sense of work installed
as projecting horizons), or does not come to fruition at all as the notion of horizontality
is not something the works can suggest or trigger if the framework already constitutes
this idea. Rather, the individuality with which the works could be understood to be
presenting an image of a horizon as a figure is taken to constitute a universal theory of
horizontality as a condition for “understanding exhibitions as political imaginaries in
the ways in which they present a world-‐view” (2012, p. 222).
Sheikh defines both exhibition and artwork as “elements of signification, but the
exhibition has the dual function of also being the signifying element that makes
possible the field of meaning for the works, and that sets up a limit for them” (2012, p.
233). The limit is twofold, at once describing the horizon as a limit of perception as
well as the concrete limit of the space. Within this liminal space, artworks are
supposed to function in the sense that they can puncture the horizon provided by the
context. In this sense Vectors of the Possible (2010) attempted to make use of the
artworks’ individual understanding of horizons in that it presented them as
potentialities for a transformation of “critique into a discussion of political, ontological
possibility in the form of the horizon, and art’s capacity for positing and suspending it”
(Sheikh, 2012, p. 222). That capacity can only be explored by the curatorial facilitating
a temporal-‐spatial relation for artworks that opens up for possibilities of interpretation
on the conditions of the works themselves and not on the conditions of the
interpretative framework that is preconditioned for them, in which they function as
supplementary arguments. From the curatorial perspective of articulation, it seems
that the works in the exhibition are no more than accumulated horizons to whom a
political function is being attributed. Paradoxically the restrictive interpretative context
of the exhibition should provide for the reading of the works as potentialities and
219

images of possibilities. But how can a political imaginary emerge from a narrative that
is restricted by such a narrow framework? As a viewer myself, I felt that I was not given
the space to determine a horizon for myself in order to then situate the works within
it. Even constituting a horizon with help of the works felt difficult as their
interpretation was narrowly cast in the rhetoric of the interpretative framework.
Vectors of the Possible (2010) was an unfortunate attempt to implement
discursive relations built elsewhere in an exhibition, using artworks as a system of
referencing that is then denied the possibility of producing connections that cannot be
planned or foreseen in the curatorial framework. Some works were read, as described
earlier, quite literally as an image of a horizon, which actually defies their possibility to
be read as producing any form of radical imagination. The exhibition as a “collection of
horizons” is in that sense the very opposite of an imaginary.
Part of the problem lies in the notion of the horizon itself, which is used as a
linguistic device to confuse politics with aesthetics. From the perspective of the
curator, the works in the exhibition function as a device for trying to convey a
transformation from an aesthetics of politicisation to a general claim of politicisation
of aesthetics, framed as a curatorial responsibility.
Sheikh derives the notion of the horizon from the political context and directly
refers it to the aesthetic, putting both politics and aesthetics as forms of enquiry in the
same position of finding ways in which they can relate expectation and experience –
referring to what is imagined and how what is imagined is being instituted. To affirm
this shift Sheikh returns to Koselleck who claims that every encounter with a horizon
creates a new space of experience and thereby establishes a new horizon of
expectation. The liminal is a shifting experience in its own right. Consequently, Sheikh
arrives at the question of whether “aesthetic [experiences], like political events, create
rupture?” (Sheikh, 2011, p. 164) Sheikh enlists art for making visible what was
previously beyond the horizon, shifting the experience of the horizon. This he calls
radical imagination, where art can make possible what has previously been thought of
as impossible in the sense of producing a difference. A moment at which art can
register “vectors of the possible” can only be arrived at through a rupture, a break with
the present – one that might by definition be unforeseeable.
Here we must return to the idea … of radical imagination, which is where
art has a crucial role to play in providing vectors of the possible, posing

220

questions of possibility and vicinity, as well as making invisible limits visible
within the ontology of the horizon. Art works and exhibitions can suggest
and assess how a horizon must be placed in relation to both experience
and expectation in order to be effectual: how far and how close. And like a
political project, an aesthetic project can be a kind of praxis, and can go
beyond an assessment of this world and how we must critique it, but also
in fact posit other worlds as possible (Sheikh, 2011, p. 164).
Sheikh proposes a process of politicisation of exhibition making in which the
exhibition as a product of curatorial practice functions solely as a device in the quest
for the production of something else. Both Sheikh and Hlavajova repeatedly frame
what is supposed to be imagined as an “other world possible” (Sheikh, 2011, p. 164) or
as “one world” (Hlavajova et al., 2013, p. 8). While this notion can be unpacked in
greater detail at seminars and symposiums when speakers propose different notions
of terms such as “the horizon”, “the common” and “the public”, the exhibition as a
medium of production assumes a problematic position within the broader research
conducted by Former West. It is proposed to be a form of articulation of the imaginary,
however what it seems to be producing is always only an image of the imaginary, an
illustration of the ideas and expectations of Former West that are discussed elsewhere
in the project.
The most difficult role within the positioning of the exhibition as a medium of
articulation in the context of a preliminarily discursive project is that of the artworks,
which seem to only be provided a space of articulation on the conditions of their
potentiality to function as an imaginary, as an illustration and exemplification of such
potential. Sheikh groups the artists’ work together for the topics and issues with which
they are concerned. Often, this can be an interesting strategy and is a widely practiced
form of curating. It is not, however, a strategy that calls for particularly active viewer
engagement when it comes to contributing to processes of knowledge production
taking place in the communicative space of the exhibition. The visitor remains a viewer
who merely takes on board the curator’s narratives of interpretation. My criticism of
such an accumulation is that even though thematically the images deal with similar
issues, there is no communicative room facilitated for the artworks to develop their
formal and aesthetic qualities towards an articulation of their politics. Ultimately, the
question arises: Is it productive to accumulate a number of ideas (imaginaries) in order
to speak about the power of imagination? Is it not the exact opposite that is being
221

achieved when trying to convey the imaginary? In that case, imaginaries become mere
images. The close-‐knit interpretive context superimposes the exhibited works over one
another, which reduces the communicative space of the exhibition from a space of
action to a space of reaction conditioned upon a pre-‐defined discursive context.
Instead of being developed as an explorative medium, the exhibition functions as a
liminal space of action. It can therefore not to be understood as a research exhibition
in the sense of a communicative space able to provide its own politics of
communication.
However, my criticism of Sheikh’s exhibition knowingly using the artworks as
references in a particular narrative around the political function of the aesthetic is not
intended for praising the autonomy of the artworks and advocacy of the curator’s
responsibility for safeguarding that autonomy. Instead, I aim to show that, in this case,
the discursive encapsulates the format of the exhibition to the extent that it actually
restricts its potentiality to function as a communicative space from which a process of
production of experience, sociality, or knowledge, can emerge.58 Returning here to the
notion of exploring a material register of the curated encounter the relationship
between the discursive sphere of knowledge production and the format of the
exhibition could have been rendered differently. For example, by articulating the
precise choice to situate Sharon Hayes’ projections only slightly above the ground or to
deliberately display Freee’s poster on the curved wall in the lower floor room. This
would recurrently invoke a material dimension of the curated encounter, which could
function to point to the dominant narrative of dematerialisation of artistic practices in
the attempt to produce forms of imagination.
The political function of the curatorial
However, it seems questionable whether an articulation of aesthetics on the level of
artistic practice can really be transformed into a political articulation on the level of
the curatorial. This question is one addressed to the relation between art and politics

58
In the same way that Chapter One described for Michael Fullerton’s exhibition Columbia and The
Potosí Principle.
222

that curatorial methodologies seek to foster and strengthen through their practice.
One issue at stake in this context with regards to Former West is how art can function
as a research device for thinking about “reality”, a term that is often used for
describing the social, economic and political conditions in which cultural practices are
embedded and from which they emerge. In this context Former West develops its
ambition to “infuse the contemporary with the sense of possibility” in an attempt to
“point us in the direction of how we can reshape the debates about the things to
come” (Hlavajova et al., 2013, p. 9)
What Boris Groys described as “the desire to transform society through the
power of art” is the reality Former West desires and strives for, but not in a naive way.
To understand the reality of cultural practices through art’s capacity to reflect and to
produce was one of the central research questions from the beginning. At the level of
curatorial practice this interest translates in the project into many attempts to create a
space of action that can serve as a platform for analysis while pointing to the necessity
of politicising practices creating communicative spaces as spaces of action – an
intrinsic condition for considering the relationship between art and reality as one that
is in flux. It is through this development of spaces of action that the question emerges
of in what ways cultural practices are political.
No work and no action is political in and of itself. Carl Schmitt defined the
political not as a subject area or field, but only the degree of intensity of association
and dissociation of people (Schmitt, 1996). Hannah Arendt described the freedom to
discuss and thereby explore the discursive not as the medium of the political but as
the form and content of the political in itself (Arendt, 2003). While from these
positions the concept of the political can still be understood as fostering democratic
decision-‐making processes that Habermas described as consensual (Habermas, 1996),
in the context of curatorial practice as an activity of generating spaces of action, the
political might rather be conceived of as a conflict carried out in the space of action –
an allusion to Mouffe’s description of the political as “unavoidably antagonistic”
(Mouffe, 2005a, p. 10).
To speak of a politicisation of curatorial practice means to produce a space of
action that fuels the potential for conflict. Here, Oliver Marchart, however,
differentiates between curatorial practice producing a space of action that allows for
223

the emergence of a conflict, and curatorial practice producing a conflict with regard to
what constitutes the public sphere (Marchart, 2007). According to Marchart, the latter
is a logical impossibility, an antagonism, because what is produced in the event of
conflict cannot be intentionally organised, since, according to Laclau and Mouffe, it
defies any form of organisation and, therefore, domination (Laclau and Mouffe, 1985,
p. 15). For this reason, it is wrong to describe the curatorial function in terms of an
organisation of antagonism and to deem this form of organisation as making the
curatorial function political. Nevertheless, so as not to attribute a political
incompetence to the curatorial, Marchart demands a shift of perspective away from
perceiving curatorial practice as producing the political in the field of art, in order to
understand the curatorial function as constituting a political sphere that is no longer
confined to the art world: “A conflict that breaks out in the art world alone will revolve
exclusively around artistic questions ... which would not even satisfy the minimal
criterion of universal accessibility, which knows no boundaries between fields”
(Marchart, 2007, p. 164). It is precisely the recognition of the impossibility to organise
the emergence of conflict that allows the curatorial to enable the political:
Politics, in the sense of a genuine realisation of the political, is always a

praxis that aims at the impossible; namely, at whatever the hegemonic
discourse defines in a given situation is impossible ... In the construction of
a counterhegemony, lies the true potential for antagonism (Marchart,
2007, p. 164).
The idea of conceiving the very notion of a “former West” in the context of
capitalist cultural production can be understood as counter-‐hegemonic and is what the
project proposes to articulate. However, while a mere articulation of the idea by
means of outlining the formal and conceptual context in the initial research phase of
the project, as described earlier, served to set the scene, the idea of deriving forms of
imagination through forms of organising art failed, specifically because the production
of a counter-‐position would have meant to employ the artwork in such a way that it
provoked a counter-‐position to them in providing an imaginary, rather than reducing
them to functioning as images of a pre-‐conceived imagination. Recalling Marchart, the
exhibition Vectors of the Possible (2010) was an attempt to organise imagination as the
impossible, something it inevitably failed to do.

224

Marchart casts the responsibility of the curator by producing a collapse between
different fields of practices, much like Gramsci’s organic intellectual with its function of
“maintenance of the hegemonic bloc but also a counterhegemonic effort”. This is not a
singular activity but a collective effort to the extent that “the subject of the curatorial
function is not an individual, but rather a collective”. (Marchart, 2007, p. 167)
Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects
Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013) was a weeklong series of exhibitions and
events. The project took place at the Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, a congress
hall erected in 1957 near the Reichstag and the then-‐border between West and East
Berlin. The building was a gift from the US government to the City of (West) Berlin at
the height of the Cold War (HKW, 2015). Hosting a series of events under the title of
Former West, the project can be described as an attempt to fulfil the curatorial
function of disrupting the hegemonic discourse of an institution to the extent that it
produces an opening of the institution as a form of positioning of a political praxis:
The curatorial function, understood as the organisation of a public sphere,
thus consists not least in the political opening of the institution of which it
appears to be part (Marchart, 2007, p. 170).
The seven-‐day summit was conceived to allow the collapse of different mediums
of articulation of artistic, theoretical and educational practices. Curator Maria
Hlavajova defined the proposition of the summit as “uncovering – through various
constellations of artistic and theoretical documents – the breaches in which we can
make out the West’s formerness and harness the emancipatory promise of the
imaginary of “former West” in both art and society within the landscape of rapidly
changing global relations” (Hlavajova et al., 2013, pp. 8-‐9). The curators chose to even
out any hierarchy between formats or media by focusing on the term documents as
being brought together for a “composition of another kind”:
If artworks, lectures, workshops, and more are put together in a provisory
manner, it is because their meaning must necessarily be made available for
continuous rereading, shifting, reassembling, deconstructing, and
recomposition. Such constellations necessarily privilege the processes of
collective effort to produce knowledge, and favour provisional structures
that allow for conversation, incongruity and agreement, emergency and
emergence, and – indeed – a sense of emancipatory prospects (Hlavajova
et al., 2013, pp. 8-‐9).

225

In the same way that Sheikh elaborated on the practice of articulation in the
context of exhibition-‐making as a form of combination of various elements (Sheikh,
2012, pp. 135-‐186), Hlavajova uses the term “constellation” to describe a methodology
of organisation that aims specifically to avoid elaboration of a particular order,
manifestation of hegemony or production of linearity. Instead, the curatorial
methodology is geared towards a collective production of knowledge that has the
potential to organise a different form of being together. Hlavajova denies the
attribution of any form of singular authority to the curator as a position from which to
articulate curatorial practice as a mode of organisation. The Berlin summit is,
not confined to one domain or specific practice, it is neither a show nor a
congress nor a series of presentations, but rather a platform collapsing the
exhibitionary, the performative, and the discursive through the diversity of
rehearsals, dialogues, impromptu performances and talks, lectures,
screenings, workshops and mutual learning (Hlavajova et al., 2013, p. 10).
In order to unpack the notion of constellation and the idea of emerging
“emancipatory prospects” that emerge from it, it is necessary to look closer at the way
in which the curatorial methodology of the project not only articulates a collapse of
the different strategies of knowledge production – the discursive, the exhibitionary
and the educational – but produces a constellation that urges its participants to take a
position as part of the proposed constellation.

226

Figure 45
Homi K. Bhabha, keynote lecture titled “Age of Insecurity”, 23.03.2013, presented as part of Insurgent
Cosmopolitanism at Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects, 18 – 24 March 2013, Haus der
Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Photo: Marcus Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy of BAK.

Figure 46
Participants of Learning Place, 18.03.2013, at Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects, 18 –
24 March 2013, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Photo: Marcus
Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy of BAK.

227

Figure 47
[l-‐r] James Benning, Twenty Cigarettes (2011) and Chto Delat?/What is to be done?, Perestroika
Timeline (2009/2013). Shown in Dissident Knowledges as part of Former West: Documents,
Constellations, Prospects, 18 to 24 March 2013, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Photo:
Marcus Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy BAK.

Figure 48
Installation view of Chto Delat?/What is to be done?, Perestroika Timeline (2009/2013). Shown in
Dissident Knowledges as part of Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects, 18 – 24 March
2013, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Photo: Marcus Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy
BAK.

228

Figure 49
Installation view of Christoph Schlingensief, Ausländer raus— Bitte liebt Österreich [Foreigner out—
Please love Austria] (2013), installation by Nina Wetzel in cooperation with Matthias Lilienthal and
with films by Paul Poet. Shown in Dissident Knowledges as part of Former West: Documents,
Constellations, Prospects, 18 – 24 March2013, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. Photo:
Marcus Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy BAK.

Figure 50
Installation view of Li Ran, Beyond Geography (2012). Video. Shown in Dissident Knowledges as part of
Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects, 18 – 24 March 2013, Haus der Kulturen der Welt,
Berlin, Germany. Photo: Marcus Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy BAK.

