Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
SENATOR RENATO "COMPAÑERO" CAYETANO 
MEMORIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HIGH SCHOOL
31st cor 51st Sts. Pamayanang Diego Silang, BCDA, Ususan, Taguig City

SUBJECT: 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND

THE WORLD
TITLE OF THE TOPIC: IMPORTANT EVENT IN LITERATURE (SPANISH
COLONIAL PERIOD)
NOTABLE WORKS AND AUTHORS (SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD)
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA EN LENGUA ESPANOLA Y TAGALA
KATAPUSANG HIKBI NG PILIPINAS BY ANDRES BONIFACIO
MY LAST FAREWELL BY JOSE RIZAL
NAME: SHIELA MAE D. ALCANTARA
LIANNA LANE DELA CRUZ
JONALYN ANCHETA
CELINE ANN OCHEA
NAME OF THE TEACHER: SIR JUDD LAWRENCE GUY-JOCO

Philippine History
The Spanish Period
 The discovery of the Philippines by Magellan 1521
Ferdinand Magellan
 It is Ferdinand Magellan who arrived in the Philippines to head
aSpanish expedition searching for the Spice Islands in 1521.Magellan
never completed the journey by himself; he was then killedin an
 encounter with natives in the Philippines after having claimedthe
Philippines is for Spain.
 Magellan introduced Christianity in Cebu

The Battle of Mactan

 However,Magellan’s plans to claim the whole of the Philippines islands

for spain encountered stiff resistance from other natives,particularly
from Lapu-Lapu,the chieftain of neigboring Mactan island.In what is
known as the Battle of Mactan that was fought on April
27,1521,Magellan and his 100 soldiers fought Lapu Lapu and his 1000
warriors.Clearly outnumbered,Magellan and most of his soldiers were
killed.

The Spanish Colonization

 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Colonization of the Philippines

- In 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi concluded treaties of friendship

with the native chiefs or what we called the datus. Spain’s primary aim and
intention in the Philippines was to spread their religion the Roman
Catholicism.

Reasons For Colonization:The 3Gs

GOD-The Conversion of natives to Christianity

GOLD-Accumulation of gold and wealth.

GLORY-Supremacy of Spain over Portugal as a super power

Laguna Copperplate

 Many missionary works in the Philippines were pushed by the

Spaniards, for them to help the natives toward the advancement of
 education, culture, and architecture. It was also at this point when the
Spanish missionaries tried to eliminate the ancient written literature of
the Filipinos. Because of thedestruction of ancient writings, in their
eagerness to erase the previous cultural records of the Philippines,
only the orally transmitted literature has survived.

The Philippines were named after King Philip II of Spain.

Royal Audiencia

 During the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines they

Centralized and form a government and Divided into two units; The
Central government in which the King entrusted the colony to the
governor-general, who had the highest position in the government.
The Royal Audiencia was the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

The Residencia and the Visitador were the special courts that investigated on
the conduct of the governor-general and other high-ranking Spanish
officials. Local Government (provinces, cities, towns and barrios) The
provinces were divided into two; Alcaldia which recognized Spains
possession over the land. Corregimiento where the people had not
succumbed to its ruling power. Ayuntamiento or the city government was
the center of the society, religion, culture and business. The pueblo was
governed by the gobernadorcillo, the highest position for Filipino politicians
and the Cabeza de Barangay governed the barrios. During the Spanish
regime, there was union of church and state; The governor-general had
power over the church. The friars, on the other hand, played a very
important role in the government. The Archbishop was only the most
powerful in the church. However, it seemed that the church exercised more
power than the government and because of this; the government in the
Philippines was called "Frailocracia," a government controlled by the friars.
Change in the Lives of the Filipino

embraced the Catholic religion 

changed their names and were baptized
housing (stone and brick houses)
transportation/means of travel (carriages and boats)

