Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator
Romanorum), and also the German-Roman Emperor[1] (German: Römisch-deutscher
Kaiser, lit. 'Roman-German emperor'), was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The Empire
was considered by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only legal successor of the Roman
Empire during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The title was held in
conjunction with the title of King of Italy (Rex Italiae) from the 8th to the 16th century, and,
almost without interruption, with the title of King of Germany (Rex Teutonicorum, lit. 'King of
the Germans') throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.[2]
 Emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire

Imperator Romanorum

IMPERIAL

Double-headed Reichsadler used by the Habsburg emperors of the early modern period

First to reign
Charlemagne
25 December AD 800 – 28 January AD 814

Details

First monarch Charlemagne (AD 800 formation)

Otto the Great (AD 962 formation)

Last monarch Francis II

Formation 25 December 800 /

2 February 962

Abolition 6 August 1806

In theory and diplomacy, the Emperors were considered primus inter pares, regarded as first
among equals among other Roman Catholic monarchs across Europe.[3] In practice, an
emperor was only as strong as his army and alliances, including marriage alliances, made
him.

Their realm, the Holy Roman Empire, was considered by the Roman Catholic Church to be
the legal successor in the West of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages and the early
modern period.

From an autocracy in Carolingian times (AD 800–924) the title by the 13th century evolved
into an elective monarchy, with the Emperor chosen by the Prince-Electors. Various royal
houses of Europe, at different times, became de facto hereditary holders of the title, notably
the Ottonians (962–1024) and the Salians (1027–1125). Following the late medieval crisis of
government, the Habsburgs kept possession of the title without interruption from 1440–
1740. The final emperors were from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, from 1765–1806. The
Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by Francis II, after a devastating defeat to Napoleon at
the Battle of Austerlitz.

The Emperor was widely perceived to rule by divine right, though he often contradicted or
rivaled the Pope, most notably during the Investiture controversy. The Holy Roman Empire
never had an empress regnant, though women such as Theophanu and Maria Theresa
exerted strong influence. Throughout its history, the position was viewed as a defender of
the Roman Catholic faith. Until Maximilian I in 1508, the Emperor-elect (Imperator electus)
was required to be crowned by the Pope before assuming the imperial title. Charles V was
the last to be crowned by the Pope in 1530. Even after the Reformation, the elected
Emperor was always a Roman Catholic. There were short periods in history when the
electoral college was dominated by Protestants, and the electors usually voted in their own
political interest.

Title
 Coats of arms of prince electors surround the
imperial coat of arms; from a 1545 armorial.
Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy
Roman Emperor.

Depiction of Charlemagne in
a 12th-century stained glass
window, Strasbourg
Cathedral, now at Musée de
l'Œuvre Notre-Dame.

From the time of Constantine I (r. 306–337), the Roman emperors had, with very few
exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of Christianity. The reign of
Constantine established a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor in the
Church. Emperors considered themselves responsible to the gods for the spiritual health of
their subjects, and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define orthodoxy
and maintain orthodoxy. The emperor's role was to enforce doctrine, root out heresy, and
uphold ecclesiastical unity.[4] Both the title and connection between Emperor and Church
continued in the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the medieval period (in exile during
1204–1261). The ecumenical councils of the 5th to 8th centuries were convoked by the
Eastern Roman Emperors.[5]

In Western Europe, the title of Emperor became defunct after the death of Julius Nepos in
480, although the rulers of the barbarian kingdoms continued to recognize the authority of
the Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century. In 797, the Eastern Emperor
Constantine VI was deposed and replaced as monarch by his mother, Irene. The Papacy,
which up until this point had continued to recognize the rulers in Constantinople as Roman
Emperors, viewed the imperial throne as vacant since in their mind, a woman could not rule
the empire.[6]

For this reason, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks and King of Italy, was crowned
Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) by Pope Leo III, as the successor of
Constantine VI as Roman Emperor under the concept of translatio imperii.[6] On his coins,
the name and title used by Charlemagne is Karolus Imperator Augustus and in his own
documents he used Imperator Augustus Romanum gubernans Imperium ("August Emperor,
governing the Roman Empire") and serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus, magnus
pacificus Imperator Romanorum gubernans Imperium ("most serene Augustus crowned by
God, great peaceful emperor governing the empire of the Romans"). The Eastern Empire
eventually relented to recognizing Charlemagne and his successors as emperors, but as
"Frankish" and "German emperors", at no point referring to them as Roman, a label they
reserved for themselves.[7]

The title of Emperor in the West implied recognition by the pope. As the power of the
papacy grew during the Middle Ages, popes and emperors came into conflict over church
administration. The best-known and most bitter conflict was that known as the investiture
controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.

