Problems 931

53. Suppose you install a compass on the center of a car’s needle” is a magnetic compass mounted so that it can
dashboard. (a) Assuming the dashboard is made rotate in a vertical north–south plane. At this location,
mostly of plastic, compute an order-of-magnitude esti- a dip needle makes an angle of 13.08 from the vertical.
mate for the magnetic field at this location produced What is the total magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic
by the current when you switch on the car’s headlights. field at this location?
(b) How does this estimate compare with the Earth’s
59. A very large parallel-plate capacitor has uniform
magnetic field? S charge per unit area 1s on the upper plate and 2s
54. Why is the following situation impossible? The magnitude on the lower plate. The plates are horizontal, and both
of the Earth’s magnetic field at either pole is approxi- move horizontally with speed v to the right. (a) What
mately 7.00 3 1025 T. Suppose the field fades away to is the magnetic field between the plates? (b) What is
zero before its next reversal. Several scientists propose the magnetic field just above or just below the plates?
plans for artificially generating a replacement mag- (c) What are the magnitude and direction of the mag-
netic field to assist with devices that depend on the netic force per unit area on the upper plate? (d) At
presence of the field. The plan that is selected is to lay what extrapolated speed v will the magnetic force on a
a copper wire around the equator and supply it with a plate balance the electric force on the plate? Suggestion:
current that would generate a magnetic field of magni- Use Ampere’s law and choose a path that closes
tude 7.00 3 1025 T at the poles. (Ignore magnetization between the plates of the capacitor.
of any materials inside the Earth.) The plan is imple-
60. Two circular coils of radius R, each with N turns, are
mented and is highly successful. S perpendicular to a common axis. The coil centers are

55. A nonconducting ring of radius 10.0 cm is uniformly a distance R apart. Each coil carries a steady current
I in the same direction as shown in Figure P30.60.
M charged with a total positive charge 10.0 mC. The ring
rotates at a constant angular speed 20.0 rad/s about an (a) Show that the magnetic field on the axis at a dis-
axis through its center, perpendicular to the plane of tance x from the center of one coil is
the ring. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field Nm 0 IR 2 1 1
on the axis of the ring 5.00 cm from its center? B5 c 1 d
2 1 R 2 1 x 2 2 3/2 1 2R 2 1 x 2 2 2Rx 2 3/2
56. A nonconducting ring of radius R is uniformly charged
(b) Show that dB/dx and d 2B/dx 2 are both zero at the
S with a total positive charge q. The ring rotates at a con- point midway between the coils. We may then conclude
stant angular speed v about an axis through its cen-
that the magnetic field in the region midway between
ter, perpendicular to the plane of the ring. What is the
the coils is uniform. Coils in this configuration are
magnitude of the magnetic field on the axis of the ring
called Helmholtz coils.
a distance 12R from its center?
I I
57. A very long, thin strip of metal of width w carries a
S current I along its length as shown in Figure P30.57. R R
The current is distributed uniformly across the width
of the strip. Find the magnetic field at point P in the
diagram. Point P is in the plane of the strip at distance
b away from its edge.
R
z
Figure P30.60 Problems 60 and 61.

w 61. Two identical, flat, circular coils of wire each have 100
turns and radius R 5 0.500 m. The coils are arranged
I as a set of Helmholtz coils so that the separation dis-
P tance between the coils is equal to the radius of the
b y
coils (see Fig. P30.60). Each coil carries current I 5
10.0 A. Determine the magnitude of the magnetic field
x at a point on the common axis of the coils and halfway
between them.
Figure P30.57
62. Two circular loops are parallel, coaxial, and almost in
58. A circular coil of five turns and a diameter of 30.0 cm AMT contact, with their centers 1.00 mm apart (Fig. P30.62,
is oriented in a vertical plane with its axis perpendicu- Q/C page 932). Each loop is 10.0 cm in radius. The top loop
lar to the horizontal component of the Earth’s mag- carries a clockwise current of I 5 140 A. The bottom
netic field. A horizontal compass placed at the coil’s loop carries a counterclockwise current of I 5 140 A.
center is made to deflect 45.08 from magnetic north (a) Calculate the magnetic force exerted by the bot-
by a current of 0.600  A in the coil. (a) What is the tom loop on the top loop. (b) Suppose a student thinks
horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field? the first step in solving part (a) is to use Equation 30.7
(b) The current in the coil is switched off. A “dip to find the magnetic field created by one of the loops.
932 Chapter 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field

