Prepared by;

Romel V. Alcasabas, RME, MEPF

Guided/Checked/Edited by:
Engr.William Jacinto Juan, PEE,RMP,MEPF

January 2017
 Short Resume of Speaker/Lecturer
Engr. William Jacinto Juan, rmp,pee,mepf
Mobile Nos. 0943 0616 215/ 0915 292 8668/ 0929 555 2508

PEE-Top 1 (Oct.1980)/ Asso.EE-Top 3 (Sept.1979) / Asst.EE-Top 8 (Aug.1976) /

RMP-Top 5 (Sept.1989) / Radio Amateur License DU1-ICH (94.6% rating)
Former National Chairman – IIEE Balik Liwanag & IIEE Electrical Safety Committees
National President – Philippine Integrated Plumbing Engineers Society (PIPES), 2014-present
 Founding President – Phil. Society of United Master Plumbers (PSUMP), 2013
 National President – Pro-Change NAMPAP, 2012-2014
 Co-founder, E.N.G.I.N.E.E.R.S.,Inc. (a political group)
 Lecturer/ Director for Skills Training, MEPF Engineers Co.
 Gen.Manager/Proprietor of FEMP Safety Engineering Construction, 2013-present
 Was President/CEO/Founder of Versatech Consultants & Mngt.Corp., 1985-2015
 Former IIEE National Officer/ Governor-at-Large
 Was Engineering Consultant/ Designer for PICOP/ SMC/ Parsons/ AEP/ Caltex/ Petron/
 Coca Cola/ Selecta/ Avida / DMCI/ Motolite Projects
 EE Professor @ National U, 1979-1991
 National President - Pugad Lawin Philippines, Inc., 2009,2010,2011
 President – Rotary Club of Pasig North, RID3800, 2005-2006
 Invocation

 Amang Banal, pinupuri Ka namin at

pinsasalamatan sa mga biyaya at sa tuloy-tuloy
mong paggabay sa amin, Maraming salamat po sa
pagkakataon na makapaglingkod sa aming mga
kapatid at sa aming Bayan, Sana po ang gawaing
ito ay magdudulot ng positibong resulta na
magbibigay ng dagdag na kaalaman, kakayahan at
kaunlaran ng bawat isa at para sa aming Bayan,
Lahat pong ito ay aming itinataas sa Iyo Dakilang
Ama, sa Pangalan ng Inyong Anak na si Jesus,
Amen…
 Table of Content

Electrical Design Analysis

I. Introduction
II. Wiring Design Analysis
III. Voltage Drop Analysis
IV. Short Circuit Analysis
 Electrical Design Analysis???

What is Electrical Design Analysis ??

Electrical design analysis is conducted to
determine the characteristics of branch circuits,
feeders, types, ratings and trip settings of overload
protective device, in order to overview the capabilities
of electrical systems.

It includes:
1. Wiring Design Analysis (Optional Calculation)
2. Voltage Drop Analysis
3. Short Circuit Analysis
The 2015
memorandum
coming from
Department of
Public works
and Highways.
Requiring
Electrical
Design Analysis
in the
application for
building permit.
Requirements in application for building permits

In Electrical Documents;
Electrical Plans & technical specifications containing the following:
a. Location and sites plans
b. Legend or Symbols
c. General Notes and/or Specifications
d. Electrical Layout
e. Schedule of Loads, Transformers, Generating/UPS
Units (Total kVA for each of the preceding items
shall be indicated in the schedule)
f. Design Analysis
g. One Line Diagram
A sample of advise to rectify
deficiencies document coming from
the local Office of City Engineer. A
deficiency of document “DESIGN
ANALYSIS” for application of
building permit.
 PEC 2009 ARTICLE 1.3.2.1(f)
Design Analysis

Design Analysis shall be included on the drawings

or shall be submitted on separate sheets of standard
size, and shall show:
(1). Branch circuits, sub feeders, feeders, busways,
and service entrance.
(2).Types, ratings and trip settings of overload
protective device.
(3).Calculation of Short circuit current for
determining the interrupting capacity of
overcurrent protection device for residential,
commercial, and industrial establishment.
(4). Calculation of Voltage drop.
 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
WIRING DESIGN ANALYSIS