229

Figure 51
Aernout Mik, Untitled (2012). Performance as part of Dissident Knowledges in Former West:
Documents, Constellations, Prospects, 18 – 24 March 2013, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin,
Germany. Photo: Marcus Lieberenz/bildbuehne.de. Courtesy BAK.
230

Dissident Knowledges
As part of the Berlin summit Maria Hlavajova and Kathrin Rhomberg curated Dissident
Knowledges, for which they assembled a selection that included artworks,
performances, lectures, readings and conversations in an attempt to rethink the
contemporary condition of the West and allude to its formerness:
Taking crisis and instability as knowledge, this ideational landscape not

only challenges the way things are, but actively thinks through how they
could be otherwise, proposing in tandem the shape of things to come. The
artworks at the core of these constellations, following much the same
protocol, are bodies of knowledge: both the documents uncovering the
cracks through which we might see the “formerness” of the West, and the
resources for how to think differently (Hlavajova et al., 2013, p. 60).
In the overall context of the week’s events, Dissident Knowledges was presented
as one of five “currents” around which the summit was organized. But in contrast to
the other currents (Art Production, Infrastructure, Insurgent Cosmopolitanism and
Learning Place) which presented series of speakers and performances invited by Boris
Groys, Irit Rogoff and Ranjit Hoskote, Dissident Knowledges was not a programmed
day of discussions and performances, but an exhibition. It used the entire Haus der
Kulturen der Welt building as its gallery space. In the main foyer, works were displayed
on construction site fences. The Perestroika Timeline (2009/2013) by Chto
Delat?/What is to be done? [Figure 48] was displayed across from an installation of
IRWIN’s NSK Passport Office (1992/2013). In the other part of the foyer Marlene
Dumas’ drawings Young Men (Man Kind) (2002-‐2007) were shown alongside video
works by James Benning (Twenty Cigarettes, 2011) [Figure 47] and installations by
Marcus Geiger (Untitled, 2013) and Thomas Locher (Reading Of, 2013). Dissident
Knowledges was not labelled as an exhibition, but combined exhibitionary, discursive
and performative strategies of production. Aernout Mik’s performance Untitled (2013)
[Figure 51] took place at the end of a lecture in the main auditorium. Suddenly half of
the people in the auditorium who were all dressed in business attire got up and
started shouting, mumbling, talking or singing in various languages, constructing a
cacophony of different voices.
The curators disregarded any difference in medium or format, considering all
artworks equally in the context of Former West’s research endeavour:

231

Distributed as nomadic bodies of knowledge through both the time and
space of HKW during this assembly, Dissident Knowledges … proposes both
temporary and spatial dynamic interventions in a gathering of artworks,
performances, film screenings and brief improvised statements (Hlavajova
et al., 2013, p. 11) that not only defy conventional fictions about our
contemporary history, but arrange for other formulations than those we
have grown accustomed to over some quarter of a century into the making
of the “new world order” (p. 60).
Whatever is conceived as “dissident knowledges” is intended to punctuate the
viewer’s or participant’s thinking towards the ideas Former West proposes.
Experiencing this array of “temporary and spatial dynamic interventions” is embedded
in the pursuit of a construction of a particular narrative, that of articulating the
“formerness” of the West. From the viewer’s perspective, this is the only way to make
sense of the works that otherwise seem to bear little formal or topical relation to one
another. Furthermore, in the context of the dense, weeklong programme, paying
particular attention to the sometimes hour-‐long video works is difficult. The curators
must acknowledge the fact that the works operate in this context as interludes for
passing time between lectures and seminars. It is intentional that the viewer should
experience the works in passing, or so it appears given their placement in the space.
The artworks are by no means at the core of the building, never allocated the role of
centre of attention, but are placed at the edges of the foyer, above the stairs in the
mid-‐level and towards the very end of the basement.
Dissident Knowledges fulfils a particular criterion that Mick Wilson describes for
the discursive turn in curating. It becomes a “framework of enquiry – in a way that
builds upon conceptualism’s romance with the exhibition as system – and a metaphor
of public education is thus activated” (Wilson, 2007, p. 208).
Another testimony to this is Learning Place [Figure 46], a specially curated series
of workshops and events for various groups of students of Curating and of
Contemporary Art and Theory from international universities and academies. Boris
Buden conceived the programme as a “week-‐long educational performance modelled
on an application for an academic job” – for which students were grouped together,
each developing a curriculum vitae – which Buden characterises as “the fiction of linear
progression presented in the form of a gradual acquisition of knowledge, skills, and
recognitions, a progression imaginable only in a life that unfolds through a
homogenous, empty time with no meaning outside the CV”. Furthermore, Buden

232

outlined his intention that his proposition should performatively engage in seminars
and workshops while producing a CV that aimed for a Brechtian estrangement effect
that “should strip the dominant educational practice of its self-‐evident educational
normality and so foster its critique and necessary transformation”. (Buden, 2013)
Many students opposed this proposition as they did not perceive the production
of a CV as a form of critique towards the ideology of a linearity of continuous
achievement as a measurement of success as suggested in the format of a CV. They
also refused to be disciplined into groups of production within the confines of what
Buden terms a performative engagement. At this point I will neither go into any detail
of this debate, nor discuss the educational aspects of this gathering. What is of interest
to me is the way in which Buden proposes to conceptualise a constellation of different
people (students) into certain hierarchical settings (workshops, seminars) with a clear
outcome and product in mind, particularly while positing this outcome as the source of
critique by means of an estrangement effect. He probably intends, or at least
anticipates, that the students will counter-‐position themselves to the task the project
involves. In this sense the curatorial methodology that Buden follows is one that is
similar to Hlavajova’s and Rhomberg’s Dissident Knowledges exhibition with regard to
a particular disposition that Maria Lind describes as having a “clear performative side”,
including “elements of choreography, orchestration, and administrative logics” (Lind,
2012, p. 12). The fact that Buden is not orchestrating objects but people and the result
is not a display but a performance does not change the curatorial methodology as a
performative disposition. The curatorial is conceptualised as a performative form of
production generating and constituting sociality, discourse and critique over the
conditions of knowledge production in contemporary times, particularly within the
context of cognitive capitalism.
The performative quality of the curatorial
Maria Lind defines the performative aspect of the curatorial as “akin to the
methodology used by artists focusing on the postproduction approach – that is, the
principles of montage, employing disparate images, objects, and other material and
immaterial phenomena within a particular time and space-‐related framework”. Lind’s
233

research project Performing the Curatorial59 explores the curatorial as a methodology
of organisation and production “beyond the field of art”. In particular it explores the
nature of the “project exhibition”,60 “a collective research-‐based endeavour which sits
at the center of transdisciplinary cultural and political practices” as a site for the
curatorial to be performed, taking into account what Lind calls “unorthodox forms of
mediation”. (Lind, 2012, p. 12)
Lind and Hlavajova share an ambition to see the curatorial assuming the function
of a “signifying practice”. The process of mediation that such practice employs is,
however, called into question by Buden with regard to the perspective from which the
curatorial can be said to assume a performative quality. Buden points to a series of
historical transformations that affect the nature of curatorial practices as much as they
affect the task of translation. It is in this engagement with the past, “symbolically
condensed in the concept (and practice of production) of cultural heritage” (Buden,
2012, p. 26), that the role of the curator presumes a constitutive effect with respect to
the cultural and social value generated in the process of communication between art,
on the one hand, and the public, on the other. The authorial position of the curator,
one that implies a quest for originality, is to be found in the ways in which curatorial
practice rearranges cultural heritage and filters what is communicated.
Does the common ground on which the curator meets cultural heritage
have anything in common with the grounds they each allegedly originate
from? Is it a ground at all? Or is it precisely the disappearance of any pre-‐
given ground, a sort of historically generated groundlessness, that has
come to constitute their commonality, making it possible for them to face
each other as though they have never met before? (Buden, 2012, p. 27).
The curatorial can be defined as a signifying practice with regard to the
processes of mediation it generates. Buden locates the performative quality of the
curatorial in the vast dispersion that cultural heritage has experienced in the past
decades in the social and cultural sphere. The curatorial is no longer a privileged site
for accessing cultural heritage, and this also affects its constitutive effect towards a

59
Lind organised Performing the Curatorial at the University of Gothenburg in 2010/2011. This series of
seminars and symposiums was followed by a publication that documents the proceedings (Lind, 2012).
60
Lind is not the first to outline the problematics of this terminology, but articulates it very well in terms
of the complicity between the curatorial as a strategy of knowledge production and the project
exhibition as a format.
234

public, a concept that is equally difficult to grasp. The performative quality of the
curatorial lies in the fact that it structures the situation in which it is performed
through the mode of its addressing. Its associated constitutive effect extends well
beyond the sphere of communication. According to Buden, the curator is not
mediating between a sphere of art and a sphere of knowledge – generating a relation
between the two – but “what he or she does address is neither art nor knowledge (as
coherently unified prior to his or her address), but rather the moment of their
incompleteness, a lack in each of them that urges art and knowledge to reach out to
each other” (Buden, 2012, pp. 37-‐39).
Moreover, this performative quality is specifiable with Buden as the desire for
the building of a relation between art and knowledge. In the curatorial, however, this
intentionally never comes to fruition, according to Buden, because the curatorial
performs a form of sociality that manifests itself as a desire to relate, which is
constitutive of its own nature as producing the conditions for knowledge production, a
transformational action in which Buden locates the voice of the curator in a way that
recalls Hlavajova’s and Sheikh’s arguments around the production of imaginaries. All
these conceptions rely on a notion of openness, or rather incompleteness, and even
failure to produce – theoretically, at least. Within this conception the works
supposedly act as resources within what can be termed a post-‐productionist curatorial
methodology, a form of assemblage that approaches what is shown as documents, in
an attempt to construct a particular narrative from their correlation, albeit a
necessarily inconclusive one. The constitutive effect of the performative quality of the
curatorial is that it creates a new and different interpretative context that partly
disposes of the original constitutional context of what it displays and presents.
However, the examples of exhibitions discussed here as part of Former West
seem to further extend the performative quality of the curatorial to produce a tight
narrative in which the works act as mere carriers of information rather than resources
of interpretation.
Given the knowledge-‐power relations that are put forward as part of Former
West, the “curatorial complex” appears far less invigorating and emancipatory than
might be wished for, in contrast to the “exhibitionary complex”. It appears that the
idea of affective empowerment has not been replaced; the narrative has merely been
235

altered. Even though the function of art institutions might not be rendered as akin to
the disciplinary mechanisms of the prison, as was at the core of Bennett’s analysis, the
ways in which the Former West artworks are gathered to construct and present
knowledge in direct relation to the formation of power is no less romantic, as Wilson
noted.
The discursive surplus
Curatorial methodologies have undergone major turns since the days when the
museum was a site of public education, and in many ways Former West is emblematic
of these turns – particularly the turn from practice to discourse (O’Neill, 2010)
discussed at the beginning of this chapter. In this context it is surprising how repressive
the context of Former West is on the relation between works (or, rather, ideas) and
viewer/participant with regard to knowledge production as a political function of
cultural practices.
Part of the problem is the imperative to differentiate between what is shown or
installed and the categories from which it aims to be distinguished. Artworks are
presented as “vectors” or “documents”, thematic sections are called “currents”, and
exhibitions are conceived as “interventions”. The discursive appropriation takes place
in response to the long-‐established categories of art production and mediation. In the
attempt to avoid, dismiss and forego these categories, new formats and their
correspondent terminologies are articulated to the extent that they disguise the
innovative quality of the more dialogical approaches to exhibition-‐making that lead to
long-‐term collaborative productions between curators, artists, theorists, critics, etc.,
which are the merits of the changes that curatorial practices have introduced to the
landscape of cultural production since the 1990s. As Paul O’Neill writes, the “triangular
network of artist, curator, and audience is replaced by a spectrum of potential
interrelationships” (2012, p. 129).
While from the perspective of the position of the curators Former West very
much exemplifies this shift, the way in which those potential interrelationships come
to fruition from the perspective of the viewer and/or participant are less successful in
many ways. This is what the previous analysis of the relationship between the medium
of the exhibitionary and the discursive sought to discover. The gap between

236

conceptual assumptions and perceptual expectations is one that no middle ground
seems to cover; less so any form of mediation.
The question that the following conclusive analysis of Former West addresses is
this: Why, despite the many efforts to conceive alternative forms of knowledge
production that try to operate beyond the dogma of representation, does the project,
particularly its discursive and performative elements, seem to fail to produce
“emancipatory prospects” in terms of their function for the production of knowledge?
Earlier on I pointed to the confusion between imagination and image on the part
of the curator with regard to the selection and display of the artworks. In my
understanding Sheikh chose certain artworks quite pragmatically to demonstrate
forms of potentiality: the image of a protester in Sharon Hayes’ work, the image of a
horizon in Freee’s work and the image of communality and debate derived from Elske
Rosenfeld’s work. The question asked in order to critically dismantle the curatorial
methodology was whether the discursive rendering of an artwork as an image of a
horizon could produce an imaginary. However, any such curatorial-‐symbolic image to
which a material object gives rise is an ideological product. The meaning associated
with the material object beyond its given particularity operates primarily in the realm
of the symbolic. To conceive from there a turn back into reality, especially a political
reality generated through imaginary positions, seems problematic. A constant shift
between a material and a symbolic realm of production cannot be accomplished,
because the categories of production in which art can be used as a research device
cannot be altered, it would appear, taking into account the difficulties encountered in
aligning one’s expectations with experiences of the different instances of Former West.
Instead of trying to transform the symbolic into the material, or aesthetics into politics,
can a curatorial methodology be found that operates primarily in a material realm of
production by producing and therefore highlighting a material dimension of the
curated encounter?
The dilemma of the political
Answering such question involves the hitherto only rarely acknowledged and therefore
also undertheorised material dimension of the kind of performativity at work in the
curated encounter that Lind talks about when referring to curatorial methodologies as

237

“signifying practices” in terms of mediation (Lind, 2012, p. 12). In this context, Maria
Hlavajova strongly aligns her interest in collapsing particular methodologies and
strategies of curatorial practices such as the exhibitionary, the discursive and the
performative with Bruno Latour’s notion of “compositionism”, an attempt to perceive
of a common world as “built from utterly heterogeneous parts that will never make a
whole, but at best a fragile, revisable, and diverse composite material” (Hlavajova et
al., 2013, p. 60; Latour, 2010, p. 474). In his Attempt at a “Compositionist Manifesto”
Bruno Latour envisions an answer to the task of how to shed a new perspective on the
search for the common, an idea that he sees his Compositionist Manifesto as sharing
with the Communist Manifesto – in fact the only thing they share.
The notion of “compositionism” brings together a number of ideas and concepts
that Latour developed such as the abolition of the Modernist dichotomy of
nature/culture, and arguing for a hybrid relation between them (Latour, 1993; Latour,
2004) and the pre-‐eminence of “matters of concern” over “matters of fact” (Latour,
2005). What is remarkably new in the 2005 text, is that Latour attempts to combine
the democratic ontology he fosters – which emerges from treating human and non-‐
human entities as actors of equivalent standing – with a proposition for a form of
democratic politics in a pragmatic sense. In the pursuit of compositionism as a
“political platform” Latour contrasts this notion with that of critique, or rather the
power of critique as what once determined modernity, and explores it in relation to
the modern concept of nature as “a way of organizing the division (what Alfred North
Whitehead has called Bifurcation) between appearances and reality, subjectivity and
objectivity, history and immutability” (Latour, 20104, p. 76). Compositionism rejects
the gesture of critique as a negotiation of what can be imagined with what there really
is and as such negates any belief in transcendence.
For a compositionist, nothing is beyond dispute. And yet, closure has to be

achieved. But it is achieved only by the slow process of composition and
compromise, not by the revelation of the world of beyond (Latour, 2010, p.
478).
As much as Latour denies a belief in transcendence, compositionism is also not a
purely materialist proposition. He critiques the disappearance of agency in the cause-‐
and-‐effect logic of materialism precisely because “consequences overwhelm their
causes, and this overflow has to be respected everywhere, in every domain, in every