How would you argue for or against this idea? (c) The ates a magnetic field (Section 30.1). (a) To understand
upper loop has a mass of 0.021 0 kg. Calculate its accel- how a moving charge can also create a magnetic field,
eration, assuming the only forces acting on it are the consider a particle with charge q moving with velocity
S S
force in part (a) and the gravitational force. v . Define the position vector r 5 r r^ leading from the
particle to some location. Show that the magnetic field
at that location is
S
S m0 q v 3 r^
I B 5
4p r2
(b) Find the magnitude of the magnetic field 1.00 mm
I to the side of a proton moving at 2.00 3 107 m/s.
(c) Find the magnetic force on a second proton at this
Figure P30.62
point, moving with the same speed in the opposite direc-
63. Two long, straight wires cross each other perpendicu- tion. (d) Find the electric force on the second proton.
larly as shown in Figure P30.63. The wires are thin so
66. Review. Rail guns have been suggested for launch-
that they are effectively in the same plane but do not AMT ing projectiles into space without chemical rockets.
touch. Find the magnetic field at a point 30.0 cm above GP A tabletop model rail gun (Fig. P30.66) consists of
the point of intersection of the wires along the z axis;
two long, parallel, horizontal rails , 5 3.50 cm apart,
that is, 30.0 cm out of the page, toward you.
bridged by a bar of mass m 5 3.00 g that is free to slide
y without friction. The rails and bar have low electric
resistance, and the current is limited to a constant
I 5 24.0 A by a power supply that is far to the left of
3.00 A the figure, so it has no magnetic effect on the bar. Fig-
ure P30.66 shows the bar at rest at the midpoint of the
rails at the moment the current is established. We wish
to find the speed with which the bar leaves the rails
after being released from the midpoint of the rails.
x
5.00 A (a) Find the magnitude of the magnetic field at a dis-
tance of 1.75 cm from a single long wire carrying a
current of 2.40 A. (b) For purposes of evaluating the
magnetic field, model the rails as infinitely long. Using
the result of part (a), find the magnitude and direc-
Figure P30.63
tion of the magnetic field at the midpoint of the bar.
64. Two coplanar and concentric circular loops of wire (c) Argue that this value of the field will be the same
carry currents of I 1 5 5.00 A and I 2 5 3.00 A in oppo- at all positions of the bar to the right of the midpoint
site directions as in Figure P30.64. If r1 5 12.0 cm and of the rails. At other points along the bar, the field is
r2 5 9.00 cm, what are (a) the magnitude and (b) the in the same direction as at the midpoint, but is larger
direction of the net magnetic field at the center of the in magnitude. Assume the average effective magnetic
two loops? (c) Let r1 remain fixed at 12.0 cm and let r2 field along the bar is five times larger than the field
be a variable. Determine the value of r2 such that the at the midpoint. With this assumption, find (d) the
net field at the center of the loops is zero. magnitude and (e) the direction of the force on the
bar. (f) Is the bar properly modeled as a particle under
constant acceleration? (g) Find the velocity of the bar
after it has traveled a distance d 5 130 cm to the end
r2 of the rails.
I1
I2
r1 y I S
vi ! 0