PART II
Wiring design Analysis
[Optional Calculation]
II. Wiring Design Analysis

In preparing a wiring design analysis you must

consider this three important factors;
1. Type of occupancy
(Dwelling Units, Hospitals, Banks, Restaurants, etc..)
2. Floor Area
(Calculated from the outsides dimensions of the building)
Note: Excluded the open porches, garages or unused or
unfinished spaces not adaptable for future used.
3. Voltage system
 Guidelines for wiring design analysis

1.General Loads.
Calculated load shall not be less than 100% percent of
the first 10 kVA plus 40% percent of the remainder of the
following loads:
(a) 24 volt-amperes/m2 for general lighting and general use receptacles.
(b) Small appliances circuit loads calculated 1500VA or less shall be
permitted to be included with the general lighting loads and
subjected to demand factors provided in table 2.20.3.13 (slide 12).
(c) The name plate ratings of all appliances that are fastened in place,
permanently connected or located to be on a specific circuit.
(ex. Range, clothes dryer, ovens, counter mounted cooking units, etc.)
(d) Ampere or in VA rating of all motors and of low-power-factor loads.
(ex. washing machine, ceiling fan, etc…)
 Guidelines for wiring design analysis

2.Heating and Air-Conditioning Loads.

a. 100% percent of ratings of the air-conditioning
and cooling .
b. 100% percent of the ratings of heating when heat
pump used without supplementary electric
heating.
c. 100% percent of the nameplate rating of electric
thermal storage & other heating system.
Guidelines for wiring design analysis

*For dwelling units

Up to 50 sq. m. floor
area with load not
exceeding 3680 Volt-
ampere.
 Calculated load shall
not be less than 100%
percent of the first
3000VA plus 35%
percent of the
remainder.
p.1
Structure of Wiring
Design Analysis

General Loads

Load Computation

Application of
demand factor

Other load
w/100% D.F

Title block
p.2
List of Circuit Requirements

Service Entrance Conductor

computation

Service Equipment
Computation

System Diagrams
 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
WIRING DESIGN ANALYSIS

Computation
for
Wiring Design Analysis
Typical Residential floor plan

Lets try to
create design
analysis for this
residential plan
with floor area
of 56.18 sq. m.
 Computation for wiring design analysis

1. General lighting and convenience receptacle loads

Floor Area Volt-ampere/Sq. meter
x = Volt-ampere
Of the building (Based on PEC table 2.20.2.3 )
Sample;
Floor area = 56.18 sq. m.
56.18 sq. m. x 24 VA/ sq. m. = 1348.32VA

(a) General Lightings and Convenience Receptacle

56.18 sq. m. x 24 Volt-Amperes/ sq. m. = 1348.32 Volt-Amperes
*Provide One 15-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wire for General Lightings.
*Provide one 20-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wire for Convenience Receptacles.
 Table 2.20.2.3

PEC 2009, Table 2.20.2.3

general lighting loads by
occupancy.

Basis for General lightings

& Convenience
receptacles computation.
 Computation for wiring design analysis

2.Specific Appliances or loads;

Shall be calculated based on the ampere ratings of the
appliance or load served.

(b) Small Appliances

One Refrigerator @ 1500 VA = 1,500 volt-ampere
*Provide One 20-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wires for refrigerator outlet .
(c) One Washing Machine @ 1000 VA = 1,000 volt-ampere
*Provide One 30-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wires for washing machine outlet .
(d) Electric Range load @ 5000 VA
Two electric ranges @ 2 x 5ooova = 10,000 volt-ampere
*Provide One 40-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-5.5mm2
THHN copper wires for electric range outlet .
 Computation for wiring design analysis

3. Other / motor loads;

This load with 100 percent demand factor.

One ½ hp Air-conditioning unit for ground floor.

Voltage x Ampere = Volt-ampere
230 v x 8.0 A = 1127 VA

(e) Other/motor loads

One ½ hp Air-conditioning Units @ 1127va = 1127 Volt-Amperes
*Provide One 30-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wires for air-conditioning load.
 Sum up of General loads
(a) General Lightings and Convenience Receptacles
56.18 sq. m. x 24 Volt-Amperes/ sq. m. 1348.32 Volt-Amperes
*Provide One 15-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wire for General Lightings.
*Provide one 20-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wire for Convenience Receptacles.
(b) Small Appliances
One Refrigerator @ 1500 VA 1500 volt-ampere
*Provide One 20-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wire for refrigerator outlet .
(c) One Washing Machines @ 1000va 1000 volt-ampere
*Provide One 30-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHN copper wire for washing machine outlet.
(d) Electric Range load @ 5000va
Two electric range @ 2 x 5ooova 10000 volt-ampere
*Provide One 40-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-5.5mm2
THHN copper wire for electric range outlet .