Challenges to Spanish Authority

 Tondo Conspiracy of 1587–1588 was a plot against Spanish colonial

rule by the Tagalog and Kapampangan noblemen, or datus, of Manila
and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga, in the Philippines. It was
led by Agustín de Legazpi, grandson of conquistador Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi.
 The Tamblot Uprising of 1621, also known as the Tamblot Revolution
or Tamblot Revolt, was led by Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest
from the island of Bohol in the Philippines. It was basically a religious
conflict.Tamblot exhorted his people to return to the faith of their
forefathers and free themselves from Spanish oppression.
 Diego Silang y Andaya (December 16, 1730 – May 28, 1763) was a
revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow
Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent
Ilocano nation. His revolt was fueled by grievances stemming from
Spanish taxation and abuses, and by his belief in self-government,
that the administration and leadership of the Roman Catholic Church
and government in the Ilocos be invested in trained Ilocano officials.
 The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Peace of Paris and the Treaty of
1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great
 Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Britain's
victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
 Tobacco was introduced in the Philippines in the late 16th century
during the era of Spanish colonization when the Augustinians brought
cigar tobacco seeds to the colony for cultivation. In 1686, William
Dampier visited Mindanao and observed that smoking was a
widespread custom. It had also become an article of foreign trade with
the Dutch from Tidore and Ternate buying rice, bees wax and tobacco
from the Spanish colony.
 The connection of Suez Kanal (Canal) to Philippine History is very
important. When it opened in 1869, it paved way for foreign traders to
do business with many countries. Philippines was one of those who
benefited from its operation, not only in terms of business (economy),
but also about way of life. Contact with westerners who came to trade
with Philippines brought-in new ideas, knowledge/education, and other
things.
 Three martyr priests are publicly garroted as alleged leaders of the
Cavite Conspiracy, a movement for secularization and nationalism,
which is distasteful to the Spanish friars. They are Jose Burgos (born
Feb 9, 1837), Mariano Gomez (born Aug 2, 1799) and Jacinto Zamora
(born Aug 14, 1835).

THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONA LISM

The campaign for reforms

The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in

1872 by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino
liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the
organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony,
the Philippines. Its prominent members included Jose Rizal, author of Noli
Me Tangere (novel) and El Filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena, publisher of
La Solidaridad, the movement's principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the
organization's secretary and Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Goals Specifically, the Propagandists aims were:

1.Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales,

2.Spanish parliament;

3.Secularization of the clergy;

4.Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;

5.Creation of a Public school (government funded)public school system

independent of the friars;

6.Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local
products to the government).

7.Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and Freedom of association.

8.Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service;

9.Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain;

10.Secularization of Philippine parishes; Recognition of human rights

References;Teodoro A. Agoncillo, (1990). History of the Filipino People.(8th

Edition) Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Company.Michael R. Irwin,
Philippine Historyhttp://www.livecebu.com/philhistory.htmPhilippine History
(2012), http://www.philippine-history.org/The Spanish Era in the Philippines
(2010),http://history.factoidz.com/the-spanish-era-in-the-
philippines/http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/spanish_col
 onization.htmlPhilippines History
(2008),http://kwentongpinas.wordpress.com/tag/spanish-period-in-the-
philippines/Paul Morrow (2002), Baybayin The Ancient Script of
thePhilippines http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm

Notable Works

Spanish Colonial Period

 Occupied Philippines in early 15th century.

 Changed the Alibata into Roman Alphabet.
 Early printing press was run and monopolized by the Spaniards
friars

Spanish banned the use of Alibata because they believed that it is a work of
evil. So Spanish fully introduced the Spanish literary language using many
Spanish terms.

LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

 SONGS

LERON LERON SINTA

This song depicts humility. A story of a man who tries to show what he got
to win the heart of his beloved one.

SARUMBANGGI
-it is a kundiman which means “one night” or “one evening” in Bicol.

Kundiman is a Filipino love song traditionally sung by a man wooing the

woman of his dreams.

 RELIGIOUS DRAMA

PANUNULUYAN

(Tagalog for "asking for lodgings") is a Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual

narrating the Holy Family's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem.

CENAKULO

This is a dramatic performance of the passion and death of Jesus Christ.

SALUBONG

This one dramatizes the reunion of the risen Christ and his mother.

 DRAMA

“BAKIT BABAE ANG NAGHUHUGAS NG PINGGAN”

“Why Women Wash the Dishes” is a play that depicts a betting game
between couple whom either one would not like to wash the dishes. The play
is filled with humor and antiques.

WRITTEN LITERATURE

 POETRY

FLORANTE AT LAURA

The story is about the love and determination of the Duke Florante and the
Princess Laura of Albania while being pursued by the usurper Count Adolfo.

 SHORT STORIES
CONVICT’S TWILIGHT

The short story revolves around one thing – Freedom. It seeks to define
what freedom is, and what sense it makes to those who are not free; slaved
for the atonement of their sins.

THE FIRST BOOKS

1.Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine)

2.Nuestra Senora del Rosario

3.Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre

4.Ang Barlaan at Josephat

5.The Pasion

6.Urbana at Felisa

7.Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)

Notable Authors

These writers, called ladinos because of their fluency in both Spanish and
Tagalog (Medina, pp. 55-56), published their work, mainly devotional poetry,
in the first decade of the 17th century. Among the earliest writers of note
were:

• Francisco de San Jose

• Francisco Bagongbata (Medina).

