Introduction Lat

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GEO. T. HAKTSHOEN,
No -
/
v.n \ --
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
LATIN COMPOSITION.
Br
WILLIAM F. ALLEN, A.M., \

PBOFESSOB OF LATiN AND HiSTOBT i» THE UNiVEBSiTY OF WiSCONSiN;
SiXTH EDiTiON.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN BROTHERS.
1874.
THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
793479 A
TifnTOR. LENOX AND
TiLDMi
" FOUNDATIONS
laao l.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by

WiLLiAM F. ALLEN,
In th3 Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
CAMBRiDGE !
PRESS OP JOHN WiLSON AND SON.
NOTE.
These exercises are primarily designed as a training in Latin Syntax.

It is taken for granted that the pupil has gone thoroughly through the
Latin Lessons, or some other method of equal scope. No pains are
taken, therefore, to illustrate the common rules of agreement and
government. On the other hand, I have not aimed to introduce rare
constructions and mere idiomatic expressions. It has seemed to me
that the regular principles of prose construction should be the only
object of attention at this stage of advancement ; and that the rarer
idioms will be acquired with little effort by those who follow out an
extended course of Latin reading.
Nearly all the sentences in the Written Exercises are taken, without
change, from classic authors. These sentences are translated as liter
ally as practicable ; still, it has been impossible to avoid a considerable
variety of expression, so that the Vocabulary will be found to contain
quite a wide range of words and meanings, considering the whole num
ber of sentences. I have thought it best not to provide special
vocabularies for the several Lessons, nor many explanatory notes : it
has been my desire to have the student acquire the habit of referring
to grammar and vocabulary for general principles in the choice of
words and constructions, rather than depend upon special directions
in each case. It may be mentioned here, that in quotations from
classic authors, the names of Caesar and Cicero, from whom the great
majority of examples are taken, are not given, but only the name of
the work : as, B. G., Gallic War ; Cat., Oration against Catiline.
It is believed that these exercises can be taken up by any scholar
who has gone thoroughly through the Latin Lessons. Still, except in
the case of mature or unusually capable pupils, I should advise that
some time should first be devoted to mere translation. The familiarity
^fe with vocabulary and constructions thus acquired will be the best
preparation for writing. If the Latin Reader is used, I should let a
class go through the extracts from Caesar, or even those from Curtius
1^. or Nepos, as rapidly as is consistent with accuracy, and with very
O little patting. Then I should take up parsing again, and introduce
the writing of exercises. However, all such rules must vary with
different classes and teachers.
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin, June, 1870.
GENEKAL DIRECTIONS.
In these Lessons, constant reference has been made to the sec

tions of the Manual Latin Grammar ; and it is desired not only
that the rules be learned, but that the examples given in the
Grammar, and also in the Lessons, should be committed to mem
ory and carefully analyzed. This will be found a great help in
doing the exercises.
In using the Vocabulary, it will be noticed that the most general
meaning comes first, and the distinctions in meaning of the words
that follow are given with special reference to their use in these
exercises. Therefore, where a list of several words is given, the
student should compare these definitions, in order to determine
which will best suit the case in hand ; if there appears to be no
essential difference, it will be safest to take the first.
Study the rules of arrangement in § 76 ; remembering that, in
most cases, no particular order is essential, but that the same
words may be variously arranged, according to the emphasis
desired. Notice, too, that the Latin will often follow the succes
sion of thought in the mind of the writer, without the precise
logical arrangement of English.
NOTE TO FIFTH EDITION.
In this edition, the References in the Exercises have been

adapted to Allen and Greenongh's Latin Grammar. In
some cases, however, the numeral letters have been retained,
instead of the corresponding figures of the sub-sections.
September, i873.
CONTENTS.
Substantive Clauses.
lesson *Ao:B
1. I. Accusative with Infinitive 1
2. Id. Verbs of hoping, &c 3
3. Id. Verb understood, nego 4
4. II. tit with Subjunctive 5
III. Infinitive 6
IV. Clauses with quod &
6. V. Indirect Questions 6
6. Double or Alternative Questions 1
7. VI. Impersonal Verbs 8
8. Id. Exercises 9
9. VII. Modifications of Predicate 10
1. Adjectives 10
2. Impersonals governing Dative 10
3. Limiting Genitive 10
10. Id. Exercises 10
11. Participles 11
12. Gerund and Gerundive 12
13. Apposition.
1. In Predicate • . 14
2. After Verbs of Naming, &c 14
8. Expressing Time or Condition 14
Genitive Casb.
14. 1. Genitive and Ablative of Quality 15
2. Genitive of Apposition 15
15. 8. Partitive Genitive M
4. Objective Genitive 16
16. 5. Genitive after Verbs 17
viii. CONTENTS.
Dative Case.
lesson page
17. 1. Verbs of Indirect Influence 18
2. Compounds of Prepositions 18
18. 4. Verbs governing Dative and Accusative 19
20. 6. Dative of End, &c 21
21. Accusative Case 22
Ablative Case.
22. Ablative after Verbs and Adjectives 23
23. Ablative after Comparatives 24
24. Ablative of Price, &c 25
Time, eto.
25. Time and Space 26
26. Place, Dates 27
Adjectives.
27. Agreement of Adjectives 28
Adjectives for Genitive 28
Possessive Adjectives 28
28. Other Uses of Adjectives . 29
Pkonounb.
29. Reflective and Intensive 30
30. Relative 31
81. Correlatives 32
32. Indefinites. — aliquis, quis, &c 33
33. „ quisque 34
84. Use of Tenses 35
35. Wishes and Commands 86
36. Subobdinate Clauses 87
87. Conjunctions. — Asyndeton and Polysyndeton 39
Anaphora 39
88. Conditional Sentences, Future 40
39. Id. Assumed as False 42
CONTENTS. ix.
LESSOW PAGB
40. Id. Implied 43
41. Id. Comparative and Concessive Clauses 44
42. Id. Use of cum 45
43. Id. Temporal Clauses 46
44. Causal Clauses 47
45. Final Clauses 48
47. Consecutivi Clauses 50
48. Id. quin aiJ quominna 51
49. Id. Relative Clauses 52
50. Intermediate Clauses 53
51. Id. Exerci8ea • 54
52. Accusative wiih infinitive 5o
63. Oratio Obliqua 56
64. Epistle and Dia.ogue 57
65. The English Pojential 58
66. Id. Recapitulation 60
67. Id. Exercisis 62
58. Further Uses of Relative 62
69. General Exercises 64
60. Epistle 64
61. Anecdote 65
62. Anecdote 66
63. Epistte 67
LATIN' COMPOSITION.
-. LESSON I.
SUBSTAnTIVE CLAUSES.
§ 70. General Rule. Sections 1 and 2.
I. Accusative with the InFinitive.
§ 67. General Rule, and i. 2.
'i. Verbs and other expressions of saying, thinking, observ
ing, &c, take an Accusative with an Infinitive (§ 52,4, 6.) as
Object; as,
Dicit montem ab hostibus teneri, he says that the mountain
is held by the enemy (B. G. I. 22).
Here the actual words of the speaker were : mons ab hos
tibus tenetur, the mountain is held by the enemy. The subject
mons becomes accusative, montem, and the verb tenetur is put
in the infinitive, teneri.
Dicit scire se illa esse vera, he says that he knows that those
statements are true (B. G. I. 20).
Here the object of dicit is the clause scire . . . vera, the object
of scire is illa . . . vera. Standing by itself, it would be : illa
sunt vera, those things are true ; and in making this the object of
scit, he knows, the nominative illa becomes accusative, and the
verb sunt becomes the infinitive esse. But again, scit illa esse
vera is made the object of dicit, when scit becomes scire, and its
subject is put in the accusative.
If the subject of scit is the same as the subject of dicit, — that
is, if the speaker says that he himself knows, — the reflective pro
noun must be used, because this refers to the subject of the prin
cipal verb ; so we have dicit se scire, etc., he says that he himself
knows. But if the speaker is talking about somebody else, the
2 LATIN COMPOSITION.
accusative of is, ille, or hie must be used. Thus, elicit eum

scire would mean, he (Marcus) says that he (Caius) knows. So
dico me scire, I say that I know, &c. The sentence here analyzed
illustrates the common case of one Accusative with the Infinitive
depending upon another.
Some verbs require the reflective in Latin which do not in Eng
lish; thus, simulat se esse bonnm, he pretends to be good. So
sometimes verbs of desiring (§ 70, 8, 6) ; as, cupio me esse cle-
mentem, J desire to be merciful (Cat. I. 2).
2. The Tense of the Infinitive to be used is determined by
§ 58, 11. The Present Infinitive expresses incomplete or in
definite action ; the Perfect, complete action (§ 27, 5, b),
whether in present, past, or future time. Thus,
elicit se scire, he says that he knows, now ; but
dixit se scire, he said that he knew, then ; and
dicebat se scire, he used to say that he knew ; or,
he was saying, etc., when something else occurred.
Or, for incomplete action, actually going on :
dicit se ridere, he says that he is laughing, now ;
dixit ae ridere, he said that he was laughing, then.
For complete action :
dicit se risisse, he says that he has laughed, but has ceased ;
dixit se risisse, he said that he had laughed, but had ceased.
In like manner, the future infinitive :
dicit se venturum [esse], he says that he will come.
dixit se venturum, he said that he would come.
Note. — In clauses of this kind, the word that is often omitted
in English, and has no equivalent in Latin.
Translate into Latin.
1. 'We know that Caesar is absent. 2. You think that he is
your enemy. 3. He says that he is well. 4. He supposed that
Marcus would not come. 5. I saw that the army was approach
ing. 6. They thought we should be absent. 7. I feel that I am
merciful. 8. Caesar understood that I was his friend. 9. I pre
tended to be mad. 10. He pretends to be your friend. 11. Who
desires that we be negligent P 12. We are mindful that we are
mortal. 13. There was a rumor that Caisar was dead.
SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 8
LESSON II.
Accusative with the InFinitive (continued).
It is sometimes difficult to tell which tense of the infinitive
should be used. After verbs of hoping and promising, the
future is used, when the act has reference to future time
(§ 70, 2, d.) ; as,
spero te mox venturum [esse], I hope you will come soon ; but
spero te valere, / hope you are (now) well.
So, after a past tense, the present infinitive is used to represent
the imperfect in English.
Oral Exercises.
I hope that Caesar will come. I hope to come. He promised
that I should have a province. He promised to give [to] me a
province. He said that Marcus was absent. He said that Marcus
had been absent. He expects to meet us. He expects that we
shall meet Cato. He expected that we should meet Cato. They
declared that we had been neglected. I think that she has been
neglected. I thought that she was neglected.
1. I hope that King Deiotarus will send ambassadors to us. 2.
We hope that you are no-longer * [jam non, § 41, 3, 6.] distressed
in mind. 3. He promises speedily to come with all his forces to
our camp. 4. Who promised that we should see the ocean to-day?
5. He thinks that you have not-yet written the letter. 6. He
thought that I had not-yet written-out the oration. 7. The consul
supposed that the enemy had already crossed the river ; the enemy
waited, hoping that the consul would lead his forces across. 8. I
hope that you will be even firmer. 9. What did you suppose that
those said who saw (this) ? what (did you suppose) f that those
thought who heard it ? 10. The Carnutes declare that they shrink
from no peril, and the chiefs promise to make war.
* Words connected by a hyphen are rendered by a single Latin expression

t Words enclosed in a parenthesis are not to be rendered into Latin.
LESSON in.
Accusative with the InFinitive (continued).

1. The word which governs the Accusative with the Infini
tive is often understood ; as,
Aedui legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, rogatum auxilium;
[dicentes] ita se meruisse, etc. ; the JEduans send deputies
to Ccesar to ask for help, [saying] that they had deserved so
well, etc. (B. G. L 11).
2. When the Substantive Clause is negative, Jiego is com
monly used instead of dico . . . non ; as,
negat se posse [= ait se non posse], he says that he cannot
(B. G. 1.8).
1. You are distressed in mind. 2. I hear that you are dis
tressed in mind. 8. This (illud) troubles me, that three cohorts
are absent. 4. He is chasing a monkey. 5. He answers that he
is chasing a monkey. 6. He answered that he was chasing a mon
key. 7. He says that you cannot write to me. 8. He says that
you could not [were not able] write to me. 9. He said that
you could not (at that time) write to me. 10. He said that you
could not have written to me.1 11. They rejoice at having learned
[§ 70, 5, 6 ; that they themselves have learned]. 12. They rejoice
that they [other persons] have learned. 13. King Deiotarus sent
ambassadors to me, (saying) that he would come with all his forces
into my camp. 14. I hear that you are distressed in mind, and
that the physician says you suffer from this.8 15. Caesar orders
the cavalry to be led out of the camp [§70, 3, a.]. 16. He said
that the city was not sufficiently fortified. 17. He did not say that
the city was sufficiently fortified. 18. The young-man hopes to
live long. 19. We hope soon to finish (our) work.
1 Could not have written — were not able to write ; therefore, use
perf. inf. of possum, with pres. inf. of scribo.
* From = out of; ex. This must be rendered by is.
LESSON IV.
Substantive Clauses (continued).
II. with the Subjunctive, § 70, 3, 4 ; the tense to be used
is determined by the rule for sequence of tenses, § 58, 10 ; as,
curavi ut cum auctoritate regnaret, I saw to it that he should
reign with, authority (Fam. XV. 4).
Here, the object of curavi, / saw to it, is the clause ut . . . reg
naret. The same object would stand after the pluperfect, curave-
ram ; but after the present euro, or the perfect definite curavi
(§ 27, 3), the present subjunctive would be used ; as, curavi ut
regnet, 1 have seen to it that he should reign.
Verbs of this class are facio, cause ; efficio, bring to pass ;
perficio, carry through ; committo, be atfault (in doing a thing) ;
also, verbs of commanding, entreating, and the like. Negative
clauses take ut non. (result) or ne (purpose).
III. The simple Infinitive, § 57, 8.
IV. Quod with the Indicative or Subjunctive, § 70, 5.
Oral Exercises.
I cause that the Romans fight. I will cause that the Romans
fight. I caused that the Romans fought. I have caused that the
Romans fight. I had caused that the Romans fought. We will bring
(it) to pass that he depart. He grieves because you are not well.
I wished to come. To sleep — that is, to dream.
1. I brought (it) about that he departed out-of the kingdom.
2. They caused the departure to seem [caused that the departure
seemed] just-like a flight. 3. I wish, fathers, to cross the Tiber,
and enter the camp of the enemy. 4. What more befits a good
and peaceful man, and a good citizen, than to stand aside from
civil disputes ? 5. I for-my-part will not make-the-mistake of
giving [that I give to] you some ground of refusing. 6. The
senate decreed that the consuls should inquire into [de] this
affair. 7. I ask of you that you love and defend me. 8. Ho
commands the Ubians to lead away (§ 70, 3, a) (their) flocks and
convey all their [§ 47, 3, o] (possessions) from the fields into the
towns. 9. He promises to write to me.
LESSON V.
Substantive Clauses (continued').
V. Indirect Questions. §§ 73, and 1 ; 67, 2.
An Indirect Question is an interrogative expression, put as
the object or subject of a verb ; as,
quis habet Etruriam? who has Etruria ?
video quis habeat Etruriam, I see who has Etruria (Cat. II. 6).
Here, the question being put as object of the verb video, takes
the subjunctive. It would be the same if made the subject of the
verb ; as, non constat quia habeat Etruriam, it is not known
who has Etruria, where the clause quis . . . Etruriam is subject of
constat.
Oral Exercises.
Who will go with me ? What (§ 21, 1, a.) soldier will go with
us? Will any one [num quis or ecquis] follow Caesar? He
does not say who will go with you. I do not know whether any
one will go with us. Where are you ? I cannot tell where I am.
With whom are you fighting ? Do you see with whom you are
fighting ? Do you not see me ? I ask whether you do not see
me. I asked whether you had seen Marcus. I wished to know
whether you were absent.

1. Was (there) a cause of hatred? 2. Was there (then) a
cause of hatred? [No.] 3. Was there not a cause of hatred?
4. What cause of hatred was there? 5. What was the cause
of hatred? 6. I do not know what cause of hatred there was.
7. I do not know whether there was a cause of hatred. 8. See
what I have taken upon [to] myself! 9. See how great mild
ness there is in you ! 10. How do these matters stand ? 11. How
these matters stand, I dare not relate, even (§ 41, 3, «.) in a letter.
12. Fearing to inquire which (of the two, § 16, 1, 6.) was Porsena,
he kills the secretary, instead-of the king. 13. You ask what
pleases me most. 14. I do not see what can be more suited to a
good man, than to stand aside from civil disputes.
SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. T
LESSON VI.
Double ok Alternative Questions. § 71, n.

A Double Question is one that is asked in such a way as to
imply tha; one of two alternatives must be true. Thus,
Caesarne an Pompeius fuit? would imply an assurance that
it was one of the two ; but Caesarne aut Pompeius fait? would
be a single question, implying that it may have been neither of them.
Both are rendered in English alike, was it Ccesar or Pompey ? but
the alternative question would have a falling inflection, expecting
the answer, Ctesar or Pompey ; while the single question would have
a rising inflection, expecting the answer, yes or no.
For or not annon is generally used in direct questions,
necne in indirect.
Oral Exercises.
Shall it be you or I ? Do you give us peace or war ? Is Ca;sar
to be [futurus est] king or emperor ? Is Caesar to be king or
not ? I do not know whether Caasar is to be king or emperor.
Are we (then) slaves ? Did he pretend to be Nero or Galba ?
He did not say whether he was Nero or not.

1. I am uncertain whether I am pushed by the sword or by fam
ine. 2. Often it is asked, not whether a thing is (true) or not,
but of-what-sort it is. 3. (It) is asked earnestly whether it was done
or not. 4. Did the Picene land follow the mad-counsels of the
tribunes [§ 47, v.], orthe authority of the consuls ? 5. Did (then)
conscience, as [id quod] is wont to happen, make you timid and
suspicious ?. 6. Doubt now, judges, if you can, by whom Sextus
Roscius was killed ; by him who, on account of his death, lives in
poverty and in (the midst of) plots, or by those who avoid investi
gation, (and) possess the property [bona]. 7. I am very much
vexed, because I do not know where I shall see you.
LESSON VII.
Impersonal Verbs. § 39.
In their construction, there are four classes of so-called Im
personal Verbs.
1. Those purely impersonal, which have no subject at
all : as,
grandinat, it hails ; peccatur, there is sinning (§ 39, a and c) .
2. Those which have an Infinitive as subject (§ 39, d) ;
these generally govern the dative : as,
libet mini jocari, it pleases me to joke (Fam. HI. 11).
To this class belong licet, it is permitted ; libet, it is pleasing ;
placet, it is thought best ; necesse est, it is necessary ; and cer-
tum est, it is determined : decet, it is becoming, governs the ac
cusative.
Oportet, it behooves; constat, it is well agreed; and occasion
ally those given above, take the accusative with the infinitive ; as,
esse aliquod caput placebat, it teas thought proper that there
should be some head (Liv. I. 17). Here esse . . . caput is sub
ject of placebat.
The passive of verbs of saying, &c, is often used in this way
(§ 70, 2, a) : thus, we may say either Crassus dicitur abesse,
Crassus is said to be absent, or dicitur Crassum abesse, it is
said that Crassus is absent, where Crassum abesse is subject of
dicitur.
3. Those which have an ut clause as subject (negatively, ut
non),§§39,d; 70, 3,4.
To this class belong accidit and contigit, it happens ; restat,
and reliquum est, it remains ; fit, it happens; futurum est, it is
going to happen ; mos est, it is customary, &c. Clauses with
quod, § 70, 5., may also be used as subject of a verb.
4. Those mentioned in § 39, 6. See Lesson XVI.
Note. — With impersonal verbs, the word it is used in Eng
lish, but is not to be rendered into Latin.
Oral Exercises.
It is permitted to you [you may] to set out. May I go with
you ? He might have done this [it was permitted to him to do this] .
It will please us to call-upon you. It behooves Caesar [Casar ought]
to be angry. It behooved me not to be angry [I ought not to
have been angry] . It does not become you to lie. It remains
that we mourn. It remained that we mourned. It is raining.
You see that it is raining. It is well agreed that Romulus founded
Rome. It happened that Caesar was present. I [dat.] am deter
mined to advance. The consul thought best [it pleased the con
sul] to convene the senate. You have leave [it is permitted] to
depart. It follows that you have leave to depart. We ought to
rejoice. He said that I ought not to delay. It was said that
Caesar had been defeated. It seems (true) that virtue is sufficient
for itself.
LESSON vin.
1. It was necessary [necesse] for me to set out for the province
with military-power. 2. It happened, contrary to my will, and
beyond (my) expectation, that it was necessary for me to go into
the province with military power. 3. It has rained stones [abl.]
on the Alban Mount. 4. It was announced to king and senate
[patres] that it had rained stones on the Alban Mount. 5. It
happened that the consuls investigated concerning a great and
horrible affair. 6. He said that it happened that the consuls in
vestigated concerning a great and horrible affair. 7. It is proper
to write out one speech out of so many. 8. I have judged it proper
[that it is proper] to write out one speech out of so many. 9.
Which-of-the-two killed Sextus Roscius ? 10. It remains, that we
are in doubt (as to) this [hoc], which of the two killed Sextus
Roscius. 11. There-is-running from all parts [locus] of the city
into the forum. 12. He said that it had never pleased him that
Avaricum was defended. 13. It follows that you do not know how
these matters stand. 14. It is enough not to be a liar.1
i This should properly be an accusative with the infinitive, Be
esse, &c, that one is not, &c, but se is omitted.
LESSON IX.
Substantive Clauses, continued.
Modifications of the Predicate.
1. When a substantive clause is used as subject of the copula
est (§ 45, 2, b) or ofa neuter or passive verb, an adjective in the
predicate agreeing with it must be neuter ; § 47, iv. (rf) ; as,
est omnibus perspicuum deos esse, it is clear to all thai
there are gods (N. D. II. 9) ; here, perspicuum agrees with
the clause deos esse, with which it is connected by the copula
est
2. With impersonal verbs which govern the dative, an
adjective with esse will be either in the accusative, or, by
preference, in the dative : as,
libet mini esse otioso [or otiosum], I like to take my ease;
but, non oportet te esse otiosum, and non debes esse
otiosus, you ought not to take your ease.
3. Often a genitive in the predicate limits a substantive
clause which is subject of the sentence (§ 50, i. d) ; as,
timidi [hominis] est optare necem, it belongs to a coward to
desire death (Ov. Met. IV. 115) ; here timidi limits the clause
optare necem, which is subject of est.
a. This common form of expression may sometimes be rendered
in English by such words as mark, duty, characteristic, &c. ; as, it
the mark of a coward, &c, or it is for a coward to desire, &c.
5. The genitive of the personal pronouns cannot be used in
this way (§ 19, 3, c), but the neuter of the possessive adjectives
must be used instead ; as, non tuum est optare necem, it is not
characteristic of you to desire death.
Oral Exercises.
To err is human. It is easy to do this. Is it not shameful to
lie ? It is for a wise (man) to despise empty honors. It shows wis
dom to reject folly. It is not for you to say this. It is shameful
for him to do so. It is (the duty) of the consuls to defend the
city. It is our (privilege) to die for [§ 51, 7, d, R.] (our) coun
try. You have leave to be neutral. They ought to be ready.
The consuls think it best to be watchful. They had made up

their minds [certum erat] to be faithful. It becomes you to be
modest.
LESSON X.
1. It is a serious (thing) to be accused with-truth. 2. He
thought (it) dangerous to enter within the guard. 3. It is a
Roman (virtue) both to do and to suffer bravely [brave things] .
4. It marks a wicked man to deceive by falsehood ; it is shameful
to change (one's) opinion. 5. It is uncertain what will chance.
6. It was (a mark) of valor to have served in that war. 7. To
manage (one's) business ill is (worthy) of a madman. 8. It seems
to you a royal (act) to despise all lusts, to think [sentire] freely in
the senate. 9. It is for a poor (man) to count (his) flock. 10.
In so great perils, it is for you, Marcus Cato, to see what is going
on. 11. Is it for an orator to wish to excite laughter? 12. We
ask whether it is for an orator to wish to excite laughter. 13.
This very (thing) is (the mark) of a great [summus] orator, to
seem a great orator [ace] to the people. 14. It was more glo
rious to contend with him than not to have (any) adversary
at all. 15. We understand that it was permitted him to be un
harmed.
LESSON XI.
Participles. §§ 72 ; 54, 10, b.
The participle in rus often expresses intention : as,
locuturus, going to speak.
1 . The letters (which had been) given made the crime manifest.
2. They beg that they be not deserted by the rest, now that a com
mencement of war has been made.1 3. They announce to our ambas
sadors that they have returned because theyfeared the perfidy of
the Bituriges. 4. The townsmen, terrified, seized those by whose
means they thought the rabble had been stirred up, and led them
to Caesar. 5. He sent colonists to Signia and Circeii, who should
be a defence [plur.J to the city by land and sea. 6. It was an

nounced to Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (while) ploughing, that
he had been made dictator. 7. After recovering this town, he
trusted that he would reduce the state of the Bituriges into his
power. 8. There is behind me a long line of those who seek the
same honor. 9. Are you going to take upon yourself so great
labor, so great hostilities of so many men ?
Anecdote.
After Publius and Gnaeus Scipio had been overwhelmed in
Spain, with the greater part of their army, and all the nations of
that province had accepted [aequor] the friendship of the Cartha
ginians, since no one of our generals dared to proceed thither to
correct matters [acc. of gerundive with ad], Publius Scipio, then
in [agens] his twenty-fourth year, promised to go. By which
spirit-of-confidence, indeed, he gave hope of safety and victory
to the Roman people.
Words put in italics, but not in brackets, illustrate some principle of the lesson.
LESSON XII.
Gerund and Gerundive. §§ 73 ; 53, 4, a. Supines. § 74,
The Gerundive is always passive, but it is often best to
turn it into an active construction in English ; as,
exercenda est memoria [nobis], we should exercise the memory
(Orat. i. 34) ; literally, the memory should be exercised.
militibus de navibus desiliendum [erat], the soldiers had to
leap downfrom the ships (B. G. iv. 24).
So with the gerundive when used for the gerund ; thus, comi-
tia consulibus creandis is equivalent to comitia consules
creando, comitia for appointing consuls (Liv. XXXV. 24).
Oral Exercises.
He is desirous of fighting. We are fond of sailing. While
[inter] writing. By running. Of entering the city. Of enter
ing the fields. On account of managing this affair. For [ad]
committing battle. We must fight. Caisar must lead forth the
army. The censors gave a contract for building a temple.
GEBUND AND GERUNDIVE. 13

1. Plans have been formed in this state, of destroying the city,
slaughtering the citizens, (and) extinguishing the Soman name.
2. He dedicated places for performing the sacrifices, which the
pontifices call Argei. 3. We must contend with (§ 54, 6, 6)
luxury, therefore with madness, with crime. 4. He sends
his son Aruns with part of the forces to besiege Aricia. 5. We
must see what comes into dispute [§ 42, 1, c]. 6. It is hard to
tell in how great odium we are with [apud] foreign nations. 7.
It seems necessary-to-speak [that it must be spoken] concerning the
choice of a commander [concerning choosing, &c] for this war.
8. The memory must be trained by learning word-by-word as
many writings as possible [§ 17, 5], both our (own) and others'.
9. I have not done this for the sake of exciting you, but of testifying
my love. 10. He gave four legions to Labienus to lead [to be led]
among [§ 56, i. c] the Senones. 11. First I seek peace and indul
gence from Jupiter, best (and) greatest, and the other immortal
gods and goddesses, and pray from them that they suffer this day to
have shone upon (us), both to preserve the safety of this (man),
and to establish the common welfare.
Anecdote.
While Camillus was besieging the Faliscans [dot. of Camillus,
with present participle], a school-master delivered (to him) the
children of the Faliscans, whom he had led forth outside the walls,
as if for the sake of walking, saying, that the state would neces
sarily do (what was) commanded,' for (the purpose of) getting
back those hostages. Camillus not only spurned the treachery,
but also gave over to the boys their master, (with) his hands
bound behind his back [plur.], to drive him [gerundive] with rods
to their parents, (thus) obtaining by kindness the victory which
he had not desired by fraud ; for the Faliscans, on account of
this justice, surrendered to him of their own accord.
* s» the things commanded.
lesson xra.
Apposition. § 46.
1. A word in apposition with another is often connected
with it by a neuter or passive verb, with which it forms a
predicate; as,
erat dictator Lanuvii Milo, Milo was dictator at Lanuvium
(Mil. 10).
2. So after a verb of naming or choosing, two accusatives
are used in apposition with each other. § 52, 2, a ; as,
dictatorem L. Papirium Crassum dixit, he created Lucius
Papirius Crassus dictator (JAy. VIII. 12).
When the verb becomes passive, both nouns are put in the nomi
native ; as, dictator L. Crassus dictus est.
3. A noun in apposition is often used to express the time or
the condition in which a person does any thing ; as,
ego Q. Maximum senem adolescens dilexi, i' when a youth
loved Quintus Maximus, an old man (de Sen. 4).
Oral Exercises.
Caesar was conqueror of the Gauls. Zenobiawas conqueror of
the Persians. I shall be created consul. The boy was called
Milo. I understand that the boy was called Milo. Cicero, when
consul, suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline.
1. Publius Africanus had been twice consul, and had destroyed
the two terrors of this empire, Carthage and Numantia, when
he accused Lucius Cotta. 2. A great part of goodness is to wish
to become good. 3. Hardly any one [nemo fere] dances (when)
sober, unless by chance he is crazy. 4. History, the witness of
times, the light of truth, the life of memory, the mistress of life,
the messenger of antiquity, — by what voice but that of the ora
tor [what other voice unless (that) of the orator] is (she) com
mended to immortality ? 5. He was at Athens (when) a youth ;
he had turned out a perfect Epicurean, — a class not at all suited
to speaking.
GENITIVE. 15
LESSON XIV.
Genitive Case.
1. Genitive and Ablative of Quality. § 50, i. g; 54, 7, & a.
It may be noted that bodily peculiarities require the Abla
tive; as,
capillo sunt promisso, they have long, hanging hair (B. G. V. 14) .
2. Genitive of Apposition. §50,I./; as,
nomen insaniae, the name insanity (Tusc. HI. 4), which might
equally well be nomen insania, inasmuch as the words mean
the same thing, and would properly be in apposition with each
other.
Note. — It is, for this reason, impossible to define Apposition
and Limiting Genitive in such a way as to distinguish them abso
lutely from one another.
Oral Exercises.
Cicero was of great eloquence. An animal with long ears. It
is a thing requiring [o/'] the greatest care. The Greeks were (men)
of peculiar subtlety. A wall of eighty-eight feet. A man of sena
torial rank. A journey of several days. A house with thick walls.
'We seem to be of little spirit. A youth of great name. The city
of Padua.
1. King Deiotarus, a man of marked good-will and fidelity to
wards the Roman people, sent ambassadors to me. 2. The Ti-
barani, (men) of equal crime and audacity, were neighbors to these.
3. I have written many things to Curio, a most genial man, and
of the highest (sense of) duty and refinement. 4. The youth
turned out (to be) of a truly royal nature. 5. Your letters have
the greatest weight in my estimation [apud me]. 6. He did not
refuse the surname of Brutus. 7. This ship was of incredible swift
ness. 8. This name of poet is sacred in your eyes [apud vos],
(you, who are) most cultivated men. 9. He was of quite great
spirit and judgment. 10. They asserted that the Germans were of
immense size of body, incredible valor, and experience in arms.
LESSON XV.
Genitive (continued).
3. A Partitive Genitive is very often used with neuter adjec
tives, adverbs, &c, of quantity, where we should expect an
adjective, to agree with a noun. § 50, n. c and d ; as,
aliquid novi consilii, some new [something of a new] design
(B. G. IV. 32).
tantum roboris, so much [of] vigor (Liv. I. 14)
nihil reliqui, nothing [of] remaining (B. G. I. 11).
4. The Objective Genitive is sometimes used where a dativ*
or ablative might stand. § 50, 3, 6 and d ; as,
plena lictorum provincia, a province full of lictors (B. C.
III. 32.) Here, a later writer would, very likely, have said lic-
toribus.
The Objective Genitive maybe expressed by various prep
ositions in English ; as, for, towards, in, with.
Oral Exercises.
Much pleasure. Enough time. But-little bravery. Not enough
soldiers. Some wisdom. Like a lion. Common to all. Peculiar
to us. No prosperity [adj."]- Envy of Cicero. Eager for glory.
Skilled in law. Hatred of us [§19,3,6]. An opportunity for
jesting. Hatred towards Nero. A contention with Pompey.
1. In my affairs, there is absolutely nothing new. 2. I had a
night full of fear and wretchedness. 3. This whole topic seems
appropriate to philosophers. 4. I will entreat you to impart [§ 70,
3.] some of your geniality to me too, and to Catulus. 5. Crassus,
with [in] the greatest affability, had also sufficient sternness. 6.
Gorgias judged that this was especially peculiar to an orator, — to
be able to enhance a subject by praising (it) , and again ruin it by
disparaging. 7. I have less strength than either of you (two).
8. Begin, if you have any spirit. 9. No aid ought [oportet] to
be brought. 10. They decided that no assistance, no aid, no help,
ought to be brought by them [themselves] to men guilty of [bound
by] so great a crime.
GENITIVE. 17
Tulltcs's Epistle to Terentia.