After the coronation of Charlemagne, his successors maintained the title until the death of
Berengar I of Italy in 924. The comparatively brief interregnum between 924 and the
coronation of Otto the Great in 962 is taken as marking the transition from the Frankish
Empire to the Holy Roman Empire. Under the Ottonians, much of the former Carolingian
kingdom of Eastern Francia fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire.

Since 911, the various German princes had elected the King of the Germans from among
their peers. The King of the Germans would then be crowned as emperor following the
precedent set by Charlemagne, during the period of 962–1530. Charles V was the last
emperor to be crowned by the pope, and his successor, Ferdinand I, merely adopted the
title of "Emperor elect" in 1558. The final Holy Roman Emperor-elect, Francis II, abdicated in
1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.

The term sacrum (i.e., "holy") in connection with the German Roman Empire was first used
in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa.[8]

The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans"
(Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, he was styled
as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the
Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title.[9]

The word Roman was a reflection of the principle of translatio imperii (or in this case
restauratio imperii) that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of
the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, despite the continued existence of the
Eastern Roman Empire.

In German-language historiography, the term Römisch-deutscher Kaiser ("Roman-German

emperor") is used to distinguish the title from that of Roman Emperor on one hand, and that
of German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) on the other. The English term "Holy Roman
Emperor" is a modern shorthand for "emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" not
corresponding to the historical style or title, i.e., the adjective "holy" is not intended as
modifying "emperor"; the English term "Holy Roman Emperor" gained currency in the
interbellum period (1920s to 1930s); formerly the title had also been rendered "German-
Roman emperor" in English.[1]

Succession
 Illustration of the election of Henry VII (27
November 1308) showing (left to right) the
Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz,
Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine,
Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and
King of Bohemia (Codex Balduini Trevirorum, c.
1340).

The elective monarchy of the kingdom of Germany goes back to the early 10th century, the
election of Conrad I of Germany in 911 following the death without issue of Louis the Child,
the last Carolingian ruler of Germany. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only
partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained
in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. The process of an election meant
that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on the
side, which was known as Wahlkapitulationen (electoral capitulation).

Conrad was elected by the German dukes, and it is not known precisely when the system of
seven prince-electors was established. The papal decree Venerabilem by Innocent III
(1202), addressed to Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, establishes the election procedure by
(unnamed) princes of the realm, reserving for the pope the right to approve of the
candidates. A letter of Pope Urban IV (1263), in the context of the disputed vote of 1256
and the subsequent the interregnum, suggests that by "immemorial custom", seven princes
had the right to elect the King and future Emperor. The seven prince-electors are named in
the Golden Bull of 1356: The Archbishop of Mainz, the Archbishop of Trier, the Archbishop
of Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony and
the Margrave of Brandenburg.

After 1438, the Kings remained in the house of Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine, with the
brief exception of Charles VII, who was a Wittelsbach. Maximilian I (Emperor 1508–1519)
and his successors no longer travelled to Rome to be crowned as Emperor by the Pope.
Maximilian, therefore, named himself Elected Roman Emperor (Erwählter Römischer Kaiser)
in 1508 with papal approval. This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his
successors, only Charles V, the immediate one, received a papal coronation.

The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria in 1621, but in 1648, in the
wake of the Thirty Years' War, the Elector Palatine was restored, as the eighth elector.
Electorate of Hanover was added as a ninth elector in 1692. The whole college was
reshuffled in the German mediatization of 1803 with a total of ten electors, a mere three
years before the dissolution of the Empire.

List of emperors

This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution
of the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806).

Several rulers were crowned King of the Romans (King of Germany) but not emperor,
although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Conrad I of Germany and Henry
the Fowler in the 10th century, and Conrad IV, Rudolf I, Adolf and Albert I during the
interregnum of the late 13th century.

Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the
Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the
starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum
was not in use before the 13th century).

