PHYSICAL REVIEW C 86, 044334 (2012)

Examination of different strengths of octupole correlations in neutron-rich Pr and Pm isotopes

Gabriela Thiamova,1 Petr Alexa,2 Z. Hons,3 and G. S. Simpson1
(LEA NuAG Collaboration)
1
LPSC, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble,
F-38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
2
Institute of Physics and Institute of Clean Technologies, VŠB–Technical University of Ostrava,
17. listopadu 15, CZ-708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic
3
Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Nuclear Physics Institute, CZ-25068 Rez near Prague, Czech Republic
(Received 16 August 2012; published 31 October 2012)

Recent prompt γ -ray spectroscopy studies of 149,151 Pr have revealed weak octupole correlations. These are
manifested by the absence of strong intraband E1 transitions between bands of opposite parities. On the other
hand, in their isotones 151,153 Pm, which have only two additional protons, the E1 transition rates are several orders
of magnitude stronger, indicating enhanced octupole correlations. The quasiparticle phonon model combined
with the particle-rotor model, which allows octupole correlations and Coriolis mixing to be taken into account,
has been applied to calculate the E1 transition rates between low-lying states of the nuclei 149,151 Pr and 151,153 Pm.
The dependence of the E1 rates on the magnitude of the quadrupole deformation, the magnitude and sign
of the hexadecapole deformation parameter, the Coriolis and recoil attenuation parameters, the energies of
the vibrational bandheads, and the parameters of the Nilsson Hamiltonian have been thoroughly investigated.
From this investigation an overall conclusion can be drawn that, even if the intrinsic quasiparticle structure
of the bandheads and the octupole correlations vary as the parameters of the model are changed, the octupole
correlations in the odd Pr isotopes are much weaker than those in the odd Pm isotopes. Moreover, the experimental
E1 transition rates can be satisfactorily described with the values of the quadrupole and hexadecapole deformation
parameters expected in this region. In the case of 151 Pr, two possible dominant configurations have been assigned
to the 35.1-keV isomeric state, namely, the 3/2[422] and 1/2[420] orbitals. Our calculations show that the first
assignment provides an E1 value closer to the experimental observations.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.86.044334 PACS number(s): 21.10.Re, 21.60.Ev, 23.20.Lv, 27.70.+q

I. INTRODUCTION and the existence of parity-doublet bands, both characteristic

features of a reflection-asymmetric mean-field, suggest the
The existence of strong octupole correlations in a region
presence of strong octupole correlations [4]. The theoretical
of neutron-rich, rare-earth nuclei centered at 145 Ba is a well-
calculations of Nosek et al. [5], using the quasiparticle phonon
known phenomenon predicted theoretically and supported
model (QPM) [6], have revealed octupole correlations between
by experimental results [1–3]. However, despite numerous higher-lying opposite parity K = 1/2 states, thus confirming
investigations our understanding of the appearance of octupole the suggested parity-doublet interpretation for these bands.
correlations and their dependence on, for example, increasing Octupole correlations between the yrast K = +5/2 and −5/2
neutron number and quadrupole deformation, is still far from bands and other higher-lying bands have been found to be
satisfactory. The strongest octupole correlations act between negligible. Fast E1 transition rates have also been observed
a pair of Nilsson orbitals (N , l, j ) and (N − 1, l − 3, j − 3) in 153 Pm. This indicates that the region of possible octupole
lying close to the Fermi surface. Experimentally they can be correlations extends to at least N = 92 in the lanthanide nuclei.
signaled by fast E1 transition rates that connect the so-called Often the interpretations of octupole correlations in nuclei
parity-doublet bands of odd-A nuclei. These bands are nearly have been based primarily on empirical features, such as a
degenerate in the case of a permanent octupole deformation. small parity-doublet splitting or accelerated E1 transitions.
Typically, it is expected that collective properties of nuclei Such interpretations may however be misleading, because the
should change smoothly as a function of neutron and proton energy degeneracy of specific opposite-parity orbitals may
numbers. What is quite surprising here is that the octupole be accidental [7] and a high E3 transition probability is
correlations that are basically nonexistent in the odd Pr needed to unambiguously confirm the existence of octupole
isotopes suddenly appear in the neighboring odd Pm isotopes, correlations. The importance of parity-doublet splitting in
which are further away from 145 Ba, the nucleus where the odd-A nuclei as a useful signature of octupole correlations
octupole generating orbits lie at the Fermi surface and where has also been questioned by Leander and Sheline [8]. In fact,
octupole correlations are predicted to be strongest. This fact Butler and Nazarewicz [9] have shown that E1 enhancement
points to the complex nature of the octupole correlations that can be fully explained by the shell-correction term only. In
depend in a very sensitive way on the detailed microscopic particular, in octupole-soft nuclei coherent contributions of
structure of the nuclei. shell corrections of protons and neutrons may give rise to
What renders the problem even more intriguing is that in enhanced E1 transition rates.
151
Pm enhanced E1 transitions of the order of 10−3 W.u.