238

discipline, and every type of entity”. The task of compositionism is to ensure the
continuity of agents in space and time slowly and progressively by composing it from
discontinuous pieces, increasing the level of disputability as “the best path to finally
taking seriously the political task of establishing the continuity of all entities that make
up the common world” (Latour, 2010, p. 485).
Compositionism is, for Latour, a hybrid discursive practice that involves assembly
and creation in a way that challenges the conceptual boundaries of material and non-‐
material, literary and non-‐literary, natural and cultural things. It also challenges the
notion of the author: when it comes to the task of composing, no authorship or
scholarship is involved in putting together things while retaining their heterogeneity.
Also, whatever is composed can at any time be decomposed.
In this sense it is easy to understand why Hlavajova would reference Latour’s
notion of compositionism in the context of her own curatorial practice, which, through
the Former West project, explores a spatial and temporal unfolding of collective
dialogue from within the space of art fostering openness, heterogeneity, and
incompleteness, in “processes of thinking through public negotiations” that produce “a
crucial resource of what might become ‘former West’ knowledges” (Hlavajova et al.,
2013). Here, Hlavajova might have already been referring to the series of Public
Editorial Meetings (BAK, 2015c) taking place at the time of writing as part of Former
West. Developed by Hlavajova together with Boris Buden and Simon Sheikh, these
meetings bring together contributors to and participants in the project over the years,
in what are described as “gatherings [that] take the editorial meeting as their model
for informal (re)negotiations of the living knowledge brought together through the
course of the project” (BAK, 2015c). At the first editorial meeting on the last day of the
Berlin summit, Hlavajova gave an account of the impossibility of any form of
meaningful organisation of knowledge over the project’s ambition to speak of a former
West, a proposition that at the beginning had appeared to be much simpler. Hlavajova
credited the impossibility and growing complexity to the accumulation of information
attributed to the notion of “former West” over the years. At the same time it is also in
spite of this impossibility that the curators proceeded towards an understanding of
their practice as gathering, assembling, registering and chronicling the process from
within the realm of art, through which a former West could come into being or be
239

made meaningful.
The notion of meaningfulness can be dissected in various directions. It concerns
not as much the quality of knowledge that is produced, but the very ability of
producing knowledge within and from the realm of art – a kind of knowledge that
produces a reflection, that makes it possible to “rethink the frame in which we think
and work, but also the ways how we work, how we practice in the field of art” (BAK,
2015c). Hlavajova was describing a demand that Former West continuously articulates
as being part of its curatorial methodology. The openness and publicness of the
editorial meetings is a conscious choice to respond to the observed impossibility of
meaningfulness with a gesture of de-‐privatization and transparency. In Former West
notions of openness and indefinability, and the potentialities of knowledge production
emerging from them, are defined as mere transitory constellations awaiting their
awakening as dissidents, imaginaries, etc. Once again, by finding new forms of
classification that avoid the known categories of art production, the potential
meaningfulness of the project designated a political quality. But can a political quality
be located in a project’s infrastructure?
It is a difficult task to elaborating on the proximity of art and the political in the
context of Former West, but nonetheless necessary if one is seeking to question the
project’s functioning, not only in terms of how it reflects on its social, cultural and
political conditions, but also in terms of how it produces these conditions through its
own practice. Recalling Marchart, this would mean trying to posit and realise a
potential for antagonism in artistic or curatorial practice. We have seen how
exhibitions in the context of Former West failed to organise a counter-‐hegemonic
potential, specifically in the way that it situated artworks as fulfilling that potential. In
the context of the more recent projects taking place as part of Former West, the
question arises of whether the move towards eschewing any categorisations of the
format of the curatorial or the role of the artworks within it – other than as “bodies of
knowledge”, and with regards to the idea of compositionism as a methodology –
would allow for the proximity of art and the political without either being
superimposed on the other, or being equated with the other. Referring to artworks as
documents does not necessarily change their perception of them as artworks in an
exhibition. Even though Hlavajova cannot be criticised for her intention to pretermit an
240

ordinary perception of the relationship between artist, work, viewer and world, and
instead call for a different more heterogeneous and flexible understanding, the way in
which Halvajova applies the Latourian terminology to her cause results in a similar
prefabricated notion that is similar to Sheikh’s use of the imaginary for his exhibition
Vectors of the Possible. All these conceptions of the curatorial seem to be intrinsically
linked to the previously discussed belief of art’s capacity to be political and to produce
emancipatory prospects, implying a transformational quality in art that can be evoked
by means of the curatorial. However persuasive this argument might initially appear to
be, it would be positivist to identify the curatorial as a compositionist methodology
whose performative quality has a constitutive effect on the material, to the extent that
it could transform – or even produce – the social, cultural and political conditions of
practice. Paradoxically, this would entirely defy the notion of impossibility that
Marchart (2007) defines as essential if the curatorial is to articulate the political as the
emergence of a conflict.
The underlying desire for artistic and cultural practices to partake in “reality” in a
“meaningful” way was discussed at a recent series of conversations that art historian
Helmut Draxler and Christoph Gurk organised at the Berlin theatre Hebbel am Ufer.61
It enquired into the personal and professional needs to which this desire responds, and
debated the institutional claims at stake when art addresses the sphere of the political.
In their opening statement Draxler and Gurk defined the political within the sphere of
cultural production as “the ultimate promise of meaning, which not only seeks to
abrogate the deep ambivalences of artistic productivity, but fundamentally promises
to elude their own conditions and privileges”, with the associated danger of generating
a sphere of self-‐centred communications whose blind spot is the doubts and
contradictions that would emerge from analysis and naming, and that makes one’s
own entanglement in power and capital productive as a cultural producer. (Hebbel am
Ufer, 2014.)
The situation that Draxler and Gurk describe is useful for rendering the paradox
of the curatorial methodology used in Former West: the performative quality of the

61
Phantasm and Politics – A series of events on real longings and the desire for relevance in theatre, art
and music took place in 2013 and 2014 (Hebbel am Ufer, 2014).
241

curatorial makes it possible for cultural producers to think of themselves as generating
a political quality with their work, but it simultaneously renders it absolutely
impossible. Draxler and Gurk mention the widespread assumption that an increased
need for action by cultural producers in institutional contexts leads to the preservation
of the capitalist status quo despite cultural producers having the ambition to
destabilise existing power-‐knowledge relations. This puts cultural producers in a tight
spot and, increasingly, art is expected to be identifiable as a place and practice able to
raise awareness of political and social crises. All cultural production is then measured
by its proximity to these crises, according to Draxler and Gurk (Hebbel am Ufer, 2014).
In the case of Former West it can certainly be said that the curators locate their
relevance in this context by articulating an idea, that of a “former West”, while also
producing it as an alternative to the still-‐prevalent cultural dominance of the West.
This alternative in the form of the project’s programme is, however, rendered in terms
that try transcend the classifications and categorisations of the field of art. Instead,
what the curatorial here produces is presented as documents, constellations,
prospects, imaginaries, etc., discursive positionings that produce a symbolic capacity
from their material originality. Draxler and Gurk’s analysis of contemporary art as
heading for its own abstract negation – and even being concretised in the form of a
utopia of non-‐art – is more than applicable in this context (Hebbel am Ufer, 2014).
Even though Former West does not entirely dismiss the category of art in favour of a
productivist or otherwise utilitarian practice (like the 7th Berlin Biennale (2012), for
example), in a perhaps subtle but nonetheless affective way, indulges in the idea of
use art as a research device aimed at the production of imaginaries or prospects that
locate art in the realm of production of the real. This, however, presupposes that those
involved either share this interest or can deal with these increasing demands and
challenges.
As an ongoing self-‐reflexive project, Former West is only beginning to embrace
the impossibility of its self-‐defined task and is still in the process of figuring out how to
productively use the paradoxes it produces when images are used to stand in for
imaginaries, and artworks are reduced to their symbolic value as ideas when presented
as dissident knowledges. In some instances these paradoxes of production and
reception are foreseen by the curatorial methodology and put into interesting
242

constellations, such as with Buden’s Learning Place, where students were supposed to
produce a CV in critique of the growing demand for conformity in the education
system. Another example is the Public Editorial Meetings, which can be perceived as
articulating the complex position from which to perform transparency for the process
of knowledge production.
Towards a material dimension of curatorial practices
Former West cannot be judged unequivocally. It is a testing ground for producing

proximity between art and the political using diverse curatorial strategies and cultural
practices.
This analysis contextualised the project with regard to the ambitions and claims
for it made by the curators, particularly with respect to the notion of a “former West”,
the expanded field of curatorial practices in which the project is located, and the
various forms of address and modes of production employed by discursive,
exhibitionary, and performative methodologies of the curatorial. The ways in which
the emancipatory potential of art was rendered was a common reference amongst all
of the curators involved, but a variety of means were used to realise this potential in
the curated encounter. At times they successfully established a relation between
people, ideas and things in which such potential would be produced as imaginaries of a
different, alternative and predominantly common world to its current social, political
and cultural manifestation. In other instances, the imaginaries envisioned to be
produced by means of an active engagement were contextualised and framed in such
a way that they assumed a representational function, and merely produced images.
With respect to the claims for an innovative curatorial methodology based on forms of
experimentation with (and even dismissal of) known categorisations and classifications
of creative practices and their perception, the extensive discursive positioning of a
social, political, and cultural value of art had, at times, a depoliticising effect on how
the project induced the production of imaginaries, primarily relating to a “former
West”.
What might serve as a pivotal component in a new attempt to generate different
ways of positioning art in the realm of the social, and to debate the curatorial function
243

as a political one based on the above analysis of both the comprehensiveness and the
shortcomings of the Former West project, is the one common denominator that has
never been doubted by participants, advisors, curators and artists: the need to
produce a common. In contrast to the ways in which the curators communicated the
experimental nature of Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013) as
diverse, complex and multitudinous, its innovative potential actually lies in the way the
pronounced formal equality of all mediums reduced the complexity of relationships
between things and people in various constellations (lectures, performances,
screenings, exhibitions, etc.). All formats suddenly became comparable, because what
they shared was not the kind of knowledge produced in them, or the hierarchies
employed for that production process, but the fact that their materiality issued a set of
relationships that negotiate the role and function they assume with respect to the idea
of building a “common” world. The very fact that these relationships can be regarded
as material components forms the common ground from which they aim to produce a
“common” world. None of the Former West debates reflecting on the relationships
being produced looked specifically at the materiality of the people and things
presented. This is particularly unfortunate because Hlavajova referred to Latour for her
conception of the exhibition Dissident Knowledges, pointing to the connotation of
“diverse composite material” as a description for everything that can be produced as
part of the exhibition eschewing any order, format or hierarchy (Hlavajova et al., 2013,
p. 62).
We need to have a much more material, much more mundane, much more
immanent, much more realistic, much more embodied definition of the
material world if we wish to compose a common world (Latour, 2010, p.
484).
To speak of a “material” turn in curating would entail thinking about what it
could mean to speak of that which is negotiated in the curatorial process as material.
As argued for previously with the example of Unitednationsplaza, this is different from
talking about the particular materiality of artworks, objects, people, etc. Invocating a
material dimension of the curated encounter requires to look at the self-‐reflexive
interest taken by curatorial practices such as that of the Former West project in the
positioning of their discursive, exhibitionary and performative practices in curatorial
discourse with less focus on their discursive constitution, and more on their material

244

constitution. This would also mean enquiring less into the forms of speculation these
practices open up discursively, and rather emphasise on the ways their material
condition performs the social. An alternative conception of a performative quality of
the curatorial such as this would assume that neither the social nor the political lay
outside actors and networks. Consequently, the political would not lie outside the
realm of art. A relation between art and the political cannot be posited discursively
other than by following the ways in which people, objects, things and ideas relate to
each other in the curated encounter.
It is in this sense that my observations on the on-‐going Former West project
conclude with the hope that the Public Editorial Meetings, which “aim to negotiate the
knowledges gathered throughout the course of the Former West project while bearing
in mind the politico-‐cultural transformations unique to the locales in which they are
held” (BAK, 2015c) attempt to do no more and no less than following the processes of
social ordering they already addressed and established through the different forms of
practices throughout the project’s history. This would entail implementing a self-‐
reflexive approach for a curatorial methodology that acknowledges its own radical
contingency. Therein lies its potential for a conception of agency that is neither
autonomous not intentional, but embedded in, and dependent on, the distinctive
kinds of effectivity that material processes produce as a consequence of the positions
actors occupy as agents within the networks that curated encounters configure.
The nature of materiality is, in this sense, changing as a result of the new
infrastructures – of which the curated encounters of Former West are examples of –
that question our usual concepts of mediation because they are neither a priori nor a
posteriori, neither inside nor or outside processes of communication. The kind of
materiality emerging from a self-‐reflexive understanding of the curated encounter as a
communicative space is producing new levels of universal experience as forms of
sensible realities that refute instrumentalities applied to the notion of experiencing art
relying on dichotomies such as symbolic and material, aesthetic and political. Instead,
these sensible realities create new means of imagining the world that are solely
conditioned by the ways in which the curated encountered is registered – materially,
politically, socially.
To argue for a material dimension of the curated encounter means to no longer
245

divide our attention between things and ideas, or create any kind of hierarchy
between them. What the example of Former West proofs is that attention to ideas
often seems to render material forms into little more than expressions of meaning.
This has the curatorial methodology of the project fall back into a representational
thinking, which ultimately claims the production of sociality stressing the self-‐
understanding, intentions and agency of the subjects involved beyond the objects. But
by arguing for the production of sociality from a point of view emphasising the
materiality of communicative spaces that foster the production of sociality, a post-‐
representational logic emerges in which the things and ideas curated encounters
negotiate as a result of selecting and positioning them – bearing in mind their
contingent character – is neither subordinated to, nor isolated from, communication
as a process of knowledge production. Its social dimension is a result of thinking its
material register.
246

Conclusion
This thesis discusses an intrinsic social dimension to the curatorial complex by arguing
for a material register of the curated encounter.
To recapitulate this argument this conclusion will shed light on its development
throughout the three chapters, focusing on coherently resuming the key terminologies
this thesis uses for its claims, such as the “curatorial complex”, “practice”, “knowledge
production” and “sociality”. Thereby the aim is to affirm originality for the perspective
this thesis assumes on how curatorial practices are functioning within the field of
cultural production in ways that not only respond to, but also produce the social,
political and economic conditions that determine the field of practices.
Subsequently, this conclusion will return to the proposition of a “material turn”
in curatorial practices first outlined as a research hypothesis in the introduction and
argued for in each of the case studies. This conclusion will corroborate the hypothesis,
focusing on emphasising how the recurring invocation of a material register of the
curated encounter serves to counter dominant narratives of dematerialisation in
recent and current practices. Therein emphasis is placed on articulating ways in which
curatorial practices can assume agency with regard to rendering a transformative
potential visible and performable within a field of cultural production constituting a
sphere of practices constantly in danger to be subsumed by the commodifying
principle inherent to capitalist society.
The curatorial complex
This thesis offers the term “curatorial complex” as an overarching framework for
describing a structure concerned with the ordering of things and people. The term
emerges from a critique of the disciplinary mechanisms that museums and institutions
traditionally employ to govern relations between art and public, to the extent that
these relations become instrumentalised within and for the production of cultural
hegemony. This definition of the curatorial complex refers to how Tony Bennett (1988)
defined the political-‐discursive space of the museum as constituting a "technology of

247

behaviour management”. Bennett distinguished between two main approaches for
establishing knowledge-‐power relations in the exhibitionary complex. One approach
understands the institutional space of the museum as the holy grail of universalist
knowledge, schooling the viewer on its ideological formation by means of
systematically arranging works of art and artefacts. In contrast to this function of the
museum as an instrument for education – which rests on mechanisms of cultural
differentiation in terms of class, gender, ethnicity, etc. – the populist approach makes
the museum part of a leisure industry attempting to democratise the disposition of the
museum, transforming it from an institution of discipline to one of popular assembly.
(Bennett, 1988, pp. 102-‐105)
Given that the field of cultural production has been subject to an array of social,
political and economic changes in the 30 years since Bennett made these observations
our view of the field of cultural production must be dramatically adjusted – along with
the role of curatorial practices within that field. When Bennett’s text was first
published, the political and economic dispositions of the Cold War era were still intact,
although their constitution had started to crumble. However, even though, from a
superficial perspective, the Cold War era appeared to have had a stabilising power that
made the world describable (through contrasts such as East/West, Socialist/Capitalist
and democratic/authoritarian), beneath the surface of these dialectical dispositions
this era betrayed as many fractures and wounds, severe inequalities and insecurities as
do contemporary times. Contemporary cultural practices often aim to articulate and
address these differences and inequalities. Therefore curatorial practices and their
often self-‐reflexive articulation and negotiation in curatorial discourse are disposed to
find forms of practice that aim both to counter disciplinary mechanisms of behaviour
management and to avoid nurturing a formation of culture as an asset in the
knowledge economy responding to a further diversification of consumer markets.
The examples discussed in this thesis can be taken as exemplary attempts to
achieve precisely these aims. Thereby these examples function to address and
manifest a social dimension to forms of knowledge production specific to curatorial
practices. By reconfiguring the communicative space of the exhibition or the
speculative sphere of the discursive, the exhibitions and projects discussed here from a
perspective emphasising the material dimension of the curated encounters produced
248

work towards negotiating notions of spectatorship, public address and constitution,
mediation and meaning production in a different way (sometimes successfully;
sometimes unsuccessfully), to conceive of new ways of knowledge production that are
neither imposed, nor hypocritical.
From production to practice
The formation of knowledge
The enquiry into the fundamental idea of knowledge production undertaken by this
thesis was initiated by engaging with Michael Fullerton’s exhibition Columbia (2010),
which blurred the boundaries between fact and fiction, and between information and
meaning, making interpretation an endless negotiation of the social, cultural and
political conditions that define the exhibition as a space of communication. Columbia
engaged the viewer by engendering suspicion about the value of information for the
production of meaning – a suspicion that emerged from a contention with the
artworks and their politics of installation. This process led to the exhibition space
becoming a realm for the practice of communication that defines the production of
knowledge as a network of relations continuously built and negotiated there. On the
assumption of a particular knowledge-‐building function of the exhibition space, this
thesis enquired into The Potosí Principle (2010) exhibition in order to explore a curated
encounter that critically addresses forms of knowledge production as systems of
maintenance of knowledge-‐power relations in contemporary cultural production.
Framing historical works in the exhibition with a critical and suspicious attitude
towards the cultural conditioning of knowledge production in systems of power
(government, religion, etc.), which emerged by setting contemporary works in relation
to historical ones, the viewer was invited to participate in critically addressing the
production of meaning for constructing an alternative formation of knowledge on
history that is responsive to cultural conditions – not only of the past, but also of the
present.
The analyses of both exhibitions produced a perspective on knowledge
production, not as a diffusion process, but as a continuous process of production and
reflection that is shaped as much by dissemination as by appropriation. Echoing Michel