Frankish emperors
…
The rulers who were crowned as Roman emperors in Western Europe between AD 800 and
915 were as follows:

800–888: Carolingian dynasty

…

Relationship
Other
Name Reign with
title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
the
Charles I, the
25 28 Franks
Great
(Charlemagne) December January King of
 (742–814) 800 814 the
Lombards

King of
the
Franks
11
Louis I, the Pious 20 June
September Son of Charles I King of
(778–840) 840
813[10] Italy

King of
Aquitaine

King of
29 Italy
Lothair I
5 April 823 September Son of Louis I King of
(795–855)
855 Middle
Francia

29
Louis II 12 August King of
September Son of Lothair I
(825–875) 875 Italy
855

King of
Charles II, the 29 West
6 October Francia
Bald December Son of Louis I
877
(823–877) 875 King of
Italy

King of
West
Francia

12 King of
Charles III, the Fat 13 January Grandson of Louis
February East
(839–888) 888 I
881 Francia

King of
Italy
891–898: Widonid dynasty
…

Relationship with Other

Name Reign
predecessor(s) title(s)

King of
Guy I 12 December Great-great grandson of Italy
891
(?–894) 894 Charles I Duke of
Spoleto

Lambert King of
I 30 April 15 October Italy
Son of Guy I
(880– 892 898 Duke of
898) Spoleto

896–899: Carolingian dynasty

…

Relationship with
Name Reign Other title(s)
predecessor(s)

Arnulph 22 8 King of Italy

(850– February December Nephew of Charles III King of East
899) 896 899 Francia

901–905: Bosonid dynasty

…

Relationship with Other

Name Reign
predecessor(s) title(s)

King of
Louis III, the 22 Italy
21 July
Blind February Grandson of Louis II
905 King of
(880–928) 901
Provence

915–924: Unruoching dynasty

…
 Relationship with
Name Reign Other title(s)
predecessor(s)

Berengar King of Italy

I December 7 April
Grandson of Louis I Margrave of
(845– 915 924
Friuli
924)

Holy Roman Emperors

…
There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

While earlier Germanic and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman emperors, the
actual Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have begun with the crowning of the
Saxon king Otto I. It was officially an elective position, though at times it ran in families,
notably the four generations of the Salian dynasty in the 11th century. From the end of the
Salian dynasty through the middle 15th century, the emperors drew from many different
German dynasties, and it was rare for the throne to pass from father to son. That changed
with the ascension of the Austrian House of Habsburg, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs
held the imperial throne until the 18th century. Later a cadet branch known as the House of
Habsburg-Lorraine passed it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806.
Notably, the Habsburgs were also dispensed with the requirement that emperors be
crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with Ferdinand I, all successive
emperors forwent the traditional coronation.

962–1024: Ottonian dynasty

…
 Relationship
Other
Image Name Reign with
title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
Italy
Great-great-
Otto I, the Great 2 February King of
7 May 973 great grandson
(912–973) 962 Germany
of Louis I
Duke of
Saxony

King of
25 7
Otto II, the Red Italy
December December Son of Otto I
(955–983) King of
967 983
Germany

King of
23
Otto III 21 May Italy
January Son of Otto II
(980–1002) 996 King of
1002
Germany

King of
Italy

King of
14 Germany
Henry II[note 1] 13 July Second cousin
February
(973–1024) 1024 of Otto III Duke of
1014
Bavaria

Duke of
Carinthia

1027–1125: Salian dynasty

…

Relationship
Portrait Name Reign with Other title(s)
predecessor(s)
 King of
Conrad II, the Great-great-
26 March 4 June Burgundy
Elder[note 2] grandson of Otto
1027 1039 King of Italy
(990–1039) I
King of
Germany

King of
Burgundy

King of Italy

King of
Germany

25 5 Duke of
Henry III, the Black
December October Son of Conrad II Bavaria
(1017–1056)
1046 1056
Duke of
Swabia

Duke of
Carinthia

Margrave
of Meissen

King of
Burgundy

King of Italy
Henry IV 5 October 7 August
Son of Henry III King of
(1050–1106) 1056 1106
Germany

Duke of
Bavaria

King of Italy

King of
Henry V[11] 13 April 23 May
Son of Henry IV Germany
(1086–1125) 1111 1125
King of
Burgundy
1133–1137: Supplinburg dynasty
…

Relationship with Other

Portrait Name Reign
predecessor(s) title(s)

King of
Italy

Lothair King of
II[note 3] 4 June 4 December Great-Grandnephew of Germany
(1075– 1133 1137 Henry III King of
1137) Burgundy

Duke of
Saxony

1155–1197: Staufen dynasty

…

Relationship with Other

Portrait Name Reign
predecessor(s) title(s)

King of
Germany
Frederick I
8 June 10 June Great-grandson of King of
Barbarossa
1155 1190 Henry IV Italy
(1122–1190)
King of
Burgundy

King of
Germany

King of
28 Italy
Henry VI 14 April
September Son of Frederick I
(1165–1197) 1191 King of
1197
Burgundy

Co-King
of Sicily

1198–1215: Welf dynasty

 …

Relationship with Other

Portrait Coat of arms Name Reign
predecessor(s) title(s)