x
m ,
z
Figure P30.64
65. As seen in previous chapters, any object with electric d
charge, stationary or moving, other than the charged
Figure P30.66
object that created the field, experiences a force in
an electric field. Also, any object with electric charge, 67. Fifty turns of insulated wire 0.100 cm in diameter are
stationary or moving, can create an electric field tightly wound to form a flat spiral. The spiral fills a
(Chapter 23). Similarly, an electric current or a mov- disk surrounding a circle of radius 5.00 cm and extend-
ing electric charge, other than the current or charge ing to a radius 10.00 cm at the outer edge. Assume the
that created the field, experiences a force in a mag- wire carries a current I at the center of its cross section.
netic field (Chapter 29), and an electric current cre- Approximate each turn of wire as a circle. Then a loop
 Problems 933

of current exists at radius 5.05 cm, another at 5.15 cm, the right. The end view of the tube in Figure P30.70b
and so on. Numerically calculate the magnetic field at shows these wires and the currents they carry. By wrap-
the center of the coil. ping the wires carefully, the distribution of wires can
take the shape suggested in the end view such that
68. An infinitely long, straight wire carrying a current I 1
S is partially surrounded by a loop as shown in Figure
the overall current distribution is approximately the
superposition of two overlapping, circular cylinders of
P30.68. The loop has a length L and radius R, and
radius R (shown by the dashed lines) with uniformly
it carries a current I 2. The axis of the loop coincides
distributed current, one toward you and one away from
with the wire. Calculate the magnetic force exerted on
you. The current density J is the same for each cylinder.
the loop.
The center
S
of one cylinder is described by a position
vector d relative to the center of the other cylinder.
Prove that the magnetic field inside the hollow tube is
m0 Jd/2 downward. Suggestion: The use of vector meth-
R ods simplifies the calculation.
71. A thin copper bar of length , 5 10.0 cm is supported
L horizontally by two (nonmagnetic) contacts at its ends.
I2 The bar carries a current of I 1 5 100 A in the negative
x direction as shown in Figure P30.71. At a distance
h 5 0.500 cm below one end of the bar, a long, straight
wire carries a current of I 2 5 200  A in the positive z
I1
direction. Determine the magnetic force exerted on
the bar.
Figure P30.68
I2
Challenge Problems
69. Consider a solenoid of length , and radius a containing !
S N closely spaced turns and carrying a steady current
I. (a) In terms of these parameters, find the magnetic h
field at a point along the axis as a function of posi- y
tion x from the end of the solenoid. (b) Show that as , I1
becomes very long, B approaches m0NI/2, at each end x
of the solenoid. z

70. We have seen that a long solenoid produces a uniform Figure P30.71
S magnetic field directed along the axis of a cylindrical 72. In Figure P30.72, both currents in the infinitely long
region. To produce a uniform magnetic field directed wires are 8.00 A in the negative x direction. The wires
parallel to a diameter of a cylindrical region, however, are separated by the distance 2a 5 6.00 cm. (a) Sketch
one can use the saddle coils illustrated in Figure P30.70. the magnetic field pattern in the yz plane. (b) What
The loops are wrapped over a long, somewhat flat- is the value of the magnetic field at the origin? (c) At
tened tube. Figure P30.70a shows one wrapping of wire (y 5 0, z S `)? (d)  Find the magnetic field at points
around the tube. This wrapping is continued in this along the z axis as a function of z. (e) At what distance
manner until the visible side has many long sections d along the positive z axis is the magnetic field a maxi-
of wire carrying current to the left in Figure P30.70a mum? (f) What is this maximum value?
and the back side has many lengths carrying current to
z
Wire lengths carrying
current out of the page a
a

R I
S
d x
I y
I
I R
Figure P30.72

Wire lengths carrying 73. A wire carrying a current I is bent into the shape of
current into the page S an exponential spiral, r5 e u, from u 5 0 to u 5 2p as

a b
suggested in Figure P30.73 (page 934). To complete a
loop, the ends of the spiral are connected by a straight
Figure P30.70 wire along the x axis. (a) The angle b between a radial