SUB TOTAL = 13848.32 Volt-Ampere

 Application of demand factors

SUB TOTAL = 13,848.32 Volt-Amperes

Application of Demand Factors:
First 10000Volt-amperes @ 100 % Demand Factor = 10,000 Volt-Amperes
Remainder @ 40 % D.F.
(3,848.32VA x 0.40) = 1,539 Volt-Amperes

(e) Other/motor loads

One ½ hp Air-conditioning Unit @ 1127 va = 1,127 Volt-Amperes
*Provide One 30-Ampere trip circuit breaker, 2-3.5mm2
THHNcopper wire for air-conditioning load.

Total Net Computed Load = 12,666 Volt-Amperes

 1.1 Circuit Requirements Breakdown

1.1 Circuit requirements

In preparing a circuit requirements as part of the wiring design
analysis, we will just base the load computation on what we
previously did. We just list the number, ratings, no.of poles or simply
the specification of different circuits that are included in the load
computations.
1.1 Circuit Requirements
1.Use one 20 ampere trip, 2 pole Circuit breaker, 2-wire General Lightings branch circuit.
2.Use one 30 ampere trip, 2 pole Circuit breaker, 2-wire Convenience Receptacle branch circuit.
3. Use one 20 ampere trip, 2 pole Circuit breaker, 2-wire branch circuit for Refrigerator outlet.
4. Use two 40 ampere trip, 2 pole Circuit breaker, 2-wire branch circuits for Range outlet.
5. Use one 30 ampere trip, 2 pole Circuit breaker, 2-wire branch circuit for ACU.
6. Use one 20 ampere trip, 2 pole Circuit breaker, 2-wire branch circuit for Washing Machine
outlet.
 1.2 Service Entrance Conductor

1.2 Service Entrance Conductors or “Entrada”

Total full load current:

[Total net computed load + 25% (Highest motor load)] ÷ voltage

Total full load current;

[12,666 VA + 25% (1127 VA)] ÷ 230V = 56.29 AMPERE
*Use two 14 mm2 THHN copper wires.*
 1.3 Service Equipment

1.3 Service Equipment:

Maximum Current Ratings of Protective Device:

(a) Non-time delay circuit breaker :

[first 10,000 VA + Remainder w/ D.F. + 300% (Highest motor load)] ÷ Voltage

(b) Inverse time circuit Breaker:

[first 10,000 VA + Remainder w/ D.F. + 250% (Highest motor load)] ÷ Voltage

Inverse Time Circuit Breaker

[10,000 VA + 1539 VA + 250% (1127 VA)] ÷ 230V = 62.42 Amperes

*Use one 70-ampere trip 2-pole, 250 volts Molded Case Circuit Breaker *
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 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS

PART III
Voltage Drop Analysis
 III.VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS

Voltage drop
describes how the supplied energy of
a voltage source is reduced as electric
current moves through the passive elements.

is defined as the amount of voltage loss that

occurs through all or part of a circuit due to
impedance or resistance.
 Philippine Electrical Code View of Voltage Drop

The PEC view of Voltage Drop under Chapter

2.10.2.1 FPN.no.4 Conductors for branch circuits as
defined in Article 1.0 must be sized to prevent a
voltage drop exceeding 3% percent at the farthest
outlet of power, heating and lighting load, or
combinations of such loads, and where the
maximum total voltage drop on both feeder and
branch circuit to the farthest outlet or load does not
exceed 5 % percent.
 Allowable Voltage drop

Allowable Voltage drop for branch circuits at the

farthest outlet of power, heating and lighting load,
or combination of such loads is 3% percent of the
supply voltage.

The VD must less than or equal to 3 percent of supply voltage.

VD ≤ 3%
 Allowable Voltage Drop

Allowable voltage drop on both feeders and branch

circuits to the farthest outlet is 5 % percent of the
voltage supply, provided reasonable of operation.