0556-2813/2012/86(4)/044334(5) 044334-1 ©2012 American Physical Society

THIAMOVA, ALEXA, HONS, AND SIMPSON PHYSICAL REVIEW C 86, 044334 (2012)

Another interesting discussion concerns the existence of a where J is the moment of inertia with respect to the rotation
possible static intrinsic reflection asymmetry in the Z ∼ 62, axis and Iˆi and jˆi are components of the total and intrinsic
N ∼ 90 region, suggested in Refs. [10–12]. However, several angular momentum, respectively. The second term on the right-
theoretical investigations including that of Ref. [13], where hand side is the recoil term and the last term represents the
a Woods-Saxon potential and Coriolis mixing have been Coriolis interaction; χrec and χcor are the recoil and Coriolis
used, did not reveal the existence of a stable odd-multipole attenuation factors, respectively.
deformation. In fact, they have shown that many properties The intrinsic Hamiltonian can be written as
thought to indicate stable octupole deformation such as
decoupling parameters, magnetic moments, and parity-doublet Hint = HAV + HPair + HMult , (3)
splittings could be reproduced when assuming β3 = 0 in their where HAV is the axially symmetric quadrupole- and
calculations. hexadecapole-deformed average mean-field (Nilsson),
In view of the abovementioned arguments it is obvious that a
theoretical investigation of octupole correlations requires the HPair = −τ =p,n Gτ Pτ+ Pτ (4)
application of models that include quadrupole and octupole is the short-range monopole pairing interaction, and
collectivity on an equal footing as done in the QPM + particle-
+
rotor model (PRM). Although this semi-microscopic approach HMult = − 12 τ =p,n λ,μ κλ,μ
τ
Qτλ,μ (r̂)Qτλ,μ (r̂) (5)
has been quite successful in describing the interplay of single-
particle and collective motion in nuclei, more microscopic represents the long-range separable quadrupole-quadrupole
approaches have been adopted recently to describe particle- interaction (λ = 2) and the octupole-octupole interaction
phonon coupled states. One of them is based on relativistic (λ = 3). For the spherical mean-field one can use the fol-
mean-field models extended by a microscopic theory of lowing formula to estimate the isoscalar multipole-multipole
particle-vibration coupling (PVC) [14,15]. The PVC approach interaction strength [26]:
using consistently the Skyrme effective interaction has been 4π Mω02
employed in Ref. [16] to study the effect of PVC on single- κλ = , (6)
2λ + 1 Ar 2λ−2 
particle states. Here the single-particle states are obtained by
solving the Hartree-Fock equations in coordinate space with where r 2λ−2  is the single-particle expectation value of
a Skyrme-type interaction and the vibrations are calculated r 2λ−2 in the Hartree-Fock (HF) ground state. This expression
within a fully self-consistent random-phase approximation was obtained from the requirement that during vibration the
(RPA) [17,18]. An example of a successful application of this equipotential surface of the single-particle potential takes the
model is a description of particle-vibration-coupled states in same shape as the surface of a constant density. This is
47
Ca and 49 Ca [19]. just a rough approximation and a correct way of treating
When focusing on the octupole correlations in particular, the harmonic oscillatorlike (Nilsson) mean-field is to work
many different models have been employed. A significant with “double-stretched” coordinates [27,28]. In practical cal-
stabilization of octupole-deformation effects in various nuclear culations with deformed nuclei the strength constants should
mass regions has been predicted by calculations based on explicitly depend on μ (the projection of λ on the symmetry
the shell-correction approach with folded-Yukawa deformed axis) and should be fixed by the requirement to obtain a good
potentials [20,21], as well as by calculations based on Woods- agreement of the energies of the lowest RPA solutions with
Saxon potentials with various models for the microscopic and the corresponding experimental phonon energies in even-even
macroscopic terms [22,23]. Recently, a generator coordinate nuclei [6,29].
method with quadrupole and octupole multipole moments In the QPM first the BCS transformation from nucleon
and using the Gogny energy-density functional with different to quasiparticle operators is performed and then phonon
parametrizations has been adopted to study quadrupole- operators are constructed as linear superpositions of pairs
octupole coupling in Sm and Gd isotopes [24]. of quasiparticle operators. The phonon energies and wave
functions are obtained by solving the standard RPA equations.
II. HAMILTONIAN AND SOLUTION METHOD Taking into account the coupling between the odd nucleon
and the vibrating even-even core results in an intrinsic wave
In the QPM + PRM the total Hamiltonian is written as function that contains quasiparticle and quasiparticle-phonon
components. In the last step the matrix of the total Hamiltonian
H = Hint + Hrot , (1)
H = Hint + Hrot is constructed and diagonalized in the basis
where Hint is the intrinsic Hamiltonian for the odd particle of the symmetrized wave functions |I MKρ in the laboratory
and Hrot is the rotational Hamiltonian [25], which contains the system, where ρ characterizes the intrinsic states. A more
Coriolis interaction responsible for the coupling of intrinsic detailed description of the method can be found, for example,
and rotational degrees of freedom, in Refs. [6,25,30,31].
The Nilsson-potential parameters used in our calculations
h̄2 ˆ h̄2  ˆ2 ˆ2  are those recommended in Soloviev’s monograph [6]. Initial
Hrot = i=1,2 (Ii − jˆi )2 = I − I3
2J 2J i values of the quadrupole- and hexadecapole-deformation
h̄2 h̄2 parameters and of the ground-state pairing gaps are taken
+ χrec (jˆ+ jˆ− + jˆ− jˆ+ ) − χcor (Iˆ+ jˆ− + Iˆ− jˆ+ ), from the finite-range liquid-drop model plus shell-correction
4J 2J
(2) method calculations [32]. Experimental energies of the

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EXAMINATION OF DIFFERENT STRENGTHS OF . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW C 86, 044334 (2012)