249

Foucault’s claim that “knowledge is defined by the possibilities of use and
appropriation offered by discourse” (2002a, p. 202), knowledge is not an object, a
thing or an entity, but a disposition in and of practice.
To further enquire into this disposition, Chapter One focused on elaborating a
notion of practice that responds to the oscillation in the exhibition space between
structures and actions, and between knowledge formation and negotiation. A
comparative analysis of Luhmann and Bourdieu yields a notion of practice as
intrinsically self-‐reflexive. It operates by means of a recursive negotiation of structures
and actions, a process that is dialectical in its disposition, but does not have the goal of
creating a synthesis or dissolution of structures into action, or vice versa. Rather,
practice is conditioned by an endless feedback loop between forms of production and
their reflection. This notion of practice has a transformative potential with regard to
the kind of knowledge it produces, because rather than applying something within the
exhibition space to something outside of it, the processes of production negotiate the
materialities and contingencies involved in them.
The generation of sociality
This materiality was taken to be the very essence of sociality. Beyond any artworks and
their contextualisations, sociality is the material with which curating as a practice of
communication deals. The forms of sociality that it produces and administers are not
bound to their place of origin but exist in the ways their communicability and
connectivity acquires structural value for a further building of relations that can – in
other social contexts – re-‐assume a generative function towards social formations.
In this context, moving on from discussing knowledge formations in the space of
the exhibition to the discursive sphere pursued several interests: testing whether the
discursive sphere is a different and potentially better way of providing processes of
knowledge production that avoid the fixation of knowledge and rather focus on its
dissemination and appropriation; debating whether the nature of social gatherings
that curatorial practices in the discursive sphere assume actually provides sociality;
and discussing the problems of defining knowledge as discourse generated through
forms of producing sociality in the context of a field of cultural production operating in
the understanding of the free-‐market economy in which dematerialised practices

250

become subject to processes of commodification.
The analysis of Unitednationsplaza focused on discussing sociality as a particular
scope of relationality, with reference to the interplay of those participating in
communication, and the ways people tend to build structures as modes for
anticipating and cultivate cultures as forms of evaluation of what is communicated.
Drawing on the work of Bruno Latour provided for an understanding of sociality as a
particular form of relation-‐building that connects people and things with regards to the
issues and concerns that propelled them to assemble in the first place. To conceive of
sociality as a condition for the formation of public engagement helped to critically
address terminologies of “socially-‐engaged practices” or “art as a social space”
(Möntmann, 2002; Bourriaud, 2002). Methodologically, Chapter Two made an effort to
undo “the social" as a fixed entity that produces hierarchies or cause-‐effect
relationships in relation-‐building processes. The virtue of discursive art practices was
articulated as fostering a social dimension of knowledge production, which can be
perceived as a demand that art produces and that has to be accounted for in curatorial
practices. However, the agency of art cannot be conceived as automatically extending
towards the resolution of this demand in the production of sociality being a tool for
transforming the social, political and cultural conditions prevalent in the field of
cultural production.
Chapter Three addressed this particular conglomeration and the confusion of
claims between the production of sociality as a context for knowledge formations, on
the one hand, and the ways in which a political effectiveness is accredited to the
production of sociality in the field of cultural production, on the other. In the
discussion of Former West, particular attention was paid to the self-‐reflexive curatorial
methodology that characterises both this project in particular and curating’s recent
turn from practice to discourse in general (O’Neill, 2010). The curators of Former West
claimed that the constant negotiation of structure and action intrinsic to the self-‐
reflexive curatorial methodology with its concurrent forms of production and
reflection was a form of using art as a device for researching the social, political and
cultural conditions that determine the practice. The critical potential of the project’s
ability to address art’s epistemic quality, provided for in the project’s nature of altering
its course of action according to the issues and concerns that came up over the years,
251

was not as narrowly placed within a narrative around art’s critical potential to address
the social, cultural, and political conditions of its own practice, as was the case with
Unitednationsplaza. There, the forms of individual and collective agency produced in
the assemblages of people and things were led astray towards reinforcing a
hierarchical relationship between curator/organiser and participants, even though its
rejection was precisely one of the starting points Vidokle articulated for the project.
Former West was in this sense more successful in that it did not posit the project in a
transformative context other than instating curatorial agency as a form for addressing
the epistemic quality of artistic and curatorial practices pursuing a transformative
potential. However, the need to frame the different research questions that Former
West generated and discussed with an overall narrative around the production of
commonality as a form of public engagement did also not serve the innovative
character of the project in its goal of founding knowledge formations alternative to the
predominant knowledge-‐power relations within the field of contemporary cultural
production. Quite the reverse, in fact, because it limited the innovative character,
producing the danger of assigning a mere illustrative function to the exhibitions,
seminars, lectures, performances, etc. in efforts to establish a narrative-‐centred
discourse.
The social dimension of knowledge production
The social dimension of knowledge production is primarily to be found in the

collaborative nature of contemporary practices accommodated in project structures
that allow for and foster the creation of communicative spaces for a dialogical
engagement between what is presented, who presents it and who receives it – to the
extent that the positions of presenter and receiver become obliterated for the purpose
of production of sociality as a principle of communication. In this sense, all of the
projects, whether more or less successful, strived to accentuate this social dimension
of knowledge production in contemporary artistic and curatorial practices.
It is, however, important to state that in arguing a claim for curatorial practices
to articulate, produce and exemplify a social dimension to knowledge production by
making the production of relations its core interest, this thesis does not intend to
suggest that any production of relations in an exhibitionary, discursive or performative

252

format necessarily equates to a production of sociality. It woule be naïve to rest claims
for an intrinsic social dimension to the curatorial complex on the potentialities that
take place and emerge from transitory gatherings. Rather, the task is to show how an
intrinsic social dimension of curatorial practices materialises in ways that provokes
more emergent forms of those reconfigured structures of public address that artistic
practices and curatorial discourse have played a significant role in configuring in recent
decades – and continue to do so.
In their latest joint publication Curating Research (2015) Paul O’Neill and Mick
Wilson commissioned a series of texts that questioned the way in which curatorial
practices address and develop their own epistemic quality, given the risk that the
knowledge formations being produced will be commoditised. To this end the editors
focus especially on discussions of artistic and curatorial practices exemplifying the so-‐
called “educational turn” – in reference to their previous publication Curating and the
Educational Turn (O’Neill and Wilson, 2010) – which they describe as having
“precipitated a very lively debate around the commodifying impact that a discussion of
counter-‐hegemonic educational projects might effect by imposing a unifying rubric or
brand upon these different practices”, especially those practices that demonstrate a
critical engagement with knowledge production, interlinking themes such as cognitive
capital, immaterial labour and forms of exploitation of intellectual and creative work
(O’Neill and Wilson, 2015, p. 18). In Curating Research the editors express their belief
that this discussion needs to be pursued further, particularly in a period when
reputational economics, market forces and institutional politics are continuously co-‐
opting and narrowing critical practices.
In light of the argument for the notion of a curatorial complex and the function
of curatorial practices within that complex in fostering knowledge formations, the
matter of further valorising cognitive labour in the art field arises anew. Unfortunately,
the processes of dematerialisation prevalent in curatorial practices that pretermit the
space of the exhibition affect these practices in a complex way. Their
“discoursification” – the self-‐reflexive ways in which curatorial practices address and
develop their constitution through forms of speculation that the discursive as a
medium of practice lends itself to – needs to be critically addressed, particularly with
regard to the prolific interest of curatorial practices in addressing their own
253

epistemology and evaluating and reforming their epistemic qualities, as evidenced by
publications such as Curating Research. Referring to the educational turn in general
Simon Sheikh (2009) sees a direct relation between the “molding of artistic work into
the formats of learning and research” and the interest of capital in immaterial forms of
production of post-‐Fordist capitalism.
There is a direct corollary between the dematerialization of the art object,
and thus its potential (if only partial) exodus from the commodity form and
thus disappearance from the market system, and the institutional re-‐
inscription and validation of such practices as artistic research and thus
knowledge economical commodity (Sheikh, 2009).
Sheikh does not evolve this analysis further at this point in terms of acting on it
for criticising the discursive nature of curatorial practices. He merely calls for a shift in
perspective.
Rather, we should learn from those structures as spaces of experience, as
discursive spaces, and simultaneously to the implementation of its
productive features, maintain a notion of unproductive time and space
within exhibition venues. We have to move beyond knowledge production
into what we can term spaces for thinking (Sheikh, 2009).
From the discursive to the material turn
In contrast to Sheikh, I suggest altering the perspective on the speculative

function of discursive practices for addressing the ways in which they control and limit
their potential providing “spaces for thinking”. Therefore, an intellectual shift from
production to practice needs to take place in terms of how artistic and curatorial
practices address knowledge formations in the pursuit of their own epistemic quality.
This shift takes place on different levels of affect, concerning the relationship between
curators and artists, organisers and participants, and with regard to the categories of
spectatorship and participation works of art require to be perceived in. Performing this
shift results in a change of perspective on many of the claims around knowledge
production the examples discussed in this thesis put forward. Hence, public
engagement cannot be produced, but a process of communication can be put in place
in practice for creating dialogical relations. Furthermore, the social is not a result of
these relations and cannot be produced as a fixed entity, but comes to the fore when
acknowledging its material dimension beyond dichotomies of subject and object that

254

hitherto frame the production of sociality as a form of knowledge production. Rather,
the formation of sociality can be incited as a particular form of relation building that is
put into practice in such a way that the building of relations is conditioned by the
network of actors including people and things with no subordination between them,
and contextualised by the question of what the building of relations serves. In this
context, curatorial practices must concede the possibility that their forms of
materialisation run the risk of being commodified, despite their intention to counter
processes of hegemony production and critically address the economisation of
knowledge formations. Although the generative function fostering the production of
sociality that curatorial practices can assume due to its often self-‐reflexive nature has
the potential to be transformative, this is not done with the intention of provoking any
kind of social effectiveness or political change. Rather, the transformative function
facilitates the formation of curatorial practice itself, provoking a turn away from
producing discourse toward practice; from arguing about the transformative potential
as an epistemic quality of the curatorial to addressing and establishing such epistemic
quality by means of curatorial strategies and methodologies that accentuate their own
material register and contribute to the formation of knowledge producing its social
dimension.
What do curatorial practices produce when they accentuate the materiality of
the social dimension of knowledge production? As Maria Lind points out, “the
curatorial is neither confined to contemporary art nor a consensual notion”. She refers
to Irit Rogoff’s usage of the term as a “particular kind of knowledge, one produced
through trespassing across various fields as well as through spatial arrangements that
allow for diverse ways to participate in ‘intentional spaces’”, but makes sure to point
out that, “the curatorial tends towards the theoretical and philosophical rather than
the practical and hands-‐on” (Lind, 2012, p. 18). With regard to this distinction, the
consideration of a material turn in curatorial practices would entail distinguishing
forms of agency and effectivity associated with material forces and recognising the
ways in which they shape social relations in practice. The function of things – in the
extended meaning of matters of concern, in the Latourian sense – is a case in point
(Latour, 2005a). Developments in material culture theory call for a re-‐evaluation of the
relationships between objects, curators and audiences or participants with regard to
255

“the distinctive kinds of effectivity that material objects and processes exert as a
consequence of the positions they occupy within specifically configured networks of
relations that always include human and non-‐human actors” (Bennett and Joyce, 2010,
p. 5).
Exhibition-‐making in particular can be conceived as producing knowledge beyond
the dichotomies of theory and practice, and of form and material. These dichotomies
generally hinder the perception of the epistemic quality of curatorial practices as
critically addressing how the production of social formations is influenced and
conditioned by the field of cultural production and its creative practices. The
communicative space of the medium of the exhibition provides a nurturing ground for
conceiving a notion of practice for curating that necessarily entails a negotiation of
materiality, not only of the relations produced, but also of the knowledge enacted
when relations form sociality. This is what Ines Moreira refers to as the “process of
becoming art … a notion that refers to the relations which are human, material and
technical in exhibition-‐making, articulating art installation as a collective and
heteroclite activity” (Moreira, 2013, p. 233).
A “material turn” in curating means nothing else than for curatorial practices to
become aware of the structural dispositions and processual transformations they
effect in building knowledge-‐power relations. Curatorial practices need to assume
methodologies of practice that focus on materialising the relationships between
information, meaning and experience in such a way that such relationships generate
sociality not as a mere outcome of practice, but as its core substance. A material turn
in curatorial practices therefore addresses the transformative potential of art in the
curated encounter in an original way that does not diminish this potential for
remaining a utopian ideal, but is nonetheless cautious when addressing its capability
to change reality. It will become possible for curatorial practice to perform the social
through its quest to realise its epistemic quality and transformative potential.
Ultimately, the purpose of a material perspective is precisely to recognise where the
constitution of power takes place in knowledge formations, for which an
understanding of the mechanisms of agency production in the curated encounter is
essential. This conception rests on the assumption that neither the social, nor the
political lie outside of the realm of art and, subsequently to such assumption, would
256

need to be brought into the curated encounter. Instead, a relation between art and
the political or art and the social is always being posited in the ways in which people,
objects, things and ideas relate to each other in the curated encounter.
This is the material that is negotiated in the curatorial process of devising the
curated encounter. Therein artistic and curatorial practices are first and foremost
considered “materially heterogeneous” practices. This means to primarily look at the
distinctive forms of agency on the part of that which is produced, encountered and
mediated in the knowledge formations taking place in the curated encounter.
Exploring a material register of the curated encounter constitutes an original
contribution to the current field of theory and practice around the social function of
artistic and curatorial practices. This research primarily examined the ways in which
knowledge and sociality are products of material processes and in what way those
products affect the knowledge-‐power relations they create and by which they are
affected. The consideration of materiality entails the possibility for curatorial practices
conceiving of its power relations taking place within the realm of practice, rather than
outside of it. The exploration of methodologies of practice necessitates placing
emphasis on the ways in which knowledge formations emerge from the curated
encounter – in particular on how processes of dialogue and engagement foster the
production of imaginaries in and for the communicative space created.
Perspectives in and for practice
Referring to how this thesis was introduced as an abstraction from my own curatorial
practice towards a return to my theoretical background in social theory and cultural
studies, the following outline of perspectives for practice aims at introducing yet
another turn in my personal development. After all, my own self-‐reflexive positioning
as a curator researcher presupposes a move back into practice. Therefore it is with
regard to the claims I made here for curatorial practices to address and foster social
dimensions of knowledge production via registering the specific materiality of the
curated encounter that I feel incited in the future to nurture the development of this
research in the direction of finding curatorial methodologies of practice that would
enquire into the possibilities of putting some of my analysis and arguments into
practice in the curated encounter.

257

In this sense the final proposition to understand curators as culture producers
further strengthens and expands what has been introduced as a call for a material turn
in curating throughout the thesis. Thereby an alternative conception of the
performative quality of the curatorial with regard to art’s transformative function was
proposed that consists in curatorial practices issuing forms of speculation that enquire
less into the discursive positioning of all stakeholders in the curated encounter, but
rather focus on highlighting how their material condition generates sociality.
Curators as culture producers
“Culture” is – like “economy”, “society”, “technology”, and so on – one of
those expansive words that designate apparently real structures of social
life, but which on closer inspection tend to break down into myriad
component parts without any necessary coherence (Bennett and Frow,
2008, p. 3).
Tony Bennett’s writings on “culture” strive to first of all establish the term
beyond tendencies in the fields of sociology and cultural studies, which fix the term as
referring to a specific entity of values and knowledge. In reality, however, culture is
intangible and, like sociality, it exists only in its process of production. The term thus
refers to a value related to structure rather than to content. Such definition of culture
contrasts the idea of culture as some kind of hidden structure that can be referred to
“in order to account for social actions in ways that social actors themselves are not
consciously aware of” (Bennett, 2007b, p. 612; Latour, 2005b, p. 175). Here, Bennett
uses what is essentially a critique of sociology to explore a concept of culture that is as
contingent upon its formation in practice as it is contingent upon the forms of
governance derived from it. Bennett is greatly influenced by Michel Foucault’s work,
particularly his concept of governmentality (Foucault et al., 1991), whom he credits
with having developed a perspective on culture that defines it “as simultaneously an
instrument of governance and its object” (Bennett, 2007a, 9). Bennett takes this
perspective and further develops it, firstly through a critique of the mutual
permeability between the notion of the “social” and the “cultural” as proposed by the
258

“cultural turn”, 62 and secondly through an examination of various institutions and
practices that act on the social, such as museums and their exhibition practices. He
establishes the need to differentiate between the notion of culture and the social,
because “they are more usefully regarded as distinct if analysis is to engage adequately
with the ways in which culture has been shaped into a historically distinctive means for
acting on the social within the strategies of liberal government” (Bennett, 2007, p. 10).
In this context, culture assumes a “constitutive condition of existence of social life”
(Hall, 1997, p. 222) and functions like a language in that meaning is not accommodated
in the things themselves but is only to be found in their relations. This makes it
impossible for Bennett to analyse the relation between culture and the social beyond
how culture employs ways (for example through art) to act on the social, which is how
traditional sociology determined a concept of culture. Instead, Bennett describes both
the social and the cultural not as abstract entities or domains, but as historically
specific accounts and constellations of people and things. Hence, the social is not a
configuration of some “social stuff” that is different from “non-‐social phenomena”
(Latour, 2005b, pp. 1-‐4), which could then “be invoked, in the form of an
encompassing social context or social structure, as an explanatory ground in relation to
the latter” (Bennett, 2010, p. 26). Accordingly, culture is not something made up of
“cultural stuff” (representations, for example) but a “provisional assembly of all kinds
of ‘bits and pieces’ that are fashioned into durable networks whose interactions
produce culture as specific kinds of public organization of people and things” (Bennett,
2010, pp. 26-‐27). From this analysis perspectives on the role of curatorial practices

