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MHB 4219 SOLID FLUID MECHANICS
UNIT 1: STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANES & PRINCIPAL STRESSES
INTRODUCTION : Stress on Inclined Planes under Uni-axial Loading:
(Member subjected to Direct Stress in one plane)
When a body is under an axial load, the plane normal to the axis contains only the normal stress.
However, if we consider an oblique plane that forms an angle with normal plane, it consists shear stress
in addition to normal stress.
Uniaxial Loading & Oblique Section View Stress Components on Oblique Section
Principal Planes: Planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes. Hence, the principal
plane carry only normal stress components and do not carry shear stress component.
Principal Stresses: Planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes. Hence, the principal
plane carry only normal stress components and do not carry shear stress component. The normal stress
components acting over the principal planes are called as principal stresses.
In an uniaxial stress system shown in the sketch,
P
Normal stress along X-X axis for section EFIJ perpendicular to loading axis, σx = ------
A
P P
Considering unit thickness for the bar under loading, σx = --------- = --------
EF x1 EF
P P P P Cosθ
Stress on oblique Section EGHJ = --------- = ------- = -------------- = ----------- = σx Cosθ
EG x1 EF (EF/cosθ) EF
The above calculated stress on the oblique section is acting along the X-X axis and the same is resolved
two components acting normal and tangential to the oblique section.
Normal stress perpendicular to the oblique section, σn = σx Cosθ. Cosθ = σx Cos2θ
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σn = σx Cos2θ
Shear stress tangential to the oblique section, σt = σx Cosθ. Sinθ
σx
= ----- 2 Cosθ. Sinθ
2
σx
σt = ----- Sin2θ
2
Equation of Normal & Shear Stresses in an Inclined Section due to Uniaxial Loading:
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = σx Cos2θ
σx
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear Stress), σt = ----- Sin2θ
2
The above equations define the normal and shear stress values on an inclined plane that makes an angle
θ with the vertical plane on which the axial load acts. Using above equations, it is possible to find out
the stress components at any inclined plane due to uniaxial loading. Also, we can establish the following
conditions, using the above equations.
(i) At what angle of inclination, normal stress reaches the maximum value
(ii) At what angle of inclination, shear stress reaches the maximum value
Angle of Inclination for Maximum Normal Stress: σn = σx Cos2θ
σθ will be maximum for when θ = 00 [At θ = 00 , Cos2θ = 1]
Maximum normal stress, (σθ)max = σx at θ = 00
Hence, it important to understand that the maximum value of normal stress occurs at sections perpendicular to
the loading axis only for which θ = 0 0. For any other angles, the magnitude of normal stress is lower in the
uniaxial loading condition.
Angle of Inclination for Maximum Shear stress: σt = (σx/2) Sin2θ
τθ will be maximum when θ = 450 or 1350 [At θ = 450 & 1350, Sin2θ = 1]
Maximum shear stress, (τθ)max = σx/2 at θ = 450 or 1350
Hence, it important to understand that the maximum value of shear stress occurs at 450 or 1350 of inclination
and the maximum value of shear stress is equal to σx /2 or 0.5σx in the uniaxial loading condition.
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CASE I : Member subjected to Direct Stresses in Two Mutually Perpendicular Directions:
σy
σt
θ
σx σx
θ
σn
σy
σx + σy σx - σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ
2 2
σx - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ
2
Resultant Stress, σR = σn 2 + σt 2
Obliquity: The angle made by the resultant stress with the normal of the oblique plane is known as
obliquity.
σt
tanφ = --------
σn
φ – Angle of obliquity
σt – Tangential stress to oblique plane
σn – Normal stress to oblique plane
Determination of Principal Planes & Principal Stresses
Direction of Principal planes: At principal planes, there is no shear stress. Hence, to find the angle of
principal plane, equate τθ to zero.
σx - σy
Equation of σt : σt = ------------ Sin2θ
2
τθ will be zero when θ = 00 & 900 [At 2θ = 00 & 1800, Sin2θ=0, Hence, θ = 00 & 900]
Hence principal stresses occur at inclination of 00 & 900.
Equation of Principal Stress: Substitute 00 & 1800 in normal stress equation to get the equation of
principal stresses.
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σx + σy σx - σy
Principal stress at θ = 00 : σ1 = ------------ + ---------- Cos00
2 2
σx + σy σx - σy
= ------------ + ---------- x 1 = σx
2 2
0
Principal Stress at θ = 0 : σ1 = σx
σx + σy σx - σy
Principal stress at θ = 900 : σ2 = ------------ + ---------- Cos1800
2 2
σx + σy σx - σy
= ------------ + ---------- x (-1) = σy
2 2
Principal Stress at θ = 900 : σ2 = σy
Angle of Inclination for Maximum Shear stress:
σx - σy
Equation of σt: σt = ------------ Sin2θ
2
σt will be maximum when θ = 450 & 1350 [At 2θ = 900 & 2700, Sin2θ=1, Hence, θ = 450 & 1350]
σx - σy
Maximum shear stress, (σt )max = ------------ at θ = 450 or 1350
2
PROBLEMS IN PRINCIPAL STRESSES
1. A rectangular bar having 100mm x 80mm cross section is subjected to an axial load of 200 kN.
Determine the normal and shear stresses on a section which is inclined at an angle of 30 0 with the
normal cross section of the bar.