TABLE I. Experimental energies Eλμ of the vibrational band- spacing is reduced to 210 keV and the E1 transition rate is
heads of the even-even cores in keV. In cases where the experimental 8.2 × 10−6 W.u. The structure of the resulting states in this
energies are not known, estimated values denoted by “est” have been calculation are denoted by a star in Table III. In this second
used. See the text for more details on those estimates. case the quasiparticle-phonon structure of the ground state
has changed substantially, in comparison with the previous
Even-even core E20 E22 E30 E31 E32 E33 case, while the structure of the isomeric state remains almost
148
Ce 770 989 760 2002est 1996est 2103est the same but, similarly to the previous case, no significant
150
Ce 985est 607est 1300est 1548est 1843est 1724est octupole correlations are observed between the two states.
150
Nd 675 1062 853 1284 1350est 1450est The nucleus 151 Pr has a 150 Ce even-even core whose
152
Nd 1139 900est 1149 1400est 1541 1827 vibrational bandheads are unknown. The energies of these
bandheads, shown in Table II, have been determined from
their corresponding coupling constants κλμ . The values of κλμ ,
quadrupole and octupole one-phonon states in the even-even κ20 = 1.7 × 10−3 MeV fm−4 , κ22 = 2.04 × 10−3 MeV fm−4 ,
cores are used to deduce the strengths of the multipole- κ30 = 2.87 × 10−5 MeV fm−6 , κ31 = 2.8 × 10−5 MeV fm−6 ,
multipole interactions κλμ , where no distinction is made κ32 = 3.5 × 10−5 MeV fm−6 , and κ33 = 5 × 10−5 MeV fm−6 ,
between interaction strengths for protons and neutrons. The pa- adopted to determine the energy of the vibrational band-
rameters used in our calculations are shown in Tables I and II. heads, are extrapolated from the systematic behavior of these
constants in the neighboring nuclei 146,148,150 Ce. The energy
III. RESULTS
E30 = 1300 keV adopted in the calculation has been obtained
by varying the original estimated value of 1062 keV.
The even-even core of the nucleus 149 Pr is 148 Ce which The dominant ground-state configuration is assumed to
possesses well-known vibrational bandheads, shown in Table I. be 3/2[541], originating from the π h11/2 spherical state, and
Energies of the unknown bandheads of the K = 1, 2, and the 35.1-keV isomeric state is interpreted as either 3/2[422],
3 octupole vibrational modes estimated from the double- originating from the πg7/2 spherical state, or 1/2[420], with
stretched coordinate approach [27,28] are also shown in π d5/2 parentage. These two interpretations of the isomeric
Table I. The interaction strength parameter κ30 = 2.88 × state arise from the quasiparticle-rotor model (QPRM) calcu-
10−5 MeV fm−6 has been computed from the known vibra- lations [34]. Even though the calculated half-lives obtained
tional bandhead energy E30 . The calculated value of the E1 within the QPRM pointed out that the 3/2[422] orbital was a
transition rate from the J π = 7/2− , 58.1-keV isomer belong- likely dominant configuration of the isomeric state, a 1/2[420]
ing to the band built on the 1/2[550] orbital with a π h11/2 assignment could not be completely ruled out. Our calculations