If you are well, it is well. We had determined, as I had writ
ten to you before, to send Cicero to meet [ob viam, governing
dot.] Caesar, but we have changed our plan, because we heard noth
ing of [de] his arrival. As to [de] the other matters, although
there was nothing (of) new, nevertheless you will be able to learn
from Sicca what we wish, and what we think to be needful at this
time [§ 55, i.] . I keep Tullia still with me. Take care of your
health sedulously. Farewell.
LESSON XVI.
Genitive aFter Verbs. § 50, iv.
Oral Exercises.
I am ashamed of my folly. They were tired of life. Do you
recollect the battle of Cannae [Cannensis] ? I shall not forget
that man. It concerns me that you are well [acc. with inf.]. It
concerned the republic to remember this. Who accused Marcus
of treason ?

1. Publius Sextius, praetor elect, was convicted of bribery. 2,
These benefits you have from me, whom you falsely-charge with trea.
son. 3. It concerns each province [of two] to subdue Amanus^
4. Already before, I had made-up-my-mind that it seriously con.
cerned each province to subdue Amanus. 5. I am tired of the
business. 6. It is incredible how tired of the business I am. 7,
I, although I am dissatisfied with myself, am yet chiefly joined in
comparison with him. 8. The Athenian state [of the Athenians]
is said to have been very wise (§ 17, 5, 6), while it possessed
power. 9. Men pitied not more the punishment than the crime.
10. It greatly concerns both of us [two], that I see you. 11.
From that oration he is reminded of your crime and cruelty.
2
LESSON xvn.
Dative Case.
1. The Dative stands after many verbs which express an indi
rect influence upon the object ; as, to be favorably or unfavor
ably disposed, harmful or beneficial, agreeable or disagreeable,
to § 51, 2, a.
2. So with the compounds, both transitive and intransitive,
of many prepositions, the noun upon which the force of the
preposition is directed is put in the dative. § 51, 2, d.
Neuter verbs which govern the dative can in the passive be
used only impersonally, when they still govern the dative ; as,
mini credite, believe me (Cat. II. 7). mini creditur, credence
is given to me ; trust is placed in me, — that is, I am believed.
Exercises.
I do not envy you. You are not envied by me. He spared no
one. I cannot believe Cato. We will not be angry with the legion.
This was-advantageous to the state. Who can resist Caesar ? Can
Caesar be resisted ? [no] . The Komans favored Masinissa. He
had snatched away power from you. The woman cursed him.
Those men must be pardoned.
1. He chiefly gives-attention to the cavalry. 2. Most-of the
youth, but especially (those) of the nobles, were favorable to Cati
line's schemes. 3. We, the Roman youth, declare this war against
you. 4. I desire to satisfy this (man). 5. That military glory
must be preferred to your formulas and processes. 6. You will,
doubtless, place this king above all the kings with whom the Roman
people have carried on war. 7. They placed this [o/] consolation
before themselves. 8. You will pardon my haste, and the short
ness of (my) letter. 9. That (degree) of burden is placed upon us
by the desires of these youths. 10. Acts-of-injustice began to be
committed by the chiefs upon the commonalty, who, until this day
[§ 13, 2], had been courted with the greatest eagerness. 11. Tell
me, Marcus Pinarius, if I speak [fut. perf.] against you, are you
going-to-abuse me, as you have done to the others ? As you sow,
DATIVE. 19
[Jut. per/.] so shall you reap, said he. 12. Both the condition
of the accuser and the power of the unfriend shall be respected.
13. What heavier punishment can happen to a man than that his
letters should not be believed ?
LESSON XYIIL
Dative (continued).
3. Verbs which govern both Dative and Accusative (§ 5L
2, c) may be used personally in the Passive, the Accusa
tive becoming Subject Nominative, and the Dative remain
ing unaltered ; as,
omnibus civitatibus obsides imperat, he demands hostages of
[to] all the states (B. G. VJLL 4) ; in the passive, omnibus
civitatibus obsides imperantur.
4. So with those which govern either dative or accusative
(§ 51, 2, a) : in their transitive use they may be used person
ally in the passive ; in their intransitive use, only imperson
ally: as,
consulit me, he consults me ; consulor, I am consulted ; consu-
lit mini, he consults my interests ; consulitur mini, my interests
are consulted.
Oral Exercises.
We do not fear Catiline. We fear for the city. He consulted
Caius. He consulted for (the interests of) Caesar. We take
counsel against Cato. I believe you. I trust this boy to you.
Can you control the tempests ? I guard-against you. I ara-cau-
tious for you. Who compares Caesar with [or to] Pompey ? He
commanded us (to do) this. Did you threaten him with death
[death to him] ? I do not envy you your fortune. We foresaw
danger. We provided for your safety. The Samnites are per
suaded of this.
Translate into Latm.
1. He commands the cavalry to strike [ut with subj.] as great
terror as possible [§ 17, 5, b] into the enemy. 2. Th«y entreat
(him) to consult his own fortunes. 3. He could not persuade any
state of the Germans. 4. Nor, nevertheless, could any state of the
Germans be persuaded to cross the Rhine.
LESSON XIX.
1. If my authority has any [quid] weight with [apud] you, I
earnestly exhort and advise you to consult for (the interests of)
these provinces. 2. The interests of these provinces were con
sulted. 3. He compares his (own old age) to the old age of a
spirited and victorious horse. 4. This one (thing) I do not know,
whether to congratulate you or fear (for you). 5. It seems to
you a kingly (thing) so to live that you not only serve [pres.
tubjJ] no man [nemo], but not even any passion; to despise
all lusts ; to want not gold, nor [non] silver, nor other posses
sions [res] ; to think freely in the senate, to consult rather for the
advantage of the people, than (its) desires ; to yield to no one, to
resist many. If you think this to be kingly, I confess that I am
a king. 6. Did not this Magnus (of) ours, who made (his)
fortune equal to [or with] his virtue, present Theophanes of
Mitylene with the citizenship, in an assembly of the soldiers ?
7. Caesar commanded those states which had joined his friendship,
(to furnish) cattle. 8. Do you think that the glory of that
victory is shared by you [dat.] with Marcus Crassus or Gnaaus
Pompey P
Epistle.
King Alexander to Darius. Darius, whose name you have
taken, laid waste with all (kinds of) destruction the Greeks, who
occupy the coast of the Hellespont, and the Ionian colonies of the
Greeks. Then with a great army he crossed the sea, carrying
war [abl. aba.] upon Macedonia and Greece. Again, Xerxes,
of the same race, came to attack [gerundive] us with troops of sav
age barbarians ; who, defeated in a naval battle, yet left Mardo-
nius in Greece, that even [quoque] (when) absent he might lay
waste cities, burn fields [§ 64, i.]. But who is ignorant that
Philip, my parent, was slain by those whom your (followers, § 47,
3, a) had tempted by the hope of a great sum-of-money ? There
fore, I repel, not excite, war. Nevertheless, if you come {Jut.
per/.] (as) a suppliant, I promise that you shall receive, without
price, both your mother and your wife and [your] children. I
know (how) both to conquer and to consider the conquered.
DATIVE. 21
LESSON XX.
Dative Case (concluded). § 51, i. end. 3, 4, 5, 7.
All these Datives come under the general head of Advan
tage and Disadvantage.
The Dative of the End (§ 51, 5.) may be variously ren
dered for, as, or with such expressions as to be considered, to
be a source of, to serve'as.
A Dative may also follow many neuter and passive verbs ;
as, quid mihi [or me § 54 ;] fiet ? what will happen to me f
Oral Exercises.
This must be done by Caesar. We must go with him. I have
a father. Cato had much judgment. It was a source of pleasure.
Eloquence is a delight to me. They sent troops as aid. Hannibal
must set out. His oration was a great assistance to us. Cassar
had many legions. What has happened to Caius P What do you
wish [for yourself] ?
1. I have with Murena a great and long-established friendship.
2. Innocence has more peril than (it has) honor. 3. Tiberius
Sempronius, whose surname was Longus, fights successfully with
Hanno. 4. Wealth began to be (esteemed) an honor; and
glory, dominion, and power followed [sing.] it. 5. The greedi
ness [pi.] of certain men was a hindrance to me. 6. To that
brave [superl.] man, his parent, he was a great aid in perils, solace
in labors, ( source of) congratulation in victory. 7. The Bituri-
ges fall at the feet of the Gauls. 8. I grieve that I am suspected
of negligence by you. 9. I was a (cause of) safety to him. 10.
I have always thought that you ought not only to be protected by
me, but also honored and distinguished. 11. Two brothers, whose
name was Philaenus. 12. How did it come into your mind to
answer thus ? 13. Now, now, says Catulus, I understand, Crassus,
what you say ; and by Hercules I assent. I see that you, a man
very keen to learn [ger.], have had enough time for ascertaining
those things which you say. 14. If the splendor of the games is a
pleasure to the people, it is not to be wondered at that it profited
Lucius Murena with the people.
LESSON XXI.
Accusative Case. § 52.
When a verb which governs two Accusatives not in apposi
tion becomes Passive, the Secondary Object (the thing) may
remain in the Accusative ; while the Direct Object (the per
son) becomes Nominative ; as,
hoc voa doceo, / teach you this (Or. ft. 47). In the Passive,
this would be hoc docemini a me; hoc being still Accusative.
If they are in apposition, both become Nominative. See
Lesson XIII.
Oral Exercises.
He laughs-at virtue. He grieves-at his fate. We grieve-at his
fate. I asked Cato his opinion. Cato was asked his opinion.
We are taught the rules of virtue. O the cares of men ! He
grieved much. Somewhat angry. Did he conceal his crimes
from you ?
1. I request this of you, that you come-to-the-aid-of this anxi
ety (of) mine. 2. He asks them to come thence with him to Turnus.
3. The army is panic-stricken at this act. 4. I have received let
ters from you two or three times at-most, and those very short.
5. I am distressed that anything is pleasant to you without me.
6. O deceitful hope and frail fortune of men, and empty conten
tions (of) ours ! 7. You ask of me why I fear Catiline. 8. O
excellent commander, no longer [nec jam] to be compared with
(that) brave [«up.] man, Manius Aquilius, but, in truth, with
the Paulli, Scipios, Marii ! 9. The shout which is raised behind the
back of [to] those fighting has much effect in [ad] terrifying our
men.
Fable.
A stag asked a sheep for a peck of wheat, taking a wolf as
surety [oibl. a6s.] . But she, dreading trickery (said) : The wolf
is always accustomed to snatch-up and go-off; you (are accus
tomed) to flee out of sight with swift course. Where shall I look
for you, when the day arrives [fut. per/.] ?
ABLATIVE. 23
LESSON XXII.
Ablative Case. § 54, 1, d.; 3a.; 6, d.
Oral Exercises.
You abuse our patience. I am not worthy of your friendship.
He eats pears. Caesar needs [there is need to Ccesar] troops. Who
needs counsel ? There was need of haste. We will enjoy these
pleasures. He employed diligence. There was need of setting
out at once. Relying on these news. What do I need?
1. I have at length read the letters, worthy of Appius Claudius,
full of elegance, courtesy, (and) earnestness. 2. By their coun
sel and peril we are able to enjoy not only (§ 43, 8) the republic,
but also our-own affairs besides. 8. What need is (there) of fol
lowers? 4. Caesar gets possession of a great number of cattle
and men. 5. Now there is need that you be well in mind, in
order that you may [possum] in body. 6. What need have I of
your friendship, if you do not do what I ask ? 7. One of the near
est [§ 50,2, R. 1.] performed the same duty; a third succeeded to
the second, and a fourth to the third. 8. No expression was heard
from them unworthy the majesty of the Roman people. 9. They,
relying upon the strength [praesidium] of the place, take refuge
in [§ 56, i. c] the woods and marshes. 10. There is need of daily
practice, and from tliings the attention must be transferred to
words. 11. The Samnites, before battle, brandish (their) spears,
which in fighting they do not use at all. 12. I hope that that order
will consider me, as-is-due [pro] my labors in behalf of the
republic, not unworthy of honor, especially (that already) en
joyed.
Anecdote.
Titus Labienus, lieutenant of Caius Caesar, desiring to fight against
the Gauls before the arrival of the Germans, who [§ 52, 4, 6] he
knew would come to aid [§ 51, 5.] them, pretended want-of-
confidence, and, placing his camp [§ 54,10, J.] on the otherbank,
proclaimed a departure for [in] the next day. The Gauls, believing
that he was flying, began to cross the river, which was between
[medius] : (and) Labienus, leading his army around, cut them to
pieces in-the-midst-of the very difficulties of crossing the river.
LESSON XXTTI.
Ablative Case (continued) . Comparison. §§ 54, v. ; 47, vn.
If the word with which the comparison is made is in any case
but the Nominative or Accusative, quam must be used after
the Comparative ; thus, ocior euro, swifter than the east wind
( Virg. iEn. VIII. 233), may stand for ocior quam eurus
[est] ; but nearer to me than to you must be propius mihi
quam tibi ; as,
magis est adolescentium, quam senum, it belongs rather to
young than old men (de Sen. 11).
The ablative of degree of comparison is common with neuter
adjectives and pronouns ; as, tanto melior, so much better.
Oral Exercises.
Bolder than a lion. Nobler than you. Three miles [by three
miles] nearer. More prudent than brave. Less than twenty ships.
With more than two hundred soldiers. How much faster? Dearer
to me than to you. Somewhat better prepared. Much smaller.
1. Cato is dearer to me than Caesar (is). 2. Cato is dearer to
me than (to) Caesar. 3. Nothing is more foolish than we two. 4.
None [by nothing] the less he sought the consulship for [in] the
next year. 5. In one day, more than twenty cities of the Bituri-
ges are set-on-fire. 6. This is more agreeable to me than to your
Dolabella. 7. Be assured [know, § 33, 6, d] that nothing is
more agreeable to me than your Dolabella (is). 8. This mischief
is spread more widely than is believed [than opinion]. 9. By
whom is it more just that a consul be defended than by a consul ?
10. A great number of [many] men spent more than an hour in
demolishing the statue. 11. You prefer glory to [quam] wisdom.
12. From his tongue flowed speech sweeter than honey. 13. He
would rather [prefers] have the royalty than hope (for it) . 14.
I understand that Domitius preferred to seem cruel in punishing
than remiss in passing over (crimes). 15. It is a more serious
thing to be stripped of fortunes than not to be advanced in dignity.
ABLATIVE. 25
LESSON XXIV.
Ablative Cask (continued). § 54, 1, 2, 8.
Oral Exercises.
The son of .35neas. Freed from odium. Valued at twelve
asses. Valued at a high rate. At how much did you buy (it) ?
It is worth [stands] two thousand sesterces. I do not value [make]
you a tuft-of-wool. Not far from the river. Descended from the
Germans. A good-for-nothing beast. I bought the horses for
a hundred sesterces apiece.
1. I make no account [at nothing] what he does to those others.
2. I understand that your favor is highly valued. 3. That is the
man who has driven us exiles from (our) country. 4. He abdi
cated the consulship, and withdrew from the state. 5. I lack all
enjoyment and all letters. 6. Servius Tullius was son of a female
slave. 7. The Samnites are said to be sprung from the Sabines. 8.
Who then of you is ignorant how high these things are valued? 9.
I hope that our friendship does not need witnesses. 10. He pre
ferred that all his possessions (should) be sold, and that he should
be stripped of his splendid [superl.] patrimony, (rather) than that
any delay should be caused to any one [quisquam] of his credit
ors. 11. The barbarians, catching-sight-of the standards at a dis
tance, desist from the siege. 12. He interdicted them from fire and
water. 13. Approach Otho, as you write : finish up that matter,
my Atticus. But for how much? — this comes into my [mihi]
mind. Caius Albanius is my nearest neighbor ; he bought a thou
sand acres [§ 50, 2] for fifteen sestertia. To-be-sure every
thing [omnia] (is) now lower [at less].
Epistle.
A letter was brought to me from my brother Quintus, (together)
with the decree-of-the-Senate which was passed in-regard-to me.
I have it in mind to wait-for the proposal of the laws, and if there
shall-be-opposition, I will follow the advice of the Senate, and rather
lose my life than my country. Do you, I beg, hasten to come
to us.
LESSON XXV.
Time and Space. § 55, i. n.
Notice that time within which comes under the same prin
ciple with time at which : as,
decimo die, on the tenth day ; decem diebus, within ten days.
Distance of time is expressed by ante and post, used either
as prepositions governing the Accusative, or as adverbs with the
Ablative, and with either cardinal or ordinal numerals : as,
post decem dies, ten days from now ; decem post diebus, ten
days afterwards ; decimo post die, the tenth day afterwards.
They may be followed by quam (§ 56, ra.), with a clause
describing the event before or after which any thing is ; as,
ante decem dies [decimnm diem, decem diebus ante] quam
venit, ten days before he came.
Also abhinc, ago, may be used with either case ; as,
abhinc decem dies, or diebus, ten days ago.
Oral Exercises.
In two years. In the eighth month. Five months ago. Seven
years before. For eighteen miles. During more than six days. He
is three miles distant. Twelve years after. I stood for several
hours. The river flows three hundred miles. We are six miles
from the river. Three days before the battle. Three days before
Caesar fought with the Gauls. Twelve years after Cato died.
1. I, the ally and friend of the Koman people, am held be
sieged now the fifth month. 2. They place the camp not more than
five miles from the city. 3. Beams are placed together on the
ground distant two feet from one another. 4. Although the pe
riod [times] of Homer is uncertain, yet he was many years before
Romulus. 5. Cato departed from life eighty-five years old [natus],
6. Here the praetor of the Roman people, the guardian and de
fender of the province, lived now for successive summer days.
7. After a few days the Senate was freed from the danger of mas
sacre. 8. He died the year before my censorship [before me cen
sor], ten years after my consulship.
TIME AND PLACE. 27
LESSON XXVI.
Place. § 55, in. Dates, §§ 56, i./5 84.
Oral Exercises.
At Tarentum. At Cumae. At Narbo. At Rhodes. At Tar-
quinii. At Capua. From Tarentum, etc. To Tarentum, etc.
The day before the Kalends of January. About the Nones of De
cember. September 4. March 28. May 15. June 15. Sep
tember 5. October 5. May 31. May 30. At Carthage, a city
of the Phoenicians [§ 46, 2, 6]. At Veii, an Etruscan city. At
Agrigentum, a wealthy town in Sicily.

Tullius to his Tiro.
We departed from you, as you know, on the second of Novem
ber. We came to Leucas on the sixth of November, on the sev
enth to Aetium ; there we tarried the eighth on account of the
weather. Thence on the ninth we sailed in-fine-style to Cor-
cyra. We were at Corcyra until the 15th,* delayed by storms.
On the 16th, we proceeded one hundred and twenty stades into the
harbor of the Corcyraeans, to (the neighborhood of) Cassiope.
There we were kept by the winds until the 22d. On that day, we
set sail after dinner [having dined] . Thence, with a very gentle
south-wind, and a clear sky, we came in-high- spirits on that night
and the day after to (the neighborhood of) Hydruns, in Italy;
with the same wind the next day — that was Nov. 24 — at the
fourth hour, we came to Brundisium ; and at the same time with
us Terentia entered the town, who values you very highly. . . .
I have left a horse and mule for you at Brundisium. It remains
that I ask and beseech this of you, that you do not [ne] sail
rashly.
* Notice that when this letter was written, B.o. 52, November had only twenty-nine
days : the thirtieth was added in Ciesar's reform of the Calendar, b.o. 45.
LESSON XXVII.
Adjectives. § 47, l-v.
1. The neuter singular of an adjective is used as well to
express a single object possessing a quality, as the abstract of
the quality ; the neuter plural is properly used only for the
object, but it is often used, where we should expect the singu
lar, for the abstract idea ; thus, pulchrum, either a beautiful
thing or act, or the beautiful as an idea ; pulchra, beautiful
things, — that is, beauty in general.
2. The adjectives described in § 47, v., are of the same char
acter with possessive adjectives (§ 19, ni.), and like these are
properly used only for the subjective genitive. But there is
no possessive for the third person, except the reflective suus ;
ejus and eorum must be used.
3. As the possessive adjective is equivalent to the genitive
of the personal pronoun, a relative may refer to it ; as,
mea gloria qui haec feci, my glory [of me] who have done this.
Oral Exercises.
Partus and Arria both are dead. Virtue and honor are to be de
sired. They pushed back our (men) . Cajsar exhorts his (troops) .
Folly is an evil (thing) . The war of Cassius [§ 47, v.] . A rebel
lion of slaves. The affairs of the city. On a mound of earth.
Under the race of Hector. Great courage and judgment. The army
is not yours, but Caesar's. The good all favor me, and the wicked
envy me. He called out as many soldiers as possible [§ 17, v. 5],
Your life and character are known to all. Labor is not a good.
This is not your shield but his. He says this is not your shield,
but his. This was my work alone [of me alone]. Our labors,
who are here present. He was the friend of you [tuns], who
nevertheless destroyed him.
Dialogue.
Grumio. Go out doors out of the kitchen, (you) scoundrel,
(you) who show-off your wit to me among (my) stew-pans. Go
forth, (our) master's ruin [§ 47, v.] out of the house. I, by Pol
lux, will punish you well in the country, if I live [/irf.] . Go out,
I say ! Why do you lurk ?
ADJECTIVES. 29
Tranio. What the mischief is your [dot.] shouting here in

front of the house ? Do you think you are in the country ? Be
off from the house ! Go away into the country. Go away and
be hanged to you. Be off from the door ! — Well ! (is) this (what)
you wanted ?
Gr. I am done for ! Why do you beat me ?
Tr. Because you will (it) . What the mischief is your busi
ness with me [§ 54, i.] ; or what I am doing ?
LESSON XXVIIL
Adjectives (continued'). § 47, vi.-ek.
Oral Exercises.
In the first part of the way. I came unwillingly. I was the
first to come [/ thefirst came] . One helps one, another another.
The nearest part of the province. In the middle of the assembly.
With the rest of the soldiers. The love of truth. He reports
the truth [true things] . I road the letter unwillingly. He is the
most ready to follow.
1. A little before the middle of the night, going forth from the
town in silence, they began to cross the river. 2. This is the third
letter [this third letter] I have written to you on the same day.
3. I encamped in the furthest (part of) Cappadocia, not far
from the Taurus. 4. They look round one upon another. 5.
Treaties are made, one under one condition, another under an
other. 6. Messala when censor was the first who made a thea
tre at Kome. 7. They assemble in crowds at daybreak. 8.
Some of you are geese, which only scream, (but) cannot harm ;
others dogs, which can both bark and bite. 9. It shows a great
soul to despise greatness [great things] , and to prefer mediocrity
to [quam] excess. 10. Some were sent among the Volscians,
others to Cumae, to collect corn. 11. I commanded the lieutenant
to lead these five cohorts to the rest of the army. 12. If you go
unwillingly, why do you go ? 13. Avarice impels some, anger and
rashness others. 14. I love the truth ; I wish the truth told me : I
hate a liar.
LESSON XXIX.
ReFlective and Intensive Pronouns. §§ 19, 3 ; 20, 2, e.
A common source of ambiguity is found in the fact that, in
English, these two classes of Pronouns have the same form ;
in Latin, they must be carefully distinguished. Thus,
ego ipse, 1 myself; me amo, I love myself; Catonem ipsum
vidi, / saw Cato himself; Cato se occidit, Cato killed him
self.
When emphasis is desired in connection with the Reflective,
the Intensive ipse is used, generally made to agree with the
subject of the verb ; as,
me ipse (rather than ipsum) amo.
The genitive of ipse is used with possessives, in the sense
of own; as,
mea ipsius oonaiHa, my own plans.
Oral Exercises.
With Caesar himself. He thinks with himself. Even the vete
rans lied. He hates himself. The very walls tremble. Even into
the forum. Our own pursuits. He despises his own (posses
sions) .
1. You even gave yourself into custody. 2. I am like myself, and
they are like themselves. 3. I desire nothing more than that I be
like myself and they (like) themselves. 4. He himself spoke in
his own behalf, and Caius Cotta (spoke) briefly [adj. n. pl,\,
because he was (his) sister's son. 5. First give thanks to the
immortal gods, then to your own valor. 6. Not even they them
selves compare themselves with them in valor. 7. The town
Alesia itself was on the top of the hill. 8. No one sees the pirate-
captain himself, upon whom punishment ought to have been in
flicted. 9. They themselves have come-to-their-senses through
admiration of my resolution. 10. They remember all the things
which they care for, — who owe them, whom they themselves
owe.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 81
Anecdote.
Chabrias, the Athenian, when about to fight with the fleet, a
thunderbolt striking [excussus] in front of his own ship, (and)
the soldiers being scared by such a prodigy, said, Now espe
cially we should enter into battle, when Jupiter, the greatest of
the gods, shows that his favor is with our fleet.
LESSON XXX
Relative Pronouns. § 48.
Notice that the Relative is construed in its own clause pre
cisely as a noun would be : its most striking peculiarity is the
tendency to attract the antecedent into the relative clause,
either by repeating it (in which case the Relative is used as an
adjective, § 48, in.), or by omitting it entirely as an antece
dent (see second case) or by substituting the Demonstrative
(see last case).
1. (Those) who were consulted were in great power. 2. What
both the republic and our friendship exhort me, I do willingly. 3.
What (of) hostages were left, he restored. 4. There is a place in
the prison which is called Tullianum. 5. What I value highest in
those matters, that I now have. 6. He who hears an orator believes
what [those things which] is said. 7. These divine and excellent
qualities [bona] which we see in Marcus Cato, be assured that
(they) are his own. 8. This is the origin of the first temple of
all, which was consecrated at Rome. 9. The letter which you sent
to me on the march before you went out of Asia, I read very un
willingly. 10. Thither came the magistrates of the Sicilians,
(thither) came the Roman knights, as [§ 48,3, e] you have heard
from many witnesses. 11. He hastens where [to the place to which]
he had sent Labienus. 12. The pirates were at your house one
(month), a second month, in short, almost a year, from the time
when [from what time] they were taken. 13. That prison which
is called " the quarries," which was made at Syracuse by the cruel
[sup.] tyrant Dionysius, was the residence of Roman citizens
under [in] the rule of that (wretch) .
LESSON XXXI.
Correlative. § 22,
1. The Relative Adjectives, quantus, qualis, quot, are
subject to the same rules of attraction and omission of ante
cedent as Relative Pronouns.
2. When a Relative Adjective or Adverb follows its Cor
relative Demonstrative, it should be rendered as ; as,
tantus . . . quantus, so (as) great as ; talis . . . qualis, such
as; tot . . . quot, so (as) many as; tam . . . quam, such as.
Therefore, when as follows a demonstrative word, such, so,
as, it is to be considered a Relative, and be rendered by the
Correlative of the antecedent Demonstrative, as in the exam
ples given above.
Also, when as follows same, it is a Relative, and is to be
rendered by the Relative Pronoun ; as,
idem qui, the same person as ; Idem quod, the same thing as.
3. The Correlatives, quo, eo;quanto, tanto, in the Ablative
of degree of comparison (§ 54, 6, e), are rendered in Eng
lish by the . . . the; as,
quo sapientior est, eo minus sapiens sibi videtur, the wiser he
is, the less wise he seems to himself.
Oral Exercises.
As much bravery as wisdom. As many opinions as men. With
as great judgment as authority. The same ships as before. The
lighter, the swifter. The firmer I am, the longer is the war. Such
heroes as we have never seen. So great enmities as you have
incurred.
1. As often as we speak, judgment is passed upon us. 2. There
are as many kinds of speech [of speaking] as duties of the ora
tor. 3. Nor nevertheless does this require [§ 50, i. <?] so much
labor as it seems. 4. Order to be promised to the physician (as
much) pay as he shall demand. 5. What strait, what Euripus, do
you think has so many movements, so great and so various tossings
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 33
of the waves, as the business of the comitia has disturbances and

eddyings ? 6. He was not sorry to do the same as you. 7. It is
not so fine (a thing) to know Latin, as disgraceful not to know
(it). 8. That most severe war of the Volscians, in which Corio-
lanus took-part as an exile, was at about the same time as the war
of the Persians. 9. (As much) land was given as he ploughed
around in one day. 10. Bestow as much care upon yourself as
you have love for me [t/ou love me], 11. The king fortifies (his)
camp in the same place in which he had routed the forces of the
enemy. 12. Publius Servilius recaptured the pirate with the same
good fortune with which he had captured him. 13. The longer I
consider, the more obscure the matter seems to me.
LESSON XXXII.
IndeFinite Pronouns. § 21, c, d, h.
1. Some is aliquis or quispiam ; when quite definite, qui-
dam.
2. Any is a very ambiguous word, and may be variously
rendered : 1. When a universal negative, not any, without
any, by quisquam, or its adjective ullus. 2. After if, lest, or
in questions implying a negative, quis is used in preference,
although quisquam may be used, less indefinitely. 3. In a
universal affirmative, any one whatever, quivis, quilibet:
thus:
num quis hoc faoere potest? can anybody do this? implies
that nobody can. Num cujusvis est hoc facere ? is it for
any one to do this ? implies that it can be done, but not by every
body.
Oral Exercises.
Some fields. In a certain field. Without any danger. Any
body can sit an hour. Can anybody do so great things ? Can some
body do this P Who will do this ? Will anybody do this ? It is
not every one that can sit ten hours. Without anybody.
8

