CURSO: REDES ESCALABLES

Unidad 1
Tema 1: DISEÑO LAN

2020
Chapter 1: LAN Design
Scaling Networks 6.0

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
 Chapter 1 - Sections & Objectives

▪ 1.1 Campus Wired LAN Designs

• Explain why it is important to design a scalable hierarchical network.
• Describe hierarchical small business network designs.
• Explain considerations for designing a scalable network.
▪ 1.2 Campus Network Device Selection
• Select network devices based on feature compatibility and network requirements.
• Select the appropriate switch hardware features to support network requirements in small
to medium-sized business networks.
• Describe the types of routers available for small to medium-sized business networks.
• Configure basic settings on a Cisco IOS device.

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Cisco Validated Designs ▪ A company with a small network with
one site and a connection to the
The Need to Scale the Network Internet might grow into an
enterprise with a central location with
numerous remote sites across the
globe.
▪ All enterprise networks must:
• Support the exchange of various types of
network traffic
• Support critical applications
• Support converged network traffic
• Support diverse business needs
• Provide centralized administrative control
▪ The LAN is the networking
infrastructure that provides access to
network resources for end users over
a single floor or a building.

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Cisco Validated Designs
Hierarchical Design Model ▪ The campus wired LAN uses a
hierarchical design model to break the
design up into modular layers.
▪ Breaking the design up into layers allows
each layer to implement specific
functions, which simplifies the network
design for easier deployment and
management.
▪ A hierarchical LAN design includes three
layers as shown in the figure:
• Access layer
• Distribution layer
• Core layer
▪ Some smaller enterprise networks
implement a two-tier hierarchical design
and collapse the core and distribution
layers into one layer.

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Expanding the Network ▪ The network designer must develop a
strategy to enable the network to be
Design for Scalability available and scale easily and effectively.
▪ Use expandable, modular equipment or
clustered devices that can be easily
upgraded to increase capabilities.
▪ Design a hierarchical network to include
modules that can be added, upgraded, and
modified as needed.
▪ Create an IPv4 or IPv6 address strategy
that is hierarchical.
▪ Choose routers or multilayer switches to
limit broadcasts and filter undesirable
traffic from the network.
▪ Implement redundant links between critical
devices and between access and core
layers.

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Expanding the Network ▪ Redundancy is an important part of the
network design for preventing
Planning for Redundancy disruption of network services.
▪ Minimize the possibility of a single point
of failure by recognizing these facts:
• Installing duplicate equipment and providing
failover services for critical devices is
necessary.
• Redundant paths offer alternate physical
paths for data to traverse the network.
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is required with
redundant paths in a switched Ethernet
network to prevent Layer 2 loops.
▪ STP provides a mechanism for disabling
redundant paths in a switched network
until the path is necessary such as when
a failure occurs.

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Expanding the Network
Failure Domains ▪ A well-designed network should
limit the size of failure domains.
▪ A failure domain is the area of a
network that is impacted when a
critical device or network service
experiences problems.
▪ The function of the devices that fail
will determine the impact of the
failure domain.
▪ Use redundant links and reliable
enterprise-class equipment to
minimize the disruption in a
network.
▪ Smaller failure domains reduce the
impact of a failure but also make
troubleshooting easier.

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Expanding the Network
▪ In the hierarchical design model, it is
Failure Domains (Cont.) usually easier to control the size of a
failure domain in the distribution layer.
▪ In the distribution layer, network errors
can be contained to a smaller area which
will impact fewer users.
▪ When using Layer 3 devices at the
distribution layer, every router functions
as a gateway for a limited number of
access layer users.
▪ Switch Block Deployment
• Routers or multilayer switches are usually
deployed in pairs with access layer switches
evenly divided between them.
• Each switch block acts independently of the
others, which reduces the impact of failures.

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Expanding the Network ▪ In a hierarchical network design, some
Increasing Bandwidth links between access and distribution layer
switches may need to process a greater
amount of traffic than other links do.
▪ As multiple links converge into a single link,
it is possible for this link to become a
bottleneck.
▪ EtherChannel is a form of link aggregation
that will allow the network administrator
to increase the amount of bandwidth
between devices by creating one logical
link out of several physical links.
▪ EtherChannel uses existing switch ports.
▪ The EtherChannel configuration takes
advantage of load balancing between links
that are part of the same EtherChannel.

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Expanding the Network
Expanding the Access Layer ▪ Wireless connectivity is an important
aspect of extending access layer
connectivity.
▪ The network must be designed to be
able to expand network access to
individuals and devices, as needed.
▪ Advantages of wireless connectivity
include increased flexibility, reduced
cost, and the ability to adapt to
changing network and business
requirements.
▪ End devices require a wireless NIC
that incorporates a radio
transmitter/receiver, appropriate
software drivers, and also a wireless
access point (AP) to connect to.