spherical origin to the ground state J π = 5/2+ (5/2[413]) with confirm that the 3/2[422] assignment indeed provides a much
a πg7/2 parentage is 1.5 × 10−5 W.u. while the experimental better description of the experimental situation. For a 3/2[422]
value is 2.6 × 10−5 W.u. [33]. In this case a forbidden, dominant configuration of the isomeric state, the calculated E1
K = 2, E1 transition can only occur because of the Coriolis transition rate to the ground state is 8.3 × 10−7 W.u. with the
admixtures in the 1/2[550] and 5/2[413] bands. These are correct order of the states reproduced and an energy spacing
mostly due to a 43% admixture of 3/2[422] configuration of 29 keV. The experimental value is 6.3 × 10−8 W.u. [34].
in the 5/2+ (5/2[413]) state [which itself contains a 0.3% It is seen from the structure of the two states (Table III) that
admixture of 3/2[541] + Q30 )] and due to a 10% admixture no significant octupole correlations occur between these states
of 3/2[541] in the J π = 7/2− (1/2[550]) state, as shown in (it is mainly due to a small, 0.87% admixture of the octupole
Table III. It should be noted, however, that in this calculation component 3/2[411] + Q30 in the 3/2[541] ground state). The
the ground state lies above the isomeric state with an energy alternative interpretation of the isomeric state as possessing a
spacing of 410 keV. A better compromise can be obtained 1/2[420] configuration, with all the parameters of the model
with a parameter set denoted in Table II by a star, which has a fixed, yields a much larger E1 transition rate from the isomeric
substantially smaller absolute value of the parameter 4 . The state to the ground state of 5.4 × 10−5 W.u. and the states are
ground state still lies above the isomeric state but the energy inverted with an energy spacing of 136 keV.
The nucleus 150 Nd, which is the even-even core of 151 Pm,
TABLE II. Quadrupole and hexadecapole deformation parame- possesses well-known vibrational bands, listed in Table I. The
ters 2 and 4 , respectively; proton and neutron pairing gaps p and ground state of 151 Pm has spin 5/2+ , with a dominant 5/2[413]
n (in keV), respectively; and Coriolis and recoil attenuation factors configuration, and together with the low-lying 5/2[532]
χcor and χrec , respectively. bandhead forms a parity doublet. These states have πg7/2 and
π h11/2 parentage, respectively. The E1 transition rate between
Nucleus 2 4 p n χcor χrec these states is calculated to be 1.2 × 10−3 W.u. This agrees well
with the experimental value of 1.4 × 10−3 W.u. [4]. The sign of
149
Pr 0.2 −0.043 1152 920 0.60 1.0
the hexadecapole deformation turns out to be important in the
149
Pr(*) 0.19 −0.003 1152 920 0.60 1.0
151
Pr 0.25 −0.10 1152 888 0.85 0.6
calculations; strong octupole correlations are only compatible
151
Pm 0.235 −0.09 1150 959 0.60 1.0 with negative values of 4 . For positive values of 4 they are
153
Pm 0.236 −0.03 1119 922 0.50 1.0 strongly reduced or even missing. The energy spacing obtained
153
Pm(*) 0.33 −0.12 1119 922 0.60 0.5 is 218 keV, which agrees well with the experimental value of
117 keV. The structure of the states is shown in Table III. It is