King of
Germany
Otto IV
9 June Great-grandson of King of
(1175– 1215
1198 Lothair II Italy
1218)
King of
Burgundy

1220–1250: Staufen dynasty

…

Relationship with
Portrait Name Reign Other title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
Germany
Frederick II,
Stupor 22 13 King of Italy
Mundi November December Son of Henry VI King of
(1194– 1220 1250 Sicily
1250)
King of
Jerusalem

The interregnum of the Holy Roman Empire is taken to have lasted from the deposition of
Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV (1245, alternatively from the death of Frederick 1250 or the
death of Conrad IV 1254) to the election of Rudolf I of Germany (1273). Rudolf was not
crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albert. The next emperor was Henry
VII, crowned on 29 June 1312 by Pope Clement V.

1312–1313: House of Luxembourg

…
 Relationship
Coat of
Portrait Name Reign with Other title(s)
arms
predecessor(s)

Holy Roman
Emperor

King of
Germany
Henry VII 29 24 Great x11
(1274– June August grandson of King of Italy
1313) 1312 1313 Charles II
Count of
Luxemburg

Coats of
arms

1314–1347: House of Wittelsbach

…

Relationship
Coat of Other
Portrait Name Reign with
arms title(s)
predecessor(s)

Holy Roman
Emperor

King of
Far descendant
Germany
of Henry IV and
Louis IV, the 11
October great-great- King of
Bavarian October
1314 great-great- Italy
(1282–1347) 1347
grandson of
Duke of
Lothair II
Bavaria
Coats of
arms

1346–1437: House of Luxembourg

…
 Relationship
Coat of Other
Portrait Name Reign with
arms title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
Holy Roman
Emperor Germany

King of
Italy
11 29
Charles IV Grandson of King of
July November
(1316–1378) Henry VII Bohemia
1346 1378
King of
Burgundy
Coats of
Count of
arms
Luxemburg

Holy Roman King of

Emperor Germany

King of
Italy
31 9
Sigismund Son of Charles King of
May December
(1368–1437) IV Bohemia
1433 1437
King of
Hungary
Coats of and
arms Croatia

1440–1740: House of Habsburg …

In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in
Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of
the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they
became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Maximilian's first successor Charles V was
the last to be crowned Emperor.

Relationship
Portrait Coat of arms Name Reign with Other title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
Frederick second cousin
Germany
III, the 2 19 of Albert II of
Peaceful February August Germany, King of Italy
(1415– 1440 1493 Emperor
Archduke of
1493) designate.
Austria

Maximilian King of
19 12
I Son of Germany
August January
(1459– Frederick III Archduke of
1493 1519
1519) Austria

King of
Germany

King of Italy

Archduke of
28 June
Charles V 27 Austria
1519 Grandson of
(1500– August
(crowned Maximilian I King of
1558) 1556
1530) Spain

Lord of the
Netherlands
and Duke of
Burgundy

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia
27
Ferdinand
August King of
I 25 July Brother of
1556 Hungary
(1503– 1564 Charles V
(crowned
1564) King of
1558)
Croatia
 Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia
Maximilian
12
II 25 July Son of King of
October
(1527– 1564 Ferdinand I Hungary
1576
1576)
King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia
Rudolph
12 20
II[note 4] Son of King of
October January
(1552– Maximilian II Hungary
1576 1612
1612)
King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
 Bohemia
Matthias 20
13 June Brother of King of
(1557– March
1612 Rudolf II Hungary
1619) 1619
King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia
Ferdinand
28 15 King of
II Cousin of
August February Hungary
(1578– Matthias
1619 1637
1637) King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia
Ferdinand
15
III 2 April Son of King of
February
(1608– 1657 Ferdinand II Hungary
1637
1657)
King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
 Bohemia
Leopold I
18 July 5 May Son of King of
(1640–
1658 1705 Ferdinand III Hungary
1705)
King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia
Joseph I King of
5 May 17 April
(1678– Son of Leopold I Hungary
1705 1711
1711)
King of
Croatia

Archduke of
Austria

Full list
King of
Germany
King of
Bohemia
King of
Hungary
King of
Croatia
Archduke
of Austria
King of
Charles VI 12 20
Brother of Naples
(1685– October October
Joseph I King of
1740) 1711 1740
Sicily
 King of
Sardinia
Duke of
Luxemburg
Duke of
Teschen
Duke of
Parma and
Piacenza
Count of
Flanders

1742–1745: House of Wittelsbach

…

Relationship
Other
Portrait Coat of arms Name Reign with
title(s)
predecessor(s)