I. A rude and rustic voice pleases some [persons]. 2. He wa»
equal to anybody in speaking Latin. 3. Is there any shame ? any
religion? any fear? 4. Do you think that anybody was more
moderate than Cato, your great-grandfather? 5. Ancus reigned
twenty-four years, equal to any of the former kings in the arts and
glory of war and peace. 6. I find in some (writers) that in this
year was the fight [it teasfougM] at Lake Regillus. 7. He asked
whether he brought any thing else besides the chest. 8. I ear
nestly beg of you that you bring (it) to pass that no injury be done
to me, and that no [neve quid] time be added to my year's
(§ 47, v.) duty. 9. I understand that certain wonderful (doctrines)
have pleased some (men) , who, I hear, have been esteemed wise
in Greece. 10. Why do you ask any one to favor you, to aid you ?
11. I neither dare nor ought to place any burden upon you. 12.
If any one was ever averse, both by nature and reason and educa
tion, to empty praise, I certainly am he.
LESSON XXXIII.
IndeFinite Pronouns {continued).
3. Quisque, every, stands rather in the subordinate clause
than in the principal one, as in English ; as,
tantum, quantum potest quisque, nitatur, let each strive as
much as he can (De Sen. 10) .
When used independently, without a subordinate clause,
unusquisque is used; as,
unusquisque nostrum, each of us.
Quisque, after a superlative, often joined with maxime,
means all who possess the quality, and in proportion to their
possession of it. It is often joined with sui or suus, follow
ing it ; as,
sibi quisque, each for himself.
optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur, all the good — and
in proportion as they are good — are led by glory (Arch. 1 ,).
Often, it takes a plural verb (§ 49, i. c).
USE OY TENSES. 85
Oral Exercises.
Each will go when he is ready. All the boldest. Each loves
his own. Each of the scouts is ready. Each took what he
pleased {what pleased each] . All the eloquent will be listened-to.
He performed each of (his) duties.
1. Each in order, as he excelled in age and honor, so spoke his
opinion. 2. He summoned to himself all the best and noblest. 3,
They will be-on-hand each in his own time. 4. Each for himself
migrates from the country [fields] into the city. 5. In the great
need, each, in-proportion-to his private means, even defrauding him
self of his sustenance, bestowed something upon him. 6. Each, (in
proportion) as he speaks well, so [ita maxime] fears the difficulty
of speaking, and the various accidents of speech, and the expecta
tion of men. 7. They go to the houses [§ 55, in. b] of those with
whom each had served. 8. It was then the custom that they were
ready to grant [in granting] to each his (own). 9. His own fraud
and his own terror chiefly worry each. 10. It must be considered,
not how much each benefits, but how much each is (worth). 11.
As each trusts [most] in himself, and as each is [best = maxime]
fortified by virtue and wisdom, so he [most greatly] excels in win
ning and maintaining friendship [plur.]. 12. Each formed opin
ions, and added something of his own fear to that which he had
heard from another.
LESSON XXXIV.
i. When the action of a subordinate clause is yet to come, the
Latin uses the Future Tense, where the English often uses the
Present ; as,
sanabimur si volemus, we shall be healed if we [shall] wish
(Tusc. HI. 13).
2. 'When the action of the subordinate clause is complete in
relation to the principal clause, the tense of completed action
is used in Latin, where the English often uses an indefinite
tense (§ 58, 7) ; as,
ei eris meritus, fiet, if you deserve [shall have deserved] , it shaU
be done (Plaut. Trin. 1068).

1. This you, Brutus, will know at once [jam], when you coma
into Gaul. 2. He will both judge what each needs, and will be
able to speak in whatever manner the cause demands. 3. He will
be eloquent, who is able to adapt his discourse to that, whatever
(it is which) is becoming. 4. Whatever mischief, crime, slaugh
ter there shall be, this ought to belong [proprius esse] to the
Roscii. 5. If you listen to me, you will avoid enmities, and con
sult for the ease of posterity. 6. I shall accomplish this more easily
if you come to me in [into] Cilicia, which I think concerns both
me and the republic, and especially you. 7. (Your) vices shall fol
low you whithersoever you go. 8. I truly will follow the old road,
but if I find a nearer and more level one, this I will repair. 9.
(As much) care as you bestow upon your health, so highly I shall
judge that I am valued by you. 10. (As) quickly as I can, and
by as frequent letters, I will cause that the whole plan of my days
and journeys be known to you. 11. The earth never refuses
(our) rule, nor ever returns without usury what it receives.
Fable.
A fox by chance had seen a tragic mask: "Oh how great a
show," said he, " has no brain ! "
This is said for those to whom fortune has granted honor and
glory, (but) has taken away (from them) common sense.
LESSON XXXV.
Wishes and Commands. §§ 57, 7 ; 68, i.
In negative expressions lie must be used instead of Hon. ;
but it may unite with quid, alius, &c, to form nihil, nul-
lus, &c.
Oral Exercises.
Send Marcus to me. Attend carefully. Let us go with him.
Do not fear. Be sure you do not do this. May I accomplish
your designs. Do not boast without reason.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. 87

1. Consider this, as-is-worthy your nature. 2. Even if you
have not (any thing) to write [which you may write, subj.], yet
write. 3. Do not say that I am obstinate. 4. Be not so unjust.
5. If you do not lie, may I perish. 6. Let the forum give way to
the camp, peace to war, the pen to the sword, the shade to the
sun. 7. Would that those songs were extant. 8. Do not suffer
me, the grandson of Masinissa, to seek aid from you in vain. 9.
If you love me, if you wish to be loved by me, send letters to me.
10. Fear no army, no battle. 11. Pardon nothing ; grant nothing at
all to favor ; be not moved by pity. 12. Do not think that there has
been any thing in our state more excellent than these two (men).
13. They shall not take nor [neve] give a bribe, neither [neve] in
seeking, nor in administering power. 14. If they cannot stand, let
them fall. 15. If there is any spirit in us, let us avenge the death
of those who have perished most unworthily, and kill these rob
bers. 16. May your judgment and (that) of the Roman people
approve my desire, and the hope of the rest of (my) life !
Anecdote.
Epaminondas, the Theban, when his soldiers were saddened
[abl. abs.] because the wind had carried away [perf. pass, part.'}
an ornament from his spear, hanging after-the-manner [more] of
a fillet, (and) driven (it) upon the tomb of a certain Lacedaemo
nian, said: "Do not be alarmed, soldiers; destruction is por
tended to the Lacedaemonians ; for (their) tombs are adorned with
offerings."
LESSON XXXVI.
Subordinate Clauses.
Clauses which are attached to the principal sentence, in
order to explain or modify its meaning, are classified accord
ing to the relation that they severally express.
Each of these classes has its appropriate conjunctions ; and
a Relative Pronoun (qui), Adjective (quantus, qualis, &c),
or Adverb (ubi, unde, &c), may take the place of almost
any of these, and express the same relation.
The classes of Subordinate Clauses are :
1. Conditional, expressing a condition. Under this

principle come —
a. Pure Conditional Clauses, with si, nisi, sin ; § 59.
6. Comparative Clauses, which compare the statement of the
principal clause with what would follow an assumed condition;
they follow tamquam, quasi, &c. ; § 61, 1.
c. Concessive Clauses, implying that the result follows, in spite
of the facts stated in the subordinate clause ; used with quamvis,
quamquam, etsi, &c. ; § 61, 2. Dim, modo, &c, provided (§ 63.
8), also express concession.
d. Temporal Clauses, describing the time of the action of the
principal verb ; used with cum, when, dum, while, posteaquam,
after, when, &c. ; § 62.
2. Causal, expressing a Reason, with quod, quia, quo-
niam ; § 63.
3. Final, expressing a Purpose ; with ut, ne, quo ; § 64.
4. Consecutive, expressing a Result; with ut, quin,
quominus; § 65.
5. Intermediate, inserting some modifying statement or
explanation, in the body of the main proposition. These
clauses are introduced by Relatives (§ 66).
Dialogue.
Tranio. Look around again.
Theopropides. There is no one. Speak now at once.
Tr. It is a fatal deed.
Th. What is that ? I don't understand.
Tr. A crime, I say, was committed long ago, old and ancient
this deed we have just now discovered.
Th. What villainy is that, or who did it ? tell me.
Tr. A host killed his guest (whom he had) caught with his
hand. He, as I think, who sold this house to you.
Th. Killed ?
Tr. And took away gold from that same guest, and buried
that guest here in-this-very-place in the house.
Th. Why do you suspect that this was done P
CONJUNCTIONS. 89
Tr. I will say. Listen. When your son had dined out
[forisj, after he returns home from supper, we all go to bed. We
went to sleep. I had forgotten by chance to put out the light ;
and he all-of-a-sudden cries out at-the-top-of-his-voice.
Th. Who? my son?
Tr. St, — be quiet; he says that that dead man came to
him in sleep. This is [ ecce] what that dead man said to him : " I
am Diapontius, a guest from-beyond-sea. Here I dwell. This
dwelling was given to me. For Orcus would not [noluit] re
ceive me to Acheron, because I am deprived of life prema
turely. I was deceived through confidence. My host here killed
me, and he buried me secretly in this house, the villain, for the
sake of gold. Now do thou depart hence. This house is accursed;
this dwelling is impious."
LESSON XXXVII.
Conjunctions. §§ 43, 76, 3, 6.
1. When several words in the same construction follow one
another, and would naturally be connected by conjunctions, it
is common either to repeat the conjunction et between every
two, or to omit it altogether ; in the former case, et, both, fre
quently precedes ; as,
M. Antonius, Q. Cassius, tribuni plebis, Marcus Antonius and
Quintus Cassius, tribunes of the people (B. C. I. 2).
I nunc ad Fhilippum et Parmenionem et Attalum, go now
to Philip, Parmenio, and Attains (Curt. VIII. 1) .
2. When such a series of words follows a relative, conjunc
tion, or preposition, this is commonly repeated with each
word : this is called Anaphora ; as,
quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobroges vexassent,
because they had harassed the JEdui, the Ambarri, and the Al
lobroges (B. G. I. 14).
3. When a negative word or clause is to be connected to
what goes before, it is common to join the negative with the
conjunction instead of the word or clause that is connected,

so as to use neque (§ 43, 3, a), for et non, and even for
sed non; as,
inviti neque innocentes, unwilling and not innocent (Tac Hist.
I. 82).
In this way, neque often commences a sentence (§ 43, 3, k,
cf. § 48, it.) ; as,
neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam,
for no one but traders visits these without good reason (B. G.
IV. 20) , for nemo enim, &c.
Oral Exercises.
Honor, justice, and mercy exhort us. We entreat you to spare
us, our wives and children. They brought out their spears,
swords, and shields. His countenance was calm, and not un
friendly. We are ready, but not impatient. He set out at once,
and did not delay. We receive you gladly, for we too are not
forgetful of your kindnesses. Our ancestors carried on wars with
Antiochus, Philip, the ^toUans, and the Carthaginians.
Epistle.
Tuttius to his Terentia.
If you are in good health, it is well : I am in good health. We
have as yet nothing certain, either of Caesar's arrival, or of the
letters which Philotimusis said to have. If there is any thing cer
tain, I will let you know. Be sure [fac] that you take care of
your health. Farewell. Aug. 11.
LESSON XXXVIII.
Conditional Sentences. § 59, i. n. in. and rv.
1. It should be remembered that when the condition has
reference to present or past time (that is, when its existence
or non-existence is in itself a matter of certainty), the Indica
tive must be used to express doubt ; as,
si Cato Romae est me conveniet, if Cato is (now) in Rome
[of which I am not sure] he will call upon me.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 41
2. For the future time, either the Indicative or the Present

Subjunctive may be used ; the Future Indicative is equiva
lent to the idiomatic use of the Present Indicative in Eng
lish ; as,
si Cato Romae erit, me conveniet, if Cato is in Borne [when
I arrive] he will call upon me.
The Present Subjunctive expresses a future condition less
distinctly, and should be rendered by should in the protasis,
and should or would in the apodosis ; as,
si Cato Romae sit, me conveniat, if Cato should be in Borne
[at any future time] he would call upon me.
Oral Exercises.
If you are well, I am glad. If he was not there, he was at
Rome. If this book is yours [est tibi] , give it to me. If you do
rightly, you are praised. If you [shall] do rightly, you will be
praised. If you should do rightly, you would be praised. Un
less you do rightly, you will not be praised. If you did not fight,
you were cowards. If you do not fight, you are cowards. If you
do not fight, you will be conquered. If Marcus should remain,
■we should be glad ; but if he should go, we would still praisa
him.
1. If you see the good throng to me, will you invite the wicked
to yourself? 2. If the people should meet with you, and could
speak with one voice, it would say this. 3. If by chance thai
which concerns me less pleases you more, I will restore that aedile-
ship to you. 4. If you should ask me what [qualis] I considei
the nature of the gods to be, I should perhaps make no answer.
5. As, if any one should say that the republic of the Athenians is
ruled by a council, the word [illud] " of the Areopagus" would
be-understood, so when we say that the world is controlled by
providence, consider that "of the gods" is-understood. 6. If
any god should grant to me that, from this period-of-life, I should
become-a-boy-again, and cry in the cradle, I should strongly
object. 7. If I should desire from you the greatest services, it ought
[would deserve] to seem strange to no one. 8. If I should say
this, that I passed over the province on your account [§ 54, 8, c,
note], I should seem too fickle even [ipse] to you.
LESSON XXXIX.
Conditional Sentences (continued).
Condition assumed asfalse. § 59, 3, b.
Oral Exercises.
If this were so, I should be glad. If you had gone, I should
have gone with you. Unless I were well, I should not set out.
If you loved Caesar [at some former time], you did well. If you
loved Caesar [now, — as you do not], you would do this. If you
had loved Cassar, you would have done this.

1. I would write more, if I thought that you could read longer
[jam] with pleasure. 2. If you had gone to Britain also, surely
no one in that so great island would have been more experienced
than you. 3. If it were necessary for me only to speak against
Laterensis, nevertheless even [ipsum] this would be offensive in
our great [tantus] intimacy and friendship. 4. If he had lived
to the hundredth year, would he therefore regret his old age ? 5.
He was a tribune of the people, not perhaps so violent as those
whom you justly praise, but at-any-rate such a one, as, if all had
always been, a violent tribune would never have been desired. 6.
If plane-trees bore viols sounding rhythmically, of-course you would
judge that music resided in plane-trees. 7. Whatever brought
great advantage to the human race, this they thought took place
not without a divine goodness towards men. 8. If I were the first
to speak this opinion, you certainly would praise (me) ; if the only
one, you at any rate would pardon (me) . 9. Should you not think
that these men should be torn away from the provinces, if they were
not at-some-time to be withdrawn (from them) ?
IMPLIED CONDITIONS. 43
LESSON XL.
Implied Conditions. § 60.
Oral Exercises.
Tou would have thought that a god spoke. Who would say that
this is so ? I am-inclined-to-believe that Caesar so wishes. Why-
should I say more ? I wish you were to be here. I wish you were
here. Who would not rather be wise than rich ?

1. I could wish [vellem] that he had been able to conform to
your desire. 2. Nor would you find (any) other thing greater or
more excellent. 3. Should I have feared [imp. subj.~\ that I, that
fiercest enemy of kings, should myself undergo the charge of a
desire of royalty? 4. Shall I joke with you by letter, or write
something more serious ? 5. Whither shall I, wretch (that I am),
betake myself? To the Capitol ? But it is wet with the blood of
my brother. Home ? That I may see my wretched mother la
menting and distressed? 6. Why should I not confess what is
necessary ? 7. As I just said, in nearly all things, and especially
in physics, I can tell what is not (true) quicker than what is.
8. If I lay aside even my enmities for the sake of the republic, who
pray will have any right to blame me ? [blame me rightfully'].
Epistle.
Cicero to Ms Atticus.
I readily believe that you are glad to be at home. But I should
like to know what remains for you, or whether you have already
finished. I am expecting you in my Tusculan (estate) , the more
on this account, because you wrote to Tiro that you would come
immediately, and added that you thought there was need. Alto
gether I used to feel how much good you did me (when) present,
but I feel (it) much more since your departure. Wherefore, as I
wrote to you before, either I (must go) to you wholly [§ 47, vi.],
or do you (come) to me when you may.
LESSON XLL
Comparative and Concessive Clauses. § 61.
Oral Exercises.
He speaks as if he knew. He spoke as if he knew. Although
you are wise I do not believe you. However wise you are, you
do not know the number of the stars. Granting that you are
wise, can you foretell the future ? He related Caesar's death, as
if he had seen it. However loud you speak, he will not hear you.
Provided you be wise, no one will hann,you.

1. Do not expect arguments from me, judges, as if there were
some [aliquid] doubt. 2. Why do I make use of these witnesses,
as if the matter were doubtful or obscure? 3. Their natural pow
ers remain to old men, provided their interest and industry con
tinue. 4. Although old age be not burdensome, yet it takes away
that vigor in which Scipio was even now. 5. Scipio, a very few
days before his death, as if he presagcd(it),discoursed for three days
on public affairs. 6. The territory, granting that there be ten
acres apiece, cannot support more than five thousand men. 7.
(This) excellent man is on his guard not to buy [ne with subj.J
from (one who is) unwilling. As if truly we did not understand
that to buy from one who is unwilling is a losing (job) ; from one
who is willing, profitable. 8. Although he is not at all to be
despised in speaking, yet he depends rather upon his foresight of
important matters, than the art of speaking. 9. If you had brought
me Sicyonian slippers, I would not use (them) , however comfort
able and well-fitted to the foot they were, because they are not
manly. 10. Let them hate, provided they fear.
USE OP CUM. 45
LESSON XLIL
Use oF Cum.
Com, meaning when. § 62, 2, b.
meaning since. § 62, 2, c.
meaning although,. § 61, 2.
Oral Exercises.
When I am at Athens, I always visit Mars' Hill. When I am at
Athens, I shall visit Mars1 Hill. When I was at Athens, I visited
Mars' Hill. When I leave Athens, I shall return to Rome. Since
night is approaching, let us depart. Since night was approaching,
they separated. When night approached, they separated.

1. When I compare my action with yours, although I do not
favor myself more than you, nevertheless I am much better [ma-
gis] pleased with my action than yours. 2. When ambassadors
had come to him to beg that he would pardon them and consult
for their lives [sing.], he orders the arms to be collected, the
horses to be brought forward, hostages to be given. 3. You
who ask this, do somewhat [similiter] as if you asked me why I
look at you with two eyes and not with one [alter], since I can
accomplish the same thing with one. 4. He was acquitted by an
assembly of the Roman people, although he confessed that his sister
had been killed by his hand.
Anecdote.
Agesilaus, the Lacedaemonian, when he hao. placed his camp oppo
site the Thebans above a river-bank, and understood that the force
of the enemy was much greater, and for-this-reason wished to re
strain his men from the desire of fighting, said that he was ordered
by an oracle of the gods to fight on high ground [ex collibus] ;
and thus, placing a small guard at the bank, he approached the hills.
Which the Thebans interpreting as [pro] fear, crossed the river ;
and when they had easily driven back the guard, following the rest
too eagerly [§ 17, v. 1], they were beaten by fewer men, on
account of the disadvantage of the position.
LESSON XLIII.
Temporal Clauses. §§ 62, 2 & c.
Antequam and priusquam are often divided into two words,
when the ante or prius stands as an adverb in the principal
clause, and quam introduces the subordinate clause ; in this
case, they are to be translated together in the subordinate
clause as before or until. § 56, in. ; as,
neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit, nor did he let him
go until he gave a pledge (Liv. XXXIX. 10).
Oral Exercises.
We 'will wait until you arrive. I wish to see you before Caius
sets out. I wished to see you before Caius set out. While he was
standing, the enemy escaped. After they had crossed the river,
they were attacked by the Gauls. Before they reached the town,
fighting began. While these things were going on, Cassar set out
with the tenth legion.
1. It greatly concerns each of us, that I see you before you go
away. 2. He brought all together into one place, before word
could be brought to the Arvernians of his arrival. 3. The Gauls
crossed into Italy two hundred years before they laid siege to Clu-
sium and took Rome. 4. He would have surpassed the fortune of
all, if it had happened to him to see [ut, &c] you before he de
parted from life. 5. Before I approach those (points) which have
been discussed by you, I will say what I think of you yourself.
6. While he delays a few days, fear suddenly seized upon all the
army. 7. I wish you would call-to-mind [§ 70, 3.] what I did in
the Senate in regard to you, after you set out, what I said in the
assemblies, what letters I sent to you.
Anecdote.
Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, when a Campanian matron,
a guest at her house, was showing her most beautiful ornaments,
detained her by conversation until her children returned from
school, and "These," said she, " are my ornaments."
CAUSAL CLAUSES. 47
LESSON XLIV.
Causal Clauses. §§ 63, i. n. ; 43,/.
Oral Exercises.
He hates me, because I am luckier than he. He hates me on-
the-ground-that I have thwarted him. He is fortunate in having
you with him. Since Caesar is my friend, I dare resist you. Since
[he thought] Caesar was absent, he opposed his plans. I resisted
him, not that I thought him an enemy, but I did not approve
his designs.
1. Although, as I have written you before, wherever you are,
you are in the same boat (with me), yet I congratulate you, be
cause you are absent, because you do not see the things that we
(see). 2. I congratulate you on being absent. 3. He accuses
them of having held discourses of this sort concerning him. 4. I
had said that this first point needed no argument, because it is
[§ 58, 10, d] clear to all that there are gods. 5. I appeared to
bear my misfortune bravely, — not that I bore it with equanimity,
but I consoled myself (by) thinking that there would not be a long
separation between us. 6. I did not accept even that; not that
I thought (it) inconsistent with my dignity, but because I did not
suspect that so great a crime was hanging over the republic. 7.
If you did not know that Metellus thought thus [haec] of me,
you ought to consider that your brother concealed from you in
regard to the most important matters ; but if, however, he imparted
to you something of his plan, I ought to be considered lenient and
easy by you, since I make no complaint to [cum] you in regard
to these very matters.
Anecdote.
Tarquin the Proud, the father, thinking that the chiefs of the
Gabinians ought to be put to death, because he was not willing that
this should be entrusted to any one, made no answer to the mes
senger who had been sent him by his son ; nevertheless he struck
off with a staff the tall heads of the poppies, since by chance he
was walking in a garden. The messenger, having returned without
an answer, brought word to the young Tarquin what he had seen
his father doing. He understood that the same thing was to be
done to the eminent Gabinians.
LESSON XLV.
Final Clauses. § 64.
To express a negative purpose, ne (ut ne) should be used ;
and, as iu Lesson xxxvn., when an adjective, pronoun, or
adverb follows, the negative should not be connected with
it, but with the conjunction ; thus,
that no one, ne quis ; that nothing, ne quid ; that never, ne urn-
quam ; that no, ne ullus, &c.
Substantive clauses which express a purpose, following
verbs of wishing, advising, necessity, &c, often omit the ut
or ne ; as,
fac cogites, think.
Phrases like ut ita dicam, so to speak; ne plura dicam,
not to say more, belong under this head.
Oral Exercises.
I have come to meet you. I came to meet Balbus. This is a
pleasant spot, not to say delightful. He is a brave man, — I do
not say a good man. We fight that we may not be-slaves. He is
another Plato, so to speak. They founded a city which should be
a refuge to the distressed. We listen, that we may be more wise.
We set out at once in order that we might arrive earlier. Beware
of pardoning [70, 3, r]. It is necessary that we set out. I will
ask him to come. I wish you were at Rome. Now, to pass over
such (points), I will speak of making peace.
1. Three hundred of us [we, three hundred], chiefs of the Ro
man youth, have sworn that we would assault you [§ 57, 10, h] .
2. I think that something should be given the physician himself,
that he may be more zealous. 3. I am afraid that our Lyso is
rather careless. 4. He sends-forward to the Boii (men) who shall
instruct (them) of his arrival, and exhort them to remain in their
fidelity, and withstand the attack of the enemy with good courage.
5. She whispers to [with] herself, but (so) that I may hear. 6. I fear
you are not wily enough.
PINAL CLAUSES. 49
LESSON XLVL
Final Clauses (continued).
1. This one thing I do not know, whether to congratulate (yon)
or fear for you ; not that I fear that your virtue will not meet the
expectation of men, but, by Hercules, lest, when you have come
[Jut. per/.], you have no longer (any thing) to care for [quod
&c] 2. I have sent Antonius to you, that you might deliver to
him the cohorts. 3. As I myself have always joined Latin with
Greek, I am of opinion that you should do the same, that you may
be equal in the use of each speech. 4. In the first place, I wish
you to consider this, that your feelings are strongly approved by
me [dat.] . 5. I wish you would send letters as often as possible,
especially if there shall be any better-established (state of things),
in-regard-to-which 1 we may have-hope. 6. But, to pass over the
common cause, let us come to ours. Do you think, pray, that
it was easier for Ligarius to go out of Africa, or for you not to
come into Africa ? 7. I fear, Crassus, that I cannot concede those
two points to you. 8. Do not fear, Hortensius, that I shall ask
how it was permitted to a senator to build a ship.
* Use the relative ; § 52, iV.
Anecdote.
Manius Curius, the most perfect type of Roman frugality, and
at the same time the most complete model of bravery, presented
himself to the ambassadors of the Samnites, sitting at the hearth on
a rude stool, and dining out of a wooden bowl. For he despised
the wealth of the Samnites, (and) the Samnites wondered at his pov
erty. For when they had brought to him a great weight of gold,
sent by the state [publice], he, when invited with kind words to
be willing to use it, broke into laughter and said at once : " Agents
of a superfluous, not to say foolish, mission, relate to the Samnites
that Manius Curius would rather rule the rich than himself be rich ;
and carry back that costly gift, and remember that I can neither
be conquered in battle nor corrupted by money."
4
LESSON XLVIL
Consecutive Clauses. § 65, i.
Notice that in negative results ne is not used, but ut non,
ut nemo, ut nihil, nt numquam, ut nullus, &c.
The English idiom often uses as with the infinitive in sen
tences of this class ; as,
quia est tam ineptua qui hoc credat, who is so silly as to
believe this ?
A peculiar construction in Latin is the phrase tantum
abest, followed by an ut clause as subject, and another as
result; as,
tantum abest ut amicitiae propter mdigentiam colentur, ut
ii qui minima alterius indigeant, liberalissimi sint, it is so
far (from being true) thatfriendships are sought on account of
need, that those who need another least, are the most liberal (Am.
14) ; where the substantive clause ut . . colantur is subject of
abest, and the consecutive clause ut . . . sint depends upon
tantum.
Oral Exercises.
Who is so rash as to dare this ? The river is so swift that we
cannot swim in it. The cold is so great that wine freezes. I am so
far [abest, not abBum] from being unfriendly to you, that I value
you very highly. Cresar was so far from being defeated that he
even pursued the enemy.

1. His speeches have so much wit, so many illustrations, so
much elegance, that they almost seem to have been written in
Attic style. 2. Will no virtue, therefore, ever be so respected by
you [§ 53, 4, b. end], that it cannot be injured by suspicion P 3.
There cannot be readily found (one) who can give better counsel
to another [alter] than you ; but at any rate no one will give bet
ter to you yourself. 4. If there are but few who love the nobility,
is that our fault ? 5. The statues of Canachus are too stiff to
CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 51
imitate [more stiffthan that they imitate] truth. 6. He is so far from

influencing my opinion, that I think he himself should be very-
much ashamed at having departed from his (own) opinion. 7. What
shrine in Achaia, what place or sacred-grove, has been so (held)
sacred that any image or ornament is left in it?
LESSON XLVIII.
Consecutive Clauses (continued).
Quin and Quominus. § 65, 1, a, b.
Where quin and quominus are used after verbs of hinder
ing, &c, the English often uses from with the verbal noun, or
similar expressions ; as,
est deterrita numquam quin fleret, she was never preventedfrom
weeping (Tib. I. 3, 13).
Notice that these are strictly substantive clauses ; and that
quin is used only after negative expressions.
Oral Exeecises.
Nothing hinders me from aiding Pompey. Nothing hindered
me from aiding you. I shall never be prevented from rejoicing.
There is no doubt, that Rome is the capital of the world. We do
not object to your thinking us foolish. Caius left nothing undone
to frustrate my plans. He was within little of [it was very little
distant but that] reaching the city. It cannot be [fieri] but that
you believe this. It was owing to you that I did not go.