Feeder + branch circuit

The VD of both feeder & branch circuit must be less than or equal to 5 % of supply
voltage.
VD ≤ 5%
 Formula for Computing Voltage Drop

For Single Phase (1Ø) For Three Phase (3Ø)

2𝑥𝑘𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐿 1.732 𝑥 𝐾 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 𝐿
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷 =
𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑀
wherein;
VD = Voltage Drop L =Distance from the source to
K = Constant Value load in feet (ft.)
Copper : 12 CM =Circular mil of wire use
Aluminum : 18 [refers to table 8. of NEC (SLIDE 16).]

I = Load in amperes
 Formula for Computing Voltage Drop Percentage

In getting VD percentage

𝑉𝐷
%𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉
wherein;

%VD = Voltage Drop percentage

VD = Voltage Drop
V = Supply Voltage
Table 8 from National
Electrical Code (NEC)
Conductor properties

Circular mils
 Voltage Drop Diagram

74.93 ft. 129.52 ft. 74.56 ft.

VDLP = 0.76V VDLP = 2.74V VDCO = 2.95V

3 SET OF 3-250MM2 THHN 3-50MM2 THHN 2-3.5MM2 THHN

Voltage drop diagram consist of;

1. Length in feet from supply to Equipment it serves.
2. Voltage drop (VD)
3. Wire size
 Sample Problem
65 ft.

2-3.5 mm2 THHN

Refrigerator
900 watts
3.91 A
Application of VD formula:
Finding VD percentage:
2𝑥𝑘𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐿
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷
𝐶𝑀 %𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉
2 𝑥 12 𝑥 3.91 𝑥 65
𝑉𝐷 = 1.0
6530 %𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
230𝑉
6557.07 %𝑽𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟒%
𝑉𝐷 =
6530
𝑽𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS

Preparation
for voltage drop calculation
as part of electrical design analysis
Typical Residential Floor Plan

In the floor plan shown

on the left side, we will
try to find out what is the
Voltage Drop of circuit
No. 2 at the farthest
outlet. If our design will
be adequate to deliver the
right/allowable Voltage
at the farthest outlet.
Let’s try to compute!!
Ckt. No.2
Wire size = 3.5mm2
k = 12 (copper wire)
L = 82.57 ft.
I = 14.08 A
CM = 6,530
(based on table 8 of NEC)
 Voltage Drop Calculation-1

For branch circuit;

Substitution;
2𝑥𝑘𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐿
𝑉𝐷 = For VD Percentage;
𝐶𝑀
2 𝑥 12 𝑥 14.08 𝑥 82.57 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐷 = %𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉
6530
4.59
29,994.71 %𝑉𝐷 = 𝑥 100
𝑉𝐷 = 230
6530
%𝑽𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟎%
𝑽𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟗 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
Conclusion

Therefore at this point

the farthest outlet of
Ckt. No. 2. The
Computed voltage drop
is 4.59 volts. This
means that the voltage
output at this receptacle
outlet is 225.41 volts
only.
 Feeder &
Sub-Feeder
SUB-FEEDER
Wire size = 22mm2
k = 12 (copper wire)
L = 0.98 ft.
I = 66.94 A
CM = 41,740
(based on table 8 of NEC)

FEEDER
Wire size = 30mm2
k = 12 (copper wire)
L = 27.17 ft.
I = 98.02 A
CM = 52,620
(based on table 8 of NEC)
 Voltage Drop Calculation-2

Sub Feeder,
Wire size = 22 mm2 2𝑥𝑘𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐿
k = 12 (copper wire) 𝑉𝐷 =
L = 0.65 ft.
𝐶𝑀
I = 66.94 A 2 𝑥 12 𝑥 66.94 𝑥 0.98
CM = 41740 𝑉𝐷 =
(based on table 8 of NEC) 41740
1692.51
𝑉𝐷 =
41740
𝑽𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
 Voltage Drop Calculation-3

Feeder, 2𝑥𝑘𝑥𝐼𝑥𝐿
mm2
Wire size = 30 𝑉𝐷 =
k = 12 (copper wire) 𝐶𝑀
L = 33.46 ft. 2 𝑥 12 𝑥 98.02 𝑥 27.17
I = 98.02 A 𝑉𝐷 =
CM = 52,620 52,620
(based on table 8 of NEC) 68,710.64
𝑉𝐷 =
52620
𝑽𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS

After Calculations, prepare a Voltage Drop

diagram showing the distances from the power source
to load, wire sizes and the corresponding voltage drops.