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Expanding the Network ▪ Advanced routing protocols, such as OSPF
Fine-tuning Routing Protocols and EIGRP are used in large networks.

▪ Link-state routing protocols such as OSPF

works well for larger hierarchical networks
where fast convergence is important.

▪ Single Area OSPF has one area – Area 0.

▪ Cisco’s proprietary distance vector routing

protocol, called EIGRP, is another popular
routing protocol. It is designed for larger
networks using primarily Cisco routers.

▪ Although the configuring EIGRP is simple,

the underlying features and options of
▪ OSPF supports a two-layer hierarchical design, referred to as
EIGRP are extensive and robust.
multiarea OSPF.

▪ Multiarea OSPF requires an Area 0 (backbone area)

▪ Non-backbone areas must be directly connected to Area 0.

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1.2 Selecting Network
Devices

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
Switch Hardware ▪ Selecting the proper hardware to
Switch Platforms meet the current network
requirements is critical when
designing a network.
▪ There are five categories of switches
for enterprise networks:
• Campus LAN switches
• Cloud-managed switches
• Data center switches
• Service provider switches
• Virtual networking
▪ Various factors to consider when
selecting switches include these:
• Fixed vs. modular configuration
• Stackable vs. nonstackable
• Thickness of the switch (rack units)
▪ The chassis accepts line cards that contain the
ports • Cost, port density, power, reliability

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Switch Hardware
▪ The port density of a switch refers to
Port Density the number of ports on a single switch.
▪ Fixed configuration switches support a
variety of port density configurations:
• Cisco Catalyst 3850 24 port and 48 port
switches (see figure)
• The 48 port switch has an option for four
additional ports for pluggable SFP devices.
▪ The modular Catalyst 6500 switch
shown in the figure can support over
1,000 switch ports.
▪ Modular switches are usually more
appropriate in large networks in order
to reduce space and power issues.

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Switch Hardware
▪ Entry-level switches have lower
Forwarding Rates forwarding rates than enterprise-
level switches.
▪ Forwarding Rates are an
important factor when selecting a
switch because if the rate is too
low, it will not be able to support
full wire-speed communication
across all of its switch ports.
▪ Access layer switches typically do
not need to operate at full wire
speed because they are physically
limited by their uplinks to the
distribution layer.

▪ Switch product lines are classified by forwarding rates.

▪ Higher performing switches are
needed at the distribution and
▪ Forwarding rates define the processing capabilities of a core layers.
switch by rating how much data the switch can process
per second.

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Switch Hardware ▪ PoE allows the switch to deliver power
to a device over the existing Ethernet
Power over Ethernet cabling.
▪ This eliminates the need for a power
cable to the networked device such an
IP phone or wireless access point.
▪ PoE allows more flexibility when
installing wireless access points and IP
phones by allowing them to be installed
anywhere that there is an Ethernet
cable.
▪ The Cisco Catalyst 2960-C and 3560-C
Series compact switches support PoE
pass-through.
▪ PoE pass-through devices can power
PoE devices as well as the switch itself
by drawing power from certain
upstream switches.

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Switch Hardware
▪ Multilayer switches are typically
Multilayer Switching deployed in the core and distribution
layer.
▪ Multilayer switches can do the
following:
• Build a routing table and support routing
protocols
• Forward IP packets at a rate close to that of
Layer 2 forwarding
▪ Multilayer switches often support
specialized hardware called application-
specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
▪ ASICs along with dedicated software can
streamline the forwarding of IP packets
independent of the CPU.
▪ There is a trend in networking toward a
pure Layer 3 switched environment.

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Router Hardware
Router Requirements ▪ Routing is required within the
distribution layer of an enterprise
network. Without routing, packets
could not leave the local network.
▪ Routers are critical networking
devices because they are
responsible for:
• Connecting businesses and homes to
the Internet
• Interconnecting multiple sites within
an enterprise network
• Connecting ISPs on the Internet
• Translating between different media
types and protocols
• Finding alternate paths if a link or path
goes down

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Router Hardware
Router Requirements (Cont.)
▪ Routers also serve other
important functions:
• Provide broadcast containment by
limiting broadcasts to the local
network
• Group users logically by application
or department
• Provide enhanced security through
the use of access control lists in
order to filter unwanted traffic.
• Interconnect geographically
separated locations.