Given: Axial Load, P = 200 kN = 200000 N
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Cross Section of bar = 100 mm x 80 mm
Angle of inclination with the normal cross section(minor axis), θ = 300
STEP I: Calculate the Direct Stress σx
Cross sectional area of rectangular bar, A = 100 x 80 = 8000 mm2
P 200000
Direct Stress, σx = ------ = ------------- = 25 N/mm2
A 8000
STEP II: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = σx cos2θ
= 25 x cos230
= 18.75
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = 18.75 N/mm2
STEP III: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane
σx
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------ sin2θ
2
25
= ------ sin60
2
= 10.8
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = 10.8 N/mm2
2. The tensile stresses at a point across two mutually perpendicular planes are 120 N/mm2 and 60
N/mm2. Determine the normal, tangential and resultant stresses on an oblique plane inclined at 30 0
to the axis of minor stress. Determine also the obliquity and maximum shear stress at that point.
Given: Major Tensile Stress, σx = 120 N/mm2
MHB 4219 SOLID AND FLUID MECHANICS – Course material
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Minor Tensile Stress, σy = 60 N/mm2
Angle of inclination with minor axis, θ = 300
STEP I: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane
σx + σy σx - σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ
2 2
120 + 60 120 - 60
= ------------ + ------------- Cos60
2 2
= 90 + 15 = 105 N/mm2
STEP II: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane
σx - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ
2
120 - 60
= ------------ Sin60
2
= 26 N/mm2
STEP III: Calculate the Resultant Stress
Resultant Stress, σR = σn 2 + σt 2
= 1052 + 262
= 108.2 N/mm2
STEP IV: Calculate the Direction of Resultant Stress or Obliquity
σt
tan φ = -------- φ – Angle of resultant stress with normal stress
σn
φ = tan-1 (σt / σn ) = tan-1 (26 /105) = 13.90
STEP V: Calculate the Maximum shear stress
σx - σy 120 ‒ 60
Maximum shear stress, (σt )max = ---------- = ------------------ = 30 N/mm2
2 2
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3. The tensile stresses at a point across two mutually perpendicular planes are 120 N/mm2 and 60
N/mm2. Determine the normal, tangential and resultant stresses on an oblique plane inclined at 30 0
to the axis of minor stress. Determine also the obliquity and maximum shear stress at that point
using Mohr’s circle Method.
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4. The stresses at a point in a bar are 200 N/mm2 (tensile) and 100 N/mm2 (compressive). Determine the
resultant stress in magnitude and direction on a plane inclined at 30 0 to the axis of minor stress. Also
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determine the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at that point.
Given: Major Tensile Stress, σx = 200 N/mm2
Minor Tensile Stress, σy = ‒ 100 N/mm2
Angle of inclination with minor axis, θ = 300
STEP I: Calculate the Stress Normal to the Oblique Plane
σx + σy σx - σy
Stress normal to the oblique plane (Normal stress), σn = ------------ + ---------- Cos2θ
2 2
200 + (‒100) 200 ‒ (‒100)
= ----------------- + ------------------- Cos60
2 2
= 50 + 75 = 125 N/mm2
STEP II: Calculate the Stress Tangential to the Oblique Plane
σx - σy
Stress tangential to the oblique plane (Shear stress), σt = ------------ Sin2θ
2
200 ‒ (‒100)
= ----------------- Sin60
2
= 129.9 N/mm2
STEP III: Calculate the Resultant Stress
Resultant Stress, σR = σn 2 + σt 2
= 1252 + 129.92
= 180.2 N/mm2
STEP IV: Calculate the Direction of Resultant Stress or Obliquity
σt
tan φ = -------- φ – Angle of resultant stress with normal stress
σn
φ = tan-1 (σt / σn ) = tan-1 (129.9 /125) = 46.10
STEP V: Calculate the Maximum shear stress
σx - σy 200 ‒ (‒100)
Maximum shear stress, (σt )max = ---------- = ------------------ = 150 N/mm2
2 2
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5.
The stresses at a point in a bar are 200 N/mm2 (tensile) and 100 N/mm2 (compressive). Determine
the resultant stress in magnitude and direction on a plane inclined at 30 0 to the axis of minor
stress. Also determine the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at that point using
Mohr’s circle method.
V-1 Define Principal planes and principal stress.
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Principal Planes: Planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes. Hence, the
principal plane carry only normal stress components and do not carry shear stress component.
Principal Stresses: Planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes. Hence, the
principal plane carry only normal stress components and do not carry shear stress component.
The normal stress components acting over the principal planes are called as principal stresses.
V-2 What is Mohr’s circle & name any situations where it is used.
Mohr’s circle is a graphical method of finding normal, tangential and resultant stresses on an
oblique plane. Also it gives the position and magnitude of principal stresses. Mohr’s circle can
be drawn for the following cases.
(i) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses of unequal
intensities
(ii) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses which are unequal
and unlike (one is tensile and the other is compressive)
(iii) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses accompanied by a
simple shear stress
V-3 What does the radius of Mohr’s circle represent?
Radius of Mohr’s circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
V-4 What are the planes along which the greatest shear stresses occur?
Greatest shear stress occurs at the planes which is inclined at 45o and 1350 to its normal.
V-5 Give the expression for maximum shear stress in a two dimensional stress system
Maximum shear stress, (σt )max = ½ (σx ‒ σy)2 + 4τ2
V-6 What are the uses of Mohr’s circle?
Mohr’s circle is a graphical method of finding normal, tangential and resultant stresses on an
oblique plane. Also it gives the position and magnitude of principal stresses. Mohr’s circle is
used for the following cases.
(i) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses of unequal
intensities
(ii) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses which are unequal
and unlike (one is tensile and the other is compressive)
(iii) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses accompanied by a
simple shear stress
V-7 Define Obliquity.
The angle made by the resultant stress with the normal of the plane is known as obliquity.
σt
tanφ = --------
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σn
φ – Angle of obliquity
σt – Tangential stress to oblique plane
σn – Normal stress to oblique plane
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