Voltage drop diagram

 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS

METHOD OF PRESENTING VOLTAGE DROP

ANALYSIS
 METHOD-1

METHOD -1, This Method is

the combination of feeder and
the branch circuit. It includes the
voltage drop diagram, the
computation of Voltage Drop,
percentage and recommendation
if the computed Voltage Drop
does not meet the allowable
mandated by the Philippine
Electrical Code.
 METHOD-2

METHOD -2, Another method,

focus only on branch circuit of
the electrical system. Wherein
the branch circuit of every panel
board are being computed. In
order to know if the wire size to
be used is adequate for the
distance to deliver the right or
the allowable voltage for the
load it serves.
 PART IV
Short Circuit Analysis
 Short Circuit Current or Fault current

What is Short Circuit Current??

 Short circuit current is the highest electric current
which can exist in a particular electrical system
under short-circuit conditions.
 When two or more conductors of different phases
come in contact with each other in a power line,
power transformer or any other power element, then
the part of the impedance is shunted out of the
circuit to which a large current flow in the un-faulted
phases
 Short circuit current reduces the effect of impedance
in the circuit while the current in the circuit rises.
Sources of Fault Current

1. Electric Utility System

2. Generators
3. Synchronous Motors
4. Induction Motors
 Purpose of Calculation

The purpose of calculating short circuit is to

determine the fault current level of the system in order
to coordinate the interrupting rating capacity of
overcurrent protection devices to be used. The
maximum short circuit current values are used for
selecting interrupting devices of adequate short circuit
ratings.
 Requirement in Computation of Short Circuit

In preparing a short circuit calculation, we need;

a.Wire size/s
b.Distance/s from supply to equipment it serve. (ft.)
c. Site Development Plan with indicated electrical
equipment.
d.Location & KVA rating of transformer
e. Available short circuit level in vicinity
 Formulas for Calculating Short Circuit Current

1. Derived from Ohms Law;

𝑉 Where;
Eq. 1 𝐼=
𝑍 I = Short circuit symmetrical
rms current.
V = Driving voltage
Eq. 2 𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝑋 2
R = Total resistance
𝑉 X = Total first-cycle reactance
Eq. 3 𝐼= Z = Total cycle impedance
𝑅2 + 𝑋 2
This is more preferable in low voltage circuits, in single
voltage system and fault at a point in the system.
Formulas for calculating short circuit calculation

2. pu system /per-unit method

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

Per unit quantity can be VOLTAGE, CURRENT,

IMPEDANCE, but in most cases the Per Unit impedance
is most preferable in computing short circuit current.
 pu system /per-unit method

PU system /per-unit method in ampere base

𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑏
Eq. 4
𝐼𝑏 =
3 𝑥 𝑘𝑉𝑏
Where;
Ib = Base Current, in ampere
kVAb= Base power, in kilovolt-ampere
kVb = Base Voltage, in kilovolt , line to line
 pu system /per-unit method

PU system /per-unit method in impedance base

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉 2
Eq. 5 𝑍𝑏 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 (1000)
Where;
Zb = Base impedance, in Ohms
kVAb= Base power, in kilovolt-amperes
V= Base voltage, in kilovolts , line-to-line
 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Computation
for
Short Circuit Analysis
 Short Circuit Calculation

For simple calculation of

short circuit current for
residential. We can use the
formula derived from Ohm’s
law;
Example;
For this single family
dwelling unit, we can use the
distances of service entrance and
utility company line in finding
the interrupting rating suitable
for the system.
 Steps in Calculating Short Circuit Current

STEPS:
Step 1: Prepare System Diagram
Step 2: Draw Impedance Diagrams
Step 3: Collect Data
Step 4: Compute for Resistances & Reactances
Step 5: Compute for Impedances
Step 6: Calculate for Short Circuit Current
Step 7: Select the Interrupting Capacity (KAIC)
STEP - 1 : Prepare the system diagram
STEP - 2 : Draw Impedance diagram.
STEP - 3 : Collect all Data

Utility distribution line;

Assume Size, 4/0 cable, 22.62ft.
RU = 0.00639Ω/100ft.
XU = 0.00308Ω/100ft.
ZU = 0.0071Ω/100ft.
Service Entrance; The values for Resistance
and Reactance of wires
30mm2 copper wire, 27.17ft. from IEEE std 242-1975
RSE = 0.02446Ω/100ft. buff book table 2 p.37
XSE = 0.00391Ω/100ft.
ZSE = 0.0248Ω/100ft.
Table 2 of IEEE Std 242 (Buff Book)
STEP – 4a : Compute for Resistances