1. And yet I do not doubt that eloquence has always had great
force. 2. How can it be doubted that the glory of military ser
vice brings much more dignity to winning the consulship, than
(that) of civil law ? 3. I could not help [praeterire] writing
to you, and giving thanks. 4. Caesar, fearing for his men, sent to
Titus Sextius, the lieutenant, that he should lead his cohorts quickly
out of the camp, in order that he might terrify the enemy from
pursuing freely. 5. I cannot help sending to you daily.
Epistle.
Cicero io his Atticus.
I had not doubted that I was to see you at Tarentum or
Brundisium, and this had respect to many (points) ; among them,
that we might tarry in Epirus and use your counsel on other
things. Since this has not happened, this also will be (ranked) in
the great number of our misfortunes. Our route is to Asia, espe
cially Cyzicum. I commend my (family) to you. I sustain
myself with difficulty, and wretchedly. Given April 17, from
the-neighborhood-of-Tarentum [Tarentnnnm].
LESSON XLIX.
Consecutive Clauses {continued).
Relative Clauses §§ 65, 2. ; 69, 2.
In negative relative clauses after general negative expres
sions, quin is often used for qui (quod, &c.) non where the
English uses but ; as,
nemo est quin hoc dicat, there is no one but says this.
The accusative quod (§ 52, 3, 1) is often used idiomatically
with the Subjunctive in such expressions as quod sciam, so
far as I know (touching any thing that I know) ; nihil est
quod doleas, there is no reason for you to grieve (nothing in
respect to which you should grieve) (Att. VII. 3).
Oral Exercises.
I am not worthy of receiving these honors. He is not fit to have
those honors bestowed upon him [upon whom these honors should
be bestowed]. Caesar is the only one to whom such honors are due.
There are (some) who envy me. There were (some) who envied
me. He is too shrewd to be deceived [shrewder than who can be
deceived] . Who is there that thinks Titus mad ? Who was there
that thought Marcus wise ? There was nothing that you did not
see.
INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. 58

1. There will be many to whom you can properly give letters,
who will gladly bring them to me. 2. Nor was there any one who
cared for booty. 3. There were (some) at that time who believed
that Marcus Crassus had not been ignorant of this design. 4.
There is no reason for you to hurry. 5. On [ex] each side there
are some who desire to contend. 6. This is the only place to
which [quo] they may escape. 7. Who is there of those Greeks,
who thinks that any one of us understands any thing ? 8. There
is no one of us but knows that you had no enmities with Sex-
tus Roscius. 9. I have no reason to find fault with old age.
10. There is no one but understands that that republic is falling.
11. I ask you this, my Tiro, that you spare expense in nothing,
so far as there is need for your health.
LESSON L.
Intermediate Clauses. § 66.
Remember that when the subordinate clause is introduced
as an independent fact, and not a part of the assertion or
thought in which it is introduced, it takes the Indicative.
Oral Exercises.
He came that he might see the games, which then were going
on. He came that he might see the games that were going on.
I wish to cross the river, while you will stay in the camp. I wish
to cross the river while you stay in the camp.

1. It is for a good consul not only to see what is going on, but
also to foresee what is about to be. 2. Not to know what hap
pened before you were born, — this is to be always a boy. 3. Men
pitied not more the punishment than the crime by which they had
deserved punishment. 4. I would rather he had not given him so
great strength, than that he should resist him now (that he is grown)
so strong. 5. I have sent Antonius to you, a brave man and
especially trusted by me, that you might, if it should seem good to
you, deliver to him the cohorts ; in order that, while the time of
year was suitable, I might be able to perform some operation.
6. Nature lead.-* (us) to favor those who are entering upon the
same perils which we have passed through. 7. What great and
earnest orator, when he wished to make the judge angry with his
adversary, ever hesitated on this account, — because he did not
know what anger was, whether a fervor of the mind, or the desire
of punishing a grievance ? 8. Poets wish each [§ 49, i. end] his
own work to be examined by the public, in order that, if any thing
shall be censured by many, it may be corrected.
LESSON LI.
Intermediate Clauses (continued). §67,1,6.
Oral Exercises.
I see that the man of whom you speak is present. He said that
he came as soon as he saw me. We understand that the city which
we seek is distant. They understood that the enemy whom they
were pursuing were not far distant. He understood that the en
emy whom he had defeated were retreating. He understood that
the enemy, whom he had not seen, were approaching.

1. I informed Deiotarus that there did not seem to be (any)
reason why he should be absent from his kingdom. 2. I confess
that I have zealously followed those (pursuits) , from which true
glory could arise. 3. I thought that I ought to lead the army
through that district of Cappadocia which touched upon Cilicia.
4. If it were doubtful whether they had sought (it) or not, I
would say why they had sought it. 5. He is of opinion that
there are gods, because it is necessary that there should be some
excellent nature, than which there is nothing better. 6. When
we call the fruits "Ceres," and wine "Liber," we use, to be
sure, a customary manner of speech ; but do you think any one
so insane as to believe that that which he eats is a god ? 7. Would
that I may see that day when I may give you thanks because you
have compelled me to live.
FUTURE INFINITIVE. 56
LESSON LIT.
Special Cases oF Accusative with InFinitive. § 70, 2, a, <J
In the construction with fore ut, the ut clause is subject of
the Infinitive fore (futuruin esse). This is the most common
way of expressing a Future Infinitive Passive, and is necessary
with verbs which have no supine stem. It is the most usual
form of expression after spero.
Oral Exercises.
I hope to be able. He says that we shall soon be willing. He
said that he should not fear. I understand that fighting-is-going-
on. I understand that fighting has been going on. I understood
that fighting was going on. Remember that you are envied.
1. They said that they hoped that these designs which had been
secretly entered into, contrary to the safety of the city and empire,
would be brought to light. 2. All were of opinion that an addi
tion would be enrolled in Italy for my legions and (those) of Bibu-
lus. 3. You write that the physician is well esteemed [that it is well
thought concerning, &c] 4. He will say that he always wished to be
asked, always to be entreated. 5. Why (he asked) did they urge
him, already an old man, and (one who had) passed through (all)
labors and the rewards of labors? 6. Why, pray (he asked), did
they fear, or why did they despair of their own valor or his [ipse]
care ? 7 . If these things [quae] (he urged) were not to be
borne in a king, or the son of a king, who would bear (them) in
so many private persons ? Let them see (to it) , lest by forbidding
men to speak freely in the senate-house, they should even excite
talk outside the senate-house. When they wished, let them test
how much braver is [§ 58, 10, d] a sense-of-grief, than self-seeking.
For what had they done by [§ 54, 4, 6] the people ? Let them
not place too much hope in others' fear! 8. Then Ahala Servilius,
tribune of the soldiers, says that he has been silent so long, not
because he was uncertain in opinion [§ 50, 3, c] , — for what good
citizen separates his own counsels from the public (counsels) ? —
but because he preferred his colleagues to yield of their own accord
to the authority of the Senate than to suffer [imp. subj.] the power
of the tribunes to be called upon against themselves.
LESSON Lin.
Conditional Clauses in Oratio Obliqtja. § 67, 1, e.
In conditional clauses in the Oratio Obliqua, the rule for
sequence of tenses (§ 58) will determine whether a primary
or secondary tense of the Subjunctive must be used ; it should
then be considered whether a tense of completed or incom
plete action is required. Thus,
si voletis, following pollicetur, becomes si velint (B. C. I. 1) ;
cum venerit [Jut. per/. ind.~\ following adlatum erat, becomes
cum venisset (Liv. XXXV. 35) , because adlatum erat is a
secondary tense, and venerit, being a tense of completed action,
must take the secondary tense of completed action, — that is,
the pluperfect ; si faciat, following the historical present agit
(§ 58, 10), becomes secondary, but remains a tense of incom
plete action, si faceret (B. G. I. 13).
Oral Exercises.
If you are well, I am glad. Be assured that if you arc well, I
am glad. I said that if he was well, I was glad. If you should
do rightly, you would be praised. Remember that if you should
do rightly, you would be praised. We reminded them that if they
should do rightly, they would be praised,
1. He understood, if he should summon the legions to the prov
ince, that they would contend in battle on the march in his absence
\]ie being absent]. 2. Now I wish that you would persuade your
self of this [sic], that if reference is made to the Senate concerning
these matters, I shall think that the highest praise is awarded to
me, if you approve my dignity by your verdict. 3. He sees that, if
the choice of accusing is transferred from boys of rank, whom he
has hitherto eluded, to brave and respected men, he cannot lord
it (any) longer in the trials. 4. They say that they wish to
speak with Caesar concerning most important matters, if an oppor
tunity should be given them. 5. The same one says that, if there
are not gods, there is nothing in all nature better than man ; but
that any man should think this — that there is nothing better than
man — he judges is the greatest arrogance.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES. 67
LESSON LTV.
Epistle.
Cicero to his Atticus.
I am eagerly waiting for your advice. I fear that I am absent
(at a time) when it were more honorable for me to be present : I
dare not come without-special-reason. Of Antony's movements
[iter] I hear somewhat [nescio quid] otherwise than as I wrote
to you. Therefore, I wish you would explain [§ 70, 3, /, Rem.]
everything, and send me certain (tidings). Of the rest, what shall
I say to you ? I burn with zeal for history — for your encourage
ment stimulates me incredibly — which indeed can neither be begun
nor accomplished without your aid. Therefore we will consult
together upon this at least. At present I wish you would write to
me in whose consulship [ahl. abs.] Caius Fannius, son of Marcus,
was tribune of the people. I think [videor mihi] I have heard
in the censorship of Publius Africauus and Lucius Mummius.
Dialogue.
Tiieopropides. Well, Tranio, what's going on ?
TbaNiO. The country-people are coming from the country:
Philolaches will be here at once.
Th. By Pollux, he comes in good time for me. I am of opin
ion that this neighbor (of) ours is a bold and bad man.
Tr. How so ?
Th. Because he says he does not know you.
Tr. Says not ?
Th. And that you never gave him a (single) coin of money.
Tr. Go away, — you are chaffing me, I am sure. He doesn't
deny (it).
Th. What now?
Tr. I know you're joking now; for he, I am sure, doesn't
deny.
Th. Yes, indeed by Pollux, he denies up and down; and
(says) that he didn't sell this house to Philolaches.
Tr. Well, now, did he deny that money was given him, I beg
(to know) ?
Th. Nay, he promised to give me an oath, if I wished, that
he neither sold this house, nor was money given him.
LV.
The English Potential,.
The Potential Mood is a name often given, in English, to
any form of a verb which is constructed with the aid of may,
can, must, might, could, would, or should. But these words
are used with great variety and laxity, and give rise to many
ambiguities. When used simply as auxiliaries, the verb they
form is a genuine subjunctive ; but they are very com
monly principal verbs, in which case the verb which depends
upon them is an infinitive.
I. As a Principal Verb.
Mat denotes permission ; Latin, licet ; as,
licet tibi venire, you may [have leave to] come.
Might has the same meaning, being the past tense of may;
but by a peculiar idiom, when used in this way, it is followed
by the Perfect Infinitive in English ; as,
licuit tibi venire, you might have come.
May and might are also used to express power or possibil
ity, and are then rendered by possum ; as,
potest ita esse, it may be so ; potuit venire, he might have come ;
this last expression in English may mean either, he had permis
sion, licuit, or he had it in his power, potuit
He might, with Present Infinitive, is used in the apodosis
of conditional sentences assumed to be false ; as,
posset venire, he might come, if circumstances were otherwise.
Can and Could express power, and are expressed by pos
sum ; as,
possum hoc facere, I can do this ; potui hoc facere, I could
do or could have done this.
Could often, like might, takes the Perfect Infinitive to ex
press past time, and uses the Present Infinitive in either mem
ber of a conditional sentence assumed as false ; as,
hoc facerem si possem, / would do this if I could (but I cannot).
THE ENGLISH POTENTIAL. 59
Thus, Icould do it is either simple past, potui, or a sub

junctive, possem.
Would and Should are occasionally used as principal
verbs ; would, like will, expresses a strong determination, and
is rendered by volo ; as,
vult ire, Tie will go ; voluit Ire, he would go ; vellet si pos
set, he would if he could ; posset si vellet, he might if he
would.
Should is present, expressing obligation, and may be ren
dered by oportet ; as,
aon oportet eum redire, he should not return.
Sliall also is sometimes used in a similar way, in a future
obligation, amounting almost to compulsion ; as, he shall go ;
i.e. / wiU make him go. So with the Future Imperative ; as,
ne facito furtum, thou shalt not steed.
Must and Ought are likewise principal verbs. Must is
rendered by the gerundive, which is always passive ; as,
consul exspectandus est (nobis), we must waitfor the consul;
pugnandum est, we must fight (fighting must be done).
Ought is either debeo or the impersonal oportet ; but for
past time the English uses the Perfect Infinitive, just as for
might and could; as,
debuit hoc facere, or oportuit eum hoc facere, he ought to have
done this.
II. As Auxiliakies.
Mat and Might express purpose in filial clauses (§ 64),
and are rendered by the Present and Im/terfect Subjunctive ;
as,
vSnit ut me videat, he comes that he may see me; venit ut me
videret, he came that he might see me.
Might is also used in softened assertions (§ 61) ; as,
credat quispiam, one might believe.
793479 A
Can and Could are very rare in this use, but are occa
sionally the equivalents of a subjunctive of softened asser
tion ; as,
velim or vellem, / could wish ; quid dixerim, what can I say ?
Would is used in indirect discourse, to express an action
which is future in relation to a verb in past time on which
it depends ; it is rendered by the Future Infinitive ; as,
dixit se venturum esse or fuisse, he said that he would come or
would have come.
Should and Would are used in conditional sentences
referring indistinctly to future time, — in the protasis, should ;
in the apodosis, should (like shall) for the first person, would
(like will) for the second and third ; in this use they are ren
dered by the Present Subjunctive ; as,
si ita faciat, gaudeam, if he should do so, J should rejoice ; gau-
deas, you would rejoice.
Should have and would have, in the protasis of conditions
assumed as false, take the Pluperfect Subjunctive ; as,
venissem si potuissem, 1 should have come if I could.
Should and would, like might, can, and could may be used
for implied conditions ; as,
quid eam, Why should I go? laudaveris, one would commend.
LESSON LVI.
Recapitulation.
Mat expresses —
1. Permission, — licet, with dative and infinitive.
2. Possibility, — possum, with infinitive.
3. Purpose, — ut, with present subjunctive.
Might expresses —
1. Permission.
2. Possibility. When followed by perf. inf. in English, licuit
or potuit with infinitive ; when followed by present infinitive in
RECAPITULATION. CI
English, possem, expressing possibility in a supposition assumed

as false.
3. Purpose, — ut with imperfect subj.
4. Used vaguely, in softened assertion.
Can and Could express —
1. Power, — possum with infinitive.
'Would expresses —
1. Determination, — volui or vellem.
2. In indirect discourse, to represent future time depending on
a past verb, the future infinitive.
( 3. Apodosis of future time, — pres. subj., 2d and 3d persons.
4. Apodosis of past time, condition assumed as false, — plu
perfect subj., 2d and 3d persons.
Should expresses —
1. Obligation, — oportet or decet.
2. Protasis of future time, — present subjunctive.
3. Apodosis of future time, — pres. subj. 1st person.
4. Apodosis of past time, false condition, —-pluperfect subjunc
tive, 1st person.
Anecdote.
Themistocles, leader of the Athenians, when he saw that it was
advantageous to the Greeks to contend in the straits of Salamis
against the multitude of ships of Xerxes, and could not per
suade his (fellow) citizens of this [§ 51, 2, c], brought (it) about
by craft that the Greeks were forced by the barbarians to their own
advantage [plur\. For, feigning treachery, he sent (a person) to
Xerxes to disclose that his countrymen were considering concern
ing flight, and that matters would be harder for him, if he should
attack the states one by one, by siege. By which means he brought
it about, first that the army of the barbarians was kept from rest,
since they were all night at their post of guard ; in the next place,
that his own men fought with fresh strength with the barbarians,
(who were) worn out by watching, (and) in a narrow place, as
he had wished, in which Xerxes could not use the multitude in
which he had the advantage.
LESSON LVIL
Oral Exercises.
You may go. You must go. You ought to go. You might
go if you were well. You might have gone. You might have
gone if you had wished. Who would go into such [so great] per
ils ? I wish Caius were present. I wish Caius might be present.
What could I do ? You could conquer if you would fight.
1. They begged nothing else but that they might with their
lips receive the last breath of their sons. 2. I ought to defend
his safety no less than mine. 3. Here it might be recognized how
much protection men have in firmness of soul. 4. You both re
fused what you ought not, and received what you had-no-right (to
receive). 5. The one does not dare to inform us why he is called
a commander ; the other must in a few days be ashamed to dare.
6. It was answered on the other side that Aulus Varro offered to
come on the next day to a conference, and that he [the same one]
would see how ambassadors might come in safety and declare what
they wished.
Anecdote.
The physician of Pyrrhus, king of the Epirots, came to Fabri-
cius, general of the Romans, and promised to give poison to Pyr
rhus, if a reward which should be worth his while should be paid
him. But Fabricius, thinking that his victory had no need of such 1
a crime, informed-against the physician to the king, and by this
good-faith deserved to drive [that he drove] Pyrrhus to seek the
friendship of the Romans.
1 Use the relative qui at the beginning of the sentence, — quod facinua.
LESSON LVm.
Further Uses op the Relative.
1. The Relative often stands for a Demonstrative at the
beginning of a sentence (§ 48, iv.). This is for the purpose
of connecting the sentence closely with the preceding (§ 43,
3, k), and it is often best to supply a conjunction in Eng
lish; as,
USES OF THE RELATIVE. 63
quos cum Ariovistus conspexisset but when Ariovistus had

caught sight of them (B. G. I. 47).
2. The neuter quod, used adverbially, often commences
a sentence, followed by si, and may be best rendered but,
now, &c. ; as,
quod si Luna dea est, ergo etiam Lucifer, etc., but if the moon
is a goddess, therefore the morning star, too. (N. D. III. 20.)
3. When a Relative clause has auother subordinate clause
depending upon it, the Relative may stand in that clause, aud
be understood in its own ; as,
is fueram, cui cum liceret majores fructus capere, non dubi-
taverim, / had been one who, although it was permitted me to
receive greater fruits, did not hesitate (Rep. 4) [for qui, cum
mini liceret].
1. These two points remain to me from your subdivision. And
concerning these, if it seems (good) to you, I think we should dis
cuss more thoroughly. 2. There are many monuments of your
mercy, but cluefly the unharmed-condition [pZur.] of those to whom
you have given safety. And if these things are glorious in private
persons, much more shall they be recounted in (regard to) kings.
3. Now if I pushed myself in that direction, I should certainly
find at once some way of resisting. 4. I attempted-to-satisfy [imp.]
the people by purchase, and if this had been arranged carefully, I
thought the rabble of the city could be withdrawn, and the solitude
of Italy made-populous. 5. That which uses reason is better than
that which does not use reason. But nothing is better than the
world, therefore the world uses reason. In like manner, it can be
made out that the world is wise, happy, eternal. For all these
are better than those that are without [carens] them, and nothing
(is) better than the world ; from which it is made out that the world
is God. 6. What shall I say of myself, who cannot be relieved,
although [ut] every thing [omnia] should happen to me which I
wish ? 7. He was informed that all the Belgians, whom we had
shown to be the third part of Gaul, were conspiring against the
Roman people. 8. Therefore but-few come to old age, (but) if
this [quod] did not so happen, we should live [§ 39, c] both better
and more prudently.
G4 LATIN COMPOSITION.
LESSON LIX.
1. That is an old law of the genuine and true friendship which
now for a long time I have had [§ 58, 2, a] with him. that friends
always wish the same thing; nor is there any surer bond of friend
ship than the harmony and union of plans and wills. 2. You will say
surely that he is persuaded to give up his army, and thus become
consul. 3. As to the people, — he who either envies or favors
is always a partial judge of dignity. 4. You take pleasure in
bringing some-charge-or-other [§ 67, 2, e], even in regard to that
tribe. 5. He forbade a publican or the slave of a publican to be
in-the-town [ibi] , in which he himself was, or to which he was
coming. 6. I entreated Claudia, your wife, and your sister Mucia,
to deter him from that act of injustice. 7. My enemies have taken
from me my possessions, not myself. 8. I came to Brundisium,
April 17. On that day your boys gave me a letter from you, and
other boys the third day after that day [</en.] brought me another
letter. 9. As to your calling [quod vocas] me to life, you ac
complish one thing, that I withhold my hands from myself; the
other thing you cannot, that I should not repent our decision and
(my) life. 10. Each ought to be contented with that (amount) of
time which is given to him for living.
LESSON LX.
Epistle.
I write this to you reclining in the very villa of Scipio Africanus,
after adoring his shades and the casket which I suspect to be the
tomb of the great [tantus] man. His soul indeed I persuade my
self has returned into heaven, from which it was ; not because he
led great armies, — for these the mad Cambyses also had, — but on
account of his excellent moderation and piety, more admirable in
him when he left his country than when he defended it : either
Scipio must [debeo] be wanting to Rome, or Rome without lib
erty. " In nothing," he said, " do I wish to detract from the laws
and institutions. Let right be equal among all citizens. Make
use of my services, without me, my country. I have been to thee
ANECDOTE. 65
a cause of liberty, I will be also a proof (of it) . I go forth, if I have

grown more than is well for thee." Why should I not admire this
greatness of mind, by which he departed into voluntary exile, and
disburdened the state ? Therefore great pleasure came upon me,
contemplating Scipio's customs and ours : in this corner that dread
of Carthage, to whom Rome owes that [quod] she was captured
only once, washed his body, weary with rustic labors. For he
exercised himself with labor, and, as the custom was to the an
cients, he himself subdued the earth.
LESSON LXI.
Anecdote.
So many things are going on at Rome, that those which take
place in the provinces are scarcely heard of. I do not fear that I
shall seem to arrogate any thing for myself, if I speak of my quaes-
torship. For however brilliant it was, nevertheless I think that I
have since held the greatest commands in such a way [/ have
been such (is) in the greatest, etc.'}, that there is not so much glory
to be sought from the reputation of my quaestorship. But yet I
am not afraid that any one will dare to say that any-one's quaestor-
ship in Sicily was either more renowned or more popular. At that
time, I thought that men talked of nothing else at Rome but of my
quaestorship. Therefore I came away with this hope, that I thought
the Roman people would offer every thing to me of their own
accord. But when by chance in those days, for the sake of taking
a journey, on my way [decedens] from the province, I had come
by chance to Puteoli, when very many and fashionable men are
accustomed to be in that neighborhood [looa] , I almost lost my
balance, when some one had asked me on what day I had gone
from Rome, and whether there was any thing new. When I had
answered him [§ 48, iv.] that I was on my way from my province,
he said, " Yes, to be sure, by Hercules," says he, " from Africa,
as I think." Already rather-offended, I say to him disdainfully :
" No, indeed ; from Sicily." Then one, as (one) who knew every
thing, said, "How, don't you know that he was quaestor at Syra
cuse ? " In-brief, I left off being offended, and pretended that
I was one of those who had come to the baths.
6
LESSON LXH.
Anecdote.
Thence they came [§ 39, c] to Sidon, a city renowned for an
tiquity and the fame of its founders. Hephaestion was permitted to
establish as king (the one) of the Sidonians whom he should judge
most worthy of that rank. The hosts ofHephaestion were young men
distinguished among their countrymen ; who, when an opportunity
of reigning was offered to themselves, said that no one, according
to the custom of the country, was admitted to that rank, unless
born of royal stock. And they decide that no one is preferable to
[potior quam] a certain Abdalonymus [§ 67, 1, a, R.], connected
with the royal stock, but on account of poverty cultivating a gar
den in the suburbs with slender profit. The cause of his [§ 51, 3]
poverty was honesty ; and, intent upon his daily work, he did not
hear the uproar of arms which had shaken all Asia.
Suddenly then they entered his garden with the insignia of royal
apparel. Then, after saluting him king, one of them said : " You
must exchange that filth for this suit of raiment which you see
in my hands. Take the spirit of a king, and carry that self-re
straint of yours into that fortune of which you are worthy. And
when you sit upon the royal throne, master of the life and death
of all citizens, do not forget this condition in which — nay, by
Hercules, on account of which — you receive the royalty."
The king ordered him straightway to be admitted, and looking
upon him for a long time, said: "The bearing of your body is
not inconsistent with the fame of your race ; but I should like
to know by what patience you have endured poverty." Then he
said, " May I be able to endure royalty with the same temper !
These hands sufficed for my needs. To him who had nothing
[part.] , nothing was wanting."
EPISTLE. 67
LESSON LXIH.
Epistle.
Caius Pliny to his Septicius Claras.
Ho, you promise (to come) to dinner, and don't come [§ 43,
8, a]. Judgment shall be pronounced, — you shall pay costs to
a penny, and that not [neo id] trifling. There were prepared a
head-of-lettuce apiece, three snails apiece, two eggs apiece, olives,
beets, gourds, onions, a thousand other things no less elegant.
You would have heard comedians or [§ 43, 3, c] a reader or a harper
or — such [quae] (is) my liberality — all (of these). But [§ 43,
3, 6] you preferred oysters, tripe, sea-urchins, and Gades-fish,
with nobody-knows-who [§ 67, 2, e]. You shall suffer punish
ment — I don't say what. You have done rudely; you havo
grudged — I am inclined to think [§ 73, l,d] yourself— at any
rate [§ 43, 3, c] me, but yet yourself too. How much we should
have sported, laughed, studied 1 You can dine more showily with
many, nowhere more gayly, more simply, freer-from-restraint.
In fine, make-a-trial, and unless hereafter you excuse yourself
[§ 19, 1] rather to others, excuse (yourself) to me always.
Farewell.
VOCABULAKY.
For Numerals and Pronouns, see Grammar, §§ 18-21.

Regular verbs, of the first, second, and fourth conjugation, are sim
ply marked ; for irregular verbs, and all of the third conjugation, the
stems are given. For nouns, the genitive case is given.
Phrases and groups of words are given either under the first word,
or under the verb or noun or both, contained in it.
In words of more than two syllables, the penult is short, unless
marked long, or long by position..
accustomed, to be, soleo (§ 35,
n.) ; adsuevi (perf. of adsuesco) ;
abdicate, abdico, i [abdic. magis- imperfect tense of verb.
tratum, or abd. se magistrate]. Acheron, Acheruns, untis, M.
able (to be), possum (§ 29, m.). acquit, libero, i.
about (adv.), fere ; about to do acre, jugerum, i k. [sometimes
any thing, Fut. Part. gen. jugeris; pl. generally ju-
above fprep.), supra [accus.]. geres; [really, about half an
absent, absens, ntis; to be absent, acre.]
absum (§ 29, n.). act (verb), facio, 3, feci, fact-;
absolutely, sane. (noun), factum, i; act of in
abuse, abator (§ 54, in.), 3, abits-; justice, injuria, ae; royal act,
= revile, male dlco [dat.]. regium, i (§ 47, ni).
accept, capio, 3, cepi, capt-; action, factum, i.
(friendship), sequor, 3, secut-. adapt, accommodo, 1.
accident, eventus, us, M. add, addo, 3, didi, dit-; to be add
accomplish, conficio, 3, feci,fect- ; ed, accedo, 3, cessi, cess-.
efficio (some special aim), asse- addition, supplementum, n.
quor, 3, secut-. administer, gero, %gessi, gest-.
accord, of one's own, sponte, gen admirable, admirabilis, e.
erally w. possessive ; ultra. admiration, admiratio, dnis, F.
according to, ablative case. admire, admiror, i.
account, on this, eo, ob hanc cau- admit, admitto, 3, misi, miss-; (to
sam ; on account of, ob, propter one's self), recipio, 3, cepi, cept-.
[ace], causa w. gen. (§ 54, I.) ; adore, adoro, i.
make no ac, nihilifacio [acc.]. adorn, adorno, i.
accursed, scelestus, a, um. advance (intr. verb), progredior,
accuse, accuso, i. 3, gress-; (trans, verb), augeo,
accuser, accusator, Oris, m. 2, auxi, auct-.
advantage, utilitas, tatis, F. ancient, antlquus, priscus, a, um.