62
The term “cultural turn” signalled a shift in the social sciences when it was introduced through the
writings of Clifford Geertz (Geertz, 1973) and subsequently through the writings of a series of French
philosophers, anthropologists and sociologists such as Pierre Bourdieu, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze,
Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault. They in turn were influenced by the Frankfurt School (Theodor
Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Jürgen Habermas and Herbert Marcuse) and cultural
theorists and historians such as Reinhard Koselleck and Raymond Williams. While in previous times
social, political and economic structure were understood as institutions with a constitution that is
derived from their embedding in “culture” (their way of life, patterns of interaction and meaning
production) they are now considered to be formative of the social institutions. “A stronger way of
putting this would be to say that this shift in the social sciences has entailed a breaking-‐down of the
dichotomy between institutional and symbolic structures and practices, a recognition that economic
processes or technological systems or political frameworks or kinship structures are always made up,
amongst other things, of discourse, of beliefs, of negotiations amongst social actors, of the
indeterminacies of action occurring in time.” (Bennett and Frow, 2008, p. 7).
259

within the field of cultural production can be drawn.
It is what Bennett calls the “process of making” of the relationship between
culture and the social that curatorial practices negotiate when addressed as forms of
cultural production. Curatorial practices produce culture in that they point to the
conditions of social formations, their epistemic quality and function, enquiring into the
process of production of sociality for knowledge formations. Curators Jens Hoffmann,
Nato Thompson and Michelle White understand the term “culture producer” as
successfully contributing to a blurring of boundaries between the role of the artist and
the curator with respect to activism and the attempt to produce forms of public
engagement by means of the respective practices. For Hoffmann this is a result of the
1990s,
expansion of the concept of art, and of the politicisation of the art scene. …
This development stands in close connection with the lived reality of many
of the persons concerned. They write texts, work at night as DJs, are active
in political groups, and have a job in the media. The title of culture
producer can subsume all of these different areas of activity (Hoffmann,
2004, p. 108).
Thompson and White describe this “world of cultural production as an economy
through which we all must navigate” in an activist manner: “ultimately, my hope is that
we are attempting to make meaning in the world that allows a critical perspective on
power as well as producing alternative, desirous forms of resistant subjectivity”. For
curatorial practices Thompson and White recognise the problematic of “producing
culture” while “in an emerging neoliberal paradigm of social production”, pointing to
the need of revising “how we use the tools we have toward social change”. But while
Thompson and White identify the curator’s activity “as one that positions projects
within a power-‐dominated discursive field”, so that “every project is an effort to
legitimate forms of cultural production” in the sense of playing into neo-‐liberal policies
of meaning production, their claims do not extend beyond calling for an “awareness of
how the dynamics of power within a discourse are disproportionately shaping it”.
(Thompson and White, 2008, pp. 60-‐64)
Artist Alberto Duman (2008, p. 98) criticises this “wake-‐up call” for only resetting
the alarm clock to a more pleasing tune. In a review of Issues in Curating
Contemporary Art and Performance (Rugg and Sedgwick, 2007), a collection of essays
examining the role and function of curatorial practice, Duman perceives most of the

260

contributions in the book to be “in resemblance to the main problematic of its
subject”, namely “making self-‐reflexivity a creed and the dilemma of how to articulate
critical intervention within the institution a matter of endless discursive folds”. The
“institution” to which Duman refers is not only the non-‐profit institution of the
museum, but also the result of a process of institutionalisation of a critical discourse
on curating becoming a form of culture production. Duman proposes that self-‐critical
curatorial discourse defines the curator as a “footloose agent of creation and
dissemination of knowledge, stretching across previously un-‐established axes or
exploiting existing ones in the name of a progressive redistribution of governance and
counter-‐hegemonic positioning”. Consequently, this creates an institution of a pseudo-‐
critical form of curating where “ambiguity is the norm and travesty becomes form”,
leaving “little room for antagonism, or the concrete refashioning of relationships
across the systems in which we operate”. (Duman, 2008, pp. 98-‐101)
Relating to this critique means to situate the arguments developed in this thesis
at the problematic nexus of curatorial practice and its self-‐reflexive negotiation in
curatorial discourse. Particularly, my claims on how curatorial practices refashion
relationships between people and things producing a material register of the curated
encounter in ways that critically address the cultural, social, and political systems to
which its forms of practices are subjected need to be revisited in terms of what social,
political and cultural function this gives to curatorial practices.
Unless the next stage in the stretching of curatorial practice into other
fields might also incorporate its own epistemology, [and] notwithstanding
the undeniable importance and political agency of a critique of modes of
presentation in cultural production, the ambitious program of “curating as
a form of critical intervention in understanding contemporary culture” set
at the outset of this publication is lacking in some essential elements
(Duman, 2008, p. 100).63
The aim of this thesis can ultimately be understood in the context of how Duman
articulates the condition under which curatorial practices should address their own
constitution within the field of cultural production.

63
Here, Duman is still referring to the publication Issues in Curating Contemporary Art and Performance
(Rugg and Sedgwick, 2007).
261

Bibliography
(Note: books, journal articles and web pages are referenced in alphabetical order;
exhibitions and artworks are listed separately at the end of the bibliography.)
Books, journal articles and web pages
Adorno, T. and Horkheimer, M. (1997) Dialectic of Enlightment. Translated by John
Cumming. London: Verso.
Agamben, G. (2009) “What is an apparatus?”: and other essays. Translated by David
Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Alberro, A. (2010) ‘The Silver Lining of Globalization’, Texte zur Kunst, 79 (September),
pp. 167-‐172.
Alberro, A. (2014) ‘Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann, and Max Jorge Hinderer: The
Potosí Principle (2010)’, Mousse: The Artist as Curator, 45 (4), pp. 21-‐33.
Appadurai, A. (1986) The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective.
Cambridge: Cambridge.
Appadurai, A. (2006) ‘The Thing Itself’, Public Culture, 18 (1), pp. 15-‐21.
Allen, F. (ed.) (2011) Education. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press (Documents of
contemporary art series).
Aranda J., Kuan Wood, B. and Vidokle, A. (eds) E-‐Flux Journal: Boris Groys. Going
Public. Berlin: Sternberg Press.
Arendt, H. (1968) Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought. New
York: Viking Press.
Arendt, H. (1982) Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. Edited by Ronal Beiner.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Arendt, H. (2003) Was ist Politik?: Fragmente aus dem Nachlaß. Edited by Ursula Ludz.
Munich: Piper.
Arendt, H. (2012) Das Urteilen. Edited by Roland Beiner and Ursula Ludz. Munich:
Piper.
ARGE schnittpunkt (ed.) (2013) Handbuch Ausstellungstheorie und -‐praxis. Stuttgart:

UTB.
262

Artaud, A. (1994) The Theatre and Its Double. Grove Press: New York.
Baecker, D. (1996) ‘Die Adresse der Kunst’, in Fohrmann, J. (ed.) Systemtheorie der
Literatur. Munich: Fink, pp. 82-‐105.
Baecker, D. (1997) ‘The Meaning of Culture’, Thesis Eleven, 51, pp. 37-‐51.
Baecker, D. (2007) Studien zur Nächsten Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Baecker, D. (ed.) (2009) Niklas Luhmann: Vorlesungen zur Einführung der
Systemtheorie. Heidelberg: Carl-‐Auer-‐Systeme.
Baecker, D. (2013) ‘Systemic Theories of Communication’, in Cobley, P. and Schulz, P.J.
(eds) Theories and Models of Communication. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,
pp. 85-‐100.
BAK (2009) 1st Former West Research Congress: Ottone, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 5-‐7
November 2009. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchCongresses/1stFormerWestCongress
/Program (Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2010) 2nd Former West Research Congress. On Horizons: Art and Political
Imagination. Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, 4-‐6 November
2010. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchCongresses/2ndFormerWestResearc
hCongress/Program (Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2010a) Russian Avant-‐Garde Revisited. Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the

Netherlands. 13-‐14 March 2010. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchSeminars/RussianAvantgardeRevisite
d/Program (Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2010b) Where the West Ends? Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw, Poland. 18-‐19
March 2010. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchSeminars/WhereTheWestEnds/Progr
am (Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2010c) Art and the Social: Exhibitions of Contemporary Art in the 1990s. Tate
Britain, London. 30 April 2010. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchSeminars/ArtAndTheSocial/Program
(Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2010d) Vectors of the Possible [Leaflet obtained at Former West research
exhibition Vectors of the Possible, 12 September – 28 November 2010,
BAK, Utrecht], 10 November 2010.
BAK (2012a) 3rd Former West Research Congress, Part One: Beyond What Was
Contemporary Art? Academy of Fine Arts and Secession, Vienna, Austria,
19-‐20 April 2012. Available at:
263

http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchCongresses/3rdFormerWestResearc
hCongressPartOne/Program (Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2012b) 3rd Former West Research Congress, Part Two. Utrecht School of the Arts,
Utrecht, the Netherlands. 29 September 2012. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchCongresses/3rdFormerWestResearc
hCongressPartTwo/Program (Accessed: 12 December 2014).
BAK (2014) Research Seminar: Other Survivalisms. Available at:

http://formerwest.org/ResearchSeminars/OtherSurvivalisms (Accessed: 1
July 2014).
BAK (2015a) Former West: About. Available at: http://www.formerwest.org/About

(Accessed: 21 February 2015).
BAK (2015b) Former West. Available at: http://www.formerwest.org/Front (Accessed:

21 February 2015).
BAK (2015c) Public Editorial Meetings. Available at:

http://www.formerwest.org/PublicEditorialMeetings (Accessed: 21
February 2015).
BAK (2015d) Former West: Team. Available at: http://www.formerwest.org/Team

Bal, M. (1996a) ‘The Discourse of the Museum’, in Greenberg, R., Ferguson, B.W. and
Nairne, S. (eds) Thinking about Exhibitions. London: Routledge, pp. 201-‐
220.
Bal, M. (1996b) Double Exposures: the Subject of Cultural Analysis. London: Routledge.
Bal, M. (2006) ‘Exposing the Public’, in Macdonald, Sh. (ed.) A Companion to Museum
Studies. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 524-‐541.
Bal, M. (2008) ‘Visual Analysis’, in Bennett, T. and Frow, J. (eds) The SAGE Handbook of
Cultural Analysis. London: Sage, pp. 163-‐184.
Balibar, E. (2009) Interview by Charles Esche and Maria Hlavajova as part of Former
West Research Interviews, 7 September 2009. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchInterviews/EtienneBalibar
(Accessed: 7 January 2013).
Bang Larsen, L. (2006) ‘Social Aesthetics’, in Bishop, C. (ed.) Participation. Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press (Documents of contemporary art series), pp. 172-‐184.
Bang Larsen, L. (2012) ‘The Long Nineties’, Frieze, 144 (January/February), pp. 92-‐95.
Baumann, L., Herrin, C. and Currid, B. (eds) (2009) Crosskick: European Art Academies
Hosted by German Kunstvereine. A Format Linking Art Education and
Curatorial Practice. Cologne: Walther König.
264

Beck, M. (2009) ‘Display: Eine Begriffsklärung’, Forms of Exhibitions. Kunstverein
Hamburg, Germany, 8-‐11 March. Hamburg: Kunstverein. Available at:
http://www.kunstverein.de/download/veranstaltungen/MartinBeck.mov
(Accessed: 1 December 2014).
Beckstette, S., Holert, T. and Tischer, J. (eds) (2011) ‘Artistic Research’, Texte zur Kunst,
82 (June).
Beckstette, S., von Bismarck, B., Graw, I., and Lochner, O. (eds) (2012) ‘The Curators’,
Texte zur Kunst, 86 (June).
Belting, H. (1987) The End of the History of Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Belting, H. and Buddensieg, A. (eds) (2009) The Global Art World: Audiences, Markets,
and Museums. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.
Belting, H., Birken, J., Buddensieg, A., and Weibel, P. (eds) (2011) Global Studies:
Mapping Contemporary Art and Culture. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.
Benjamin, W. (1999) Illuminations. Edited by Hannah Arendt. Translated by Hannah
Arendt and Harry Zorn. London: Pimlico.
Bennett, T. (1988) ‘The Exhibitionary Complex’, New Formations, 4, pp. 73-‐102.
Bennett, T. (1996) ‘The Exhibitionary Complex’, in Greenberg, R., Ferguson, B.W. and
Nairne, S. (eds) Thinking about Exhibitions. London: Routledge, pp. 81-‐112.
Bennett, T. (1998) Culture: A Reformer’s Science. London: Sage.
Bennett, T. (2005) ‘Civic Laboratories: Museums, Cultural Objecthood, and the
Governance of the Social, Cultural Studies, 19 (5), pp. 521-‐547.
Bennett, T. (2006a) ‘Culture after Distinction’, in Bennett, T., Silva, E., Warde, A., Gayo-‐
Cal, M. and Wright, D. (eds) Culture, Class, Distinction. London: Routledge,
pp. 9-‐23.
Bennett, T. (2006b) ‘Exhibition, Difference and the Logic of Culture’, in Karp, I., Kratz,
C.A., Szwaja, L. and Ybarra-‐Frausto, T. (eds) Museum Frictions: Public
Cultures/ Global Transformations. Durham, N. Car.: Duke University, pp.
46-‐69.
Bennett, T. (2007a) Critical Trajectories: Culture, Society, Intellectuals. Oxford:

Blackwell.
Bennett, T. (2007b) ‘Making Culture, Changing Society’, Cultural Studies, 21 (4-‐5), pp.
610-‐629.
Bennett, T. (2007c) ‘The Work of Culture’, Cultural Sociology, 1 (1), pp. 31-‐48.
265

Bennett, T. (2008) ‘The Art Museum as Civic Machinery’, in Jaschke, B., Martinz-‐Turek,
C. and Sternfeld, N. (eds) Sammlungen Ausstellen. Vienna: Turia and Kant,
pp. 212-‐220.
Bennett, T. (2010) ‘“Culture Studies” and the Culture Complex’, in Hall, J.R., Grindstaff,
L. and Lo, M.-‐C. (eds) Handbook of Cultural Sociology. London: Routledge,
pp. 23-‐34.
Bennett, T. (2013) Making Culture: Changing Society. London: Routledge.
Bennett, T. and Frow, J. (eds) (2008) The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Analysis. London:
Sage.
Bennett, T. and Healy, C. (eds) (2011) Assembling Culture. London: Routledge.
Bennett, T. and Joyce P. (eds) (2010) Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History and the
Material Turn. London: Routledge.
Billing, J., Lind, M. and Nilsson, L. (eds) (2007) Taking the Matters Into Common Hands:
On Contemporary Art and Collaborative Practices. London: Black Dog
Publishing.
Birnbaum, D. and Graw, I. (eds) (2008) Under Pressure: Pictures, Subjects, and the New
Spirit of Capitalism. Berlin: Sternberg Press.
Bishop, C. (2004) ‘Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics’, October, 110 (Fall), pp. 51-‐
79.
Bishop, C. (2006) ‘The Social Turn: Collaboration and Its Discontents’, Artforum
(February), pp. 179-‐185.
Bishop, C. (2012) Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship.
London: Verso.
Bishop, C. and Gillick, L. (2006) ‘Letters and Responses: Contingent Factors. A Response
to Claire Bishop’s “Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics”’, October, 115
(Winter), pp. 95-‐107.
von Bismarck, B. (2006) ‘Game Within the Game: Institution, Institutionalisation and
Art Education’, in Möntmann, N. (ed.) Art and Its Institutions: Current
Conflicts, Critique and Collaborations. London: Black Dog Publishing, pp.
124-‐132.
von Bismarck, B. (2007) ‘Curatorial Criticality: On the Role of Freelance Curators in the
Field of Contemporary Art’, in Eigenheer, M. (ed.) Curating Critique.
Frankfurt am Main: Revolver, pp. 62-‐80.
von Bismarck, B. (2008) ‘Display/Displacement’, in Schade, S., Richter, D. and John, J.
(eds) (2008) Re-‐Visionen des Displays. Ausstellungs-‐Szenarien, ihre Lektüre
und ihr Publikum. Zurich: JRP Ringier, pp. 69-‐82.
266

von Bismarck, B. (2009) ‘In the Space of the Curatorial: Art, Training, and Negotiation’,
in Baumann, L., Herrin, C. and Currid, B. (eds) Crosskick: European Art
Academies Hosted by German Kunstvereine. A Format Linking Art
Education and Curatorial Practice. Cologne: Walter König, pp. 42-‐45.
von Bismarck, B. and Rogoff I. (2012) ‘Curating/Curatorial: A Conversation between Irit
Rogoff and Beatrice von Bismarck’, in von Bismarck, B., Schafaff, J. and
Weski, T. (eds) Cultures of the Curatorial. Berlin: Sternberg, pp. 21-‐41.
von Bismarck, B., Schafaff, J. and Weski, T. (eds) (2012) Cultures of the Curatorial.
Berlin: Sternberg Press.
Bos, S. and Gillick, L. (2004) ‘Towards a Scenario: Debate with Liam Gillick’, in Bos, S.
and van Santen, K. (eds) Modernity Today: Bijdragen tot Actuele Artistieke
Theorievorming = Contributions to a Topical Artistic Discourse. Amsterdam:
De Appel, pp. 74-‐86.
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Translated
by Richard Nice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1993) The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature.
Edited by Randal Johnson. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1996) Rules of Art. Translated by Susan Emanuel. London: Polity Press.
Bourriaud, N. (2002) Relational Aesthetics. Dijon: Les presses du réel.
Bourriaud, N. (2009) ‘Precarious Constructions’, Open (17), pp. 20-‐37.
Bradley, W. and Esche, C. (eds) (2007) Art and Social Change: a Critical Reader.
London: Tate Publishing.
Brecht, B. (1957) Schriften zum Theater: Über eine Nicht-‐Aristotelische Dramatik.
Berlin: Suhrkamp.
Brunner, O., Conze, W. and Koselleck, R. (eds) (2004) Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe:
Historisches Lexikon zur Politisch-‐Sozialen Sprache in Deutschland.
Stuttgart: Klett-‐Cotta.
Buchloh, B.H.D. (1990) ‘Conceptual Art 1962-‐1969: From the Aesthetic of
Administration to the Critique of Institutions’, October, 55 (Winter), pp.
105-‐143.
Buddensieg, A. and Weibel, P. (eds) (2007) Contemporary Art and the Museum: A
Global Perspective. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.