RESISTANCE
Utility distribution line, 22.62ft.
RU = 0.00639Ω/100ft.
22.62𝑓𝑡.
𝑅𝑈 = 0.00639Ω 𝑥( ) = 0.001145Ω
100𝑓𝑡.
RU = 0.001145Ω
Service Entrance, 27.17ft.
RSE = 0.02446Ω/100ft.
27.17𝑓𝑡.
𝑅𝑆𝐸 = 0.02446Ω 𝑥( ) = 0.006645Ω
100𝑓𝑡.
RSE = 0.006645Ω
 COMBINING RESISTANCES

COMBINE THE RESISTANCE

RU + RSE = RT
Where;
RU = Resistance of Utility distribution line
RSE = Resistance of Service Entrance
RT = Total Resistance
RTOTAL = 0.001145Ω + 0.006645Ω = 0.008097 Ω

RESISTANCE DIAGRAM
STEP – 4b : Computation of Reactances

REACTANCE
Utility distribution line, 22.62ft.
XU = 0.00308Ω/100ft.
22.62𝑓𝑡.
𝑋𝑈 = 0.00308Ω 𝑥 ( ) = 0.0006967Ω
100𝑓𝑡.
XU = 0.0006967Ω
Service Entrance, 27.17ft.
XSE = 0.00391Ω/100ft.
27.17𝑓𝑡.
𝑅𝑆𝐸 = 0.00391Ω 𝑥( ) = 0.0010623Ω
100𝑓𝑡.
XSE = 0.0010623Ω
 COMBINING REACTANCES

COMBINE THE REACTANCE

XU + XSE = XT
Where;
XU = Reactance of Utility distribution line
XSE = Reactance of Service Entrance
XT = Total Reactance
XTOTAL = 0.0006967Ω + 0.0010623Ω =0.00175905Ω

REACTANCE DIAGRAM
STEP – 5 : Compute for the Impedance

Compute for Impedance

𝑍𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇 2 + 𝑋𝑇 2
Where;
ZT = Total Impedance
RT = Total Resistance
XT = Total Reactance
STEP – 5 : Computation of Impedance

Compute for Impedance

RT = 0.008097Ω (from step 4a)
XT = 0.00175905Ω (from Step 4b)

𝑍 𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑇 2 + 𝑋𝑇 2

2 2
𝑍𝑇 = 0.008097Ω + 0.00175905Ω
𝑍𝑇 = 0.000068655
𝒁𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟗Ω
STEP – 6 : Calculate for Short Circuit Current

Formula
𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =
𝑍𝑇
Where;
ISC = Short Circuit Current (symmetrical)
V = Voltage Supply
ZT = Total Impedance
STEP – 6 : Calculate for Short circuit current

Compute for Short circuit current

V = 230 Volts
ZT = 0.0082859Ω (from Step 5)
𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =
𝑍𝑇
230 𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =
0.0082859Ω

𝑰𝑺𝑪 = 𝟐𝟕, 𝟕𝟓𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝑨 Symmetrical Short Circuit Current

 STEP – 7 : Selecting Interrupting Rating (KAIC)

The short circuit analysis not the end in getting the

symmetrical short circuit current. This will be the guide for
selecting the appropriate interrupting rating (KAIC) for the CBs/
fuses in your electrical system. In selecting the interrupting
rating of your circuit breaker, you will need a catalog that include
the interrupting capacity rated in kilo-ampere interrupting current
or KAIC.
In our example we got a 𝟐𝟕, 𝟕𝟓𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝑨 Symmetrical Short Circuit
Current. Then we could decided for this.
Use 50,000A / 50 kaic Minimum Interrupting Molded Case Circuit breaker
Based on FUJI electric catalog (JAPANESSE STANDARD)
OR
Use 65,000A / 65 kaic Minimum Interrupting Molded Case Circuit breaker
Based on Westinghouse selection (AMERICAN STANDARD)
Molded Case Circuit Breaker Interrupting Rating by Fuji Electric
Molded Case Circuit Breaker Interrupting Rating by Westinghouse .
 Calculation thru Per-Unit Method

