SUBMITTED BY:

VIKASCHAND GUPTA
BRANCH:B.TECH IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER:7th(4th YEAR)
ROLL NO:12501616006
REGISTRATION NO:161250110559
SESSION: 2016-2020
BENGAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DURGAPUR
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
WEST BENGAL
TRAINING REPORT ON
STUDY OF TRANSFORMER
UNDER SUPERVISION OF
Shri. KAMLESH KUMAR (DEPUTY MANAGER)

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to all the faculty member of my college for providing me an opportunity to
have Practical Exposure at KBUNL kanti (joint venture of NTPC Ltd.).

I also pay my sincere gratitude to shri. Kamlesh sir (Asst. general manager), for their continuous
assistance,guidance and valuable suggestions.

My special thanks to HR Department for faciliting me to impart vocational training on the topic
of Study of Transformer at this project.

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CONTENTS

• Switch yard
• Transformer

• Auto Transformer

• Vector Groups

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 About NTPC Kanti

Muzaffarpur Thermal Power Station (MTPS) (2x110 MW) belonged to Bihar State Electricity Board
(BSEB). Both the units of the station were shut down due to high cost of generation in Oct, 2003. Govt.
of Bihar and BSEB wanted to revive the station. Govt. of Bihar decided to hand over the station to a
joint venture company formed by NTPC and BSEB, with NTPC having a majority stake in the JV.
Accordingly, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed between Govt. of Bihar, BSEB and
NTPC on 26/12/2005, for further reviving the station, operation and maintenance of the establishment
and takeover of MTPS by the proposed Joint Venture Company of NTPC & BSEB. As per MOA,
NTPC would have 51% of the equity in the JV Company and BSEB 49%. However present equity
holding stands as 64.57 % by NTPC & 35.43 % by BSEB.

JV Company named as Vaishali Power Generating Company Limited” was incorporated on

06.09.2006. However JV name changed to “KantiBijleUtpadan Nigam Limited” on 10.04.2008.
R&M of 110 MW Unit-1 & 2 as completed by KBUNL in Nov. 2013&No v. 2014 and both the units
are under running condition. Location: Village: Kanti, District: Muzaffarpur, State : Bihar Water
Linkage & Quantity :At present bore well water is being used for running the plant. After R&M, water
from river BudhiGandak will be used (15 Cusec for Stage -I).

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Stage -2 2 x 195 MW Coal Fired units are also being erected by KBUNL, power of
which shall go the Bihar and other eastern states. 195 MW Unit-3 was test synchronized on 31st
March 2015. Erection of Unit-4 and Balance of the plant(BOP) is under process.

SWITCHYARD

Components:-

Bus coupler: Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any
interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. Bus coupler is a breaker used to couple
two bus bars in order to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that bus bar.

It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.

Earth switch: Main function of earth switch is to ground the isolated bus/conductor. It is interlinked with
isolator, when isolator opens the circuit, earth switch is closed & when isolator closes the circuit, earth
switch is opened. So earth switch provides extra safety to the working personnel.

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CVT (capacitivevoltagetransformer) (described in transformer section)

Three buses:
1. Bus1

2. Bus2

3. Transfer bus–it is backup bus

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Power line carrier communication (PLCC):-

Use of PLCC in modern electrical power system is mainly for telemetry and tele control.

PLCC
In modern electrical power systems sub stationis mainly used for following purpose:
• Carrier protection relaying of transmission line so that:

• Inter trip command can be issued by relay due to tripping of circuit breaker at any one
end.

• To trip the line circuit breaker nearest to the fault, this is done by:
• Distance protection relay (V/I characteristics)
• Differential comparison method
• Phase comparison method

• Station to station communication between operating personnel

• Carrier recipitator, electrical quantities that are telemetered are kW, kVA, kVAR, Voltage and
Power factor etc.

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CT&PT (CTratio600/1)(PTratio220/110KV)

They are instrument transformer use to measure current and voltage

SLD (single line diagram) 220KV line:

Bus at 220KV Begusarai Darbhanga

gopalganj1&2
kafaingrid1&2

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SLD (single line diagram) of 132KV line

(Note: green color show open connection and red show closed connection)

Bus at 132KV

Mfp1 &2 motihari

samastipur1&2

SKMCH1&2

SLD of muzaffarpur line:-

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BCU (bay control unit):

Bay is the path of connection in short its way.

It consist of the energy meter, indicators, and other protection devices. Different lines are denoted by a
particular bay no. it is done for simplicity.

How to do maintenance:

• Open CB (automatic or manually)

• Open isolator

• Close earth switches.