advantageous, utilis, e; to be and, et, atque, ac, -que (§ 43, i.);
advantageous, prosum (§ 29, and not, neque (§ 43, i. note).
iv.) [dat.]. anger, iracundia, ae, F.
adversary, adversarius, i. M. angry, iratus [dat.] ; to be an
advice, consilium, i. n. ; auctori- gry, irascor, 3, irdt- [dat.].
tas, tatis, F. animal, animal, alls, n. (3 11, l i).
advise, moneo, 2. announce, nuntio, renuntio, l.
aedileship, aedilitas, tatis, v. another, alius; (of two), alter, a.
iEneas, Alneas, ae, an, a (§ 9, 5). um (§ 16, l end) ; from one an
affability, comitas, tatis, F. other, inler se.
affair, or affairs, res, rli, F. answer (verb), or make an an
afraid, to be, vereor, 2. swer, respondeo, 2, ndi, fts- ;
after (prep.), post [ace] ; also, (noun), responsum, i, n.
abl. abs. ; (conj.), postqnam antiquity, vetustas, tatis, F.
(§57,in.); (adj.), posterus. Antony, Antonius, i. [any, ullus
again, rursus, etiam. anxiety, sollicitudo, dinis, F.
against, contra, adversus [acc.]. apiece (distributive numeral,
age, aetas, tatis, F. ; old age, sen- 18, ii.).
ectus, tiitis, F. apparel, vestis, is, F.
agent, minister, tri, M. approach, accedo, 3, cessi, cess-
ago, abliinc, Less. XXv. [in w. acc] ; aggredior, egress-
agreeable, jucundus, a, um. lad w. acc], appropinquo, 1.
agreed (it is well agreed), constat, appropriate, proprius, a, um
Less. vii. 2. (§ 50, in. 4).
aid (verb), adjuvo, 1,juvi,jftt-; approve, probo, comprobo, i.
(noun), auxilium, i, N. ; adju- April, aprilis, e [adj.].
mentuin, n. ; opis, F. (gen. case, argument, argumentum, i, n. ;
§ 14, i. 2 ; ii. i) ; come to aid, oratio, dnis, F.
subvenio, 4, veni, vent- [dat.]. arise, nascor, 3, nat-.
alarmed, to be, trepido, i. arms, arma, drum [neut. pl.].
Alban, Albdnus, a, um. army, exercitus, us, u. ; (in line
all, omnis, e; totus, a, um (§ 16, of battle), acies, Hi, F.
i. end) ; at all, omnino; not at Arpinatian, Arptnas, atis (§ 11,
all, minime, nihil; all of a sud in. 2, note).
den, derepente. as (a piece of money), as, assis, K.
alliance, conjunctio, dnis, F. as, ut, quasi, pro [abl.], id quod
ally, socius, i, M. (§ 48, v.); noun in apposition ; as
almost, paene, prope. if, quasi, tamquam (§ 61, i) ; as
alone, solus, a, um (§ 16, i. end). is due, or as is worthy,pro [abl.] ;
already, jam (§ 41, ii. 2). as many as, quot (§ 22, i.) ; as
although, quamguam, elsi, cum, often as, totiens, quotiens ; quo-
quamvis, ut (§ 61, 2). tiescumque; as to, quod perti-
altogether, omnino. net ad [acc] ; as yet, adhuc.
also, et, etiam, quoque (§ 41, ii. ascertain, cognosco, 3, novi, ni/-.
i); but also, tum (§ 43, 8). ashamed, to be, poenitet (§ 50,
always, semper. iv. 3)-
ambassador, legatus, t, m. ask, rogo, i (§ 52, in. i) ; peto, 3,
among, inter [acc] ; in [abl.]. tivi, tit- [person expressed by
ancestors, majores, um [pl. adj.]. ab w. abl.] ; quaero, 3, quacsivi,
VOCABULARY. 8
quaestt- [person expressed by adsum [dat.] ; be quiet, faces,

ab, de, or exv/. abl.]. 2 ; be understood (of a word
assault, grassor, 1 [in w. acc.]. omitted in a sentence), desum.
assemble (intr.), convlnio, 4, vent, beam, trabs, bis, F.
vent-. bear, fero, ferre, tuli, lat- (T. i4).
assembly, conventus, us, M. ; con- bearing, habitus, us, m.
cio, dnis, F. ; (for voting), comi- beast, bestia, ae, F.
tia, drum (neut. pi.]. beat, verbero, i ; (in battle), vinco,
assent, assentior, 4, ns-. 3, t/*c/-.
assert, praedico, i. beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum.
assistance, adjumentum, i, n. because, quid.
assured, be, scito (§ 33, in. 2). become, fio, fieri, fact- (§ 37,
at, ad [acc], in (§ 42, in.) ; at hav vii.) ; (becoming to), decd
ing, &c. (to express a cause al [acc] ; become a boy again,
leged), quod (§ 63, i.) ; at any rcpuerasco, 3.
rate, certe (§ 41, n. 3) ; at most, bed, leclus, i, m. ; to go to, abeo
summum (§ 52, iv.) ; at some cubitum (§ 74, l).
time, aliquando; at the top of beet, betaceus, i, M.
his voice, maximum (§ 52, iv.). befit, convenio, 4, vlni, vent-
Athenian, Atheniensis, e. [dat.].
Athens, Athenae, arum, F. before (prep.), ante; (conj.),a«-
attack (verb), aggredior, egress-; tequam, priusquam (§ 62, n.) ;
oppugno, i ; (noun), impetus, 4. (adv.), antea, ante.
attend, attendo, 3, ndi, nt-. beg, oro, i (§ 52, in. i) ; peto, 3,
attention, studium, i, n. ; give at tivi, tit- [ab w. abl.] ; quaero,
tention to, studeo, 2, dui [dat.] . 3, .rzW, jz7- [prep. w. abl.] ; beg
Attic, Atticus, a, um. to know, obsecro.
audacity, audacia, ae, F. begin, incipio, 3, dpi, cept- ; in-
August, sexttlis. e [adj.]. stituo, 3, tut, tiit- ; (perf.),
authority, auctoritas, tatis, F. coepi (38, i.).
avarice, avaritia, ae, F. behalf (in behalf of), ob [acc] ;
avenge, persequor, 3, secut-. behind, post [acc.]. [pro [abl.]
averse, remotus [ab w. abl.]. Belgians, Belgae, arum.
avoid, vito, fugito, i. believe, credo, 3, didi, dit- (dat.
award, tribuo, 3, bui, but-. of person, acc. of thing (§ 51,
in. end),
belong, proprius esse (§ 50, iil. 4).
a benefit (verb), prosum (§ 29, iv.).
[dat.] ; (noun), bencficium, i, n.
back, tergum, i, n. beseech, peto, 3, tivt, tit- [ab w.
bad, mains, a, um. abl.].
balance, to lose one's, concldo, 3. besides (prep.), practer [acc] ;
bank, ripa, a, F. (adv.), etiam.
barbarian, barbarus, a, um. besiege, obsideo, 2, sedi, sess- ; op
bark (verb), latro, i pugno. i.
baths, aquae, arum, F. best, optimus (§ 17, ii.).
battle, proelium, i, n. ; pugna, ae, bestow, confgro, ferre, tuli, lat-
F. ; (line of), acies, iei, F. [dat. or in w. acc] ; impertio,
be, sum (§ 29) ; be off, abscedo, 3, 4 [dat.] ; (bestow time, or atten
cessi, cess- ; be on hand (or with), tion), adhibco, 2 [in w. acc.].
betake one's self, se conflro,ferre, build, aedifico, i.

tuli, lat- [ad w. acc.J. burden, onus, oneris, n.
better, melior, us (§ 17, n.) ; bet burdensome, gravis, e.
ter prepared, paratior, us. burn (intr.), ardeo, 2, arsi, ars-;
between (adj.), medius, a, um ; (tran.), uro, 3, ussi, ust-.
(prep.), inter. bury, defodio, 3,fodi,foss-.
beware, caveo, 2, cavi, caut- (§ 51, business, res, rei, v.; negotium, i.
iv.). n. ; ratio, onis, F. ; (a concern),
beyond, praeter [acc.]. curatio, onis, F.
bind, restringo; astringo, 3, nxi, but, sed, at, autem, vero (§ 43, 2) ;
strict-. (unless, or except), nisi; after
bite, mordeo, 2, momordi, mors-. general negative expressions,
Bituriges, Bituriges, gum. guin, Less, xlviii. ; but little,
blame, reprehendo, 3, ndi, ns-. parum; but few, pauci.
blood, sanguis, guinis, M. buy, emo, 3, emi, empt-.
boast, g/orior, i.
boat, navis, is, F.
body, corpus, oris, n. C.
bold, audax, acts.
bond, vinculum, i. n. Caesar, Caesar, iris. \ct-;
book, liber, bri, M. call, voco, appello, i ; dico, 3, xi,
booty, praeda, ae, F. call out, evoco, i ; call to mind,
born, ortus ($ 54, vin.) ; to be recordor, i ; call upon, impld-
born, nascor, 3, nat-. ro, i.
Tooy,puer,pueri,m.; become aboy calm, placidus, a, um.
again, repuerasco, 3. Cambyses, Cambyses, is.
brandish, vibro, i. camp, castra, drum [n. pl.],
brain, cerebrum, i. n. can = be able, possum (§ 29, m.) ;
brave, fortis, forte; audax, acis. cannot, nequeo, 4 (§ 37, vin.).
bravely, fortiter. Cannae, of, Cannensis, e (§ 47, v.).
bravery, fortitiido, dinis, F. capital, caput, itis, n.
break into laughter, vultum risu Capitol, Capitolium, i, n.
solvo, 3, solvi, solut-. capture, capio, 3, cepi, capt-.
breath, spiritus, us, m. care, cura, ae, F. ; (watchfulness),
bribe, donum, i. n. diligentia, ae, F. ; care for, and
bribery, ambitus, us, m. take care of, euro, i [acc] ; stud-
brief, in, quid multaf eo, 2, dui [dat.].
briefly, pauca. carefully, dtligenter.
brilliant, be,floreo, 2, rut. careless, negligens, ntis.
bring, fero, ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, carry, perfiro, ferre, litli, lat-
iv.) ; affero ; perfero ; bring (§ 37, iv.) ; carry away, aufero,
about, efficio, perficio, 3, feci, ferre, abstuli, ablat-; carry on,
fect-; bring charge against, cri- (war), gero, 3,gess,gest-; infero,
minor, i ; bring forward,/ra/«- % 37, iv.) [dat.] ; c. back, refero.
co, xi, ct-; bring out, effero; Carthage, Karthago, ginis, F. [lo-
bring to light, illustro, i ; bring cat. gini\.
to pass, efficio; bring together, Carthaginian, Karthaginicnsis, e.
cogo, 3, coegi, coact-; bring word, casket, arca, ae, F.
nuntio, renuntio. Cassius, of, Cassianus, a, um
brother,/rater, tris, M. (§ 47, v.).
VOCABULARY. 6
catch, capio, 3, cepi, capt-; catch cold, frigus, frigoris, N.
sight of, conspicor, i [acc.]. colleague, collega, ae, M.
Catiline, Catiiina, ae. collect, confero, ferre, tuli, lit-
Cato, Cato, onis. (§ 37, iv. ; comparo, i.)
cattle, pecus, pecoris, n. colonist, colonus, i, m.
cause (verb), facio, 3, feci, fact- colony, colonia, ae, F.
(Less. iv.) ; be causecl,yfo, 'fieri, come, venio, 4, vent, vent-; come
fact- (§ 37, vii.) ; (noun), causa, to aid, subvfnio [dat.] ; come
ae, f ; (also expressed by dat. away, decedo, 3, cessi, cess-; come
of end, § 51, vn.). to one's senses, se colligo, 3,
cautious, be cautious for, caveo, 2, legi; come upon, subeo, 4, ii, it-
ca-vi, caut-. (§ 37, vl).
cavalry, equitatus, us, M. equites comedian, comocdus, i, M.
censor, censor, oris, M. t(pl-) comfortable, habilis, e.
censure, rcprehendo, 3, ndi, ns-. comitia, comitia, drum, n.
Ceres, Ceres, Cereris, F. command (verb), i?npero, i (§ 51,
certain (sure), certus, a, um ; (a in. end) ; (noun), imperium, i, n.
certain), quidam (T. 6.) commander, imperator, oris, m.
certainly, profectd. commencement, initium, i, n.
chaff, to, ludo, 3, lusi, lus-. commend, commendo, i.
chance (verb), cado, 3, cecidi, cas-; commit, committo, 3, misi, miss-
(noun), casus, us, m. ; by chance, (Less. iv.) ; (a crime), facio, 3,
forte. feci, fact-.
change, muto, i [acc. of thing re common, communis, e; (public),
ceived, with abl. of thing given] . publicus, a, um.
character, mores, um, m. [pl. of commonalty, plebs, plebis, F.
mos~\. compare, comparo, i ; confero,
charge, or bring charge, criminor, ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv.) [acc.
i [acc] ; charge falsely, insim- and dat. or abl. w. cum],
ulo, i ; (noun), crimen, inis, n. comparison, comparatio, onis, F.
chase, sector, i. compel, cogo, 3, coegi, coact- [acc.
chest, arca, ae, F. w. inf.].
chief,princeps, cipis; (pl.), primd- complaint; make, expostulo, i
res. [make no complaint, nihil
chiefly, imprimis, maxime. exp.-]
choice, voluntas, tatis, F. complete, perfectus, a, um.
choose (select), deligo, 3, legi, led-. conceal, celo, i [two accusatives,
Cicero, Cicero, onis. or accusative of person, and
citizen, civis, is, M. abl. of thing with de (§ 52,
citizenship, civitas, tatis, F. in. i)].
city, urbs, urbis, F. ; of the city, concede, concedo, 3, cessi, cess-.
urbanus (§ 47, v.). concerning,^ [abl.].
civil, civilis, e. concerns, it, interest (§ 50, iv.
class, genus, generis, n. 4).
clear, clarus; (of sky, &c), sere- condemn, condemno, i.
nus; (of style), perspicuus, a, condition (state), status, us, m. ;
um. (of a treaty), lex, legis, F. ; un
coast, ora, ae, F. harmed condition, incolumitas,
cohort, collars, tis, F. tatis, F.; (terms), conditio, onis.F.
coin, nummus, i, m. conference, colloquium, i, n.
G LATIN COMPOSITION.
confess,fateor, 2, /ass-; confiteor, corrupt, corrumpo, 3, rupi, ritpt-.

2, confess-. council, consilium, i.; concil
confidence, fides, dli, F. ; spirit ium, i, n.
of confidence, fiducia, ae, F. ; counsel, consilium, i, n. ; need of
want of confidence, diffidentia, counsel, opus consulto (§ 54,
conform, obsequor, 3. [ez, F. vii.) ; mad counsels,/mtw, oris;
congratulate, gratulor, i [dat.]. take counsel against, consulo,
congratulation, gratulatio, onis. 3, sului, suit- [in w. acc]
connected, annexus, a, um [dat.]. count, numero, i.
conquer, vinco, 3, vici, vict-. countenance, vultus, us, M.
conqueror, victor, oris, il.; vic- country (opposed to city), rus, ru
trix, tricis, F. n's, n. (§ 55, ni.) ; agri, orum, M.
conscience, conscientia, ae, F. (fields) ; (fatherland), patria, ae,
consecrate, sacro, i. F. ; of one's country, patrius, a,
consider (think about), considero, um; country people, rustici,
pondcro, cogito, i ; (regard as), drum.
duco, 3, duxi, duct-; existimo, countryman, popularis, is; fel
arbitror, i ; (for the interests of), low-citizen, possessive adj.
consulo, 3, sului, suit- [dat.]. courage, virtus, tutis, F. ; animus,
consolation, solatium, i, n. i, M. ; good courage, magnus
console, solor, i. animus.
conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, F. course, impetus, us, M.
conspire, conjiiro, i. court, supplico, i ; inservio, 4
consul, consul, suils; of the con [dat.].
sul, consularis, e (§ 47, v.). courtesy, officium, 1. n.
consulship, consulatus, us, M. coward, ignavus, i. M.
consult, consulo, 3, sului, sult- cradle, cunae, arum [F. pl.].
(§ 51, iv.) ; consult upon, con- craft, sollertia, ae, F.
fero,ferre, tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv.). crazy, be, insanio, 4.
contemplate, contemplor, i [acc.]. create, creo, i.
contend, contendo, 3, ndi, nt-; de creditor, creditor, Bris, M.
cerno, 3, crevi, cret-; certo, di- crime, scelus, eris;/'acinus, oris, n.
mico, i. cross, transeo, 4 (§§ 37, vn. ; 33,
contented, contentus, a, um [abl.] ni. ; supero, i ; trajicio, 3,Jeci,
contention, contentio, onis, F. ject-; transmitto, mist, 3, miss-;
contract, give, loco, i [acc. with transcendo, 3, ndi, ens-.
gerundive in agreement], crowds, \n,frequens, ntis.
contrary to, contra [acc.]. cruel, crudelis, e.
control, administro, i ; (hold in cruelty, crudelitas, tatis, F.
check), ntoderor, i [dat.]. cry, vagio, 4 ; cry out, exclamo, i.
convene, convoco, i. cultivate, colo, 3, colui, cult-.
conversation, sermo, onis, M. cultivated, humanus, a, um.
convey, confero, ferre, tuli, lat- Curio, Curio, onis.
§ 37, iv.). curse, male dico, 3, dixi dict-
convict, damno, i (§ 50, iv.). [dat.].
Corcyraean, Corcyraeus, a, um. custody, custodia, ae, F.
corn, frumentum, i, n. custom, mos, maris, M.
corner, angulus, i, m. customary, usitatus, a, um.
correct, corrigo, 3, rexi, red-. cut to pieces, caedo, 3, cecidi, caes-.
VOCABULARY. 7
D. I departure, discessus, us, M. ; (set

ting out), profectio, ouis, F.
daily (adj., by day), diurnus, a, depend on, tutor, 3, nis-, or nix-.
um; (every day), quotidianus, [abl.].
a, um) ; (adv.), quotidie. deprived, be, careo, 2 [abl.].
dance, salto, i. desert, desero, 3, serui, sert-.
danger, periculum, i. n. descended, ortus, a, um (§ 54,
dangerous, periculdsus, a, um. vni.).
dare, audeo, 2, ausus (§ 35, ii.). deserve, mereo, or mereor, 2.
day, dies, it, m. [sometimes fern, design, consilium, i. n.
in sing.] ; this day, hodiernus desire (verb), cupio, concupisco,
dies; day after, dies posterus. 3, Ivi, it-J (wish), desidero, i ;
daybreak, at, prima luce. desire more, malo, § 37, ill.
dead, mortuus, a, um. [guam] ; (noun), cupiditas, ta
dear, carus, a, um. tis, F. ; studium, i, n. ; voluntas,
death, mors, rtis; nex, necis, F. ; tatis, F.
put to death, interficio, 3, feci, desirous, cupidus, a, um.
fect-. desist, desisto, 3, stiti, stit-.
deceitfulfallax, acts. despair, despero, l.
deceive, declpio, 3, cepi, cept-; despise, contemno, 3, tempsi,
fallo, %fefelli,fals-. tempt-.
decide, statuo, 3, tut, statiit-. destroy, deleo, 2, levi, let-; perdo,
decision, consilium, i. n. 3, didi, dit-.
declare, projiteor, 2, profess- ; destruction, interitus, us, m.
(make clear), expono, 3, posui, detain, traho, 3, traxi, tract-.
posit-; (war), indlco, 3, dixi, deter, deterreo, 2.
dict- [dat.] . determine, statuo, 3, tut, tilt-.
decree (verb), decerno, 3, crevi, determined, be, certum est (Less.
cret- ; (noun), consultum, i. n. vn.).
dedicate, dedico. i. detract, derogo, i [dat.].
defeat, vinco, 3, vici, vict-. dictator, dictator, oris, M.
defence, praesidium, i. n. die, morior, 3, mortuus, moritu-
defend, defendo, 3, ndi, ns-; tueor, rus.
2, tuit-, or tut-. difficulty, difficultas, tatis; F. ;
defender, defensor, oris, m. with difficulty, vix.
defraud, fraudo, i [abl.]. dignity, dignitas, tatis, F. ; honor,
delay (verb), moror, i ; (tr. verb), j oris, m.
retineo, 2, tinui, teni- ; (noun), diligence, diligentia, ae, F.
mora, ae, F. dine, ceno, i.
delight, cordi (§ 51, vn.). dinner, cena, ae, F. ; after dinner,
delightful, jucundissimus, a, um. cenatus, a, um (§ 47, vn.).
deliver, trado, 3, didi, dit-. direct, praescribo, 3, psi, pt-.
demand, posco, 3, poposci [two direction, pars, partis, F.
accusatives] ; postulo, i [ab w. disadvantage, iniquitas, tatis, F.
abl.]. disburden, exonero, i .
demolish, demolior, i. dsclose, indico, i.
deny, nego, i. discourse (verb), dissero, 3, rut,
depart, abeo, 4 (§ 37, vi. ; 33, in. rt-; (noun), sermo, onis, M. ;
i) ; decedo, discedo, excedo, sece- oratio, onis, F.
do, 3, cessi, cess- ; emigro, i. discover, invSnio, 4, ven, vent-.
discuss, dissero, 3, rui, rt-; dis- E.

puto, i.
disdainfully, fastididse. each, quisque, unusquisque, uter-
disgraceful, turpis, e. que (T. 6).
disparage, vitupero, i. eager, cupidus, a, um.
dispute, controversia, ae, F. eagerly, avide.
dissatisfied, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3). eagerness, with greatest, summa
dissuade, avoco, i [ab w. abl.]. ope.
distant (ad).),distans, ntis; (adv.), ear, auris, is, F.
or, at a distance, procul; be dis early, mature.
tant, absum (§ 29, ii.). earnest, gravis, e.
distinguish, orno, i. earnestly, vehementer, magna
distinguished, clarus, a, um. opere.
distress, ango, 3, anxi, nct-. earnestness, diligentia, ae, F.
distressed, abjectus, a, um, miser. earth, terra, ae, F. ; of earth, ter-
district, regio, dnis, F. renus, a, um (§ 47, v.).
disturbance, perturbatio, dnis, F. ease, otium, i. n.
divine, divinus, a, um. easily, facile,
&o,facio, 3, feci, fact-■; ago, 3, egi, easy, facilis, e.
act- ; an auxiliary in interroga eat, vescor, i (§ 54, in.),
tive and negative sentences ; do eddying, aestus, us, m.
good, prosum (§ 29, iv. [dat.] ; education, doctrina, ae, F.
do not (in prohibitions) cave, effect, have, valeo, 2.
with pres. subj. (§§ 58, in. note ; either (adj.), utervis (T. 6) ;
64.iv.). (conj.), aut, vel (§ 43, 3 [either
doctrines, n. pl. of adj. ... or, aut . . . aut}.
dominion, imperium, i. n. elect (verb), facto, 3, feci, fact-,
done for, be, pereo, 4, ii, it- (37, creo, i ; (adj.), designatus.
vn. ; 33, in. i). elegance, urbanitas, tatis, F. ;
door, janua, ae, F. ; out of doors, humanitas, tatis, F.
foras. elegant, elegans, ntis; lautus.
doubt (verb), or be in doubt, du- eloquence, eloquentia, ae, F. ; ora-
bito, i ; esse dubium [dat] . ; tio, dnis, F.
(noun), dubium [n. adj.]. eloquent, eloquens, ntis; disertus,
doubtful, dubius, a, um. a, um.
doubtless, nimirum. else, aliud.
dread (verb), praemetuo, 3 ; elude, eliido, 3, lusi, Ills-.
(noun), horror, oris, m. eminent, eminens, ntis.
dream, somnio, i. emperor, imperator, oris, M.
drive, compello, 3, puli, puis-; empire, imperium, i, n.
ago, 3, egi, act-; (away), de- employ (make use of), utor, 3,
pello, expello ; drive back, deus- (§ 54, in.),
petto. empty, inanis, e.
due, to be, passive of debeo, 2. encamp, castrafacio, 3,feci,fact-.
during, accusative case (§ 55, i.). encouragement, cohortatio, dnis,
duty, muttus, eris, n. ; duty, or F.
sense of duty, officium, i. n. en&vxe,fero,ferre, luli, lat- (§ 37,
dwell, habito, i. iv.) ; patior, 3, pass-.
dwelling, habitatio, dnis, f. enemy, hostis, is, C. ; (private),
inimicus, i. M.
VOCABULABY. 9
enhance, augeo, 2, auxi, auct-. stans, ntis; praestabilis, e; op-

enjoy, fruor, perfruor, 3, fruct- timus, praeclarus, a, um.
(§ 54,m.). excess, nimia [n. pl. § 47, iv.].
enjoyed, usitatus, a, um. exchange, permuto, i [acc. of the
enjoyment, delectatio, onis, F. thing given, and cum w. abl.]
enmity, inimicitia, ae, F. excite, moveo, 2, movi, mot-;
enough, satis (§ 50, il 4). (strongly), inflammo, i ; (war),
enrol, scribo, 3, psi, pt-. inflro,ferre, tiili, lat- (§ 37, iv.
enter, intro, i ; ingredior, egress-; [dat.].
introeo, 4, ii, it- (§ 37, vl) ; excuse, exciiso, i.
enter into, ineo ; enter upon, exhort, hortor, i.
ingredior [acc.]. exile, exsilium, i. n. ; an exile,
entreat, oro, exoro, obsecro, sup- exsul, sulis; in exile, extorris,
plico, i ; ago cum. e [abl.].
entrust, committo, 3, mist, miss-, expect, spero, arbitror, i ; (wait
Epaminondas, Epaminondas, ae. for), exspecto, i.
Epicurean, Epicureus, i. expectation, exspectatio, onis, F. ;
Epirot, Epirotes, ae, m. opinio, onis, F.
equal, par, parts (T. 4) ; aequa- expense, sumptus, us, M.
lis, e; make equal, adaequo, i. experience, exercitatio, onis, F.
equanimity, aequus animus. experienced, peritus, a, um
err, erro, i. [gen.],
escape, evddo, 3, vast, vas- ; explain, explico, i.
(intr. ), per/agio, I, fug-. expression, an, vox, vocis, F.
especially, imprimis, praesertim, extant, be, exsto, i .
maxime, potissimum. extinguish, extinguo, 3, nxi, nct-.
establish, constituo, 3, tui, tut-. eye, oculus, i. M. ; in eyes of, apud
established, well, firmus, a, um. [acc.].
esteem, facio, 3, feci, fact-; hab-
eo, 2. F.
esteemed, to be (dat. of end, § 51,
vii.). faith,fides, ii, F.
estimation, in est. of, apud [acc] . faithlxil,fidetis, e.
eternal, aeternus, a, um. Faliscau, Faliscus, a, um.
Etruscan, Etruscus, a, um. fall, ruo, 3, rut, rut-; corruo.
even, etiam, quoque (§ 41, ii. i) ; falsehood, mendacium, i. n.
ipse (§ 20, ii. note) ; not even, fame,fama, ae, F.
ne . . . quidem (§ 41, ii. 5) ; even family, one's, poss. adj. masc. pl.
if, etiamsi. famine,fames, is, F.
ever, umquam (only with nega far, longe.
tive, Sec, T. 6). farewell, vale.
every, omnis, e. fashionable, lautus, a, um.
evil, malus, a, um. fast, citd.
examine, considero, i. fatal, capitalis, e.
excel (trans.), praesto, stiti, stit-, fate, fortuna, ae, F.
or stat-; antecedo, 3, cessi, cess- father, pater, patris, M.
[dat. or acc] ; (intr.), excel- fault, culpa, ae, F. ; find fault with,
lo, 3). accuso, i.
excellent, egregius, a, um; prae- favor (verb), or be favorable, fa-
veo, 2, favi, faut-; studeo, 2,
</«»' [dat] ; (noun), gratia, ae,F. case ; (conj.), nam, enim, nam-
fear (verb), timeo, 2, mui; me- que (§ 43, 4) ; for this reason,
tuo, 3, tut j vereor, 2 ; praeme- ideo.
tuo, pertimesco, 3 [§ 51, iv.] ; forbid, veto, i ; vetui, vetit-.
(noun), timor, oris, m. ; metus, force (verb), compello, 3, puli,
us, M. puis-; (noun), vis, F. (§ 11, i.
feel, sentio, 4, sensi, sens-. 5); (a force), manus, us, F. ;
feelings, animus, i, M. forces, copiae, arum, F.
feign, simulo, i. foreign, exterus, alienus, a, um.
fervor, fervor, oris, M. foresee, provideo, 2, vldi, vts-
few, but few,pauci, ae, a ; parum (§ 51, iv.).
multi; very kv/,perpauci. foresight, prudentia, ae, F.
fickle, levis, e. foretell, praedtco, 3, dixi, diet-.
fidelity,yW<?.y, H, F. forget, obliviscor, 3, lit- (§ 50,
fierce, acer, cris, ere (§ 16, i1. i). iv. i).
fight, pugno, 1,dimico, i ; decemo, forgetful, immemor, Sns.
3, crevi, cret- ; confligo, 3, Jiixi, form, fingo, 3, fict-; (form
flict-. plans), 4, zV, iV- (§§ 37,
fillet, infula, ae, f. vl ; 33, ni. i.).
filth, squalor, oris, M. former, superior, us.
find, invlnio, 4, 7//«z, vent-; re- formula, formula, ae, F.
plrio, 4, ^<?r/, pert-; find fault fortified, munitus, a, um.
with, acciiso, i. fortify, communio, 4.
fine, praeclarus, a, um; in fine, fortunate,forlunatus, a, um.
2« summa. fortune, fortuna, ae, f. goodf.,fe-
finish, or finish up, conficio, 3,feci, foium, forum, i, n. [iicttas.
fect-. found, condo, 3, didi, dit-.
fire, w, m. ; set on fire, in- founder, conditor, oris, M.
cendo, 3, »<#, ns-. fox, vulpes, is, F.
firm,ftrmus, a, um. frail,fragilis, e.
&zmiiea3,frmitas, tatis, F. fraud,fraus, fraudis, F.
first, primus, a, um; princeps, free, libero, i.
cipis. freely, libere; free from restraint,
fit, idoneus, a, um (§ 65, iv. i). incaute.
flee, 3- f"gi, fugit-. freeze, gelo, gelor, i.
fleet, classis, is, F. frequent, creber, bra, brum.
flight, fuga, ae, F. fresh, integer, gra, grum.
flock, pecus, pecoris, n. friend, amicus, i, M.
flow,/»D, 3, fluxi, flux-. friendship, amicitia, ae, F.
fly (= nee),/Kgw, l,fugi,fugit-. from, ab, ex, de (§ 42, iv.) ; (af
follow, sequor, insequor, 3, secut- ; ter verbs ofhindering, &c), quin,
(advice), 3, aj- (§ 54, in.), quominus (Less. XXXvin.).
follower, sectator, oris, m. ; masc. front, in . . . of, ante [acc.].
adj. frugality, frugalitas, tatis, F.
folly, stultitia, ae, F. fruits, fruges, um (§ 14, i. 2).
fond, studidsus, a, um [gen .] . frustrate, iritum facio, 3, feci,
foolish, stultus, a, um; ineptus, fact-.
a, um. full, plcnus, a, um [gen. or abl.].
for (prep.), ad, in; (advantage), furthest, extremus, a, um.
dat. case ; (characteristic), gen. future, the, futiira [n. pl.].
VOCABULARY. 11
a good faith, fides, fidti, F.