Procedure
Step 1: Prepare System Diagrams
Step 2: Draw Impedance Diagram
Step 3: Select kVA Rating
Step 4: Calculate for per-unit value of Utility source
Step 5: Calculate for per-unit value of transformer
Step 6: Calculate for per-unit value of branch circuit/s
Step 7: Calculate for per-unit value of motor contribution
Step 8: Collect computed per-unit values
Step 9: Computation for Short-circuit current
Step 10: Selecting Interrupting rating
Sample Problem
STEP – 1 : Prepare System Diagram
STEP – 2 : Draw Impedance diagram
STEP – 3 : Select kVA Base

In selecting the kVA Base, most handbooks use 300

kVA as base kVA for computation of the short circuit
current but once the rating of the transformer is higher
than 300 kVA, we have to follow the rating of the
transformer as the base kVA . The base kVA will be used
in the whole computation of the Short circuit current.
STEP – 4 : PU Values of Utility Source, (pu Zs)

Calculate for per-unit value of Utility source

𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑠 =
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝐶 𝑘𝑉𝐴

Obtain the short circuit level at the vicinity from the

utility company.
(1,000,000 kVA available SC level for Metro Manila Grid)
STEP – 4 : PU Values of Utility Source, (pu Zs)

𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑠 =
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝐶 𝑘𝑉𝐴

1500 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑠 =
1,000,000 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒑𝒖
 STEP – 5: PU Values for Transformer, (pu Zt)

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑡 =
100

Obtain transformer impedance in percent from handbooks

(IEEE STD 242-1975 BUFF BOOK) based on Transformer
rating.
STEP – 5: PU Values for Transformer, (pu Zt)

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑡 =
100
5.57% (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑡 =
100

𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝒑𝒖
 STEP – 6: PU Values for Branch Circuit (pu Zw)

Computation for values for branch circuit and /or feeder lines

Formula;
𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑤 = x
𝑘𝑉 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 1000

To obtain the Wire impedance of corresponding size, use

Table 2 of handbook IEEE Std 242-1975 Buff book p.37.
STEP – 6: PU Values for Branch Circuit (pu Zw)

Data:
Wire Size : 3 set of 3-200mm2
Wire Resistance : 0.00344Ω/100 ft.
Distance from source : 95 ft
Motor Rating : 305kVA
To find Wire resistance;
95𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.00344 x ( ) ÷ no. wire set
100𝑓𝑡
𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.003268Ω ÷ 3
𝑾𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟗𝜴
STEP – 6: PU Values for Branch Circuit (pu Zw)

𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑤 = x
𝑘𝑉 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 1000

0.001089 1500
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑤 = 2 x
0.24 1000
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑤 = 0.02059 x 1.5

𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔
 STEP – 7: PU Values for Motor Contribution (pu Zm)

Computation for pu values for motor contribution

Formula;
𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑚 =
𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑉𝐴 ÷ 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Average induction motor impedance based on IEEE std 141

STEP – 7: PU Values for Motor Contribution (pu Zm)

𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑚 =
𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑉𝐴 ÷ 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1500𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑚 =
305𝑘𝑉𝐴 ÷ 0.25
1500
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑚 =
1220
𝒑𝒖 𝒁𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑
STEP – 8: Collect Computed pu Values

Collect the Computed per unit values;

Utility Source : 0.00150 pu

Transformer: 0.0575 pu
Branch Circuit for motor: 0.02836 pu
Motor: 1.23 pu
STEP – 9: Computation for Short Circuit Current

Computation for Short Circuit Current at designated point;

9.1 Draw Single line diagram

9.2 Draw Impedance diagram
9.3 Combine Impedance (pu Zc) up to the Fault.
9.4 Compute short circuit current (Symmetrical)
STEP – 9: Computation for Short Circuit Current

Computation for Short Circuit Current at designated point

Formula;
𝑝𝑢 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑥 1000
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = x
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑐 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 1.732

Pu voltage = 1.0 constant value

Pu Zc = Combine Impedance
STEP – 9.1 &9.2: Computation for Short Circuit Current
9.2 Impedance Diagram
Fault 1 at point “A”
9.1 Schematic Diagram
STEP – 9.3: Combine Per Unit Values

Combining a per unit values up to the fault. It applies

the knowledge of Ohms law whether its Series or
Parallel.
Series Parallel
1 1 1 1
RT = R1+R2+R3+R4+R……. RT = + +
R1 R2 R3 R4
+ +…..