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Difference between CT and power transformer?

The basic difference between a Power Transformer and a CT is that, in Power Transformer the primary
current is the reflection of the secondary current by N1I1= N2I2while in CT the primary current is
dependent on the load current or line current as Ct is connected in series with the line. So primary current
of CT (assuming constant line current) is constant irrespective of whether the secondary of CT is
connected with burden or not.

Why CT cannot be open circuited at energized condition?

During normal operation of CT, the primary and secondary winding produces mmf which by lenze’s law
opposes each other. As the secondary mmf is slightly less than the primary mmf, the net mmf is small.
This net mmf is the working / magnetizing mmf of the core of CT.

Now, in case secondary winding is kept open then secondary current will be zero while the primary
current of CT will remain same. Therefore the opposing mmf of secondary will no longer exist. Hence
the net mmf is due to primary current only i.e. N1I1 which is very large. This large mmf will produce
large flux in the core and will saturate the core. Again, due to large flux in the core the flux linkage of
secondary winding will be large which in turn will produce a large voltage across the secondary terminals
of the CT. This large voltage across the secondary terminals will be very dangerous and will lead to the
insulation failure and there is a good chance that the person who is opening the CT secondary while
primary is energized will die due to shock.

Also, because of excessive core flux, the hysteresis and eddy current loss will be very high and the CT
will get overheated. As CT is oil filled, because of overheating, the oil of CT will get boil and start to
vaporize.

Because of vaporization of CT oil, the CT housing will get pressurized and blast. This blasting will lead
to fire and smoke. Again, it is not the end here but due to smoke, the nearby lines will trip due to earth
fault which may trip the Power Generating Station.

Why secondary of PT should not be short Circuited?

When we short the secondary of PT a high amount of current will flow through secondary circuit .This is
because of low voltage regulations. PT will try to maintain its secondary voltage and for doing this it will
try to flow high current through short circuited path ,this high current leads to overheating.
To avoid damages fuses are installed,it will blow out and thus will open the circuit.

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 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

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Stock Bridge Damper :

A stock bridge damper is a tuned mass damper used to suppress wind- induced vibrations on slender
structures such as overhead power lines and long cantilevered signs. The damper is design to
dissipates the energy of oscillatons in main cable to an acceptable level.

Lightening Arrester:
The substation equipments such as conductors, transformers, etc., are always erected outdoor.
Whenever light surges occur then, a high-voltage pass through these electrical components causing
damage to them (either temporary or permanent damage based on the amount of voltage surge).

Therefore, to avoid this difficulty, lightening arresters are placed to pass the entire lightening surges
to earth. There are other arresters which are used to ground the switching surges called as surge
arresters

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Circuit Breaker;

For the protection of substation and its components from the over currents or over load due to short circuit
or any other fault the faulty section is disconnected from the healthy section either manually or
automatically.

If once the fault is rectified, then again the original circuit can be rebuilt by manually or automatically.
Different types of circuit breakers are designed based on different criteria and usage. But in general
mostly used circuit breakers are Oil circuit breaker, Air circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker, Vacuum
Circuit Breaker, and so on.

Isolators:

Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section or the section of a
conductor or a part of a circuit of substation meant for repair from a healthy section in order to avoid
occurrence of more severe faults.

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 Hence, it is also called as a disconnector or disconnecting switch. There are different types of
isolators used for different applications such as single-break isolator, double-break isolator, bus
isolator, line isolator, etc

Relays:
Relays are used for disconnecting the circuits by manual or automatic operation. Relay consists of the coil
which is excited or energized and such that making the contacts of relay closed activates the relay to
break or make the circuit connection. There are different types of relays such as over current relays,
definite time over current relays, voltage relays, auxiliary relays, reclosing relays, solid state relays,
directional relays,inverse time over current relays.

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Conductors & Insulators.;

The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance (mostly made of metals such as
aluminum and copper) and that allows the flow of electric charge is called conductor. Conductors permit
free movement of the flow of electrons through them.

These are used for the transmission of power or electrical energy from one place (generating station) to
another place (consumer point where power is consumed by the loads) through substations. Conductors
are of different types and mostly aluminum conductors are preferred in practical power systems.

The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric charge is called as an insulator.
Hence, insulators resist electricity with their high resisting property.