good will, benevolentia, ae, F. ;
Gabinian, Gabinus, a, um. good for nothing, nihili (§ 54, iX.
Grades-fish, gaditana, ae, F. 2) ; do good to, prosum (§ 29,
gayly, hilare. iv.) [dat.]. g. fortune, felicitas.
game, ludus, i, M. goose, anser, eris, m.
garden, /tortus, i, M. grandson, nepos, polis, M.
Gaul (the country), Gallia, ae, grant, tribuo, 3, ixz', it?/-; conce-
F. ; (an inhabitant), Gallus, do, 3, f£s\rz, cess-; (bestow), lar
t, M. ger, 4-
general, imperator, oris, M. granting that, licet, ut (§ 61, 2).
genial, suavis, e. great, magnus, a, um (§ 17, n.) ;
geniality, suavitas, tatis, F. how great, quantus, a, um;
gentle, lenis, e. so great, tantus, a, um (§ 22,
genuine, Justus, a, um. i) ; greatest (of qualities), sum-
get (possession of),potior, 4 (§ 54, mus, a, um (§ 17, in.).
in.) ; get back, repeto, 3, tivi, greatly, magni (with interest, &c.
tit-. §§ 50, iv. 4 ; 54, ix. i).
give, do, i, da"re, dedi, dat-; red- greatness, magnitildo, inis, F.
do, 3, didi, dit-; give attention, great-grandfather, proavus, i, M.
studeo, 2, dui [dat.] ; give a Greece, Graecia, ae, F.
contract, loco, i [with gerun greediness, cupiditas, tatis, F.
dive] ; give over, 3, trado, 3 ; Greek, Graecus, a, um ; (the lan
give thanks, gratias ago, egi, guage), Graeca [n. pi.].
act-; give away, cedo, cessi, grievance, or sense ofgrief, dolor,
cess-; give up, trado. oris, M.
glad, be, gaudeo, 2, gavis- (§ 35, grieve, doleo, 2, dolui.
Ii.) ; be glad to be, sum liben- ground, solum, i, n. ; (reason),
ter. causa, ae, F.
gladly, libenter, laetus (§ 47, vi.). grove, sacred, lucus, i, M.
glorious, gloridsus, a, um. grow, cresco, 3,crevi, cret-; orior,
glory, gloria, ae, F. 3- ort-.
go, eo, 4 (§ 37, vi.) ; proficiscor, grudge, invldeo, 2, vidi. vis- (acc.
3, fect-; (advance), vado, 3, and dat. § 51, in. end),
7/<zjz', vas- ; pergo, 3, r^jrz, rect-; guard against, or be on one's
(arrive),pervlnio, 4, w«z', vent-; guard, caveo, 2, cavi, caut-;
go away, a<W, decedo, 3, twz', (noun), custodia, ae, F. ; prae-
cess-; go from or forth, sidium, i. n.
egredior, 3, gress- [ab, ex, de, guardian, custos, todis, m.
or abl.] ; go off, 0010/ go on guest, hospes, pitis, C.
(be performed), pass, of ago, 3, guilty of, astrictus, a, um [abl.] .
egi, act-; (of games), fio (§ 37,
vil.) ; go to bed, abeo cubitum;
go to sleep, condormio, 4 ; go
ing to do a thing, fut. act. part. H.
god deus, M. (§ 10, 7).
goddess, dea, F. (§ 9, 4). hand manus, us, F.
gold aurum, i, n. hang over, impendeo, 2 [dat.] ;
good, bonus, a, um (§ 17, n.) ; and be hanged to you,jiierecte.
good courage, magnus animus; banging, dcj>cndens, ntis.
Hanno, Hanno, dnis. hill, collis, is, m.

happen, Jio (37, vm.) ; (to any hinder, obsto, i, stiti, slit- (§ 65,
one, favorable), contingo, 3, tigi, n.).
tact-; (unfavorable), accido, 3, hindrance, impedimentum, i, N.
cidi, cas-. history, historia, ae, F.
happy, beatus, a, um. hitherto, adhuc.
harbor, partus, us, ubus, M. ho, heus !
hard, difficilis, e. hold, teneo, 2, <!?««/, tent-; (dis
hardly any one, nemofere. course), habeo, 2.
harm, noceo, 2 [dat.]. home, domus, us, F. (§§ 12, 2 ; 55,
harmony, consensus, us, M. in.).
harper, lyristes, ae, M. (§ 9, 5). Homer, Homerus, t.
haste, festinatio, dnis, F. ; (need honesty, probitas, tatis, F.
of), properato (§ 54, vin.). honey, mel, mellis, n.
hasten, festino, i. honor (verb), augeo, 2, auxi, auct-;
hate, odi (§ 38, i). (noun), honor, oris, M. ; decus,
hatred, odium, z, n. oris, n.
have, habeo, 2 ; dative case (§ 51, hope, or have hope (verb), spero,
vi.) ; (a quality, § 50, l 2) ; i ; (noun), spes, spli, F.
have effect, valeo, 2 ; have hope, horrible, atrox, atrocis.
spero, i ; have leave, or right, horse, equus, i, M.
licet (Less, vii.) ; have need, host, hospes, hospitis, c.
egeo, 2 [abL] ; have respect to, hostage, obses, obsidis, c.
pertineo, 2, ad. hostility, inimicitia, ae, F.
he, is (§ 20). hour, hora, ae, F.
head, caput, pitis, n. house, domus, us (§ 12, 2) ; aedes,
health, valetudo, dim's, F. ; be in ium (§ 14, ii. i) ; at the house
good health, valeo, 2. of, apud [ace] domi (§ 55, in. 4).
hear, or hear of, audio, exaudio, 4. how, quam, quomodo; (rel.), qucm-
heaven, caelum, i, n. admodum; (interr.), quid, qui;
heavy, gravis, e. how much (adj.), quantus, a, um
Hector, of, Hectoreus, a, um (§ 23, i.) ; adv., with compara
(§ «. v.). tives), quanto (§ 54, v.) ; (price),
Hellespont, Hellespontus, t, M. quanti (§ 54, ix. i (= at or for
help (verb), subvinio, 4, vim, vent- how much, how high).
[dat.] ; (noun), auxilium, i, n. ; how so ? quidum.
(cannot help), praeterire, or however, autem (§ 43, 2) ; quam-
facere non possum. vis (§ 61, 2).
Hephaestion, Hephaestion, dnis. human, humanus, a, um.
Hercules, by, hercule, mehercule. hurry, festtno, i.
here, hic. Hydruns, Hydruns, ntis.
hereafter, postea.
hero, vir, viri, m.
hesitate, dubito, Less, xlviii. I
high ground, colles, ium (m. pl.),
highest (of qualities), summus,
a, um (§ 17, in.), I, ego (§ 19, i).
highly, magni (§ 54, iX. i) ; so Ides, Idus, uum F. (§ 14, I. i).
high, thnti; very high, or high- if, si; but if, jz'«y even if, etiamsi.
1 est, plurimi. ignorant, ignarus, a, um; be ig-
VOCABULARY. IS
norant, ignoro, i [ace] ; nescio, instead of, pro [abl.].

4 [governs clause]. instruct, doceo, 2, cui, ct-.
Ill, malH. intent, intentus, a, um [dat.].
illustration, exemplum, i, n. interest, studium, i, n. ; interests,
image, imago, ginis, F. res, rei, F. ; consult the inter
imitate, imitor, i. ests of, consulo, 3, lui, lt- [dak],
immediately, statim. interdict, interdlco, 3, xi, ct- [dat.
immense, ingens, ntis. of person, and ablative of thing].
immortal immortalis, e. interpret, interpretor, i.
immortality, immortalitas, tatis. intimacy, usus, us, m.
impart, impertio, 4. into, in [acc.].
impatient, festinans, ntis. investigate, quaero, sivi, sit- \de\
impede, impSdio, 4. investigation, quaestio, onis, F.
impel, impello, 3, puli, puis-. invite, invito, i.
impious, impius, a, um. Ionian, Ionius, a, um.
important, magnus, a, um. island, insula, ae, F.
in, in [abl.] ; in fine style, bel- Italy, Italia, ae, f.
lissime; in high spirits, ludi-
bundus, a, um; in proportion
to, or in behalf of, pro [abl.] ; J.
in regard to, de [abl.] ; in the
very place, ibidem; in midst of, January, januarius, a, um [adj.].
in [abl.]. (of authors) apud. join (trans.), conjungo, 3, nxi, nct-;
inclined to think, nescio an (§ 67, (intr.), accedo, 3, cessi, cess- [ad],
i. i, note) ; inclined to believe, joke, jest, jocor, 1.
crediderim (§ 60, 2). journey, iter, itineris, n.
inconsistent, alienus [abl.] ; be judge (verb), judico; arbitror, i;
inconsistent, repugno, i [dak]. censeo, 2, nsui, ns-; (noun), ju
incredible, incredibilis, e. dex, dicis, F.
incredibly, incredibiliter. judgment (legal), jus, juris, m. ;
incur, susclpio, 3, cepi, cept-. (of mind), existimatio, onis, F. ;
indeed, quidem. (decision), consilium, i, n. ;
indulgence, venia, ae, F. pass judgment cm., judico, i.
industry, industria, ae, F. June, junius, a, um [adj.].
inflict, sumo, 3, mpsi, mpt- [in Jupiter, fuppiter, fovis.
flict punishment upon, sumere just (adj.), Justus, a, um; (adv.),
poenam de\ adeo; (just now), modo; just
influence, moveo, 2, movi, mot-. like, consimilis, e (§ 17, I, note).
inform, certioremfacio,feci,fact-; justice, justitia, ae, F.
inform against, detego, 3, xi, ct- justly, jure.
[acc.].
injure, violo, I.
injury, injuria, ae, F. K.
injustice, act of, injuria, ae, F.
innocence, innocentia, ae, F. Kalends, Kalendae, arum [f.
inquire, sciscitor, i ; inquire into, pi.] (§ 83).
cognosco, 3, novi, nit- [de\ keen, acer, acris, acre (§ 16, ii. i)l
insane, amens, ntis. keenly, acriter.
insignia, insignia, drum [n. pl.]. keep, teneo, retlneo, 2, ui, tent-; Ml
institution, institiitum, i, n. keep from rest, inquieto, 1.
kill, interfXcio, $,fZci,fect-; (with (Less. vn.) ; leave 0% desisto, 3,

out a weapon), neco, i ; (vio stiti, stit- [inf.] ; leave undone,
lently), occido, 3, cidi, cis-; ob- praetermitto, 3, mist, miss-
trunco, i. (Less. XLvin.).
kind (noun), genus, eris, n. ; (adj.), least, at, quidem.
benignus, a, um. left, reliquus, a, um.
kindness, beneficium, i, n. legion, legio, dnis, F.
king, rex, regis, M. length, at, tandem.
kingdom, regnum, i, n. lenient, lenis, e.
kingly, regius, a, um. less (adj.), minor, us (§ 17, n.) ;
knight, eques, equitis, M. (adv.), minus, secus.
know, scio, 4 (§ 33, in. 2); intelli- lest, ne.
go, 3, /«7, (be acquainted), let know.yaaV; certidrem.
novi, [perf. of «<?jc<i] ; not know, letter, epistola, ae, f. ; literae,
nescio, 4; let know, facio certid- arum.
rem. lettuce, head of, lactuca, ae, F.
known, notus, a, um. Leucas, Leucas, cadis.
level, planus, a, um.
liar, mendax, ddcis, c.
L. Liber, Liber, eri.
liberality, liberalitas, tatis, F.
labor, labor, 8ris, m. ; 0/7«, eris, n. liberty, libertas, tatis, f.
Lacedaemonian, Lacedamonius, lie, mentior, 4.
a, um. lieutenant, legatus, i, M.
lack, ca/w, 2 [abl.]. life, vita, ae, F. ; (period of life,)
lake, lacus, us, M. (§ 12, 3). aetas, tatis, F.
lament, lamentor, i. light, lux, lucis, F. ; (lamp), lucer-
land, ager, gri, m. ; terra, ae, F. na, ae, F. ; bring to light, illus-
last, postremus, a, um (§ 17, in.). tro, i ; in weight (adv.), leviter.
Laterensis, Laterensis, is. like, similis, e (§ 17, i. note) ; just
Latin (language), Latina, drum like, consimilis, e ; in like man
[n. pl.] ; (adv.), JLatine. ner, similiter; should like, libet
laugh, rtdeo, 2, risi, ris-. (Less. vn.) ; velim (§ 60, 2).
laughter, risus, us, m. line, ordo, dim's, m.
lay aside, depdno, 3, posui, po lion, leo, dnis, m.
sit- ; lay siege to, oppugno, i lipB, os, oris, n.
[ace] ; lay waste, populor, vas- listen, or listen to, audio, 4, aus-
to, i. culto, i.
lead, duco, perduco, xi, ct-; (lead little (adj.), parvus (§ 17, n.) ;
to do a thing), adfcro,ferre, tUli, (a.&v.),paulo; but litile,parum.
lat- (Less, iv.) ; lead across, live, vivo, 3, vixi, vict-.
transduco; (lead away), deduco; long, longus, a, um; (distant),
(lead forth, or out), educo [ex]. longinquus, a, um; (time), diu-
leader, dux, ducis, c. turnus, a, um; long established,
learn, disco, 3, didici; (thoroughly), vetus, eris (§ 17, iv.) ; (adv.) for
edisco, perdisco ; (become ac a long time, diu (§ 41, i.) ; long
quainted), cognosco, 3, novi, nit-. ago, jam diu (w. present, § 27, I.
leave (trans.), relinquo, 3, liqui, end) ; no longer, nonjam (§ 43,
Met- ; (intr.), excedo, 3, cessi, ii. 2).
cess- [abl.] ; have leave, licet look at, contueor, 2, tuit-j Jook
VOCABULAET. 15
for, requiro, 3, quislvi, quisit-; gen.] ; in like manner, similiter;

look round (trans.), circum- in what manner, quemadmo-
specto, i ; (intr.), circumspicio, dum.
3, spexi, sped- J look upon, con- many, multi, plures (T. 4).
templor, i. March, martius, a, um [adj.].
lord it, dominor, i. march, iter, itineris, N.
lose, careo, 2 [abl.] . mark of, or it marks, gen. case
losing, injuridsus, a, um. (Less. ix. 3).
loud (adv.), clare. marked, singularis, e.
love (verb), amo, i ; diligo, 3, /«7, Mars Hill, Areopagus, i, M.
(noun), amor, oris, M. marsh, palus, ilkis, F.
lower (price), minoris (§ 54, rx.). mark, persona, ae, f.
lucky, felix, icis. massacre, caedes, is, F.
lurk, /atei, 2, /a?'. master, doininus, i, m. ; of mas
lust, libido, dinis, F. ter, ertlis, e (§ 47, v.).
luxury, luxuria, ae, F. matron, matrona, ae, F.
Lyso, onis. matter, or matters, res, rei, F.
May, maius, a, um [adj.].
may, licet (Less. vn. and lv.).
M. means, opera, (w. gen. § 54, i.
note) ; ratio, onis, F. ; (re
mad, amens, ntis ; furiosus, a, sources), copiae, arum, F.
um ; be mad,/«r<7, 3, r«z. mediocrity, mediocria, ium [n.
madman, insanus, i, m. adj.].
madness, amentia, ae, F. meet, convinw, 4, vent, vent-
magistrate, magistratus, us, M. [acc] ; congrldior, 3, gress-
maintain (friendship), £0/0, 3, [cum] ; go to meet, ob viam eo
^ro/a/, cult-. (§ 37, vi.) [dat.] ; (expectations,
majesty, majestas, tatis, F. &c), respondeo, 2, ndi, ns- [dat.].
make answer, respondeo, 2, «<#, memory, memoria, ae, F.
ns- ; make complaint, expostulo, merciful, clcmens, ntis.
i [make no complaint, «*'///'/ «.] ; mercy, clementia, ae, F. ; miseri-
make equal, adaequo, i [dat. or cordia, ae, F.
cum~\ ; make mistake, committo, messenger, nuntius, i, m.
3, #f£»j (Less iv.) ; make middle, medius (§ 47, vin.).
new, novo, i ; make out, efficio, midst, in the, inter [acc.J
3, feci, fed- (Less, iv.) ; make might, licet, possum (Less. Lv.).
populous, frequento, i ; make migrate, demigro, i.
reference, refero,ferre, tuli, lat- mildness, suavitas, tatis, F.
(§ 37, iv.) ; make trial, experior, mile, mille passuum (§§ 18, I. 3 ;
4, pert-; make up one's mind, 50, n. i).
staluo, 3, tut, lilt- ; make use military, militaris, e.
of, utor, 3, «j- (§ 54, in.). mind, mens, mentis, F. ; (feelings),
man, vir, viri, M. ; homo, minis, animus, i, M. ; make up one's
c. ; adjective, § 47, in. mind, statuo, 3, tut, tilt-.
manage, gero, 3, ^jj/, gest-. mindful, memor, dris [gen.].
manifest, manifestus, a, um. mischief, malum, i, n. ; (commit
manly, virilis, e. ted), malefcium, i, n.
manner, modus, i, m. ; genus, iris, misfortune, malum, i, n. ; casus,
, n. ; after the manner modo [w. us, M.
1G LATIN COMPOSITION.
mistake, make, committo, 3, misi, necessary, necessarius, necesse.

miss- (Less. iv.). need (verb), or have need, egeo, 2
mistress, magistra, ae, F. [abl.] ; (noun), inopia, ae, F. ;
ULitylemBan, Afitylenaeus, a, um. ( = needful), opus, usus (§ 54,
model, specimen, minis, n. vii.) ; needs, desiderium, i, M.
moderate, moderatus, a, um. needful, opus (§ 54, vnA
moderation, moderatio, onis, F. neglect, negligo, 3, glexi, glect-.
modest, modestus, a, um. negligence, negligentia, ae, F.
money, or sum of money, pecu negligent, negligens, ntis.
nia, F. ; argentum, i, H. neighbor, vicinus, i, M. ; (border
month, mensis, is, m. ing on), finitimus, i, M.
monument, monumentum, i, n. neighborhood, loca [n.pl.] ; neigh
more, plus,pluris (§ 17, il) ; borhood of (§ 55, in. 2, end).
ra (§ 47, iv.) ; (adv.), plus, am- Nero, Nero, onis. [neither, nec.
plius (§ 54, iv. note), magis. neutral, medius, a, um.
mortal, mortalis, e. never, numquam.
most (adv.), maxime; most of nevertheless, tamen.
(adj.), plerusque, pleraque, etc. news, nuntii, drum, M.
mother, mater, tris, F. next, alter, a, um (§ 16, L end) ;
mound, tumulus, i, M. (dny), posterus, a, um; next day,
mount, mons, mantis, M. postridie.
mourn, lugeo, 2, night, nox, noctis, F.
move, commdveo, 2, w/ot/z', «z<5/-. no, or no indeed, immo; (adj.), nul-
movement, motus, m. ; z'fVrr, itine- lus, a, um (§ 16, l end) ; no
ris, n. longer, non jam (§ 41, ii. 2) ;
much, multus, a, um; too much, no one, nemo (T. 6).
nimius, a, um, nobility, nobilitas, tatis.
mule, mulus, i, it. noble, nobilis, e.
multitude, multitude/, dinis, F. nobody knows who, nescio quis,
music, musica, ae, F. (§67, i. i, note),
must, <&A?<7, 2 ; necesse est; ge nones, Nonae, arum (§ 83).
rundive (Less. lv.). not, non; not at all, minime; not
my, meus, a, um (§ 19, in.). even, ne quidem (§ 41, ii. 5) ; not
yet, nondum. nor, nec, neque.
nothing, nihil [indecl.], nihil-
H. um, i.
November, november, iris, bre
name, nomen, nominis, n. [adj.].
Narbo, Narbo, onis. now, nunc, jam (§ 43, n.).
narrow, artus, a, um. number, numerus, i, m. ; a great
natural powers, ingenium, i, n. number of, permulti, ae, a.
nature, natura, ae, F. ; indoles, is,
F. ; ingenium, i, n.
nay, immo, quin. O.
near (adv.), prope.
nearest, proximus, a, um; (to oath,jusjurandum (§i4, n. 2).
person speaking), citimus (§ object, recuso, i (§ 65, ii.).
17, in.), obscure, obscilrus, a, um.
nearly, obstinate, contumax, acis.
necessarily, necessario. obtain, adipiscor, 3, adept-.
VOCABULARY. 17
occupy, teneo, 2, tenui, tent-. oracle, responsum, i, N.

ocean, oceanus, i, M. oration, oratio, onis, F.
October, october, bris, ire (adj.). orator, orator, oris, m.
odium, odium, i, n. order (verb), jubeo, 2, jussi, j'uss-
of, gen. case ; ex (§ 50, n. end) ; (§ 68, in.) ; (noun), ordo, aim's,
(concerning), de; of course, sci m. ; in order, ex ordine; in or
licet. der that, ut, uti, quo (§ 64).
offended, to be, stomachor, I ; ornament, ornamentum, i, n.
rather offended, stomachans, other, alius, a, ud (§ 16, i. end),
ntis. reliquus; the other, alter (§ 16,
offensive, molestus, a, um. i. end), ceteri, ae, a; (diverse),
offer, defero,ferre, tali, lat- (§ 37, diversus, a, um; of others, alie-
iv.) ; (to do a thing), prqfiteor, nus, a, um. (§ 47, v.)
2, Jess- (Less. l i, end), otherwise, aliter [ac. § 43, 9].
offering, munus, eris, n. Otho, Otho, onis.
often, saepe (§ 41, i.) ; as often as, ought, oportet (Less, vn.) ; debeo,
quotiescumque. 2 (Less. iv.).
old, vetus, eris (§ 17, iv.) ; (years our, noster, tra, trum.
old), natus, a, um; (old age), out (of doors — place), /oris;
senectus, tutis, F. ; (old man), (motion),/oras; out of, ex [abl.].
senex, senis, m., gen. pi. senum. outside of, extra [acc.].
on, in (§ 42, iv.) ; (a side), ab, ex; overwhelm, opprimo, 3, pressi,
(= concerning), de; on this ac press-.
count, eo, ob eam causam ; on owe, debeo, 2, debui, debit-.
the ground that, quod (§ 43, 6). owing to, stat per [quominus~\
once, semel; at once, statim,pro- (Less. XLviil.).
tinus,jam. own, possessive (§ 19, in.) ; gen.
one, unus, a, um (§ 16, i. end) ; (§ «!, 3).
( a certain one), quidam (T. 6) ; oyster, ostrea, ae, F.
one and another), alter, alius
(§ 16, i. end) ; (the one who), is P.
(§ 20, ii.) ; (one by one), singuli
(§ 18, ii.) : (from one another), Padua, Patavium, i, n.
inter se. panic-stricken, be, fiaveo, 2,
onion, caepe, is, n. pavi.
only (adj.), solus, unus, a, um (§ 16, pardon, ignosco, 3, novi, not-
i. end) ; (adv.), solum, tantum, [dat.].
modo; not only, cum (§ 43, 8). parent, parens, ntis.
opinion, sententia, ae, F. ; (con part,pars, rtis,v. ; (of a city), locus,
jecture), opinio, onis, F. ; be of i, m. ; adjectives of order and
opinion, censeo, 2, nsui, ns-; rank (§ 47, vm.l ; for my part,
placet (Less. vn.). vera; take part, intersum [dat.] .
opportunity, occasio, onis, F. ; partial, iniquus, a, um.
(power), facultas, tatis; potes- pass (a decree),facio, 3,feci, fact- ;
tas, tatis, F. pass by, praetereo, 4, ii, it- (§§ 37,
oppose, obsto, 2, stiti, stat- [dat.]. vi. ; 33, ni. i) ; pass judgment,
opposite, adversus, a, um [dat.]. Judico, i ; pass over, omitto ;
opposition, to make, obtrecto, i. praetermitto, 3, mist, miss-;
or, aut, vel, ve (§ 43, 3) ; or not, pass through, perfungor, 3,
annon, necne (Less. vi.). fund- (§ 54, in.).
passion, cupiditas, tatis, F. gether, colloco, 1; pl. upon,

patience, patientia, ae, F. impdno [dat.] ; (noun), locus,
patrimony, patrimonium, t, n. t, M. (§ 14, ii. i) ; in next pl.,
pay (verb), constituo, 3, tut, tut- ; deinde; to the pl., eo; take pi.,
pendo, 3, pependi, pens-; (noun), fto (§ 37, vil.).
merces, cedts, F. plan, consilium, i, n. ; (system),
peace, pax, pads, F. ; otium, i, n. ratio, onis, F.
peaceful, quietus, a, um. plane-tree, platanus, », F.
pear, pirus, i, F. ; (fruit), pirum, Plato, Plato, onis.
i, n. pleasant, jucundus, amoenus, a,
peculiar, singularis, e; proprius, um.
a, um (§ 50, in. 4). please, dclecto, 1 [ace], libet,
peck, modius, i, m. (Less, vil.) ; (give satisfaction),
pen, stilus, i, m. placeo, 2 [dat.].
penny, as, assis, M. pleasure, voluptas, tatis, F. ; take
perfect,perfectus; exactus, a, um. pi. libet (Less, vn.) ; with pl.,
perfidy, perfidia, ae, F. libenter.
perform, gero, 3,gessi, gest-; (sac plots, insidiae, arum, F.
rifices),/^'*?, 3, feci, fact- y (du- plough, aro, i ; plough around,
ties), fungor, perfungor, 3, «c/- circumaro, i.
(§ 54, in.). poet, poeta, ae, c.
perhaps, fortasse. point, pars, rtis, F. ; (neut adj.).
peril, periculum, i, n. poison, z'eneuum, i, n.
period, tempora, um [n. pl.] ; pe Pollux, by, pol, edepol.
riod of life, a^j, F. Pompey, Pomplius, i.
perish, pcreo, 4, «j zV- (§§ 37, vi. ; pontifex, pontifex, ficis, is..
33, in. i). popular, gratus, a, um.
permit, permitto, 3, misi, miss-. populous, make, frequento I.
permitted, it is, licet (Less. vn.). poppy, papaver, eris, n.
Persian, Persa, ae, m. poor, pauper, eris.
person, adj. (§ 47, in.). portend, significo, I.
persuade, persuadeo, 2, suasi, position, loca, drum [n. pl.].
suas-. possess, possldeo, 2, sidi, sess-;
Philip, Philippus, i. (power), potior, 4 (§ 50, iv. 6).
Philolaches, Philolackes, is. possessions, res, rerum [F. pl.] ;
philosopher, philosophus, i, M. neut. adj.
Phoenician, Poenus, a, um. post, statio, onis, F.
physician, medicus, i, M. posterity, posteritas, tatis, F.
physics, physica, drum (n. pl.]. poverty, paupertas, F. ; egestas,
Picene, Picenus, a, um. tatis, F. ; inopia, ae, F.
pieces, cut to p., caedo, cecidi, caes.- power, potestas, tatis, F. ; (abil
piety, pietas, tatis, F. ity), potentia, ae, F. ; (military),
pirate, pirata, ae, m. ; pirate cap imperium, i, n. ; possess p.,
tain, archipirata, ae. potior rerum (§ 50, iv. 6).
pity (verb), miseret (§ 50, in. practice, exercitatio, onis, F.
3) ; (noun), misericordia, ae, F. praetor, praetor, oris, m.
place (verb), pono, 3, posui, praise, (verb), laudo, i ; (noun),
posit-; (definite), loco, i ; pl. laus, dis, f.
above, antepdno [dat.] ; pl. be pray, precor, i [ab aliquo] ; (in-
fore propono [dat.] ; pl. to terj.) tandem.
VOCABULARY. 19
prefer, malo (§ 37, in.) [y»az»] ; providence, providentia, ae, T.

antepono, 3, -posui, sit- [dat.] . province, provincia, ae, f.
preferable, potior, us \jjuam~\. prudent, prudens, ntis.
prematurely, praemunire. prudently, prudenter.
prepared, or well pr., paratus, a, public, pubiicus, a, um; the p.,
um. vulgus, i, n. (§ 10, 9).
presage, praesagio, 4. publican, publicanus, i, m.
prescribe, praescrtbo, 3, pt-. punish, punio, 4 ; ulciscor, 3, ult-j
present (verb), i (§ 51, n. animadverto, 3, rti, rs-, in
end) ; pr. one's self, se praebeo, [acc.].
2; (adj.), praesens, -ntis ; be punishment, poena, ae, F.
pr., adsum; at pr., in prae- purchase, emptio, onis, F.
sentia. pursue, perslquor, msiquor, 3,
preaerve, conservo, i. secut-.
pretend, simulo, i (Less. i. i, pursuit, studium, i, n. ; neut. adj.
end) ; facio, 3, feci, fact-. push, incito, urgeo, 2, urs-; p.
prevent, impidio, 4 (§ 65, n.). back, repello, 3, puli, puis-.
price, pretium, i, n. put to death, interficio, 3, feci,
prison, carcer, eris, M. fect-; put out (light), exstinguo,
private, privatus, domesticus, a, 3, »;«', Sf/-.
um.
proceed, procedo, 3, cessi, cess-; Q.
proficiscor, 3, fect-.
process, actio, onis, F. quaestor, quaestor, oris, M.
proclaim, «rfzirtf, 3, xi, ct-. quaestorship, quaestiira, ae, F.
prodigy, prodigium, i, n. quality (good), bonum, i, n.
profit (verb), prosum (§ 29, iv.) quarries, lautumiae, drum, F.
dat.] ; (noun), stipis [gen. F. quickly, celeriter.
14, i. 2]. quiet, be, taceo, 2.
profitable, quaestudsus, a, um. quite, satis.
promise, promitto, 3, zrcfjz', miss-;
polliceor, 2 (Less. i. i, end), R.
pronounce (law), dico, 3, xi, ct-.
proof, argumentum, i, n. rabble, ^}/tf&r, plebis, F. ; sentlna,
proper, be, <&<r«/ (Less. vn.). ae, F.
properly, recte. race, jjww, F.
property, bona, Brum [n. pl.], raiment, vestis, is, F.
proportion, in — to, pro [abL] ; rain, pluere, 3.
in prop, as, quisque, with superl. raised, be (shout), exsisto, 3, jftVi^
(Less, xxxiii.).
proposal (of laws), F. rank, *>r<&, </i»u, M. ; (high r.),
prosperous, prosperus, a, um. fastigium, i, n. ; of r., nobilis, e.
protect, tueor, 2, tuit-, or rash, temerarius, a, um.
(§ 35, i. 7). rashly, temere.
protection, praesidium, i, n. rashness, temeritas, tatis, F.
proud, superbus, a, um. rate, at any, certe; at high r.,
provide, provideo, 2, visi, vis- (§ magni (§ 54, ix.).
51, iv.). rather, potius; (with adj.), com
provided, dum, modo, dummodd parative (§ 17, v. i.) ; would r.,
(§ 61, 3)- malo (§ 37, in.).
reach, pervSnio, 4, veni, vent- repent, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3).