• Gaspar Aquino de Belen (Lumbera, p.14). -Mahal Na Pasion ni Jesu

Christo, a Tagalog poem based on Christ’s passion, was published in 1704.
This long poem, original and folksy in its rendition of a humanized, indeed, a
nativized Jesus, is a milestone in the history of Philippine letters. Ironically
— and perhaps just because of its profound influence on the popular
imagination — as artifact it marks the beginning of the end of the old
mythological culture and a conversion to the new paradigm introduced by
the colonial power.

• Jose de la Cruz (1746 – 1829) was the foremost exponent of the

komedya during his time. A poet of prodigious output and urbane style, de la
Cruz marks a turning point in that his elevated diction distinguishes his work
from folk idiom (as for instance, that of Gaspar Aquino de Belen).

• Francisco Baltazar (1788 – 1862), popularly called Balagtas, is the

acknowledged master of traditional Tagalog poetry. Of peasant origins, he
left his hometown in Bigaa, Bulacan for Manila, with a strong determination
to improve his lot through education. To support his studies, he worked as a
domestic servant in Tondo. He steeped himself in classical studies in schools
of prestige in the capital.His narrative poem Florante at Laura written in
sublime Tagalog, is about tyranny in Albanya, but it is also perceived to be
about tyranny in his Filipino homeland (Lumbera).

• Pedro Paterno, a Philippine-bornilustrado (Medina p. 93). The first

Filipino novel was Ninay, written in Spanish. Following the sentimental style
of his first book Sampaguitas (a collection of poems in Spanish), the novel
endeavored to highlight the endearingly unique qualities of Filipinos.

DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA en Lengua Espanola y Tagala

 The Doctrina Christiana was an early book on the Roman Catholic

Catechism, written in 1593 by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed
to be one of the earliest printed books in the Philippines.
 Characteristics:
 o it served as a prayer book, consist of prayers and rules about
faith in christianity
o contains of 87 pages
o it served as a prayer book, consist of prayers and rules about
faith in christianity
o contains of 87 pages
o in the first page of Doctrina Christiana it contains of filipino
alphabet

Contents:

Paters Noster

 ( Lord's Prayer/ Our Father) ama namin

Dios Te Salve Maria

 (Ave Maria)

Lucas 1:28

 The Hail Mary, also commonly called the Ave Maria

Credo

 A credo is a statement of religious belief, such as the Apostles' Creed

Salve Regina ( Haily Holy Queen)

 The Salve Regina , also known as the Hail Holy Queen, is a Marian
hymn and one of four Marian antiphons sung at different seasons
within the Christian liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church.

Ten Commandments
  Also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical laws relating to
ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam.

1. You shall have no other gods before me.

2. You shall not make idols.

3. You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

5. Honour your father and your mother.

6. You shall not murder.

7. You shall not commit adultery.

8. You shall not steal.

9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.

10. You shall not covet.

Limang Utos ng Iglesia

1. Makinig sa buong misa

2. Mag-ayuno

3. Magkumpisal kahit isa sa isang taon

4. Mag-abuloy ayon sa kakayahan

5. Huwag magpakasal na labag sa utos ng Iglesia

Seven Deadly Sins

1. Kalalian (pride)
2. karamutan (Greed)

3. Kalibugan (Lust)

4. Kagalitan (Wrath)

5. KAyamuan sa pagkain at pag inom (Gluttony)

6. Kapanghilian (Envy)

7. Katamaran (Sloth)

Labing-apat na Pagkakawanggawa

1. Dalawin ang mahirap at may sakit

2. Pakainin ang nagugutom

3. Painumin ang nauuhaw

4. Damitan ang walang damit

5. Tubusin ang nabihag

6. Patuluyin ang walang tutuluyan

7. Ibaon ang namatay

8. Aralan ang walang alam

9. Aralan ang napaaral

10. Pagdalitain ang nagkasala

11. Patawarin ang kasalanan ng

nagkasala

12. Huwag isaloob ang pagmumura ng ibang tao

13. Aliwin ang malungkot

14. Ipanalangin sa Diyos kapwa ang nabubuhay at namatay

Other Informations:

 Apart from the copy in the Library of Congress in Washington, DC,

there are no other known copies in existence today. Both the quality of the
paper, age, natural agents and disasters such as earthquakes and fires all
contributed to the disappearance of most printed copies. The only known
existing copies of early Philippine books are those sent to Europe during the
16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, which may lie uncatalogued in some library.

Andres Bonifacio

 He was a Filipino nationalist and a revolutionary.

 He is often called the “father of the Philippine revolution.”
 He was a founder and later Supremo ("supreme leader") of the
Katipunan movement which sought the independence of the
Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine
Revolution.
 His works includes “Katapusang Hibik Ng Pilipinas (The Last
Appeal of the Philippines)” “Pag-ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa”
“Huling Paalam” by Dr. Jose Rizal (translation of Mi Ultimo Adios
by Gat Andres Bonifacio) and “The Decalogue” a ten-point
addressed to “sons of the country” and how they should behave.