There are different types of insulators such as suspension type, strain type, stray type, shackle, pin
type and so on. A few types of insulators are shown in the above figure. Insulators are used for
insulation purpose while erecting electric poles with conductors to avoid short circuit and for other
insulation requirements

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 TRANSFORMER

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Generation Transformers :
100MVA; 11.5/220KV Components:
Bushings

Conservator

MOG (magnetic oil gauge)

Bhucholtz relay

Pressure release valve (PRV)

Radiator (cooling fans, oil pump)

Breather (silica gel, become pink when get moisture and become blue when reheated.)

UAT (unit auxiliary transformer):

Rating: -50MVA; 11.5/6.6 KV

Use to run auxiliary components of unit at 6.6KV.

It take power from the generator at 11.5KV and step down to 6.6KV.

Different auxiliary components are:

PA fan (primaryairfan): carry pulverized coaltoboiler.

Coal mills: crush the coal into fine particles.

CEP(condenserextractionpump)

BFP(boilerfedpump)

CWP(coolingwaterpump)

IDF(induceddraftfan)

FDF(forceddraftfan)

ESP(electrostatic precipitator):use to separate harmful components like NO2 SO2 etc., from flue gas
before emitting in air. Its one plate is grounded and other is at -65KV. Harmful molecules are
electronegative attract to the grounded plate.

What is difference between FD and ID fan?

ID fan is basically mentioned here for Induced draft fan and ID fan is always located between dust
collector and chimney. ID fan will take the hot flue gases from furnace via dust collector (dust separation

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system or Fume Extraction system) and will deliver to chimney. ID fan will handle the flue gases i.e. hot
air.

ID fan will produce the pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure in the system or we may say that ID
fan will produce the negative pressure in the furnace to remove the flue gases.

FD Fan furnace via electrostatic precipitators and to push the flue gases to chimney.

Do not get confused about the dust collector system. Dust collector system also designated as fume
extraction system or dust separation system. Somewhere we also used to electrostatic precipitators in
place of dust collector system for removing dust particle from flue gases for maintaining the clean
environment.

FD fan, which is mentioned here for forced draft fan, is used basically for providing the required quantity
of hot air to the furnace for smooth and uniform combustion of fuel. FD fan will produce the positive
pressure inside the system i.e. furnace.

Station transformer (ST):

When the unit is at shut down then also we need power to run some important auxiliary components like
tuning gear of turbine cooling fans etc.

Rating: -50MVA; 220/6.6 KV

Directly take power from grid and provide to unit and station service transformer.

Why tuning gear are used?

Turning gears are employed on these two occasions:

• Starting up

• Shut down

During cold start-up of a turbine, steam is not let into the turbine with full pressure and flow. Instead,
steam is let in at a relatively small flow rate so as to heat up the turbine parts and attain thermal
equilibrium. For facilitating uniform heating of turbine rotor, it is rotated at a slow but constant speed
using a Turning gear. Once the thermal equilibrium is attained, the turning gear is disengaged and the
turbine is allowed to reach its working speed with the help of steam flow.

CVT (capacitive voltage transformer):-

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A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power systems to step down
extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or operating a protective relay.

Line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and avoltage
transformer in its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission to isolate and further step down the voltage for metering devices or protective relay.

The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in
the burden of the connected metering or protection devices. The device has at least four terminals: a
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which
connect to the instrumentation or protective relay.

Capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a
large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2. As the majority of the voltage
drop is on C1, this reduces the required insulation level of the voltage transformer. This makes CVTs
more economical than the wound voltage transformers under high voltage (over 100 kV), as the latter one
requires more winding and materials.

A typical application would be to utilize the CVTs for power line carrier (PLC) high-frequency signal
interface units. CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high-frequency
communication signals from power frequency. This forms a carrier communication Network throughout
the transmission network, to communicate between substations. The CVT is installed at a point after
Lightning Arrester and before Wave trap

Basic Parts of the Transformer:

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These are the basic components of a transformer.

a) Laminated Core.
b) Windings.
c) Insulating Material.
d) Transformer Oil.
e) Tap Changer.
f) Oil Conservator.
g) Breather.
h) Cooling Tubes
i) Buchholz Relay.
j) Explosion Vent.
k) Bushing

Laminated Core.

The core acts as support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path to the
flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft iron core in order to reduce eddy current loss and
Hysteresis loss.

The composition of a transformer core depends on such as factors voltage, current, and frequency. The
diameter of the transformer core is directly proportional to copper loss and is inversely proportional to
iron loss. If the diameter of the core is decreased, the weight of the steel in the core is reduced, which
leads to less core loss of the transformer and the copper loss increase.

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Windings.
Primary winding - These are the winding to which the input voltage is applied. Secondary winding -
These are the winding to which the output voltage is applied.
Within the voltage range classification, winding are further categorized:

1. High voltage winding - It is made of copper conductor. The number of turns made shall be the
multiple of the number of turns in the low voltage winding. The conductor used will be thinner than
that of the low voltage winding.