lad}. report, renuntio, i.
read, lego, 3, legt, led-. republic, respublica, reipublicae,
reader, lector, oris, M. F. (§ 14, ii. 2).
readily, facile. reputation, laus, laudis, F.
ready, paratus, a, um; facilis, e. request, peto, 3, /zW, tit- [ab~\.
reap, meto, 3, messui, mess-. require, or requiring, gen. with
reason, ratio, dnis, F. ; (cause), adj. (§ 50. i. 2 ; 54° n. end),
causa, ae, F. ; no r., nihil est reside, insum [in].
quod (Less, xlix.) ; without residence, domicilium, i, n.
special r., temere. resist, resisto, obsisto, 3, stiti
rebellion, tumultus, us, M. [dat.].
recapture, recupero, i. resolution, tntegritas, tatis, F.
receive, accipio, recipio, 3, cepi, respect, have (concern), pertlneo,
cept-. 2, nui-, [ad~\ ; (consider), pareo
iechne,jaceo, i,jacui. 2, rui [dat.] .
recognize, cognosco, 3, ndvi, nit-. respected, spectatus, a, um.
recount, commemoro, i. rest, reliquus, a, um (§ 47, vm.) ;
recover, recipio, 3, cepi, cept-. keep from rest, inquieto, i.
reduce, redigo, 3, egi, act-. restore, reddo, 3, didi, dit-.
reference, make, refero,ferre, tuli, restrain, arceo, 2, cut, ct- [off].
lat- (§ 37, iv.). retreat, pedem refero, ferre, tuli,
refinement, humanitas, tatis, F. lat- (§ 37, iv.).
refuge, perfugium, i, n. ; take r., return (trans.), reddo, 3, didi, dit-;
confugio, 3,fugi[in w. acc.]. (intr.), redeo, 4, ii, it- (§§37, vn. ;
refuse, reciiso, i, abnuo, 3, nut, 33, in. i) ; revertor, 3, rs-.
nuit-, or nut-; remitto, misi, reward, merces, edis, F. ; pretium,
miss-. i, n.
regard, in — to, de. Rhodes, Rhodus, i, F.
regret, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3). rhythmically, numerose.
reign (verb), regno, i ; in the rich, dives, itis; ditior, ditissimus.
reign of, Abl. Abs. right, or rights, jus, juris, n. ;
reject, rejlcio, 3, jeci, ject-. have a r., licet (Less. vn.).
rejoice, laetor, i,gaudeo, 2,gavfs- rightfully, jure.
(§ 35, ii.). rightly, recte.
relate, narro, memoro, i. river,flumen, inis, n. ; amnis, is,
relieve, leva, i. M. ; r. bank, ripa, ae, F.
religion, religio, dnis, F. road, via, ae, F.
relying, fretus (§ 54, iv.) . robber, latro, dnis, M.
remain (wait), maneo, 2, nsi, ns-; rod, virga, ae, f.
(be left), resto, i, stit-; it re., Roman, Romanus, a, um.
restat, reliquum est (§ 70, ii.). Rome, Roma, ae, F.
remember, memini (§ 38, i.) . xoyiX., fundo, 3,fudi,fus-.
remind, admoneo, 2, commonefa- route, iter, itineris, n.
cio, 3, feci, fact- (§§ 33, ra. 2 ; royal, regius, a, um.
37, vill.). royalty, regnum, i, n.
remiss, dissolutus, a, um. rude, agrestis, e.
renowned, clarus, inclitus, a, um. rudely, dure.
repair (roads), munio, 4. ruin (verb), affligo,xi, ct-; (noun),
repel, repello, 3, puli, puis-. pernicies, ei, F.
VOCABULARY. 21
rule (verb1), rego, 3, xi, ct- [ace] ; seem, or seem good, passive of
impero, i [dat.]; (noun), im- video, 2, v;Vtf, vis-.
perium, i, n. ; (of conduct), seize, comprehendo, 3, ns-;
praeceptum, i, n. s. upon, occupo, i.
rumor, rumor, oris, m. self (intensive), (reflective),
run, curro, 3, cucurri, curs-. personal pron. (Less, xxix.) ;
rustic, rusticus, a, um. s. restraint, continentia, ae, F. ;
s. seeking, cupiditas, tads, F.
sell, vendo, 3, be sold,
veneo, 4, z'z, it- (§ 35, ii. 2).
a senate, senatus, us, M. ; (= sena
tors), patres, um, M. ; s. house,
sacred grove, lucus, i, M. ; held s., curia, ae, F.
sanctus, a, um. senator, senator, oris, m.
sacrifices, sacra, drum [n. pl.], senatorial, senatorius, a, um.
sadden, contristo, i. send, mitto, 3, mu^ miss-; s.
safety, salus, utts, F. ; in s., tuto. forward, praeviitto.
sail, navigo, i. Senones, Senones, um.
sake, for the, causa (§§ 54, l note ; sense, sensus, us, m. ; s. of grief,
73, ii. note). dolor, oris, m. ; come to one's
Salamis, of, Salaminius, a, um. senses, J£ colligo, 3, &<:/-.
salute, saliito, i. separate (trans.), seccrno, 3, crevi,
same, idem (§ 20, ii. end) ; at s. cret-; (intr.), discedo, 3, c^jj/,
time, simul.
Samnites, Samnites, ium. separation, digressus, us, m.
satisfy, satisfacio, 3, feci, fact- September, September, bris, bre
(§§ 33, ni. 2 ; 37, viil). [adj.].
savage, immanis, e. serious, gravis, e.
say, dico, 3, xi, ct-; loquor, 3, seriously, vehementer.
locut-; aio, inquam (§ 38) ; s. serve, servio, 4 [dat.] ; (military),
not, nego, i (Less. in. 2). stipendia mereo, 2.
scarcely, vtr. service, military, res militarise
scare, exterreo, 2. services, benejicium, i, n. ;
scheme, inceptum, i, n. cia, brum, n.
school, schola, ae, F. sesterce, sestertius, i, M.
schoolmaster, magister, tri, sestertium, sestertium, i, n.
M. set out, proficisc0r, 3, fect-; s. on
Scipio, Scipio, dnis. fire, incendo, 3, «j-y s. sail,
scoundrel, mastigia, ae, M. solvo, 3, /vz, /zz/-.
scout, explorator, oris, m. several, a//^a<7/(indeclinable adj.).
sea, mare, is, n. ; from beyond s., severe, gravis, e.
transmarinus, a, um. shade, umbra, ae; shades, manes,
sea-urchin, echinus, i, m. ium [m. pi.],
secretary, scriba, ae, m. shake, conditio, 3, cussi, cuss-.
secretly, £r/tf»z. shame, pudor, oris, M.
sedulously, diligenter. shameful, turpis, e.
see, video, 2, vidi, vis-; (clearly), share, communico, i \cuin\.
cerno, 3, £r<?wz, crrf-. sheep, ovis, is, F.
seek, peto, repeto, adpeto, 3, /ft^ shield, scutum, i, n.
tit: shine upon, illucesco, 3, luxi\AdX.\
ship, navis, is, f. snatch away, eripio, 3, ripui,

short, very, perbrevis, e; in s., rept- [dat.] ; s. up, rapio, 3,
denique.
shortness, brevitas, tatis, F. so, tam, tta, adeo; (=in this
shout, clamor, oris, m. manner), ita; so far as, quod,
shouting, clamitatio, dnis, F. etc. (Less, xlix.) ; so great,
show (verb), ostendo, 3, ndi, nt- tantus, a, um (§ 22, i.) ; so
and us-; genitive case (Less. highly, tanti (§ 54, ix. i) ; so
ix. 3), s. off, exhibeo, 2 ; (noun), many, tot.
species, ei, F. sober, sobrius, a, um.
showily, apparSte. solace, solatium, i, n.
shrewd, callidus, a, um. soldier, miles, itis, m.
shrine, fanum, i, n. solitude, solitiido, dinis, F.
shrink from, reciiso, I. some, aliquis, quidam, T. 6,
Sicilian, Siculus, a, um. (Less, xxxn.) ; alius (§ 47, ix.) ;
Sicily, Sicilia, ae. s. or other, nescio quis (§ 67,
Sicyonian, Sicyonius, a, um. i. i, note).
side, pars, partis. somewhat, aliquid, quicquam
Sidon, Sidon, dnis [acc. a]. (§ 52, iv.) ; (with comparatives),
Sidonian, Sidonius, a, um. aliquanto ( i 54, v. note) ; (in
siege, obsidio, dnis, F. ; (attack), like manner), similiter [atque\
oppugnatio, onis, F. ; lay s. to, (§ 43, 9).
oppugno, i. Bon,filius, 1, M. (§ 10, 5) ; natus,
Bight, conspectus, us, M. ; catch i, M.
s. of, conspicor, i. song, carmen, minis, n.
silent, be, taceo, 2. soon, brevi, mox; as s. as, simul
silver, argentum, i, n. atque (§ 43, 9).
simply, simpliciter. sorry, be, poenitet (§ 50, iv. 3).
since (conj.),«//«, quoniam (§ 63) ; sort, of what, qualis, e (§ 22, i.) ;
abl. abs ; (adv.), postea. of this s., ejusmodi.
Bister, soror, oris, F. soul, animus, i, M.
sit, sedeo, 2, sedi, sess-; resideo, sound, sono, i, nui, nit-.
2, sedi; assido, 3, sed-. source, dative case (Less. xx.).
size, magnitudo, dinis, F. South wind, auster, tri, m.
skilled, peritus, a, um [gen.], sow, sementem [sementis, is]
sky, caelum, i, n. (pl. caeli, M.). facio, 3, feci, fact-.
slaughter (verb), trucido, i ; Spain, Hispania, ae.
(noun), caedes, is, F. spare, parco, 3, peperci, parcit-
slave, servus, i; (female), serva, and pars- [dat.].
ae; of s., servilis, e (§ 47, v.) ; speak, loquor, 3, lociit- ; dico, 3,
be s., servio, 4. [dat.]. dixi, dict-.
slay, interficio, 3, feci, fect-. spear, hasta, ae, F. i
sleep (verb), dormio, 4; (noun), speech, sermo, dnis, M. ; (oration),
somnus, i, m. ; go to s., con- oratio, dnis, F.
dormio, 4. speedily, citd.
slender, exiguus, a, um. spend (time), molior, 4.
Slipper, calceus, i, M. spirit, animus, i, M. ; s. of confi
small, parvus (§ 17, n.), exiguus, dence, fiducia, ae, F. ; in high
a, um. s., ludibundus, a, um.
snail, cochlea, ae, F. spirited, forlis, e.
VOCABULARY. 23
splendid, ornatus, a, um. suburbs, in the, suburbanus, a,

splendor, magnificentia, ae, F. um.
sport, ludo, 3, lust, lus-. succeed, succedo, 3, cessi, cess-.
spread (adj.), disseminatus, a, successfully, prospere.
um. successive, continuus, a, um.
sprung, oriundus, a, um [ab~\. such, talis, e; (=so great), tan-
spurn, sperno, 3, sprevi, spret-. lus, a, um (§ 22, i.),
Btade (a furlong), stadium, i, n. suddenly, subito.
staff, virga, ae, F. suffer, patior, 3, pass-; (intr.), la-
stag, cervus, i, M. boro, i ; (punishment), do, i,
stand, sto, i, stlti, stat-; (matter), dedi, ddt-.
se habere, 2 ; st. aside, absum suffice, sufficio, 3, feci, fect-.
(§ 29, n.) \ab\ [star, stelld\. sufficient, satis.
standard, signum, i, n. suit (of clothes), habitus, us, m.
state, civitas, tatis, F. ; by the s., suitable, idoneus, a, um (§ 65,
publice; s. of things, neut. iv. i).
adj. suited, aptus, a, um (§ 65, iv. i),
statue, signum, i, n. sum of money, pecunia, ae, F.
stay, maneo, remaneo, 2, nsi, ns-. summer (adj.), aestivas, a, um.
sternness, severitas, tatis, F. summon, arcesso, 3, sivi, sit-.
stew-pan, patina, ae, F. sun, sol, soiis, m.
stiff, rigidus, a, um. superfluous, supervacuus, a, um.
stimulate, commdveo, 2, movi, supper, cena, ae, F.
mot-. suppliant, supplex, plicis, C.
stir up, concito, i. support, sustlneo, 2, nui, nt-.
stock, stirps, stirpis, F. suppose, arbitror, i.
stone, lapis, lapidis, M. suppress, comprimo, 3, pressi,
stool, scamnus, i, M. press-.
storm, tempestas, tatis, F. sure, certus, a, um; I am s.,
straightway, protinus. credo; be s., fac (Less, xlv.) ;
strait, /retum, i, n. be s. not, cave (§ 58, iii. note).
straits, angustiae, arum, F. pl. surely, profecto. to-be-sure, scilicet.
Btrange, mirus, a, um. surety, sponsor, oris, M.
strength, vires, F. pi. (§ 11, i. 5) ; surname, cognomen, minis, n.
(defence), praesidium, i, n. surpass, supero, i.
Btriko (terror), infero, ferre, tuli, surrender, me dedo, 3, didi, dit-.
lat- (§ 37, iv.) [dat] ; (thunder suspect, suspicor, i.
bolt), excutio, 3, cussi, cuss- ; suspected, suspectus, a, um.
s. off, decutio. suspicion, suspicio, dnis, F.
strip, spolio, i [abl.]. suspicious, suspiciosus, a, um.
strive, enttor, 3, «fj- and nix: sustenance, victus, us, m.
Btrong, valens, ntis. swear, juro, i.
strongly, vehementer, valde. sweet, dulcis, e.
study, studeo, 2, dui. swift, velox, ocis; rapidus, a, um.
Btyle, stilus, i, m. ; in fine s., bel- swiftly, citS.
lissime. swiftness, celeritas, tatis, F.
subdivision, partitio, dnis, F. sword, gladius, i, M. ; ferrum, i,
Bubdue, subigo, 3, egi, act-;paco, i . N.
Bi'bjeot, res, rei, F. Syracuse, Syraciisae, arum, F.
subtlety, sollertia, ae, F,
there, ibi; an expletive, with the

T. verb sum.
therefore, itaque, ergo, igitur
take, capio, 3, cefi, capt-; sumo, (§43, s).
3, mpsi, mpt- ; t. away or from, thick, crassus, a, rim.
aufero, 3, abstuli, ablat-; adimo, thing, res, rli, F. ; neut. adj.
3, emi, empt- [dat.] ; t. care of, (§ 47, in.).
euro, i ; t. counsel against, con- think, puto ; (suppose), opinor,
sulo, 3, lui, lt- [in with ace] ; i ; (by reasoning), existimo, ar-
t. journey, iter facio, 3, feci, bitror, i ; (a judgment), censeo,
fact-; t. part, intersum [dat.] ; 2, nsui, ns-; (opinion), sentio, 4,
t. place,yfo(§ 37, vin.); t. pleas nsi, ns- ; (exercise the mind),
ure, libet (Less, vn.) ; t. refuge, cogito, i ; th. best, placet (Less.
confugio, 3, fSgi [in w. ace] ; vii.).
take upon, sumo [dat.] ; t. upon this, hic; (a thing to be men
one's self, susclpio, 3, cepi, tioned), ille; this is, ecce.
cept-. thither, eo, illuc.
talk (verb), loquor, 3, locut-; thoroughly, accurate.
(noun), vox, vocis, F. threaten, minor, i [acc. of thing,
tall, e?ninens, ntis. and dat. of person] (Less. L
Tarquin, Tarquinius, i. i, end).
tarry, consisto, 3, stiti, stit-; three days, triduum, i, n.
moror, i. throne, solium, i, n.
teach, doceo, 2, docui, doct-. throng, concurro, 3, curri, curs-;
tear away, deripio, 3, ripui, rept- concursum facio, 3, feci, fact-.
[de}. through, per; abl. case (§ 54, L).
tell, 3, xi, ct- (§ 33, ni. 2) ; thunderbolt, fulmen, minis, n.
t. me, thus, ita.
temper, animus, i, M. thwart, obsto, i, stiti, stat- [dat.].
tempest, tcmpestas, tatis, F. Tiber, Tiberis, is; acc. im, M.
temple, tcmplum, i, M. tidings, neut. pl. of adj.
tempt, sollicito, i. time, tempus, dris, n ; tcmpestas,
terrified, perterritus, a, um. tatis, F. ; in good t., opportune;
terrify, terreo, 2. at that t., tum; at the same t,
territory, «g^r, fl^rz', M. simul; idem, agreeing with
terror, terror, oris, m. name of person ; some t. ali-
test, experior, 4, pert-. timid, timidus, a, um. [quando.
testify, testificor, i. tired, be, taedet (§ 50, iv. 3).
than, quam, ac. Tiro, Tiro, onis.
thank3, give or return, gratias to, ad, in (§ 42, iv.) ; to be sure,
ago, 3, ac/-. scilicet.
that (dem. pron.), zj, z'//<?, z'-tzV to-day, hodie.
(§ 20, ii.) ; (rel. pron.), qui; together, coram.
(conj.), ut, quo, quin (§§ 64, 65). tomb, sepulchrum, i, n.
theatre, theatrum, i, n. tongue, lingua, ae, F.
Theban, Thebdnus, a, um. too (also), et, quoque; (too much),
Themistocles, Themistocles, is. nimius, a, um; compar. of adj.
Theophanes, Theophanes, is. (§ 17, v. i).
then, tum; (next), deinde. top, on, summus, a, um (§47, vm.)
thence, inde. topic, locus, i, m. ; pL, loci.
VOCABULARY. 25
tossing, agitatio, dnis, r. unfriendly, inimlcus, a, um.

touch upon, attingo, 3, tigi, tact- unharmed, incolumis, e; u. con
[acc] . dition, incolumitas, tatis, F.
towards, erga [ace] union, societas, tatis, F.
town, oppiaum, i, n. unjust, injustus, a, um.
townsman, oppiddnus, i, ill. unless, nisi.
tragic, tragicus, a, um. until (conj.), dum (§ 62, n.) ;
train, exerceo, 2. (prep.), usque ad.
Tranio, Tranio, dnis. unwilling, invitus, a, um.
transfer, transfero, ferre, tuli, unworthily, indigne.
lat- (§ 37, iv.). unworthy, indignus, a, um.
treachery, proditio, dnis, F. ; per- up and down, profectd.
jidia, ae, v. uproar, strepitus, us, M.
treason, proditio, dnis, F. urge, sollicito, i.
treaty, foedus, eris, n. use (verb), and make u. of, utor,
tremble, tremo, 3, mui, mit-. 3, us- (§ 54, in.) ; (noun), fa-
trial, judicium, i, n. ; make a tr., cultas, tatis, F.
experior, 4, pert-. used to, imperfect tense.
tribe, tribus, us, F. usury, usura, ae, F.
tribune, tribunus, i, M. ; of the tr.,
tribunicius, a, um.
trickery, dolus, i, m. V.
trifling, modicus, a, um.
tripe, vulva, ae, F. [a similar dish], valor, virtus, tutis, f.
troops, copiae, drum. value, aestimo, i ; facio, 3, feci,
trouble, moveo, 2, movi, mot-. fact- (§ 54, ix. i).
true, verus, a, um. vain, \n, frustra.
truly, vere. various, varius, a, um.
trust, credo, 3, didi, dit- (§ 51, Varro, Varro, dnis.
iv.) ; confido, fis- (§ 35, ii.) verdict, sentcntia, ae, F.
[dat. or am.], very (adv.), superlative degree
trusted, probatus, a, um [dat.]. (§ 17, v. 4) ; (adj.), ipse (§ 20,
truth, Veritas, tatis, F. ; in tr., ii. note) ; v. few, perpauci; v.
vero ; with tr., vere. highly, plurimi; v. much,
tuft of vrool, Jioccus, i, M. valde ; v. short, perbrevis, e;
turn out (intr.), evado, 3, vdsi, v. unwilling, perinvitus, a, um.
vas-. veteran, veteranus, i, m.
Tu3culanum, Tusculdnum, i, n. vexed, be, moleste fero, ferre,
type, norma, ae, F. tuli, lat- (§ 37, iv.).
vice, vitium, i, n.
victorious, victor, oris, M (§ 47,
V. in. note),
victory, victoria, ae, F.
uncertain, incertus, a, um. vigor, viriditas, tatis, F.
undergo, subeo, 4, it, it- (§§ 37, villa, villa, ae, F.
vil. ; 33, in. i) [acc.]. villanou3, and villain, sceleslus,
understand, in 'elligo, 3, lexi, a, um.
led-; be understood (of words), viol, fidicula, ae, F.
desum (§29). violent, vehemens, ntis.
unfriend, inimicus, i, m. virtue, virtus, tutis, F.
visit, viso, 3, visi, vis-. while, dum (§ 57, in.),

voice, vox, vocis, v. whisper, susurro, !. woither, qua.
Volscian, Volscus, i; Vulscus. whithersoever, quocumque.
voluntary, voluntarius, a, um. who (rel), qui; (inter.), quis.
whole, totus, a, um (§ 16, i. end),
wholly, totus (§ 47, vi.).
W. why, cur, quin, quapropter; w.
not ? quidnif
wait, and wait for, exspecto, i. wicked, improbus, a, um.
walk, ambulo, i. widely, late.
wall, murus, i, M. ; (of a house), wife, uxor, oris, F.
paries, ietis, M. will, or willing, be (verb), volo
want, indigeo, 2, gui [gen. and (§ 37, i.) ; (noun), voluntas,
abl.] ; volo (§ 37, l) ; w. of tatis, F.
confidence, diffidentia, ae, F. willingly, libcnter.
wanting, be, desum (§ 29) [dat.]. wily, subdolus, a, um.
war, bellum, i, n. ; (service), win, adipiscor, 3, dept-; expeto, 3,
militia, ae, F. tivi, tit-.
wash, abluo, 3, lui, lilt-. wine, vinum, i, n.
watchful, diligens, ntis. wisdom, sapientia, ae, F.
watching, vigilia, ae, F. wise, sapiens, prudens, ntis.
water, aqua, ae, F. wit, argutiae, arum, F., pl.
wave, fluctus, us, M. with, cum [abl.] ; (in presence of),
way, via, ae, F. ; give w., cedo, 3, apud [ace] ; be w., adsum
cessi, cess-; be on w. from, (§ 29) [dat.J. [within, intra.
decedo. withdraw (trans.), dediico, 3, xi,
wealth, divitiae, arum, F., pL ct- (§ 33, in. 2) ; exhaurio, 4,
wealthy, opulentus, a, unt, hausi, haust- ; (intr.), cedo, 3,
■vreaxy, fessus, a, um. cessi, cess- [abl.].
weather, tempestas, tatis, F. withhold, abstinco, 2, tinui, tent-.
weight, pondus. eris, n. withstand, sustineo, 2, tinui,
welfare (common), res, rei (pub tent.
lico.). without, sine [abl.] ; (destitute of),
well (adv.), bent, probe; (interj.), carens, ntis [abl.].
en, euge; w. now, eho; be w., witness, testis, is, c. ; (in court),
valeo, 2; be w. for, expedio, 4 juratus, i, M.
[dat.] ; w. fitted, aptus, a, um. wolf, lupus, i, M.
wet, be, madeo, 2, madui. woman, mulier, Iris, F.
what (reL), qui; (inter.), quis, wonder at, /niror, i.
quisnam. wonderful, mirabilis, e.
wheat, triticum, i, n. wont, to be, soleo, 2, solit- (§ 35, ii.).
when, cum, quando, ut (§§ 43, 7 ; wooden, ligneus, a, um.
64, iv. note) ; abl. abs. ; noun woods, silva, a; f.
in apposition (Less. xm. 3). wool, tuft oi,floccus, i, M.
where, ubi. word, verbum, i, n. ; w. by w.,
wherefore, quam ob rem. ad verbum; bring w., nuntio,
wherever, ubicunque. renuntio, I.
whether, num (§ 71). work, opus, eris, n.
which (reL), qui; (inter.), quis; world, mundus, i, M. ; orbis ter-
to w., quo. rarum, M.
VOCABULARY. 27
worn out, be, marceo, 2. ■sr.

worry, vexo, i.
worth, be, sto, i, stat- (§ 54,
ix. i.); w. while, operaepretium, year, annus, i, m. ; year's, an-
i, n. nuus, a, um (§ 47, v.).
worthy, dignits, a, um (§§ 54, yes, to be sure, etiam; y. indeed,
iv. ; 65, iv. i) ; gen. case (Less, immo.
ix. 3). yet, tamen.
would, utinam (§ 68, I.) ; (auxil.), you, tu.
(Less, lv.) ; w. rather, malo your, tuus, a, um; vester, tra,
(§ 37, in.). trum; iste (§ 20, n.).
wretch, miser, t, M.; that w., iste, young, adolescens, ntis; y. man,
a, ud. adolescens, juvenis, is; abl. e,
wretched, miser, a, um. gen. pl. um.
wretchedly, misere. youth, adolescens, ntis, C ;juvenis,
wretchedness, miseria, ae, F. is, m. ; (abstract, or body of y.),
write, scribo, 3, psi, pt- ; w. out, juventus, tiitis, F.
describo, perscribo.
writers, adjective (§ 47, nl),
writing, scriptum, i. Z.
zeal, studium, i, n.
X. zealously, studidse.
Xerxes, Xerxes, is.
Additional Words.
appear, videor, 2, vis-. law, (abstract) jus, juris, n. ; (sta
arrange, constituo, 3, tui, tut-. tute), F.
arrival, adventus, us, M. mission, legatio, onis, F.
arrive, advenio, 4, veni, vent-. monkey, simia, ae, F.
arrogance, adrogantia, ae, F. nation, natio, onis, F. ; £*«f,
arrogate, adrdgo, i. new, novus, a, um. [tisj F.
bowl, catillus, i, M. operation, negotium, i. n.
children, liberi, m. pl. origin, tf/TffO, F.
costly, pretiosus, a, um. pay costs, impendium reddo, 3.
deed, factum, i, n. people, populus, i m. ; the com
dog, cants, is, c. mon people, plebs, plebis, F.
egg, ovum, i. n. [deo, 2. scream, clamo, i.
envy, invidia, ae, F. ; (verb), invi- silence, silentium, i, n.
exercise, exerceo, 2, cui, cit-. spot, /flcwj, i, M.
foot, pes, pldis, M. still, adhuc.
gift, munus, iris n. donum, i. n. sustain, sustento, i.
goodness, bonitas, atis, F. whatever, quicquid.
gourd, cucurbita, ae, F. whoever, quisquis.
have advantage, prcesto, i, stlti, within, intra [acc.].
hearth, focus, i, M. \sttt-. wish, volo (§ 37, i.).
honorable, honestus, a, um. yield, cedo, 3,
kitchen, cocina, ae, F. zealous, sludiosus, a, um.
INDEX
ALLEN'S MANUAL LATIN GRAMMAR,
With Parallel References to Andrews and Stoddard, Bullions

(Morris's Ed.), Harkness, and Madvio.
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. Habkn. Madvio.

3_ Alphabet. 1-5 2-7 2-4 4-13
2. Pronunciation. 6-12 10-14 6-16 14
3. Quantity (§ 78). 13 16-19 20-24 15-22
4. Accent. 14-16 20-23 25-28 23
5. InFlection. 24, 25 25 25, 26
1. Definition. 25
2. Root and Stem. 26
3. Noun & Verb forms. 32, 194 24
4. Particles. 190 302 Obs.
6. Gender. 27 32 33 27
1. Nat. and Grammat. 27, 6 33, n. O. 1.
2. Rules. 28,29,34 33-38 35 28, 31
3. Common Gender. 30-32 39 36, 2 29
4. Epicene. 33 41 4 30
7. Case. 36 43 38 32
8. Declension. 38 44-50 39 33
i. Five Declensions. 39 44 40
n. General Rules. 40 47 38, 3
9. First Declension. 41-45 51-57 42, 43 34-36
1. Gender. 41 53 42 36
2. Termination ai 43, 1 55 3, 2) O.l.
3. Gen. plur. um. 2 56 3) 3
4. Dat. & Abl. abus. 2 57 4) 4
5. Greek Nouns. 44, 45 52 43 35
10. Second Declension. 46-54 58-72 45-47 37-39
1. Term, oa, on. 54 68 46 38
2. Feminines. 49 72, 2 47, i. 39, a, e.
3. Locative in i.
4. Gen. in i = iL 52 64 45, 1) 37, O. L
5. Voc. in i 52 65 2) 3
6. Gen. pl. um. 52 66 4) 4
7. Deua. 53 67 6) 6
8. Nouns in er. 47 62 4 37
9. Neuters in us. 51 72, 3 47, ii. 39 end
10. Names in ens. 54, 5 69 ■* 46,3 38, O. 3.
9 iNDEX.
Skct. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. Harkn. Madviu.