Utility Source : 0.00150 pu

Transformer : 0.0575pu
Combining Impedance for fault “a”

ZC = 0.00150+0.0575
ZC = 0.059
STEP – 9.4.a: Computation for Short Circuit Current

Fault at point “A”

𝑝𝑢 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑥 1000

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = x
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑐 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 1.732
1.0 1500𝑥 1000
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = x
0.059 240 𝑥 1.732

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 16.95 x 3,608.55

𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔𝟏, 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟑 𝑨
 STEP – 9.4.b: Computation for Short Circuit Current Fault “B”

Fault 2 at point “B”

Fault current at point “B” comes from transformer &
Utility line plus motor contribution.

Impedance Diagram

Schematic Diagram
STEP – 9.4.b: Combine per unit Values

Combining the per-unit values for fault “b” with

motor contribution.
1 1 1
Formula = + +⋯
𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝑠:𝑍𝑇 𝑍𝑊:𝑍𝑀

Utility Source : 0.00150 pu

Transformer : 0.0575 pu
Wire:𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟔 pu
Motor: 1.23 pu
STEP – 9.4.b: Combine Per Unit Values

Combining Impedance;
1 1 1
Formula = + +⋯
𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝑠:𝑍𝑇 𝑍𝑊:𝑍𝑀
1 1 1
= +
𝑍𝐶 0.00150:0.0575 0.02836:1.23
1 1 1
𝑍𝐶
= 0.059
+ 1.26
1
= 16.94 + 0.7946
𝑍𝐶
1
𝑍𝑐 =
17.73
𝒁𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟗
STEP – 9.4.b: Computation for Short Circuit Current

Fault at point “b”

𝑝𝑢 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑥 1000

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = x
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑐 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 1.732
1.0 1500𝑥 1000
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = x
0.05639 240 𝑥 1.732

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 17.73 x 3,608.55

𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔𝟑, 𝟗𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟗𝑨
 STEP – 9.4.c: Computation for Short Circuit Current

Fault 3 at point “C”

Fault current at point “C” comes from
transformer & Utility line, motor contribution plus
line to fault “C”.

Schematic Diagram
Impedance Diagram
 Combining Impedance for Final Fault

Combining Impedance;

𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + Zline to fault “c”

Where:
ZC = Combine Impedance
Zl = Impedance of the line to final assume fault
ZF = Final Impedance
 Combining Impedance for Final Fault

Combining Impedance;

ZC = 0.05650pu (from previous computation slide 100 )

Zl = 0.323177pu (impedance of the 60mm2 sub feeder)

𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + Zline to fault “c”

𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 0.05650𝑝𝑢 + 0.323177 𝑝𝑢
𝒁𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟕 𝒑𝒖
STEP – 9.4.c: Computation for Short Circuit Current

Fault at point “c”

𝑝𝑢 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑥 1000

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = x
𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝑐 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 1.732
1.0 1500𝑥 1000
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = x
0.37967 240 𝑥 1.732

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 2.63 x 3,608.55

𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟗, 𝟓𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟔𝑨
STEP – 10: Selecting Interrupting Rating

Take note!!!!!
In selecting the Interrupting Rating, you must
know the voltage rating of the system and the type
of circuit breaker, whether it is molded case type,
air, vacuum & other type of circuit breakers. This is
very important to coordinate well the interrupting
rating of your circuit breakers.
Selecting Interrupting Rating

For fault “A”

In our example Since at the fault “A” the CB rating
is 4000AT in Air Circuit Breaker type protection we
will use another table for interrupting capacity for ACB
type.

Fault point “A” Isc= 61,164.83 A symmetrical

(Then use minimum 120,000 AIC 240V, Air Circuit Breaker)
Interrupting capacity for ACB fixed type
Interrupting capacity for ACB draw out type
 Selecting Interrupting Rating

For fault “B”

The rating of MCCB is
200AT/ 225AF/ 3P

Isc= 63,979.50 A symmetrical

Then use minimum
85,000 AIC 240V, Molded Case
Circuit Breaker
 Selecting Interrupting Rating

For fault “c”

The rating of MCCB is
100AT/ 100AF/ 3P

Isc= 9,504.26A symmetrical

Then use minimum
22,000 AIC 240V, Molded Case
Circuit Breaker
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