2. Low voltage winding - It consists of fewer number of turns than the high voltage winding. It is
made of thick copper conductors. This is because the current in the low voltage winding is higher
than that of high voltage winding.
Input supply to the transformers can be applied from either low voltage (LV) or high voltage (HV)
winding based on the requirement.

Insulating Material.
Insulating paper and cardboard are used in transformers to isolate primary and secondary winding from
each other and from the transformer core.

Transformer oil is another insulating material. Transformer oil performs two important functions: in
addition to insulating function, it can also cool the core and coil assembly. The transformer's core and
winding must be completely immersed in the oil. Normally, hydrocarbon mineral oils are used as

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transformer oil. Oil contamination is a serious problem because contamination robs the oil of its dielectric
properties and renders it useless as an insulating medium.

Tap Changer:
The output voltage of transformers vary according to its input voltage and the load. During loaded
conditions, the voltage on the output terminal decreases, whereas during off-load conditions the output
voltage increases.

In order to balance the voltage variations, tap changers are used. Tap changers can be either on-load tap
changers or off-load tap changers. In an on-load tap changer, the tapping can be changed without isolating
the transformer from the supply. In an off-load tap changer, it is done after disconnecting the transformer.
Automatic tap changers are also available.

Oil Conservator.
The conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an airtight, metallic, cylindrical drum that is fitted
above the transformer.

The conservator tank is vented to the atmosphere at the top, and the normal oil level is approximately in
the middle of the conservator to allow the oil to expand and contract as the temperature varies. The
conservator is connected to the main tank inside the transformer, which is completely filled with
transformer oil through a pipeline.

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Breather.

The breather controls the moisture level in the transformer. Moisture can arise when temperature
variations cause expansion and contraction of the insulating oil, which then causes the pressure to change
inside the conservator. Pressure changes are balanced by a flow of atmospheric air in and out of the
conservator, which is how moisture can enter the system.

If the insulating oil encounters moisture, it can affect the paper insulation or may even lead to internal
faults. Therefore, it is necessary that the air entering the tank is moisture-free.

The transformer's breather is a cylindrical container that is filled with silica gel. When the atmospheric air
passes through the silica gel of the breather, the air's moisture is absorbed by the silica crystals. The
breather acts like an air filter for the transformer and controls the moisture level inside a transformer. It is
connected to the end of breather pipe.

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Cooling Tubes
Cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil. The transformer oil is circulated through the cooling
tubes. The circulation of the oil may either be natural or forced. In natural circulation, when the
temperature of the oil rises the hot oil naturally rises to the top and the cold oil sinks downward.

Thus the oil naturally circulates through the tubes. In forced circulation, an external pump is used to
circulate the oil.

Buchholz Relay.
The Buchholz Relay is a protective device container housed over the connecting pipe from the main tank
to the conservator tank. It is used to sense the faults occurring inside the transformer.

It is a simple relay that is operated by the gases emitted during the decomposition of transformer oil
during internal faults. It helps in sensing and protecting the transformer from internal faults.

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Explosion Vent.
The explosion vent is used to expel boiling oil in the transformer during heavy internal faults in order to
avoid the explosion of the transformer. During heavy faults, the oil rushes out of the vent. The level of the
explosion vent is normally maintained above the level of the conservatory tank.

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Bushing:

Bushing is an insulating device that allows an electrical conductors to pass safely through a grounded
conducting barrier such as the case of transformer or circuit breaker. Bushing are typically made from
porcelain, through other insulating materials also possible , generally porcelain is used.

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 AUTO TRANSFORMER

An auto transformer is the one which consists of a single winding, part of which acts as the primary
winding of the transformer, and some part of which acts the secondary winding, which can be varied by
switching between the contacts of the transformer. By varying the contact of the switch we can change the
number of turns which are accommodated in the secondary winding.
Since the output voltage depends upon the number of turns of the secondary winding, so in this way the
voltage output can also be varied. For this reason, an auto transformer is also known as a “Variac”
because it is mostly used to vary (step up or step down ) the output voltage which has to be supplied to
the circuit

Construction and working of an Auto Transformer:

In general transformers, there are two windings which are magnetically linked to each other, but re
physically separated from each other. But in an auto transformer, both the primary and secondary
windings are connected to each other, both physically and magnetically.
The internal construction of an auto transformer is shown in the figure below:
Here it can be seen that there is only a single winding, on which a number of points have been marked,
and each point has equal number of turns, i.e. 40 turns between two consecutive points on the winding,
which means 40 volts between those two points.