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Router Hardware
▪ Selecting the proper router or routers
Cisco Routers is an important task for the network
administrator in order to
accommodate a growing network.
There are three categories of routers:
• Branch routers – Branch routers optimize
branch services on a single platform while
delivering an optimal application
experience across branch and WAN
infrastructures.
• Network edge routers – Network edge
routers enable the network edge to deliver
high-performance, highly secure, and
reliable services that unite campus, data
center, and branch networks.
• Service provider routers – Service provider
routers differentiate the service portfolio
and increase revenues by delivering end-to-
end scalable solutions and subscriber-
aware services.

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Router Hardware
▪ Routers come in many forms:
Router Hardware
• They range in size from a small
desktop router to a rack-
mounted or blade model router.
• They can be categorized as fixed
configuration or modular.
• They come with a variety of
interfaces such as Fast Ethernet,
Gigabit Ethernet, Serial, and fiber-
optic.
▪ As an example, the Cisco 1941
router comes with two Gigabit
Ethernet RJ-45 interfaces
built-in and two slots that can
accommodate many different
network interface modules.

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Managing Devices
Managing IOS Files and Licensing
▪ When selecting or upgrading a Cisco
IOS device, it is important to choose
the proper IOS image with the correct
feature set and version.
▪ IOS refers to the package of routing,
switching, security, and other
internetworking technologies
integrated into a single multitasking
operating system.
▪ When a new device is shipped, it
comes preinstalled with the software
image and corresponding permanent
licenses for the customer-specified
▪ For routers beginning with Cisco IOS Software release packages and features.
15.0, Cisco modified the process to enable new
technologies within the IOS feature sets.

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Managing Devices
In-band versus Out-of-band Management
▪ There are two methods for
connecting a PC to a network
device for configuration and
monitoring tasks:
• Out-of-band management through the
use of the console or AUX port is used
for the initial configuration or when a
network connection is not available.
• In-band management is used to
configure or monitor the device
remotely through a network
connection using either SSH or HTTPs.
• A reachable and operational network
interface is required.
• For security reasons, the use of Telnet and
HTTP are not recommended.

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Managing Devices
Basic Router CLI Commands
▪ As shown in the figure to the
left, a basic router configuration
includes as follows:
• Hostname for identification
• Passwords for security
• Assignment of IP addresses to
interfaces for connectivity
• Basic routing
▪ Verify and save configuration
changes with the copy running-
config startup-config command
▪ To clear the router configuration,
use the erase startup-config and
reload commands.

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Managing Devices
Basic Router Show Commands
▪ The following are some of the most
common show commands:
▪ Routing Related:
• show ip protocols –Displays information
about the routing protocols configured
• show ip route – Displays detailed routing
table information including routing codes,
known networks, administrative distance
and metrics, how routes were learned,
next hop, static routes, and default routes
▪ Interface Related:
• show interfaces – Displays interfaces with
line status, bandwidth, delay, reliability,
encapsulation, duplex, and I/O statistics

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Managing Devices
Basic Router Show Commands (Cont.)
• show ip interfaces – Displays interface
information including protocol status, IPv4
address, if a helper address is configured,
and whether an ACL is enabled on the
interface
• show ip interface brief –Displays all
interfaces with IPv4 addressing
information and interface and line
protocol status
• show protocols – Displays information
about the routed protocol that is enabled,
and the protocol status of the interfaces
▪ Other connectivity related commands include show cdp
neighbors. This command displays information on
directly connected Cisco devices including Device ID, the
local interface the device is connected to, capability, the
platform, and Port ID of the remote device. The details
option provides the IP address.

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Managing Devices
Basic Switch CLI Commands ▪ Basic switch configuration includes
these:
• Hostname for identification
• Passwords for security
• Assignment of IP addresses for
connectivity. In band-access requires
the switch to have an IP address.
▪ See the figure on the left for the
commands used to enable and
configure the switch.
▪ Use the copy running-config
startup-config command to verify
and save the switch configuration.
▪ Use the erase startup-config and
reload commands to clear the
switch configuration.

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Managing Devices
Basic Switch Show Commands
▪ Switches make use of common IOS commands for
configuration, to check for connectivity, and to display
current switch status. Here are some very useful
commands:
• show port-security – Displays any ports with security
activated. Include the interface ID to examine a specific
interface.
• show port-security address – Displays all secure MAC
addresses configured on all switch interfaces.
• show interfaces – Displays one or all interfaces with line
protocol status, bandwidth, delay, reliability, encapsulation,
duplex, and I/O statistics.
• show mac-address-table – Displays all MAC addresses that the
switch has learned, how they were learned, port number, and
the VLAN assigned to the port.
▪ Cisco switches also support the show cdp neighbors
command.

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