Katapusang Hikbi ng Pilipinas

 The first and the second stanza of the poem states that for 300 years
the Philippines experienced suffering and poverty from it’s supposed to
be mother country. The Philippines is united and they are no longer
 considering Spain as their mother country.

 The third stanza states that when the Philippines is pleading to its
mother country (Spain) it offers nothing but suffering.
 The fourth and the fifth stanza depicts what the Filipinos experienced
from Spain. The Filipinos were tortured with electric wires and hung
like animals. This is what the Spaniards did to the Filipinos during the
colonial period. They are being kicked, boxed and hit with a butt of
gun. In order to eradicate the Filipinos, they are being imprisoned and
thrown in to the sea. The fourth and the fifth stanza is also questioning
the Spain if that is how the Spain shows its love to the Philippines.
 The sixth and the seventh stanza is stating that the Philippines is
almost dead or the Philippines is weak but the Spain still doesn’t stop
from punishing it. Instead of offering comfort to the Philippines, the
Spain gave suffering and a new set of rules.
 The eight and the ninth stanza is about the Spanish priest who are
forcing the Filipinos to pay taxes for their own properties. Filipinos are
being forced to pay taxes because if they will not pay it they will
receive a punishment from the priest.
 The tenth stanza says that there are still many things that makes the
Filipinos suffer but there is no need to state those things because even
if they follow everything the Filipinos are still considered bad.
 The eleventh and twelfth stanza describes the Spain as negligent and a
malevolent mother it is because the Spain neglected its child
Philippines. In this stanzas the author is giving a warning to Spain. The
author is ordering the Spain to prepare the grave because a terrible
storm of blood will flow. It was like a sign that a revolution will
happen.
  In the thirteenth stanza the author called the Spain a traitorous
mother. It is clearly seen in the thirteenth stanza that the author is
reading to die in order to be free from its traitorous mother.
 In the last stanza the Philippines is saying goodbye to its pitiless
mother. A sign that says that the Philippines wanted to be free from
the mother country Spain.

In a nutshell “Katapusang Hikbi ng Pilipinas” is all about the injustice that

happened in the Philippines. The Spain, who is supposed to be the mother
country of the Philippines, was describe as a negligent, malevolent,
traitorous and pitiless mother. Instead of nurturing its child the Spain
tortured the Philippines.

The child endure the sufferings for a long period of time and because
of those sufferings the child is now ready to be free and to say goodbye to
its mother. Because of Spain’s cruelty the Philippines gave a warning in the
end of the poem. They are now ready to die in order to achieve the freedom
that they want.

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

 He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist

whose most
 famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.

My Last Farewell
 1st stanza-he state in here that he is glad to give his life to all Filipino
for freedom even if his life deserves a brighter future.
 2nd stanza- the second stanza states that it doesnt matter who you
are and where you what matter is are you willing to sacrifice your life
in that battle
 3rd stanza- in the third stanza Dr. Jose Rizal said that the freedom
that he adore will be achieved after he die.
 4th stanza- He talked about how he wants our country to be free from
sadness and misery
 5th stanza- He is willing to give his life for his beloved country
 6th stanza-In this stanza Dr. Jose Rizal said that he wants to be
remembered when he die and when our develops.
 7th stanza-in here he said that he wants to see the night without
sadness, wind that will cry over his grave.
 8th stanza- Dr. Jose Rizal wants to hear a prayer in the silent evening
that will make him rest in peace in God's hand.
 9th stanza-in this stanza Dr. Jose Rizal said that we should ask for
God's mercy to the people who are miserable and in deep pain.
 10 stanza- in this stanza Dr. Jose Rizal said that when he die his love
for our country will lives on.
 11th stanza- in this stanza Dr. Jose Rizal state that he still want to be
useful even if he is dead.
 12th sranza- being forgetten doesnt matter to him anymore. He will
always keep his faith as he sing the hymn of our nation
 13th stanza-in this stanza he already bade goodbye to our country to
his family, friends, and the small children.
 14th stanza- "In Death there is rest" means that being set to be
sentenced to death, accepts with all bravery after fighting for the
freedom and he is glad to die in peace.
My Last farewell was the farewell poem of Rizal that originally had no title
and was unsigned. This was believed as Rizal’s last will because he wrote it
on the night before he was executed. Also through this poem, Rizal was
giving his last message to his countrymen. For him, offering his life was the
best way he could show his love for the country. Even he was going to die,
he was not resentful instead he challenged the each of the Filipinos to serve
and love our country. However he was also hopeful that his death would
serve as inspiration to everyone. He encouraged the youth to continue to
dream and fulfil it.