267

Buden, B. (2009) Zone des Übergangs: Vom Ende des Postkommunismus. Frankfurt am
Main: Suhrkamp.
Buden, B. (2012) ‘Towards the Heterosphere: Curator as Translator’, in Lind M. (ed.)
Performing the Curatorial Within and Beyond Art. Berlin: Sternberg Press,
pp. 23-‐44.
Buden, B. (2013) Former West: Learning Place (18 March 2013). Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/DocumentsConstellationsProspects/Texts/Lea
rningPlace (Accessed: 31 July 2013).
Butler, J. (1993) Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. New York:
Routledge.
Castoriadis, C. (1987) The Imaginary Institution of Society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Press.
Certeau, M.D. (1986) Heterologies: Discourse on the Other. Minneapolis, Minn.:
University of Minnesota Press.
Charlesworth, J.J. (2012) Not About Institutions, But Why We Are So Unsure of Them.
Available at: http://www.ica.org.uk/18217/Essays/Not-‐about-‐institutions-‐
but-‐why-‐we-‐are-‐so-‐unsure-‐of-‐them-‐by-‐JJ-‐Charlesworth.html (Accessed: 14
November 2012)
Chisenhale Gallery (2010a) Michael Fullerton: Columbia. Available at:

http://chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/index.php?id=109 (Accessed:
9 December 2010).
Chisenhale Gallery (2010b) Michael Fullerton: Columbia. Titles and Captions. Available
at:
http://chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/images/Michael_Fullerton_C
olumbia_Titles1_.pdf (Accessed: 9 December 2010).
Clifford, J. (2003) ‘Museums as Contact Zones’, in Green, R. (ed.) Negotiations in the
Contact Zone. Lisbon: Assirio and Alvim, pp. 257-‐287.
Contemporary Art Gallery (2015) Sharon Hayes: In the Near Future. Available at:
http://www.contemporaryartgallery.ca/exhibitions/sharon-‐hayes-‐in-‐the-‐
near-‐future-‐2/ (Accessed: 22 February 2015).
Creischer, A., Hinderer, M.J. and Siekmann, A. (2010a) The Potosí Principle: How Can
We Sing the Song of the Lord in an Alien Land? [Leaflet obtained at Haus
der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin], 10 October 2010.
Creischer, A., Hinderer, M.J. and Siekmann, A. (2010b) The Potosí Principle. How Can
We Sing the Song of the Lord in an Alien Land? Exhibition held at Museo
Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain, 2010, Haus der
Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany, 2010-‐2011, and Museo Nacional de
268

Arte and Museo Nacional de Etnografía y Folklore, La Paz, Bolivia, 2011
[Exhibition Catalogue].
Danko, D. (2012) Kunstsoziologie. Bielefeld: Transcript.
David, C. and Chevrier, J.-‐F. (eds) (1997) Politics, Poetics: Documenta X. Ostfildern-‐Ruit:
Hatje Cantz.
David, C. and Sztulman, P. (eds) (1997) Documenta X: Short Guide / Kurzführer.
Ostfildern-‐Ruit: Hatje Cantz.
Debord, G. (1994) The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books.
Descartes, R. (2006) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Translated by John
Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff and Dugald Murdoch (3 vols). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Diederichsen, D. (2003) ‘Culture is a Metaphor for “It’s their Problem”’, in Green, R.
(ed.) Negotiations in the Contact Zone. Lisbon: Assirio and Alvim, pp. 41-‐50.
Diederichsen, D. (2008) On (Surplus) Value in Art. Berlin: Sternberg Press.
Doherty, C. (2006) ‘New Institutionalism and the Exhibition as Situation’, in Pakesch, P.,
Budak, A. and Peters, C. Protections: Das Ist Keine Ausstellung /
Protections: This Is Not An Exhibition. Exhibition held at Kunsthaus Graz,
2006 [Exhibition Catalogue], pp. 60-‐79.
Drabble, B. and Richter, D. (2015) Curating Degree Zero. Available at:
http://www.curatingdegreezero.org (Accessed: 21 February 2015).
Duman, A. (2008) ‘When Travesty Becomes Form’, Mute, 2 (9, Fall), pp. 94-‐101.
E-‐Flux (2013) Former West – International Research, Publishing, and Exhibition Project,
2009-‐2012. Available at: http://www.e-‐
flux.com/announcements/international-‐research-‐publishing-‐and-‐
exhibition-‐project-‐20098-‐2012/ (Accessed: 31 January 2013).
Eigenheer, M. (ed.) (2007) Curating Critique. Frankfurt am Main: Revolver.
Eisler, R. (1961) Kant-‐Lexikon. Nachschlagewerk zu Kants sämtlichen Schriften, Briefen
und handschriftlichem Nachlass. Hildesheim: Olm Verlagsbuchhandlung.
El Dahab, M.A. (2006) ‘On How to Fall With Grace – or Fall Flat on Your Face’, in El
Dahab, M.A., Vidokle, A. and Waldvogel, F. (eds) Notes for an Art School.
Amsterdam: Idea Books, pp. 4-‐10.
Esche, C. and Hlavajova, M. (2012) Former West: Introductory Notes. Charles Esche and
Maria Hlavajova, 5 November 2009. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchCongresses/1stFormerWestCongress
/Text/IntroductoryNotes (Accessed: 28 November 2012).
269

Farquharson, A. (2006) ‘Bureaux de Change’, Frieze, 101 (September), pp. 157-‐159.
Farzin, M. (2009) ‘An Open History of the Exhibition-‐as-‐School’, in Sholis, B. (ed.) Anton
Vidokle – Produce, Distribute, Discuss, Repeat. New York: Lukas and
Sternberg, pp. 31-‐47.
Fazeli, T. (2010) ‘Class Consciousness’, Artforum (summer), pp. 129-‐32.
Ferguson, B.W. (1996) ‘Exhibition Rhetorics: Material Speech and Utter Sense’, in
Greenberg, R., Ferguson B.W. and Nairne, S. (eds) Thinking about
Exhibitions. London: Routledge, pp. 175-‐190.
Filipovic, E. (2005) ‘The Global White Cube’, in Filipovic, E. and Vanderlinden, B. (eds)
The Manifesta Decade: Debates on Contemporary Art Exhibitions and
Biennials in Post-‐Wall Europe. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 63-‐85.
Filipovic, E., van Hal, M. and Øvstebø, S. (eds) (2010) The Biennial Reader: An
Anthology on Large-‐Scale Perennial Exhibitions of Contemporary Art.
Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.
Fischer-‐Lichte, E. (2004) Ästhetik des Performativen. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish – The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan
Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings.

Brighton: Harvester Press.
Foucault, M. (2002a) ‘Of Other Spaces’, in Mirzeoff, N. (ed.) The Visual Culture Reader,
London: Routledge, pp. 229-‐237.
Foucault, M. (2002b) Archeology of Knowledge. Translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith.
London: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (2003) Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collége de France, 1975-‐
1976. Edited by Mauro Bertani and Allesandro Fontana. Translated by
David Macey. Reprint, London: Penguin, 2004.
Foucault, M. (2008) The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-‐
1979. Edited by Michel Senellart. Translated by Graham Burchell. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Foucault, M., Burchell, G., Gordon, C., and Miller, P. (eds) (1991) The Foucault Effect:
Studies in Governmentality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Franke, A. (2009) ‘Magic Circles: Exhibitions under the Conditions of the Society of
Control’, Manifesta Journal, 7, pp. 8-‐11.
Fukuyama, F. (1989) ‘The End of History’, The National Interest, (summer), pp. 3-‐18.
Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.

270

Gell, A. (1998) Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Gillick, L. (2009a) ‘The Binary Stadium: Anton Vidokle, Intermediary or Locus’, in Sholis,
B. (ed.) Anton Vidokle – Produce, Distribute, Discuss, Repeat. New York:
Lukas and Sternberg, pp. 47-‐55.
Gillick, L. (2009b) ‘Maybe it Would be Better if We Worked in Groups of Three? Part 1
of 2: The Discursive’, E-‐Flux Journal, 2 (January). Available at:
http://www.e-‐flux.com/journal/maybe-‐it-‐would-‐be-‐better-‐if-‐we-‐worked-‐
in-‐groups-‐of-‐three-‐part-‐1-‐of-‐2-‐the-‐discursive (Accessed: 5 May 2009).
Gillick, L. (2009c) ‘Maybe it Would be Better if We Worked in Groups of Three? Part 2
of 2: The Experimental Factory’, E-‐Flux Journal, 3 (February). Available at:
http://www.e-‐flux.com/journal/maybe-‐it-‐would-‐be-‐better-‐if-‐we-‐worked-‐
in-‐groups-‐of-‐three-‐part-‐2-‐of-‐2-‐the-‐experimental-‐factory (Accessed: 5 May
2009).
Glasgow Print Studio (2015) Michael Fullerton – Meaning Inc. Available at:
http://www.gpsart.co.uk/Home/DisplayExhibition/107?year=2014
(Accessed: 12 January 2015).
Green, R. (ed.) (2003) Negotiations in the Contact Zone. Lisbon: Assirio and Alvim.
Greenberg, R., Ferguson, B.W. and Nairne, S. (eds) (1996) Thinking about Exhibitions.
London: Routledge.
Grigely, J. (2010) Exhibition Prosthetics. Berlin: Sternberg Press.
Gripp-‐Hagelstange, H. (ed.) (2000) Niklas Luhmanns Denken: Interdisziplinäre Einflüsse

und Wirkungen. Konstanz: UVK.
Groys, B. (2008) Art Power. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Groys, B. (2009a) Interview by Charles Esche and Maria Hlavajova as part of Former
West Research Interviews, 18 January 2009. Available at:
http://www.formerwest.org/ResearchInterviews/BorisGroys (Accessed: 7
January 2013).
Groys, B. (2009b) The Communist Postscript. London: Verso.
Groys, B. (2010) ‘Politics of Installation’, in Aranda J., Kuan Wood, B. and Vidokle, A.
(eds) Boris Groys. Going Public. Berlin: Sternberg Press, pp. 50-‐69.
Gutman, Y. and Goldfarb, J.C. (2010) ‘The Cultural Constitution of Publics’, in Hall, J.R.,
Grindstaff, L. and Lo, M.-‐C. (eds) Handbook of Cultural Sociology. London:
Routledge, pp. 494-‐503.
Habermas, J. (1996) Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of
Law and Democracy. Translated by William Rehg. Cambridge, Mass.: Polity
Press.
271

Habermas, J. (1998) On The Pragmatics Of Communication. Edited by Maeve Cook.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Hadley and Maxwell (2008) ‘Find Us At the Kitchen Door’. Art Lies, 59 (Fall), pp. 18-‐23.
Hall, J.R. (2002) ‘Cultures of Inquiry and The Rethinking of Disciplines’, in Joyce, P. (ed.)
The Social in Question: New Bearings in History and the Social Sciences.
Hall, S. (1981) ‘Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms’, in Bennett, T., Martin, G., Mercer, C.
and Woollacott, J. (eds) Culture, Ideology and Social Process: A Reader.
London: The Open University, pp. 19-‐38.
Hall, S. (1997) ‘The Centrality of Culture: Notes on the Cultural Revolutions of Our
Time’, in Thompson, K. (ed.) Media and Cultural Regulation. London: Sage,
pp. 207-‐238.
Hannula, M. (ed.) (1998) Stopping the Process?: Contemporary Views on Art and
Exhibitions. Helsinki: NIFCA, Nordic Institute for Contemporary Art.
Hansen, T. (ed.) (2010) Hito Steyerl. Exhibition held at the Henie Onstad Art Centre, 20
May – 15 August 2010 [Exhibition catalogue].
Harding, A. (ed.) (1997) Curating: the Contemporary Art Museum and Beyond. London:
Academy Group.
Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000) Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Harvey, D. (2005) A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harvey, D. (2010) A Companion to Marx’s Capital. London: Verso.
Hebbel am Ufer (2014). Phantasm and Politics: A Series of Events on Real Longings and
the Desire for Relevance in Theatre, Art and Music. Available at:
http://english.hebbel-‐am-‐ufer.de/programme/archive/phantasm-‐and-‐
politics (Accessed: 30 August 2014).
Hegel, G.W.F. (1965) Die Naturphilosophie. Edited by Hermann Glockner and Karl
Ludwig Michelet. Stuttgart: Frommann.
Heidegger, M. (2011) Basic Writings: Martin Heidegger. Edited by David Farrell Krell.
London: Routledge (Routledge Classics).
Hiller, S. and Martin, S. (eds) (2000) The Producers: Contemporary Curators in
Conversation (4) Gateshead: Baltic.
HKW (2015) Der Ort und Seine Geschichte. Available at:

http://www.hkw.de/de/hkw/geschichte/ort_geschichte/ort.php (Accessed
22 February 2015).
272

Hlavajova, M., Armin, J. and Parry, G. (eds) (2013) Former West: Documents,
Constellations, Prospects. Utrecht: BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst.
Hlavajova, M., Sheikh, S. and Winder, J. (eds) (2011) On Horizons: A Critical Reader in
Contemporary Art. Utrecht: BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst.
Hlavajova, M., Winder, J. and Choi, B. (eds) (2008) On Knowledge Production: A Critical
Reader in Contemporary Art. Utrecht: BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst.
Hoegsberg, M. (2010) ‘Notes on Self-‐Reflexive Curatorial Strategies in the 2010 Taipei
Biennial and Shanghai Biennial’, Manifesta Journal, 11, pp. 95-‐101.
Hoffmann, J. (2004) ‘God is a Curator’, in Tannert, C. and Tischler, U. (eds) MIB-‐Men in
Black: Handbook of Curatorial Practice. Frankfurt am Main: Revolver, pp.
103-‐108.
Hoffmann, J. (2012) ‘Overture’, The Exhibitionist, 1, pp. 2-‐5.
Holert, T. (2010) ‘Unsentimental Education’, Artforum (summer), pp. 89-‐90, 378.
Jameson, F. (ed.) (2007) Aesthetics and Politics. London: Verso.
Kant, I. (1972) Kritik der Urteilskraft. Ditzingen: Reclam.
Karavagna, C. (2013) ‘Postkoloniale Austellungen im Kunstfeld’, in ARGE/schnittpunkt

(eds) Handbuch Ausstellungstheorie und -‐praxis. Stuttgart: UTB, pp. 51-‐65.
Kester, G. (2004) Conversation Pieces: Community and Communication in Modern Art.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Kester, G. (2006) ‘Letter to the Editor: Another Turn. Grant Kester Responds to Claire
Bishop’, Artforum (May), pp. 22-‐24.
Kneer, G. (2009) ‘Akteur-‐Netzwerk-‐Theorie’, in Kneer, G. and Schroer, M. (eds) in
Handbuch Soziologische Theorien. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für
Sozialwisschenschaften, pp. 19-‐40.
Knorr-‐Cetina, K. (1988) ‘Das Naturwissenschaftliche Labor als Ort der “Verdichtung von
Gesellschaft’, Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 17 (1), pp. 85-‐101.
Koselleck, R. (2002) The Practice of Conceptual History: Timing History, Spacing
Concepts. Translated by Todd Samuel Presner et al. Stanford, Calif.:
Stanford University Press.
Künstlerhaus Stuttgart (2015) A New Spirit in Curating: Internationale Konferenz zur
Aktuellen Kunst und Ihrer Vermittlung. Available at:
http://www.kuenstlerhaus.de/a-‐new-‐spirit-‐in-‐curating-‐internationale-‐
konferenz-‐zur-‐aktuellen-‐kunst-‐und-‐ihrer-‐vermittlung/ (Accessed: 12 March
2015).
Lacan, J. (1975) Schriften I. Edited by Norbert Haas. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

273

Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.
Laclau, E. (2011) ‘Horizon, Ground, and Lived Experience’, in Hlavajova, M., Sheikh, S.
and Winder, J. (eds) On Horizons: A Critical Reader in Contemporary Art.
Utrecht: BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, pp. 100-‐112.
Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Translated by Catherine Porter.
Cambridge, Mass.: Havard University Press.
Latour, B. (1999) Pandora’s Hope. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (2004) Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (2005a). ‘From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik or How to Make Things Public’, in
Latour, B. and Weibel, P. (eds) Making Things Public: Atmospheres of
Democracy. Exhibition held at ZKM/Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe,
Germany, 2005, pp. 14-‐43 [Exhibition Catalogue].
Latour, B. (2005b). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction into Actor-‐Network-‐
Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. (2010) ‘An Attempt at a “Compositionist Manifesto”’, New Literary History,
41 (3), pp. 471-‐490.
Latour, B. (2011) Waiting for Gaia. Composing the Common World through Arts and
Politics. Available at: http://www.bruno-‐latour.fr/sites/default/files/124-‐
GAIA-‐LONDON-‐SPEAP_0.pdf (Accessed: 11 December 2011).
Latour, B. and Weibel, P. (eds) (2005) Making Things Public: Atmospheres of
Democracy. Exhibition held at ZKM/Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe,
Germany, 2005 [Exhibition Catalogue].
Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979) Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific
Facts. Reprint, London: Sage, 1981.
Law, J. and Hassard, J. (eds) (1999) Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lind, M. (2009) ‘Dilemmas of Love, Humor, and Critique: Notes on the Work of Anton
Vidokle’, in Sholis, B. (ed.) Anton Vidokle – Produce, Distribute, Discuss,
Repeat, New York: Lukas and Sternberg, pp. 21-‐31.
Lind, M. (2010) Selected Maria Lind Writing. Edited by Brian Kuan Wood. Berlin:
Sternberg Press.
Lind, M. (ed.) (2012) Performing the Curatorial Within and Beyond Art. Berlin:
Sternberg Press.
Lind, M., Roelstraete, D. and Vidokle, A. (2009) ‘UNP and The Building: Maria Lind and
Dieter Roelstraete Talk to Anton Vidokle’, Frieze, 128 (January/February),
pp. 114-‐116.