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THIAMOVA, ALEXA, HONS, AND SIMPSON PHYSICAL REVIEW C 86, 044334 (2012)

TABLE III. Structure of the low-lying intrinsic states. In the case of 151 Pr the structure obtained for the interpretation of the isomeric state
as 3/2[422] is shown. Quasiparticle admixtures and quasiparticle-phonon components (only octupole phonons) with probabilities larger than
1% are shown.

Nucleus State K[N nz ] Structure

149
Pr 5/2[413](g.s.) 49%5/2[413] + 43%3/2[422] + 2%5/2[532]Q30
J = 7/2, 1/2[550](isomer) 81%1/2[550] + 10%3/2[541] + 1%1/2[420]Q30
149
Pr(*) 5/2[413](g.s.) 58%5/2[413] + 21%3/2[411] + 10%1/2[420] + 2%3/2[422] + 1%5/2[532]Q30
J = 7/2, 1/2[550](isomer) 77%1/2[550] + 13%3/2[541]
151
Pr 3/2[541](g.s.) 80%3/2[541] + 13%1/2[550]
3/2[422](isomer) 78%3/2[422] + 3%3/2[411]
151
Pm 5/2[413](g.s.) 72%5/2[413] + 11%5/2[402] + 3%1/2[420] + 5%5/2[532]Q30 + 2%11/2[505]Q33
5/2[532] (isomer) 84%5/2[532] + 2%3/2[541] + 4%3/2[411]Q31 + 2%5/2[413]Q30 + 2%5/2[402]Q30
153
Pm 5/2[532](g.s.) 90%5/2[532] + 3%3/2[541] + 2%3/2[411]Q31
5/2[413](isomer) 85%5/2[413] + 10%3/2[411]
153
Pm(*) 5/2[532](g.s.) 63%5/2[532] + 24%3/2[550] + 4%3/2[411]Q31 + 1%5/2[413]Q30
5/2[413](isomer) 88%5/2[413] + 1%5/2[532]Q30