.Auto Transformer used in NTPC is step-down transformer of 220/132kv

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The primary voltage which is of 120 volts in this case, is supplied between the points C and N, as these
points accommodate 120 turns as well. So the winding between point C and N is regarded as the Primary
Winding over here.
Now the secondary winding will be the one, across which we connect the external load. Since auto
transformers have a varying output voltage, so we connect a switch with the load, so that the contacts can
be varied to step up or step down the secondary voltage. So as shown in the figure, we make one end of
the load as a fixed end and connect it to the point N.
The other end of the load is connected on the switch, and the point to which the switch will be connected;
will be the other point of the secondary winding. For example, in this figure, the secondary winding is
between B and N.
In the transformer in the figure, a switch is used to switch between the points A, B, C and D. But if this
switch is replaced by a sliding Tap, then the voltage could be varied continuously and this transformer
could also be known as a “Variac”.

Applications of an Auto Transformer:

As explained by the figure, an auto transformer has the capability to supply a varying secondary voltage
to the externally connected load. So this is mostly used in applications where a continuously varying
voltage output is required.
Some of its applications are listed below:
1. It is used in electronics testing centers where continuously varying voltage supplies are required.
2. In amplifiers or boosters, where high voltages are required.
3. In other audio devices like speakers, these transformers are used for matching the impedance and
adapting the device to a continuous voltage supply.
4. At places like power stations which initially need to step down the voltage, then increase it to match the
voltage required by the device at the receiving end.

Advantages of Auto Transformers:

1. Since only one winding is requires, so these transformers are cost efficient and relatively smaller.
2. These are more efficient and require lower excitation currents than the conventional transformers.
3. The varying of voltage is more easy and smooth in auto transformers, as compared to

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Important Points Regarding Transformer:
Why Transformer produce Humming Noise?
Transformer noise is caused by a phe- nomenon called magnetostriction. In very simple terms this
means that if a piece of magnetic sheet steel is mag- netized it will extend itself. When the
magnetization is taken away, it goes back to its original condition. A trans- former is magnetically
excited by an alternating voltage and current so that it becomes extended and contracted twice during a
full cycle of magnetiza- tion.

EXTEND

CONT
FLUX

EXTEND

This extension and contraction is not uniform, consequently the extension and contraction varies all
over a sheet.
A transformer core is made from many sheets of special steel. It is made this way to reduce losses and to
reduce
the consequent heating effect. If the extensions and contractions described above are taking place
erratically all over a sheet, and each sheet is be- having erratically with respect to its neighbor, then you
can get a picture of a moving, writhing construction when it is excited. Of course, these exten- sions are
only small dimensionally, and therefore cannot usually be seen by the naked eye. They are, however,
sufficient to cause a vibration, and as a result noise.
The act of magnetization by applying a voltage to a transformer produces a flux, or magnetic lines of
force in the core. The degree of flux will determine the amount of magnetostriction (exten- sions and
contractions) and hence, the noise level.

REDUCING TRANSFORMER NOISE AT THE SOURCE

The obvious question is why not re- duce the noise in the core by reducing the amount of flux.
Why? Because it is not that simple.
Transformer voltages are fixed by system requirements, and the amount of magnetization, by the
ratio of these voltages to the number of turns in the winding. The decision on what this ratio of
voltage to turns will be, is made for reasons, mainly economic. It means that the amount of flux at
the normal voltage is invariably fixed, thus setting the noise and vibration level. Also, increasing
(or decreasing) magnetization does not increase or decrease the magnetostriction by the same
amount. In technical terms the relationship is not linear. Therefore, when we are asked, as we
invariably are,– “can you reduce the noise level at the source?” – the answer is that it
can be done, at a cost and for not much
improvement in noise level.

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 Vector Groups
The connection of all the windings in a three-phase transformer is indicated by a vector group
symbol. This symbol indicates the winding con-nections and their relative phase displacement by
means of a nume- rical index (e.g. Dny11). The "clock method" is used to produce the numerical
index of the vector group, with each hour representing 30 electrical degrees. The numerical index
of the vector group comes from the clock hour figure the phase voltage hand (2U) is at when the phase
voltage hand of the high-voltage win- ding (1U) is at 12 o’clock. The system’s phase sequence should be
1U, IV, 1W, or R, S and T.The following are common three-phase connections:

1. Dd0

2. Dyn5

Dyn11

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Yyn0

Yd1

Yd11

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 Dz0

Yz1

Yz11

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