274

Luhmann, N. (1995) Social Systems. Translated by John Bednarz, Jr., with Dirk Baecker.
Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Luhmann, N. (2002) Theories of Distinction: Redescribing the Descriptions of
Modernity. Edited by William Rasch. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University
Press.
Luhmann, N. (2012) Theory of Society: Volume 1. Translated by Rhodes Barret.
Luhmann, N. (2013) Theory of Society: Volume 2. Translated by Rhodes Barret.
Lütticken, S. (2005) Secret Publicity: Essays on Contemporary Art. Rotterdam: Nai
Publishers.
Lütticken, S. (2008) ‘Unknown Knowns: On Symptoms in Contemporary Art’, in
Hlavajova, M., Winder, J. and Choi, B. (eds) On Knowledge Production: A
Critical Reader in Contemporary Art. Utrecht: BAK, pp. 84-‐107.
Lutz, B. (2003) ‘Talcott Parsons’, Metzler Philosophen Lexikon: Von den Vorsokratikern
bis zu den Neuen Philosophen. Stuttgart: Metzler.
Maharaj, S. (2000) ‘Avidya: “Non-‐Knowledge” Production in the Scene of Visual-‐Arts
Practice’, in Bauer, U.M. (ed.). Education, Information, Entertainment.
Vienna: Edition Selene, pp. 239-‐253.
Maharaj, S. (2002) ‘“Xeno-‐Epistemics”: Makeshift Kit for Visual Art as Knowledge
Production’, in Maschmann, W. (ed.) Documenta 11 – Platform 5:
Exhibition. Ostfildern-‐Ruit: Hatje-‐Cantz, pp. 71-‐84.
Maharaj, S. (2010) ‘“Small Change of the Universal”: Beyond Modernity?’ The British
Journal of Sociology, 61 (3), pp. 565-‐578.
Malik, S. (2012) Educations Sentimental and Unsentimental: Repositioning the Politics
of Art and Education. Available at:
http://www.bard.edu/ccs/redhook/educations-‐sentimental-‐and-‐
unsentimental-‐repositioning-‐the-‐politics-‐of-‐art-‐and-‐education (Accessed:
10 September 2012).
Marchart, O. (2007) ‘The Curatorial Function – Organizing the Ex/Position’, in
Eigenheer, M. (ed.) Curating Critique. Frankfurt am Main: Revolver, pp.
164-‐170.
Marchart, O. (2008a) Hegemonie im Kunstfeld: die Documenta-‐Ausstellungen Dx, D11,
D12 und die Politik der Biennalisierung. Köln: Walther König (N. B. K.
Diskurs).
Marchart, O. (2008b) Cultural Studies. Konstanz: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft.
275

Marincola, P. (2006) What Makes a Great Exhibition? Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia
Exhibitions Initiative, Philadelphia Center for Arts and Heritage.
Martinon, J.-‐P. (ed.) (2013) The Curatorial: A Philosophy of Curating. London:
Bloomsbury.
Marx, K. (1867) Capital: Volume One. Available at:

https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-‐c1/ch31.htm
(Accessed: 22 November 2014).
MER. Paper Kunsthalle (2012) Pleasure in Nonsense: Michael Fullerton. Ghent: Paper
Kunsthalle.
Miller, D. (ed.) (2005) Materiality. Durham, N. Car.: Duke University Press.
Misiano, V., Zonnenberg, N., and Ramos, F. (eds) (2009a) ‘The Grammar of the
Exhibition’, Manifesta Journal, 7.
Misiano, V., Zonnenberg, N., and Ramos, F. (eds) (2009b) ‘History in the Present’,
Manifesta Journal, 9.
Misiano, V., Zonnenberg, N., and Ramos, F. (eds) (2010a) ‘The Curator as Producer,
Misiano, V., Zonnenberg, N., and Ramos, F. (eds) (2010b) ‘The Canon of Curating’,
MoMA Multimedia (2012) Rirkrit Tiravanija: Untitled (Free/Still).

1992/1995/1997/2011-‐. [Vodcast] Available at:
http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=147206
Möntmann, N. (2002) Kunst als Sozialer Raum. Cologne: Walter König.
Möntmann, N. (ed.) (2006) Art and Its Institutions: Current Conflicts, Critique and
Collaborations. London: Black Dog Publishing.
Möntmann, N. (2009) ‘(Under)Privileged Spaces: On Martha Rosler’s “If You Lived
Here…”’, E-‐Flux Journal, 9 (October). Available at: http://www.e-‐
flux.com/journal/underprivileged-‐spaces-‐on-‐martha-‐rosler’s-‐“if-‐you-‐lived-‐
here-‐” (Accessed: 2 December 2009).
Moreira, I. (2013) ‘Backstage and Processuality: Unfolding the Installation Sites of
Curatorial Projects’, in Martinon, J.-‐P. (ed.) The Curatorial: A Philosophy of
Curating. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 231-‐242.
Mouffe, C. (2005a) On the Political. London: Routledge.
Mouffe, C. (2005b) The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso.
276

Mouffe, C. (2008) ‘Art and Democracy: Art as an Agonistic Intervention in Public
Space’, Open (14), pp. 6-‐15.
Mouffe, C. (2012) Critique as Counter-‐Hegemonic Intervention. Available at:

http://eipcp.net/transversal/0808/mouffe/en (Accessed: 4 December
2012).
Myers, F. (2005) ‘Some Properties of Art and Culture: Ontologies of the Image and
Economies of Exchange’, in Miller, D. (ed.) Materiality. Durham, N. Car.:
Duke University Press, pp. 88-‐117.
Nassehi, A. and Nollmann, G. (eds) (2004) Bourdieu und Luhmann: Ein
Theorievergleich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
New Museum (2015) Night School. Available at: http://museumashub.org/node/48

Nollert, A., Rogoff, I., de Baere, B. and Esche, C. (eds) (2006) A.C.A.D.E.M.Y. Frankfurt
am Main: Revolver.
O’Doherty, B. (1999) Inside the White Cube: the Ideology of the Gallery Space.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
O’Neill, P. (ed.) (2007) Curating Subjects. London: Open Editions.
O’Neill, P. (2010) ‘The Curatorial Turn: From Practice to Discourse’, in Filipovic, E., van
Hal, M. and Øvstebø, S. (eds) (2010) The Biennial Reader: An Anthology on
Large-‐Scale Perennial Exhibitions of Contemporary Art. Ostfildern: Hatje
Cantz, pp. 240-‐258.
O’Neill, P. (2012) The Culture of Curating and the Curating of Culture(s). Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press.
O’Neill, P. and Wilson, M. (eds) (2010) Curating and the Educational Turn. London:
Open Editions.
O’Neill, P. and Wilson, M. (eds) (2015) Curating Research. London: Open Editions
Obrist, H.U. (2003) Hans Ulrich Obrist: Interviews, Vol. 1. Edited by Thomas Boutoux.
Milan: Charta.
Obrist, H.U. (2008) A Brief History of Curating. Zurich: JRP Ringier.
Obrist, H.U. (2010) Hans Ulrich Obrist: Interviews, Vol. 2. Edited by Charles Arsène-‐
Henry. Milan: Charta.
Obrist, H.U. and Vanderlinden, B. (1999) Laboratorium. Exhibition held at the
Provincial Museum of Photography, Antwerp, 27 June – 3 October 1999
[Exhibition Catalogue].
277

Parret, H. (1983) Semiotics and Pragmatics: an Evaluative Comparison on Conceptual
Frameworks. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (eds) (1951) Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge,
Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
Phillips, A. (2011) Public Acting: From Public Art to Art’s Publicity. London: Goldsmiths
University. Unpublished Essay.
Pickering, A. (2011) ‘The Poltics of Theory: Producing Another World, With Some
Thoughts on Latour’, in Bennett, T. and Healy, C. (eds) Assembling Culture,
Poinsot, J.-‐M. (1996) ‘Large Exhibitions. A Sketch of a Typology’, in Greenberg, R.,
Ferguson, B.W. and Nairne, S. (eds) Thinking about Exhibitions. London:
Routledge, pp. 39-‐66.
Pratt, M. L. (1992) Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London:
Routledge.
Rancière, J. (1991) The Ignorant Schoolmaster. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University
Press.
Rancière, J. (1995) On the Shores of Politics. London: Verso.
Rancière, J. (2004) The Politics of Aesthetics. London: Continuum.
Rancière, J. (2007) ‘The Emancipated Spectator’, Artforum (March), pp. 271-‐281.
Rancière, J. (2009a) The Emancipated Spectator. London: Verso.
Rancière, J. (2009b) Aesthetics and Its Discontents. Translated by Steven Corcoran.
Cambridge: Polity Press,
Rand, S. and Kouris, H. (eds) (2007) Cautionary Tales: Critical Curating. New York:
Apexart.
Raunig, G. (2009) ‘Instituent Practices: Fleeing, Instituting, Transforming’. In Raunig, G.
and Ray, G. (eds) Art and Contemporary Critical Practice. London: Mayfly
Books.
Rebentisch, J. (2003) Ästhetik der Installation. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Ricoeur, P. (1970) Freud and Philosophy: an Essay on Interpretation. Translated by
Dennis Savage. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rogoff, I. (2006a) ‘Academy as Potentiality’, in Nollert, A., Esche, C., Rogoff, I. and de
Baere, B. (eds) A.C.A.D.E.M.Y. Frankfurt am Main: Revolver.
278

Rogoff, I. (2006b) ‘Smuggling: A Curatorial Model’, in Müller, V.J. and Schaffhausen, N.
(eds) Under Construction: Perspectives on Institutional Practice. Cologne:
Walther König, pp. 132-‐136.
Rogoff, I. (2014) ‘Turning’. E-‐flux Journal, 59 (November). Available at: http://www.e-‐
flux.com/journal/turning/ (Accessed: 11 December 2014).
Rose, G. (2001) Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual
Materials. London: Sage.
Rosler, M. and Vidokle, A. (2008) ‘Exhibition as School as Work of Art’, Art Lies, 59
(Fall), pp. 70-‐77.
Rottmann, A., Creischer, A., Hinderer, M.J. and Siekmann, A. (2010) ‘1000 Words: Alice
Creischer, Max Jorge Hinderer and Andreas Siekmann Talk about “Principio
Potosí”’, Artforum, September, pp. 300-‐303.
Rugg, J. and Sedgwick, M. (eds) (2007) Issues in Curating Contemporary Art and
Performance. Bristol: Intellect.
Rus Bojan, M., von Bismarck, B., Gillick, L., Hoffmann, M., Mohebbi, S., Kleinman, A.,
Thompson, N., Rehberg, V., Richter, D., Crivelli Visconti, J., and Zolghadr, T.
(2010) ‘Letters to the Editors: Eleven Responses to Anton Vidokle’s “Art
Without Artists?”’, E-‐Flux Journal, 18 (September). Available at:
http://www.e-‐flux.com/journal/letters-‐to-‐the-‐editors-‐eleven-‐responses-‐to-‐
anton-‐vidokle’s-‐“art-‐without-‐artists” (Accessed: 05 November 2010).
Sarotte, M .E. (2009) 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-‐Cold War Europe. Princeton, N.
J.: Princeton University Press.
Schade, S., Richter, D. and John, J. (eds) (2008) Re-‐Visionen des Displays. Ausstellungs-‐
Szenarien, ihre Lektüre und ihr Publikum. Zurich: JRP Ringier.
Schlieben, K. (2010) ‘The Crux of Polyphonic Language, or the Thing as Gathering’,
Manifesta Journal, 8, pp. 16-‐20.
Schmitt, C. (1996) The Concept of the Political. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
Schützeichel, R. (2004) Soziologische Kommunikationstheorien. Konstanz: UVK.
Serres, M. and Schehr, L.R. (2008) The Parasite. Minneapolis, Minn.: Minnesota
University Press.
Sheikh, S. (2005) In the Place of the Public Sphere. Berlin: B_Books.
Sheikh, S. (2007) ‘Constitutive Effects: The Techniques of the Curator’, in O’Neill, P.
(ed.) Curating Subjects. London: Open Editions, pp. 147-‐185.
Sheikh, S. (2008a) ‘Talk Value: Cultural Industry and the Knowledge Economy’ in
Hlavajova, M., Winder, J. and Choi, B. (eds) On Knowledge Production: A
Critical Reader in Contemporary Art. Utrecht: BAK, pp. 182-‐197.

279

Sheikh, S. (2008b) ‘Publics and Post-‐Publics: The Production of the Social’, Open (14),
pp. 28-‐36.
Sheikh, S. (2009) ‘Objects of Study or Commodification of Knowledge? Remarks on
Artistic Research’, Art and Research, 2 (2). Available at:
http://www.artandresearch.org.uk/v2n2/sheikh.html (Accessed 8 August
2009).
Sheikh, S. (2011) ‘Vectors of the Possible: Art Between Spaces of Experience and
Horizons of Expectation’, in Hlavajova, M., Sheikh, S. and Winder, J. (eds)
On Horizons: A Critical Reader in Contemporary Art. Utrecht: BAK, Basis
voor Actuele Kunst, pp. 152-‐168.
Sheikh, S. (2012) Exhibition Making and the Political Imaginary: On Modalities and
Potentialities of Curatorial Practice. PhD thesis. Lund University. Available
at:
https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFileandrecordOId=252
0477andfileOId=2520478 (Accessed: 5 May 2013).
Sherman, D.J. and Rogoff, I. (eds) (1994) Museum Culture: Histories, Discourses,
Spectacles. London: Routledge.
Sholis, B. (ed.) (2009). Anton Vidokle – Produce, Distribute, Discuss, Repeat. New York:
Lukas and Sternberg.
Smith, T. (2006) ‘Contemporary Art and Contemporaneity’, Critical Inquiry, 32 (4), pp.
681-‐707.
Smith, T. (2012) Thinking Contemporary Curating. New York: Independent Curators
International (ICI Perspectives on Curating).
Smith, T., Enwezor, O. and Condee, N. (eds) (2008) Antinomies of Art and Culture:
Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity. Durham, N. Car.: Duke
University Press.
Sontag, S. (2001) Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Picador.
Staniszewski, M.A. (1998) The Power of Display: A History of Exhibition Installations at
the Museum of Modern Art. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Steiner, S. and Joyce, T. (eds) (2006) Cork Caucus: On Art, Possibility and Democracy.
Cork: National Sculpture Factory.
Sternfeld, N. (2013) ‘Being Able to Do Something’, in Martinon, J.-‐P. (ed.) The
Curatorial: A Philosophy of Curating. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 151-‐156.
Steyerl, H. (2013) Documentarism as Politics of Truth. Available at:
http://eipcp.net/transversal/1003/steyerl2/en (Accessed: 15 March 2013).
280

Studio MC (2012) Unitednationsplaza. Available at:
http://www.minc.ws/index.php?category=2andcategory_1=0andcategory_
2=81andcategory_3=0 (Accessed: 9 September 2012).
Szeemann, H. and Häni, S. (1983) Der Hang zum Gesamtkunstwerk: Europäische
Utopien seit 1800. Aarau: Sauerländer.
Szewczyk, M. (2009a) ‘Art of Conversation, Part I’, E-‐Flux journal, 37 (September).
Available at: http://www.e-‐flux.com/journal/art-‐of-‐conversation-‐part-‐i/
Szewczyk, M. (2009b) ‘Anton Vidokle and the Anaesthics of Administratio’, in Sholis, B.
(ed.) Anton Vidokle – Produce, Distribute, Discuss, Repeat. New York: Lukas
and Sternberg, pp. 55-‐69.
Tannert, C. and Tischler, U. (eds) (2004) MIB-‐ Men in Black: Handbook of Curatorial
Practice. Frankfurt am Main: Revolver.
Tate Britain (2005) Art Now: Michael Fullerton. Available at:

http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/artnow/fullerton/video.htm
(Accessed: 9 October 2010).
Thompson, N. and White, M. (2008) ‘Curator as Producer’, Art Lies, 59 (autumn), pp.
60-‐66.
Uchill, R. (2012) ‘Hanging Out, Crowding Out or Talking Things Out: Curating the Limits
of Discursive Space’, Journal of Curatorial Studies, 1 (1), pp. 27-‐43.
Unitednationsplaza archive (2015) Histories of Productive Failures: from French