Great-great King of
12 20 grandson of Bohemia
Charles VII
February January Ferdinand II; Elector
(1697–1745)
1742 1745 Son-in-law of of
Joseph I Bavaria

1745–1765: House of Lorraine

…
 Relationship
Other
Portrait Coat of arms Name Reign with
title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
Germany

Archduke
Great-grandson of
Francis I 13 18 Austria
of Ferdinand III;
(1708– September August
Son-in-law of Grand
1765) 1745 1765
Charles VI Duke of
Tuscany

Duke of
Lorraine

1765–1806: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

…

Relationship
Other
Portrait Coat of arms Name Reign with
title(s)
predecessor(s)

King of
Germany

King of
Son of Empress Bohemia
Joseph
20 Maria Theresa, King of
II 18 August
February de facto ruler of Hungary
(1741– 1765
1790 the empire, and and
1790)
Francis I. Croatia

Archduke
of
Austria

King of
Germany

King of
 Son of Empress Bohemia
Maria
King of
Leopold Theresa,de
30 Hungary
II 1 March facto ruler of
September and
(1747– 1792 the empire, and
1790 Croatia
1792) Francis I.
Brother of Archduke

Joseph II. of
Austria

Grand
Duke of
Tuscany

King of
Germany

King of
Bohemia

King of
Francis Hungary
6
II 5 July Son of Leopold and
August
(1768– 1792 II Croatia
1806
1835)
Archduke
of
Austria

Emperor
of
Austria

Coronation

The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in
Rome. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself
Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without
coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator
("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature,
usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.[12] Maximilian's first
successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor.

Emperor Coronation date Officiant Location

Charles I 25 December 800 Pope Leo III Rome, Italy

Louis I 5 October 816 Pope Stephen IV Reims, France

Lothair I 5 April 823 Pope Paschal I Rome, Italy

Louis II 15 June 844 Pope Leo IV Rome, Italy

Charles II 29 December 875 Rome, Italy

Pope John VIII
Charles III 12 February 881 Rome, Italy

Guy III of Spoleto 21 February 891 Pope Stephen V Rome, Italy

Lambert II of Spoleto 30 April 892 Ravenna, Italy

Pope Formosus
Arnulf of Carinthia 22 February 896 Rome, Italy

Louis III 15 or 22 February 901 Pope Benedict IV Rome, Italy

Berengar December 915 Pope John X Rome, Italy

Otto I 2 February 962 Pope John XII Rome, Italy

Otto II 25 December 967 Pope John XIII Rome, Italy

Otto III 21 May 996 Pope Gregory V Monza, Italy

Henry II 14 February 1014 Pope Benedict VIII Rome, Italy

Conrad II 26 March 1027 Pope John XIX Rome, Italy

Henry III 25 December 1046 Pope Clement II Rome, Italy

Henry IV 31 March 1084 Antipope Clement III Rome, Italy

Henry V 13 April 1111 Pope Paschal II Rome, Italy

Lothair III 4 June 1133 Pope Innocent II Rome, Italy

Frederick I 18 June 1155 Pope Adrian IV Rome, Italy

Henry VI 14 April 1191 Pope Celestine III Rome, Italy

Otto IV 4 October 1209 Pope Innocent III Rome, Italy

Frederick II 22 November 1220 Pope Honorius III Rome, Italy

Henry VII 29 June 1312 Ghibellines cardinals Rome, Italy

Louis IV 17 January 1328 Senator Sciarra Colonna Rome, Italy

Charles IV Pope Innocent VI's cardinal

 5 April 1355 Rome, Italy

Sigismund 31 May 1433 Pope Eugenius IV Rome, Italy

Frederick III 19 March 1452 Pope Nicholas V Rome, Italy

Charles V 24 February 1530 Pope Clement VII Bologna, Italy

See also

Concordat of Worms

Emperor for other uses of the title "Emperor" in Europe.

First Council of the Lateran

Holy Roman Emperors family tree

Holy Roman Empress

King of the Romans

List of German monarchs

Holy Roman Empire

King of Italy

Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

Notes

p. Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.

q. Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor

r. Enumerated also Lothair III as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–
869 but not Emperor

s. Enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.

References

p. The New International Encyclopædia vol. 10 (1927), p. 675. Carlton J. H. Hayes, A

Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe vol. 1 (1932), p. 225.

q. Peter Hamish Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806, MacMillan Press 1999,
 London, p. 2. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: The Menace of the Herd or Procrustes at
Large – p. 164. Robert Edwin Herzstein, Robert Edwin Herzstein: +The Holy Roman
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