clear that several components of the 5/2+ ground state and the neutron-rich odd-A Pr and Pm isotopes. Generally, the E1
5/2−1 state can contribute to the octupole correlations between transition rates are influenced by the deformation parameters
these two levels. 2 and 4 and the octupole-octupole interaction strengths
The nucleus 152 Nd, the even-even core of 153 Pm, also parameters κ30 and κ31 (or alternatively, the corresponding
possesses well-known vibrational bands, shown in Table I. The vibrational bandhead energies E30 and E31 ). General trends
two lowest-lying states in 153 Pm are the same as those listed are well reproduced with the parameters that are close enough
above for 151 Pm with the same dominant configurations, and to their standard values taken from the finite-range liquid-drop
they form a parity doublet; however, the 5/2− level is now the model plus shell-correction method calculations [32]. It is
ground state. The calculated E1 transition rate between these interesting to note that in the structure of the odd-A Pr isotopes
states is 8.1 × 10−4 W.u., which agrees well with the measured only K = 0 octupole admixtures are important, whereas in
one of 2.9 × 10−3 W.u. [35]. The intrinsic vibrational structure the odd Pm isotopes K = 0, 1, and 3 octupole admixtures
differs from that of the nucleus 151 Pm; the probabilities play a role. A detailed analysis of the results has revealed
of the 5/2[532] + Q30 and 5/2[413] + Q30 admixtures are that for a correct description of the weak E1 transitions
only about 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively, and the dominant the Coriolis admixtures in the ground and isomeric states
octupole admixture in the 5/2[532] state is 3/2[411] + Q31 . of the 149,151 Pr play a decisive role. In 149 Pr they enable
At the same time the 3/2[411] configuration originating from the K = 2 forbidden E1 transition to occur and in 151 Pr
the π d5/2 spherical state constitutes the dominant quasiparticle they reduce the E1 transition rate by a factor of 23. A
admixture in the 5/2[413] state. In this case, however, the complete suppression of the already weak octupole phonon
correct order of the levels is not reproduced and the energy contributions leads to a decrease of the E1 transition rate
spacing is about 360 keV. To improve the energy spacing a by only a factor of 2 to 5. On the other hand, the strong
much larger value of the parameter 2 is needed (note that in E1 transitions in 151,153 Pm isotopes are mostly due to the
Ref. [36] 2 = 0.306 was used to reproduce the spectrum of the octupole phonon contributions. In 151 Pm the ground-state
even-even core, 152 Nd). We have adopted a value of 2 = 0.33. configuration 5/2[413] contains an important admixture of
To fit simultaneously the E1 transition rate the parameters the 5/2[402] state originating from the π d5/2 spherical orbital.
denoted by a star in Table II have been adopted. In this second Thus the octupole correlation between the π h11/2 orbital and
calculation the estimated value of E31 = 1400 keV has also the π d5/2 orbital plays an important role, as expected. In
153
been changed to 1250 keV. The structure of the states obtained Pm the octupole phonon contribution increases the E1
in this case is also denoted by a star in Table III. The order of transition rate by a factor of 35; in the second case the octupole
the levels is correctly reproduced with a splitting of 15 keV phonon contributions together with the Coriolis admixtures
and the E1 transition rate is 7.0 × 10−4 W.u. Interestingly, lead to an overall increase of the E1 transition by a factor of
the main octupole correlation is due to the K = 0 octupole 133.
correlation, whereas in the previous case the K = 1 octupole
correlation dominated.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IV. CONCLUSIONS
This paper was created in the project “Institute of Clean
In conclusion, the QPM + PRM is capable of describing Technologies for Mining and Utilization of Raw Materials for
the experimentally determined E1 transition rates in the Energy Use,” Reg. No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0082, supported by

044334-4
EXAMINATION OF DIFFERENT STRENGTHS OF . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW C 86, 044334 (2012)

the Research and Development for Innovations Operational Republic. G.T. acknowledges the financial support of the
Program financed by the Structural Funds of the European Czech Academy of Sciences and the French-Czech LEA
Union and by means of the state budget of the Czech NuAG Collaboration.

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