Revolution to Manifesta 6. Opening Conference. Available at:
http://www.unitednationsplaza.org/event/1 (Accessed: 9 February 2015).
Unitednationsplaza archive (2015a) Seminar 5: Liam Gillick: Five Short Texts on the
Possibility of Creating an Economy of Equivalence. Available at:
Unitednationsplaza archive (2015b) Seminar 4: Tirdad Zolghadr: That’s Why You
Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties. Available at:
Unitednationsplaza archive (2015c) Liam Gillick – Two Short Texts on the Possibility of
Creating an Economy of Equivalence. Available at:
Unitednationsplaza archive (2015d) Seminar 3: Liam Gillick. Available at:

Verwoert, J. (2006) ‘This is Not an Exhibition. On the Practical Ties and Symbolic
Differences between the Agency of the Art Institution and the Work of
Those on its Outside’, in Möntmann, N. (ed.) Art and Its Institutions:

281

Current Conflicts, Critique and Collaborations. London: Black Dog
Publishing, pp. 132-‐142.
Verwoert, J. (2009) ‘Gathering People Like Thoughts’, in Sholis, B. (ed.) Anton Vidokle
– Produce, Distribute, Discuss, Repeat. New York: Lukas and Sternberg, pp.
11-‐21.
Vidokle, A. (2006) ‘Exhibition as School in a Divided City’, in El Dahab, M.A., Vidokle, A.
and Waldvogel, F. (eds) Notes for an Art School. Amsterdam: Idea Books,
pp. 11-‐17.
Vidokle, A. (2008) Opening Remarks: Night School. Available at:

http://www.newmuseum.org/Anton_Vidokle_Night_School_Opening_Rem
arks.pdf (Accessed: 11 December 2008).
Vidokle, A. (2009) ‘From Exhibition to School: Notes from Unitednationsplaza’, in
Madoff, S. H. (ed.) Art School (Propositions for the 21st Century).
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Vidokle, A. (2010) ‘Art without Artists?’, E-‐Flux Journal, 16 (May). Available at:
http://www.e-‐flux.com/journal/art-‐without-‐artists (Accessed: 19
September 2010).
Vidokle, A. and Kuan Wood, B. (2012) ‘Breaking the Contract’, E-‐Flux Journal, 37
(September). Available at: http://www.e-‐flux.com/journal/breaking-‐the-‐
contract/ (Accessed: 16 November 2012).
Vidokle, A. and Zolghadr, T. (eds) (2007) Printed Project (6): I Can’t Work Like This.
Dublin: Visual Arts Ireland.
Wappler, F. (ed.) (2011) Neue Bezugsfelder in Kunst und Gesellschaft / New Relations in
Art and Society. Zurich: JRP Ringier.
Warner, M. (2002) Publics and Counterpublics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Weber, M. (1964) Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. (2 vols). Cologne: Kiepenhauer und
Witsch.
Williams, R. (1976) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press.
Williams, R. (1981) ‘The Analysis of Culture’, in Bennett, T., Martin, G., Mercer, C. and
Woollacott, J. (eds) Culture, Ideology and Social Process: A Reader. London:
The Open University, pp. 43-‐52.
Wilson, M. (2007) ‘Curatorial Moments and Discursive Turns’, in O’Neill, P. (ed.)
Curating Subjects. London: Open Editions, pp. 201-‐216.
ZKM (2014) Global Art Museum. Available at:

http://www.globalartmuseum.de/site/home (Accessed: 21 July 2014).
282

Zolghadr, T. (2012) Notes from the Editor. Available at:
http://www.bard.edu/ccs/redhook/notes-‐from-‐the-‐editor (Accessed: 11
August 2012).
Exhibitions
3rd International Istanbul Biennial (1992). Istanbul, Turkey. 17 October – 30 November
1992.
7th Berlin Biennial (2012) KW Institute for Contemporary Art, Berlin, Germany. 27 April
– 1 July 2012.
Chambres d’Amis (1986) S.M.A.K., Gent, Belgium. 21 June – 21 September 1986.
Collaborative Practices, Part One (2004) Kunstverein Munich, Germany. Summer 2004.
Documenta X (1997) Kassel, Germany. 21 June – 28 September 1997.
Documenta 11 (2002) Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, Germany. 8 June – 15 September
2002.
Documenta 13 (2012) Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, Germany. 9 June – 16 September
2012.
Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013) Haus der Kulturen der Welt,
Berlin, Germany. 18 – 24 March 2013.
International Exhibition of New Theatre Techniques (1924) Konzerthaus, Vienna,

Austria.
Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy (2005) ZKM – Centre for Art and
Media, Karlsruhe, Germany. 20 March – 3 October 2005.
Martha Rosler: If You Lived Here Still (2009) E-‐Flux, New York. 28 August – 14
November 2009.
Michael Fullerton: Columbia (2010) Chisenhale Gallery, London.
Michael Fullerton: Meaning Inc. (2015) Glasgow Print Studio, Scotland. 28 June – 15
August 2015.
Sharon Hayes: In The Near Future (2011) Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver,
Canada. 8 April – 5 June 2011.
Sonsbeek ‘93 (1993) Sonsbeek Park, Arnhem, the Netherlands. 5 June – 26 September
1993.
Surplus Value (2009) BAK, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 5 September – 9 November 2009.
283

Taipeh Biennial (2010) Taipeh Fine Arts Museum, Taiwan. 7 September – 14 November
2010.
The Global Contemporary: Art Worlds after 1989 (2011) ZKM – Centre for Art and
Media, Karlsruhe, Germany. 17 September 2011 – 5 February 2012.
The Interventionist: Art in the Social Sphere (2004) MASS MoCA, North Adams, Mass.
May 2004 – March 2005.
The Potosí Principle: How Can We Sing the Song of the Lord in an Alien Land? (2010)
Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany. 8 October 2010 – 2 January
2011.
This is What Democracy Looks Like (2011) New York University, Gallatin Gallery. 28
October – 18 November.
Utopia Station (2003) 50th Venice Biennial, Arsenale, Venice, Italy. 15 June – 2
November 2003.
Vectors of the Possible (2010) BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
11 September – 28 November 2010.
Vielstimmigkeit: Collaborative Practices, Part Two (2005). Shedhalle, Zurich,

Switzerland. 24 April – 15 May 2005.
Artworks
Anonymous (17th c.) Imposición de la Casulla a San Ildefonso [Oil on canvas (229.5 x
178.5 x 6 cm)]. Museo Casa Nacional de Moneda, Potosí, Bolivia.
Bäumler, Quirin (2010) El Infierno de Caquiaviri [Silver pencil drawing on transparent
foil (317 x 765 cm)]. Berlin, Germany.
Bäumler, Quirin (2010) La Muerte de Caquiaviri [Silver pencil drawing on transparent
foil (313 x 419 cm]. Berlin, Germany.
Benning, James (2011) Twenty Cigarettes [Video (colour, sound, HD; 99 min.) Val
Verde, Calif.
Berrió, Gaspar Miguel de (1758) Descripción del Cerro Rico e Imperial Villa de Potosí
[Oil on canvas (182 x 262 cm)]. Museo Colonial Charcas, Universidad San
Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia.
Chto Delat?/What is to be done? (2009/2013) Perestroika Timeline [Installation
(materials and dimensions variable)]. Berlin, Germany.
Creischer, Alice, von Borries, Christian and Siekmann, Andreas (2009) Dubai –
Expanded Horizons: Re-‐enactment of a press conference, music
284

performance [Performance and Installation]. Temporäre Kunsthalle, Berlin,
Germany.
Doujak, Ines (2010) Witches [Sculptures]. Vienna, Austria.
Dumas, Marlene (2002-‐2007) Young Men (Man Kind) [Installation (series of drawings,
dimensions variable)]. Amsterdam, the Netherlands; New York; London.
Farocki, Harun (2010) The Silver and the Cross [Video (2 channel video installation, 17
min., colour, sound)]. Berlin; Barcelona.
Freee (2008) Protest Drives History [Installation (billboard poster, colour, 4 x 12 m)].
Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
Fullerton, M. (2010) BASF Magic Gold [Installation (pigment, plinth, 30 x 32 x 136 cm)].
London.
Fullerton, Michael (2010) Gothic Version of the Ring Laser Gyroscope Used in Final
Flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia STS-‐107 [Mirror, laser, smoke
machine, plinth (150 cm x 100 cm x 30 cm)]. London.
Fullerton, Michael (2010) Using Polish Technology, Alan Turing Devised a more
Sophisticated Machine to Crack ENIGMA [Screen print on newsprint (220 x
295 cm)]. London.
Fullerton, Michael (2010) Why Your Life Sucks (Alan Turing) [Oil on linen (46 x 60 cm)]
London.
Geiger, Marcus (2013) Untitled [Installation (materials and dimensions variable)].

Berlin, Germany.
Gordon, Douglas (1994/1995) Hysterical [Video (Two-‐channel projection, 29 minutes;

dimensions variable)]. Berlin, Germany; Glasgow, Scotland.
Hayes, Sharon (2009) In the Near Future [Installation (multiple slide projection, 35mm
colour slides, dimensions variable]. Berlin, Germany.
IRWIN (1992/2013) NSK Passport Office Berlin [Installation (materials and dimensions
variable)]. Berlin, Germany.
The Karl Marx School of English Language, Riff, D. and Gutov, D. (2010) Rosy Dawn of
Capital [Installation (paintings, sound, materials and dimensions variable)].
Moscow, Russia.
Maestro de Caquiaviri (ca. 1739) Infierno. [Oil on canvas (317 x 756 cm]. Church of
Caquiaviri, La Paz, Bolivia.
Maestro de Caquiaviri (ca. 1739) Muerte. [Oil on canvas (313 x 419 cm]. Church of
Caquiaviri, La Paz, Bolivia.
Mik, Aernout (2013) Untitled [Performance]. Berlin, Germany.

285

Molinari, Eduardo and Archivo Clemente (2010) The Soy Children [Installation,
Drawing, Collages, Photographs]. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Li Ran (2012) Beyond Geography [Video (colour, sound; 23:09 min.)]. Berlin, Germany.
Locher, Thomas (2013) Reading Of [Installation (Text, MDF; various dimensions)].
Berlin, Germany.
Rosenfeld, Elske (2010) Our Brief Autumn of Utopia [Installation (text and video
material, dimensions variable)]. Berlin, Germany; Vienna, Austria.
Rosler, Martha (1975) Semiotics of the Kitchen [Video (black and white, sound; 6:09
min)]. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Schlingensief, Christoph (2013) Ausländer Raus [Installation by Nina Wetzel in
cooperation with Matthias Lilienthal and with films by Paul Poet]. Berlin,
Germany.
Steyerl, Hito (2004) Universal Embassy [Video (mini-‐DV, sound, 4 min.)]. Berlin,
Germany.
Tiravanija, Rirkrit (1992) Untitled 1992/1995 (free/still) [Installation (Refrigerator,

table, chairs, wood, drywall, food and other materials; dimensions
variable)]. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Valdés, Lucas (ca. 1710) Retrato Milagroso de San Francisco de Paula [Oil on canvas (90
x 117.5 cm)]. Museo de Bellas Artes, Seville, Spain.
Velazquéz, Diego (ca. 1656) Las Meninas, or The Family of Felipe IV [Oil on canvas (318
x 276 cm). Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, Spain.
Vidokle, Anton (2011) New York Conversations [DVD (64:40 min., 4:3, b/w, stereo)].
New York: Lukas and Sternberg.
Vidokle, Anton and Aranda, Julieta (2009/2013) Time/Bank [Multimedia installation

(Materials and dimensions variable)]. Kassel, Germany
Wall, Jeff (1984) Milk [Photograph (Silver dye bleach transparency, aluminium light
box; 204.5 x 245.1 x 22.2 cm)]. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Wall, Jeff (2000) Man With A Rifle [Photograph (Transparent positive in light box; 289 x
226 cm)]. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig (MUMOK) Vienna,
Austria.
286

Appendices
287

Appendix A

Complete list of images, titles and captions of Michael Fullerton’s exhibition
Columbia (2010), Chisenhale Gallery, London.

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

Appendix B

Extract from exhibition guide for The Potosí Principle: How Can We Sing the Song of
the Lord in an Alien Land? Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany, pp. 5-‐12.

The pages displayed here give an impression of how the curators of the exhibition
(Alice Creischer, Andreas Siekmann and Max Jorge Hinderer) suggest specific routes
through the exhibition and contextualise the artworks with certain narratives in their
captions.

Courtesy of Haus der Kulturen der Welt.
301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

Appendix C

Floor plan for Vectors of the Possible (2010), the exhibition curated by Simon Sheikh,
BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Courtesy of BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst.
310

311

Appendix D

Floor plan for Former West: Documents, Constellations, Prospects (2013), Haus der
Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany.

Courtesy of BAK, Basis voor Actuele Kunst, and Haus der Kulturen der Welt.
312

313

314

THE CURATORIAL COMPLEX: SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION Wiebke Gronemeyer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE CURATORIAL COMPLEX: SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION Wiebke Gronemeyer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE CURATORIAL COMPLEX: SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION Wiebke Gronemeyer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 6

List of Illustrations .......................................................................................................... 11

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13

Research questions .................................................................................................... 14

Chapter One .................................................................................................................. 27

Communicability ........................................................................................................ 33

Chapter Two ................................................................................................................ 113

From communication to interaction ........................................................................ 113

Chapter Three .............................................................................................................. 176

From the exhibitionary to the curatorial complex ................................................... 178

Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 247

The curatorial complex ............................................................................................ 247

Books, journal articles and web pages ..................................................................... 262

Appendices .................................................................................................................. 287

Appendix A ............................................................................................................... 288

List of Illustrations

Figure 1 Michael Fullerton, Gothic Version of the Ring Laser 41

Methodologically this thesis aims to move beyond making a distinction between

The subjugation of artistic production to a frame at once “universal”,

The manner by which a selection of artworks, a tectonic context, and

Implosion of knowledge – Michael Fullerton’s Columbia exhibition

The discourse of knowledge production in contemporary art is largely a

In Meaning Inc. Fullerton exhibited several portraits of personalities involved in the

Infection as affection

it keeps something going whose constituent parts (labour, the production

The discrepancy between information and experience

Fullerton is at once a seeker and a layer of tracks. As much as he provides information

Suspicion as an attitude of interpretation

Fullerton himself describes his works as “emphasising a triangular structure: a

Over against interpretation as restoration of meaning we shall oppose

Investigations into the process of communication in the discursive space of Fullerton’s

we should learn from those structures as spaces of experience, as

The heterotopic quality of the exhibition space

We originally named the project Inversión Modernidad, in order to prompt

necessitating a fascinating and exhaustive search in both an academically

The principle of accumulation

The idea that meanings are impossibly unstable is embraceable because

The most important creative moment of The Potosí Principle as a

The practice of communication

Both exhibitions enquire methodologically into the ways in which information,

[Anthropology] has to make a second break and question the

The science of practice has to construct the principle which makes it

Systems are oriented by their environment not just occasionally and

The general theory of social systems claims to encompass all sociology’s

The knowledge we shall term objectivist ... constructs the objective

objectivism constitutes the social world as spectacle presented to an

a matter of events or processes that are not immediately under pressure

Structure and process (Luhmann) as dispositions (Bourdieu)

Structures comprehend the open complexity of the possibility that every

Habitus (Bourdieu) and double contingency (Luhmann)

Habitus is the system of durable, transposable dispositions, structured

Any “habitus” is only effectively realised in relation to a determinate

On the one hand, ego’s gratifications are contingent on his selection

the concept thus describes something given (something experienced,

Temporality and connectivity: formation of practice

supply of possible themes that is available for quick and readily

Saussure constitutes linguistics as a science by constructing language as an

always implies a cognitive operation, a practical operation of construction

From communication to interaction

As part of a “relationist” theory of art, inter-‐subjectivity does not only

The first characteristic is the self-‐effacing nature of his endeavours. Not

an attempt to invoke the spatial and temporal co-‐presence of subjects

This conflict-‐charged, but dynamic and contingent handling of regulations

In turning from an object-‐based production to a discourse-‐centred

Möntmann explores the shifts in mind-‐set needed if one is to conceive of artistic

The curatorial is a jailbreak from pre-‐existing frames, a gift enabling one to

Former West is a long-‐term international research, education, publishing,

The latest, post-‐1945 West was bound in particular forms of political

Contemporary art is able to work in ways that we might term extra-‐

ARGE schnittpunkt (ed.) (2013) Handbuch Ausstellungstheorie und -‐praxis. Stuttgart:

BAK (2010a) Russian Avant-‐Garde Revisited. Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the