13. Third Declension, 55-86 73-136 48-115
i. Vowel- Stems. 40-45
98-100 60, i. 40, 1, c
1. Term, al, ar, er. 112
2. „ im, i 79, 82 2, a.
110 85, in. 42, 1, 3
3. AbL neut. in e. 100
4. Gen. pi. urn, ium. 3 &b.O.
83, n. 115-120 89 44, 1
5. vis. 85 123
6. Greek Names. 55, 2
81, R. 124-136 45
h. Liquid Stems. 70 90-96 51
1. Stems in n. 61. 4 40, 1, a.
92, 96 e.
2. Neuters. 76 97
3. Stems in ter. 2, 6.
71 93, 95 1,«,0.
4. Feminines. 59 520
in. Mute Stems. 41, 1
86-89
1. Labial. 88 (2)
2. Lingual. 40, 1, b.
88 (1) d.
3. Palatal. 87
4. Peculiar. d.
123 42
Greek Nouns. 86 124-136 I
iv. Mules of Gender. 41
58-67 151-171
12 Fourth Declension. 87-89 137-145 116-118 46, 47
1. Feminines. 88 138 118
2. domus. 47
89 144 117 46, end
3. Dat., abl. ubua 89, 5 140 116, 1)
4. Verb-stems. 0. 1.
13. FiFth Declension. 90 146-150 119, 120 48, 49
1. Plural wanting. R. 1 147 115, 5 48, O. 2.
2. Gender of dies. 1 146, n. 120
3. Term. ies. 49
R. 2
14. Irregular Nouns. 92-99 128-141
1. Sing, wanting. 50-57
95, 96 178 131 51
2. Nom. „ 94 133, 1
3. One or two eases. 55, 1
94 179 134 2-4
4. Indeclinable. 94, 1 183 128
5. Heteroclites. 54
99 185 136 56
6. Variable. 97 179, 186 132
7. Double Inflection. 52
91 176 53
15. Proper Names.
16. Adjectives. 105-121 189-200 146-158
i. 1st and 2d Declen. 58-68
105-107 190-192 148 58 .
n. 3d Declension. 108-111 193-198 151-153
1. Vowel Stems. 59
108, 109 196 (h.) 151, 152 59
2. Consonant Stems. 110, 111 193 (i.) 153
17. Comparison. 122-127 60
i. General Rule. 214-229 160-170 62-68
124 216, 217 162 63, 64
1. Adj. in er. 125, 1 218 163, 1
2. Superl. -limus. 64
2 220 2 64
3. Adj. in -dicus, &c. 3 221 164 65.
iNDEX. 3
Sect. Topic. A. & S. BULLiOHS.

ilARKN. Madvio.
4. Adj. in us pure. 127 227 170 67 a, 68 a
ii. Irregular. 125, 5 219 165 65, 2
in. From Prepositions. 4 222 J 66 66
iv. Defective. 126 223, 224 167 67, 68
V. 1. Use of Comparat. 212, N. 1 170, 1, 2 300-309
2. do. with than. 256 444, 2 303, 304
3. Two compartives. id. R. 12 id. 307
4. Superl. of eminence. 207 R. 35 444, 3 310
5. do. with quam. 127, 4 229 id. id. 0.3-
18. Numerals. 117-121 201-213 171-181 69-77
i. Cardinal & Ordinal. 117, 119 202,206,7 174 70, 74
1. unus. 107 203, 3 176, 1 71
2. duo, ambo. 118 203, 3 2 71
3. tres, mille, &c. 5, 6 204 178 71, 72
4. Numeral Adverbs. 119 207 179 199
ii. Distributive. id. in. 207 174 75
1. Use of distributive. 209 2 76, a.
2. For Cardinals. 209 3) c.
3. In MultipUcation. 209 2) b.
19. Pronouns. 132, 133 230-236 182-185 78-93
i. Personal. 133 231 184 79
ii. Reflective. 132, 4 232 85
in. Possessive. 139 236 185 92
Enclitic Affixes. 133, 4 233, 237 184, 6 79, O. 2,
20. Demonstratives. 134, 135 239-244 186 80-83
i. Inflection. 239, 243 81-83
ii. Use & Meaning. 240-242 450,451 id.
21. Relatives. 136-138 245-255 187 86-88
i. Inflection. 245, 6 86
1. qui (abl.) ; -oumque. 191, R. 1 245, 253 1 88, O. 2.
2. cum (enclit.). 241, R. 1 245 (end) 2 86, O. 2.
n. Use and Meaning. 453-458 86, 90
1. qui interrog. (noun). 137, 1 246 188,454 88
2. „ „ (adj.). id. id. 88, 0. 1.
3. quantus, &c. 139, 5 257 93
4. atque, ac. 198, ii. 906 417, 4 444, 6.
m. Indefinite. 138 249-255 189-191 87
22. Correlatives. 139, 5 257 93
1. Classification. id. (3) 257 93
2. alius, alter. 207, R 32 C64 459 84
23. Verbs: Structure. 140-142 258-263 192-200 94-107
1. Parts. 151 260 195-197 94-107
2. do. wanting. 144, 3 268, 327 107
3. Passive as reflective. 248 (2) 305 222, 0. 3
24. Moods. 143 264 196 96
i. Indicative. 1 i. i., 1 a.
n. Subjunctive. 2 ii. 2 6.
m. Imperative. 3 in. 3 c.
4 iNDEX.
Sect. Topic. A. & 8. Bullions. Harks. Madvia.

1. Present. 267 (1) 1111 536 384
2. Future. 267 (2) 1112 537 386
iv. Infinitive. 145, R. 4 264, rv. 196, n.l 387
1. As Object of Verb. 270 1148 550 389
2. Subj. Accusative. 272 286 551 388, 5.
3. Indeclinable Noun. 269 1147 549 388, a.
25. Participles. 148 269 196, ii. 4 99
i. 1. Present. 148 (2) 1350 572 a.
2. Future, &c. 274, R. 6 1355 573, 574 b, c.
3. Gerundive, 275 1304 562 end
n. Use & Meaning. 274 1343 563 411-431
26. Gkkund & Supine. 265 196,u, 99
i. Ger. & Gerundive. 275 1322 2 413-422
ii. Supine. 1. Form. 148, 3 1360, 65 3 411, 412
2. Meaning 567
27. Tenses. 144 266 197 97
i. Present. 145, i. 1080-86 466 1
ii. Imperfect. n. 1087 468 2, 6.
1. Description. 469, i. 337
2. Continued Action. 1087 id. ii. id. O. 1
3. Circumstances. 1088 id.
iii. Perfect. rv. 267 471 2, a
1. Narration. 1093 id. ii. 335, a.
2. As Pluperfect. 1094 id. 4 338, 6.
3. Perf. Definite. 1092 335, 6.
Perf. Subjunctive. 1168 379
rv. Future. in., vi. 1090 470 3
v. Prim. & Secondary. 1162, 3 198, 2 333
vi. Perfect Stem. 241, n. 103
Classification. 144, 2 266 198
28. Personal Endings. 147, 3 333 98
29. i. esse, to be. 153 277-280 204 108
ii. abesse, adesse. 154, R. 5 410 O. 2.
in. posse, R.7 412 289 154
iv. prodesse. R. 6 411 290 108,0.2.
30. Conjugation. 149 271 201 100
i. Charact. Vowel. id. 2 272 245 100, a-d.
ii. Perf. & Supine, 151 275 241 103-105
in. 3d Conjugation, 159 294-298 213 130, 143
iv. Perfect Stem. 164-177 344-356 258 117-144
31. Active Voice. 155, &c. 282, &c. 205, &c. 109, i.
32. Passive Voice. 156, &c. 283, &c. 206, &c. 109, n.
33. Rules op Conj. 163 281 94-107
i. Stems. 150, 162 274 241, 242 102
ii. Inflection. 334
1. Imperf. Subj.
2. Passive Tenses. 151 (6) 281 (end) 107
3. Imperat. Pass.
iNDEX. 5
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bulliohb. Hahkn. Madvkj.

hi. Sync, of v & s. 162-7 315-320 234 113
2. Irreg. Imperat. 4 323 237 114, c.
3. Old Forms. 1,9 325 239 115
34. Forms oF Conjug. 271-276 109
i. Principal Parts. 164-177 275 202, 240 103, 105
ii. Part, m us. 327 241, in. 106
do. as Adjective. 1086
35. Deponent Verbs. 161 304-314 221 110-112
i. 1. Participles. 148,1,(4) 306 1 111
2. do. in dus. 162,17(6) 2 id.
3. Neut. or Reflective. 305 110.O. 1
4. Of 1st Conjugation. 146
5. Act. & Pass, forms. 147
6. Used as Passives. 306 110.O.3
7. Perf. part. do. 162, 17 a id.
u. Neuter Passives. 142, 2 312, 313 272, 282 O. 2
Neutral do. 3 314 133, Obs.
36. Derivative Verbs. 187 195-197
i. Inchoatives. 2 588 332, n. 140-142
ii. Intensives. 5 587 195, 2
in. Frequentatives. 1 584 i. 195, 1
iv. Desideratives. 3 589 in. 197
37. Irregular Verbs. 178-182 410-433 287-296 195-197
i. volo. 178, 1 417 293 157
ii. nolo. 2 418 id.
in. malo. 3 419 id.
iv. fero. 179 422 292 155
v. edo. 181 431 291 156
vi. eo. 182 413 295 158
vn. facio, fio. 180 426 294 160
viii. queo, nequeo. 182, n. 416 296 159
38. DeFective Verbs. 183 434-450 297 161-164
i. Preteritive. 1-3 437 i. 161
ii. aio. 4 443 n. 1 162, a.
in. inquam. 5 444 2 162, 6.
iv. fari. 6 441 3 163
v. salve, &c. 8-11 447 in. 164
39. Impersonal Verbs. 184 441-458 298-301 165-168
1. With subj. infin. 229, R. 7 454 299 166, 6.
2. „ acc. & gen. 229, R. 6 454 410, 6 b.
3. ,, Subj. clause. 184, (6) 556 165, O.
4. pluit, &c. 184,3(/) 456 300 166, a.
5. Pas. of Neut. Verbs. 184 2 (6) 453 301, 3 244, 6.
40. Periphrastic Forms. 162 328, 329 227 99
i. With part, in rus. 14 328 230 341
n. ,, Gerundive. 15 329 231 420
41. Adverbs. 190-194 460 303 169-171
i. Form& Comparison. 192 ii 194 462 305
6 INDEX.
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. HaRkh. Madvio.

n. OfSpecial Mean ing . 191
1. etiaui. quoque. 198, 1 (d ) 587,4 471
2. nunc, jam. 191, R. (i 1083 334, Obs.
3. certo, certe. 192, N. ]
4. primum, primo. 199, 0. 1
5. ne . . . quidem. 193, in. 1390 585 457
6. Two Negatives. 277, R. S 998 585 460
42. Prepositions. 195 468-485 306, 433 172
i. With Accusative. 4 469 433 i.
H. ,, Ablative, 5 470 434 ii.
ill. ,, ace. or abl. 6 471 435 in.
iv. Special Meaning. R. 6-15 472-474 230
43. Conjunctions. 198 488-505 308-311 433-444
I. et, -que, atque. 1 490 587, 588 433
2. sed, verum, at 9 492 437
3. aut, vel, sive. 2 491 436
4. nam, enim. 7 493 435
5. ergo, igitur, &c. 6 494 471, 480
6. quia, quod, &c. 7 502 357
7. quum (cum). 7 502 435
8. et . . . et, &e. 1(e) 1375 435, 458
9. atque (ac). 3, R. 906 444
10. autem, enim, &c. 7,R. 505 437
11. namque, neque, &c. N. 3 458, b.
44. Formation oF Words. 508-600 174-206
i. Notmsfrom Nouns. 100,i. 530-548 315-318
1. In urn, etum. 5-8 538 317, 318 180, 1, 6
2. Diminutives. 3 540-545 315 182
3. Patronymics. 1 540-548 316 183
ii. Nouns from Adj. 101 549-554 319 184
111. Nouns from Verbs. 102 515-529 320 177-179
1. In tor, trix. 6 617, 518 321, 1 177, 2
2. „ io, us. 7 520, 521 2 178
3. ,, men, mentum. 4 525, 526 320, 3 179
iv. Adjs.from Nouns. 128, i. 560-572 323-326 185-192
1. ens, aceus. 1 560, 562 324 186
2. icus, ilis. 2 563, 564 325 187
3. osus, lentus. 4 570, 571 323 188
4. -tua. 7 572 id. 188 (14)
5. From Proper Names 6 573, 574 326 189
6. Locals. 6 575-581 id. 190-192
v. Adjs.from Verbs. 555-559 328 185
1. -bundus. 1 555 1 115, g.
2. -idus. 2 556 2 185 (1)
3. -ax. 6 558 4 (3)
4. -ilis, bilis. 4 557 3
- vi. Compound Nouns. 103 601, 602 338 |
iNDEX.
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. Harkn. MADVI3.

Syntax.
DeFinitions. 200-203 616-620
1. Subject & Predicate . 201-203 616, 7-9 347 208, a.
2. Agreem't. & Gov't. 203, n. 6 618-620
3. Copula. 140, 4 209, a. b.
46. Agreement op Nouns . 204, 210 622-632 362 217
Apposition. „ R. i 622, 666 363 210, b.
1. In Gender. „ R. 2 624 362, 1 214
2. With Locative. 221, R. 2 935 423, 3) 273, a. O
3. With Possessives. 205, R. 13 628 397, 3 297, a.
47. OF Adjectives. 205 650-655 438 an, 6.
i. In Plural. „ R- 2 652 439 213
ii. Different Genders. (1-3) 653, 4, 669 2 214
(1.) With nearest. ex. 656 1 a, d.
(2.) Masc. or Neut. ,. 3 659 3 b.
Synesis. „ (3) 678 4386,461 215
ni. Adjs. as Nouns. „ R. 7 658 441 301
Possessives. „ N. 1 1
Noun as Adjective, „ R. 11 661 301, c.
rv. Neuter Adjective. „ R. 7 654 2 247,6.
Fem, with res. „ „N.l 4 301, 6.
Appos. with Noun. 659 438, 4 211, 6.
do. with Infin. „ R. 8 660 438, 3 388, 6.
v. For Genitive. 211, R. 4 441, 5 300, 0. 3
Possessives. „ R. 3 1027 398, 3 297
Adj. Pronoun. 205, R. 5 1028, 9 445, 4 313
vi. Rendered in English „ R. 15 663 442, 443 300
vii. Two Comparatives, 256, R 12 903 444, 2 307
vni. Bummus, &c. „ R. 17 662 441, 6 311
iX. alius . . . alius. 207, R. 32 664, 5 459 496
48. Relatives : Definition. 136, 206 245 187 315
i. Rule of Agreement. 206 683 445 a.
ii. In Gender. „ (9) 694 4 O. 1
Hi. Antecedent repeated. „ (1) 688 8 0.2
,, omitted „ (4) 689 6 316
„ in rel. clause. f, (8) 687 9 319
Use of is or hie. ,, (3, a) 690 453, 1 320
How translated.
rv. Used for Demonstr. „(1718) 691, 701 453 448
v. id quod or quae res .. (13) 445, 7 315, 6.
49. Agreement oF Verbs 200 (6.) 634 460 211, a.
i. With several subjects „ R. 12 643 463 212
Person. „ „(7) 646 ii., 1 212
Number. „ „(2) 644 ii. 213
Collective Nouns. „ R. 11 648 461, 1 215, a.
quisque, &c. A ,,W 681 3 217,0. 1
n. Pronoun omitted, „ R. 12 636, 1013 460, 2 211,0.2
in. Historical Infinitive. „ R. 5 1137 545, 1 392
8 INDEX.
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. ilARKX. Madvio.

50. Genitive. 211-221 744-813 393 279-298
i. Subjective. 211, R. 2 745 396, i. 280
In Predicate. „R.8(1) 780 401 280, 0. 1
1. Limiting a Phrase. „ (3) a. 780 404, 2 282
For Neut. Adjrctive. „ 8(3) 780, exp. 401, 2 O.l
Neut. of Possessive. ,, „ (a) 782 404, 1 297
2. Of Quality. „ R. 6 757 390, 4 287
(Ablative.) „(3) 759, 888 428 0. 2
3. For Appositive. „R2k. 631 396, v. 286
4. Of Specification, 213, R. 2 765, 779 399, 1 ; 3 290
li. Partitive. 212 748 396, in. 284
1. Nouns, &c. „ R.l 771 396 2, 1) 0. 2
2. Numerals, &c. „ R-2 771 2)
8. Neuters. „ R.3 760 3) (3) O. 5
4. Adverbs, „ R.4 762 4) O. 10
(ex with abl.) „ R 2n. 775 O. 1
nr. Objective. 211, R. 3 746 396, ii. 289
1. With Nouns. If II 753 396, ii. 283
Possessives. »» »» Cm 756 398, 3 297, 60.
2. Adjs. of Quality. 213 776 399, 2, 2) 289
8. Verbals. „ R.l 765 2,1) a.
4. similis, &c. „ R. 6 863 3, 2) /•
(Use of Prepositions.) 211, R. 2 778 398, 4 298
rv. Object of Verbs. 215-220 780-809 400-410 291
1. Of Memory, &c. 216 788 406, u. II
(Accusative.) „ R. 1 796 407 O. 1
2. Accusing, &c 217, 218 793 410, ii. 293
(de with abl.) „ R. 2 798 3, 2) 298
8. Of Pity,
~ &c. 215 783, 805 406, i. 292
4. interest & refert. 219 809 408 295
(Abl. fem. of poss.) „ Rl 809, end 1, 2)
5. Plenty, Want, &c. 220, 3 776 409, 1 295, 0. 3
6. potior. „ 4 882 3 265, 0. 1
Adverbs. 212, R. 4 1005-1010 411 284, 0. 9
51. Dative. 222-228 814-871 382-398 240-250
i. Words of Likeness. „ R. 1 860 391, 1 247
Use of Prepositions, „ R.4 857 2, 1) 242, 0. 3
dat. com. et incom. 222 817 385 241,0.1
Use of pro. 815 384, n. 2 O. 2
Ethical Dative, 228, N. 838 389 248
n. Indirect Object. 223 816 383 241, 242
Use of ad. 225, iv. 866 ii. 2242, 0. 3
or Dat. (in poetry), iv. R. 2 8J7 251
dono, &c. 249, R. 3 859 384,ii.l 260, 6.
HI. Verbs of Favor, &c. 223, R. 2 831 385 244
(Adjectives, &e. 222, R. 1 862 392 247, 6.
Impcrs. Passives. 223, N. c, 841 244, b.
With acc. of Thing. „ (1, 6.) 858 384, n. 1 0.3
iNDEX. 9
Skot. Topic. A. & s. Bullions. Ha mrw. Madvig.

iv. Transit, (spec, sig.) 223 (1, a) 836 385, 3 O. 1, 2
v. Comp. of Prepos. 224 826, 820 386 243
circum, &c. „ R. 1 829 2 If
Prep, repeated. K- 4 994 3 O. 1, 2
Vi. Of Possession. 226 821 387 246
Names. „ R. 1 632 1,2 O. 2
vn. Of Purpose. 227 848 390 249
viii. With Gerundive. 225, in. 847 388 420, 421
With Passives. „ ii. 844 1, 2 250, a.
52. Accusative. 229-239 711-743 371-381 222-238
i. Transitives. 229 712 371, 1 223
Neuters. 232 (1) 716 3 c.
Of Tasting, &c. (2) 2) O. 2
Cognate Accusative. ,, (1) 713 1, 3) c, O. 4
n. Compounds. 233 718, 719 4 224, 225
1. Of Motion. .. (1) 1) 224, 231
2. With circum, &c. .. (2) 2) 225
m. Secondary Object. 230-234 374 228
1. Asking & Teaching. 231 734 374 ,, a, b.
Passive. 234, i. 735 371, 6 „ a,0.
Abl. w. Prep. 231, R. 2 737 374, 3 ,,6.0.1
2. Active Compounds. 718, 993 6
8. In Apposition. 230 715 373 227
rv. Neut. Pronouns, &c. 253, R. 3 731, 992 374, 5 229, 238
Greek Accusative. 234, ii. 728, 892 380 237, c.
Passive (reflective.) 248 (2) 732 237, a.
v. Exclamations. 238, 2 725 381 236
vi. Subj. of Infin. 239 1136 375 388, 6.
53. Vocative. 240 973-980 369 299
Nominative in appos. 978 3 6, 0.2
54. Ablative. 241-257 872-930 412-431 252-278
i. Cause, Means, &c. 247, 250 873, 890 414, 429 253, 254
Motive & Object. „ R. 1 414, 2 256
causa and gratia. „ R. 2 2, 3) 257
per, and opera. „ R.4 4, 5 254, 0. 3
n. Manner & Quality. 247, 2 888 414, 3 258
Use of cum. »» 7 „ o.
Accompaniment. 249, in.
m. utor, &c. 245 880 419, i. 265
iv. dignus, &c. 244 919 rv. 268
v. Comparative. 256 895 417 271, 304
Use of plus, &c. ,, R. 6 900 3 305
Degree of Difference. „ R. 16 929 418 270
vi. Separation, &c. 251, 242 916 425 262
Prepositions. „ R-l 917 3 263
vii. opus & usus. 243 923 419, v. 266
Neut. Participle. „ R. l 1359 3, 1) O.
Vin. Particip. of Origin. 246 918 425, 1, 3 269
10 iNDEX.
y
Shot. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. ilABKN. Madvio.
Use of Prepositions. 246, R. 2 918, Obs. 269, O.
ix. Price. 252 884 416 259
Gen. of Price. 214 799 402, in. 294
1. Of Adjectives. „ B.1 802 2, 2) „ O. 2
2. Of Nouns. If »» 802 3) „ O. 1
x. Ablative Absolute. 257 965 431 277
n. Subject & Predicate. „ R7
In Appos. w. phrase. „ R.8 971 4
Used Adverbially. »» »» 5 277, 0.3
55. Timk and Place. 253 931-963
i. Time, When, &c. „ 236 949, 950 426, 378 276, 234
Use of post, &c. „ R. 1 954 427 276, O. 6
1. Prepositions. „ R.4 953 426, 2 »» »» 1
2. Abl. of Duration. 236, n. 1 951 378, 1 „ „ 4
H. Extent of Space. 236 958 378 234
Gen. of Measure. 211, R. 6 961 402, in. 287
Acc. or abl. of Dist. 236, R. 4 962 id. 2 270
in. Relations of Place. 221, 237 931-948 421-424 273
1. Whence. 255 941 421, ii. 275
2. Whither. 1!37 938 379 232
(Prepositions.) „ R.5 940 1,4 233, 0. 1
8. Where (Locative.) 221, N. 932, 933 421 273, 296
In i (gen.). 221 934 423, ii. 296, a.
In e (abl.). 254 934 421
domi, &c. 221, R. 3 943 424, 2 296, 6.
4. Possessive in agreem. id. (1) 945 423, ii. 3„ O. 1
Preposition. 945 ff „ „298
5. Abl. as Locative. 254, R. 3 937 422 273, 0. 1
In Poetry. I» »» id. end. „ „ 2
rv. Way by which. 255, 2 941 274
56. Prepositions. 195, 4, 5 981-1004 432-437 172
i. Government. 235, 241 981-983 433-435 » »
1. in and sub. 235 (2) 988 435 230
in with abl. „ R.4 989 1 „ 6.
2. super. (3) 990 2 »»
3. subter. (4) 988 2 »f
4. Day of Month. 326 1527 Suppl.
ante diem. .. (8) », 708, in. »»
With Preposition. (9) ,, end. id. 4 »»
5. tenus, gen. 221, in. 985 411, 2 172
,, abl. 241, R. 1 434, 4
n. Adverbs as Prepos. 238 1005-1012 437 172, 0. 3
1. pridie, &c. (6,) 1010 1 230, 0. 1
2. palam. 470 2 172, O. 3
3. clam. 235 (5) »» 3
Prepositions as Adverbs. 195, R. 4 1012 436 „ 0.2
in. Prepos. with quam. 253, N. 3 955 2 276, 0.6
iv. Abl. of Agent (ab.) 248, i. 878 414, 5 254, 0. 1
INDEX. 11
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. Habkn. Madvio.

67. Sequence oF Tenses 258 1164 480 382
i. Perf. Subj. »» 480, i. 2
in aoi'istic sense. 258, i. 2 1168 482, 2 382, 0. 3
followed by sec. tense. 258, i. 2 1173
For future perfect, 481, in. 379
n. Historical Present. 258, i. 2 1167 481, iv. 382, 0. 1
Hi. Completed Action. 259, R. 2 471.H.3 333
posteaquam, &c. 259, R. 1 1094 338, 6.
dum (while). 467, hi. 336, O. 2
Perf. Indef. for Def. 258, i. 2 1171 482, 1 383
rv. Tenses of Infinitive. 268 1126 540 406
Pres. after debeo. 1132 541, 3
memini. 268, R. 1 1131 408, 0. 2
V. General Truth. 383
Epistolary style. 1100 469, ii. 345
58. Moods.
i. Indicative, 259 1079 474 331
u. Subjunctive. 260 1161 476 346
in. Imperative. 267 1110 535 384
Prohibitions. I» 1114 538 386
Future Imperative. 1112 537 384
rv. Infinitive. 273, N. 1147-8 548 387
To express Purpose. 271, N. 1121, 1160 552, 553 389, 0. 2
In Exclamations. 270, R. 2 1159 553, in. 399
59. Conditional Sentence
i. Definitions. 261 1259 502 347
ii. Condition expressed. id. 1 »» 502 »»
Conclusion, implied, 575, 508 ,, e.
in. Indicative, 261, 2 R. 1261 508 ' 332
iv. Subjunctive.
1. Pres. Subj. 261, 2 1265 509 347, 6.
do. with Fut. Ind. 511, ii. 348, e.
2. Imp. & Plup. Subj. 261, 1 1267 510 347, 6.
Indie, in apodosis. 259, R. 4 1273, 1276 512, 2, 2 348
Perf. Subj., periphr. 381
3. General conditions. 264, 12 1271 486, hi. 359
Note, possum, &c. 259, R. 3 1274 512,2 1) 348,c.O.
60. Implied Conditions. 1177 485 345
1. Imperfect, potential. 260, R. 2 1278 ,, in, 4
2. Cautious statement. „ R. 4 1178 „ i. 346
3. Doubtful questions. „ R.5 1180 „ ii. 353
4. Concession, &c. „ R.3 516, ii. 352
63- Conditional Particle.
1 . Particles of Compar. 263, 2 1277 506 349
2. ,, Concession. 1282 515 361
3. dum, modo. »» 1259 505 351, 6.
62. Relations oF Time.
1. cum. 263,5 1251 518 358
12 iNDEX.
Sect. Topic. A. & S. Bullions. Haukn.

cum, when. 263, R. 2 1244 518, u. 358
dam, donee, &c. 263, 3 &4 1238, 1241 521 360
63. Cause or Rkason.
i. Conjunctions. 266, 3 1255 520 357
noa quo. 262, 1 1256 ., n. 3 „ 5,0.
ii. Relative clauses, 204, 8 1251 519 366
in. cum causal, 263, 5 f» 518, 1 358
cum = quod. 1248
64. Purpose. 489
i. Relatives. 262 1205 497 355
n. With quo. „ R. 9 1210 497
in. Verbs of fearing. „ R. 7 1215 492, 4
iv. ut omitted. „ K. 4 493, 2
v. Purpose. 1214
65. ConsFq. or Rksult.
i. Relative or ut 262 1218 494
il quia. „ R. 10 1230-3 498
Equivalent express 1234 499, 2
in. quominus. 262, R. 9 1236 499
iv. Relative clauses.
1. With dignus, &c. 264,9, 10 1226 501, n.
2. General expressions. 264,6&7 1227 501, 1
8. After quam. 204, 4 501, iv.
66. Intkkmed. Clauses.
i. General Statement. 266, 1 1292
n. After Subjunctives. 1291 527
67. Oratio Obliqua. 266, 2 1295 528
i. Indirect Questions. 205 1182 525
Note, nescio quis. „ R. 4 1189 ,, 4
nescio an. „ R. 3 1188 526, n.
2. Indirect Quotations. 272 1135 551
Conditional Clauses. 268, R. 5 1303 532, 3
Subject omitted. 239, R. 2 545, 2
n. Subordinate clauses. 266, 2 1291 531
Note: Indicative. „ R. 5 1293 527, 2
1. Imperatives. „ R. 1 1200 530, n.
2. Questions. 1296, b., c. »»
in. fore it futurum esse. 268, R. 4 1133 544
Verbs of hoping, &c.
rv. 1. Impers. use of Pass. 1155 549, 4
2 Infin. 269, N. 8
v. Comparisons in Or. O. 1158 551, 1, 5
68. Wishes & Commands.
i. Tenses of Subjunct. 263, 1 1193 487
n. Verbs of Wishing, 273, 4 1204 552, n.
in. Verbs of Command. ,, 2 1203 f»
69. Relative Clauses. 264 1207
iNDEX. 13
Sect. Topic. A. & S. BULLIONS. ilARKN. Madvio.

70. Substantive Clauses. 554 371
i. Verbs of Motive, &c. 273, 1,2 1208 658 372
ii. ,, Existence, 262, 11. 3 1222 586 373-4
in. ,, Satisfaction. 273, 5 1154 558, v. 397
iv. quod with Indie. „ 6 1268 554, iv. „ 6.
71. Questions. 1101 346, ii. 450
i. num, -ne, &c. 1103-1106 „ 1 451
ii. Double questions. 1107-1108 „ 2 452
72. Participles. 274 1343 571 423
1. Equivalent to clause. 3 1350 577-9 425
2. Emphasiz. an action. „ 1R. 1357 580 426
3. Pert, part, for active. „ 3N. 1347 428, 0. 2
73. Gekund & Gerundive. 275 1319 559-562 413
i. Nominative. 1308 421
Ii. Genitive. in. R. 1 1327 563 417
With causa, &c. (5) 1330 „ Ll) I»
Without causa. „ 5 „ 0.5
Object of diff. num. " (3 & 4) 1329 „ 4 417
in. Dative. ,, R. 2 1332 564 415
Functions of magistr. (2) 1335 3
Iv. Accusative. „ R. 3 1337 565 414, 5.
v. Ablative. „ R.4 1340 566 416
74. Supine.
i. Former Supine, 276, ii. 1360 569 411
n. Latter Supine. „ hi. 1365 570 412
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WILLIAM F. ALLEN, A.M., \

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by

These exercises are primarily designed as a training in Latin Syntax.

In these Lessons, constant reference has been made to the sec

In this edition, the References in the Exercises have been

accusative of is, ille, or hie must be used. Thus, elicit eum

* Words connected by a hyphen are rendered by a single Latin expression

Accusative with the InFinitive (continued).

Translate into Latin.

Double ok Alternative Questions. § 71, n.

Translate into Latin.

The consuls think it best to be watchful. They had made up

be a defence [plur.J to the city by land and sea. 6. It was an

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Tulltcs's Epistle to Terentia.

Genitive aFter Verbs. § 50, iv.

Translate into Latin.

Place. § 55, in. Dates, §§ 56, i./5 84.

Translate into Latin.

Tranio. What the mischief is your [dot.] shouting here in

of the waves, as the business of the comitia has disturbances and

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Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

1. Conditional, expressing a condition. Under this

conjunction instead of the word or clause that is connected,

2. For the future time, either the Indicative or the Present

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Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

imitate [more stiffthan that they imitate] truth. 6. He is so far from

Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

Translate into Latin.

Thus, Icould do it is either simple past, potui, or a sub

English, possem, expressing possibility in a supposition assumed

quos cum Ariovistus conspexisset but when Ariovistus had

a cause of liberty, I will be also a proof (of it) . I go forth, if I have

For Numerals and Pronouns, see Grammar, §§ 18-21.

advantage, utilitas, tatis, F. ancient, antlquus, priscus, a, um.

quaestt- [person expressed by adsum [dat.] ; be quiet, faces,

betake one's self, se conflro,ferre, build, aedifico, i.

confess,fateor, 2, /ass-; confiteor, corrupt, corrumpo, 3, rupi, ritpt-.

D. I departure, discessus, us, M. ; (set

discuss, dissero, 3, rui, rt-; dis- E.

enhance, augeo, 2, auxi, auct-. stans, ntis; praestabilis, e; op-

a good faith, fides, fidti, F.

Hanno, Hanno, dnis. hill, collis, is, m.

norant, ignoro, i [ace] ; nescio, instead of, pro [abl.].

kill, interfXcio, $,fZci,fect-; (with (Less. vn.) ; leave 0% desisto, 3,

for, requiro, 3, quislvi, quisit-; gen.] ; in like manner, similiter;

mistake, make, committo, 3, misi, necessary, necessarius, necesse.

occupy, teneo, 2, tenui, tent-. oracle, responsum, i, N.