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Assignment 1 Solution

The document contains 5 questions and answers regarding thermodynamic cycles including comparisons of internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam turbines; reasons for multi-stage compression and expansion in gas turbine cycles; benefits of twin-shaft arrangement in gas turbines; significance of critical pressure ratio in gas turbine cycles; and advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of simple and heat exchanger gas turbine cycles.

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Shreyas Taware
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181 views

Assignment 1 Solution

The document contains 5 questions and answers regarding thermodynamic cycles including comparisons of internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam turbines; reasons for multi-stage compression and expansion in gas turbine cycles; benefits of twin-shaft arrangement in gas turbines; significance of critical pressure ratio in gas turbine cycles; and advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of simple and heat exchanger gas turbine cycles.

Uploaded by

Shreyas Taware
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indian Institute of Technology Patna

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME – 314 Applied Thermodynamics

Instructor – Dr. Manabendra Pathak

Assignment no. 1

SUBMITTED BY -

SHREYAS TAWARE
1701me43
Q.1. Make a comparison of I.C. engine, gas turbine and steam turbine
cycles in terms of maximum capacity, power output/weight ratio and their
broad fields of applications
Soln.
IC Engine Gas Turbine Steam Turbine

Maximum Capacity Lower Higher than IC Engine Highest


but lower than steam
turbine
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 Lower ratio Highest ratio Has ratio higher than IC
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 engine but lower than
Gas Turbine

Fields of Application Internal combustion Gas turbines can be Primary use is for
engines are seen mostly used to produce electrical power
in transportation. torque, thrust (which generation. Also used
Several other uses are powers the military as power plant for ships
for any portable fighter aircraft), or and locomotive
situation where you both in combination engines. As an
need an non-electric (used in turboprop exception, in some
motor. The largest engines) marine propulsion
application in this systems where the
situation would be an diesel engines are
Internal combustion impractical, such as
engine driving an aircraft carriers and
electric generator. That submarines, the steam
way, you can use engines are still used.
standard electric tools
driven by an internal
combustion engine.
Q.2. Why two stages of compression and expansion are required in a gas
turbine cycle? What are their advantages and disadvantages compared to
simple gas turbine cycle?
Soln.
The net work of a gas-turbine cycle is the difference between the turbine
work output and the compressor work input, and it can be increased by either
decreasing the compressor work or increasing the turbine work, or both.
The work required to compress a gas between two specified pressures can be
decreased by carrying out the compression process in stages and cooling the
gas in between- that is, using multistage compression with intercooling. As the
number of stages is increased, the compression process becomes nearly
isothermal at the compressor inlet temperature, and the compression work
decreases.
Likewise, the work output of a turbine operating between two pressure levels
can be increased by expanding the gas in stages and reheating it in between—
that is, utilizing multistage expansion with reheating.
This is accomplished without raising the maximum temperature in the cycle. As
the number of stages is increased, the expansion process becomes nearly
isothermal.
The steady-flow compression or expansion work is proportional to the specific
volume of the fluid. Therefore, the specific volume of the working fluid should
be as low as possible during a compression process and as high as possible
during an expansion process. This is precisely what intercooling and reheating
accomplish.

Advantages:
1. The back work ratio (the ratio of the compressor work to the turbine
Work) of a gas-turbine cycle improves as a result of intercooling and reheating.

2. Thermal efficiency increases when intercooling, reheating is accompanied


with regeneration.
Disadvantages:
1. Intercooling and reheating always decreases the thermal efficiency unless
they are accompanied by regeneration. (This is because intercooling
decreases the average temperature at which heat is added, and reheating
increases the average temperature at which heat is rejected.)
2. Complexity of the complete setup increases.
3. Overall weight of the plant increases.
4. Overall cost increases.

Q.3. Why twin shaft arrangement is needed in a gas turbine cycle?


Soln. In this twin-shaft arrangement, the
high-pressure turbine drives the compressor and the combination acts as a
gas generator for the low-pressure power turbine. For driving a
compressor the turbine would be designed to run at the same speed as the
compressor, making a gearbox unnecessary. The twin-shaft
engine has a significant advantage in ease of starting compared to a singleshaft
unit, because the starter needs only to be sized to turn over -the gas
generator. Thus a twin shaft arrangement is needed in a gas turbine cycle.
Q.4. Why specific work output of a cycle becomes zero for pressure ratio of
𝛾
𝑇
𝑟 = ( 3)𝛾−1 ? What happens physically in that situation?
𝑇1

Soln.
Q.5. Compare heat exchanger cycle with simple cycle in terms advantage,
disadvantage and limitation.
Soln.
Heat Exchanger Cycle Simple Cycle

Advantage 1. Heat-exchanger increases the 1. The cycle efficiency increases with


efficiency substantially. maximum cycle temperature.
2. Heat-exchanger reduces 2. Specific work output also increases
the optimum pressure ratio for with max. cycle temp.
maximum efficiency. 3. Cycle efficiency increases with
3. The optimum pressure ratio for increase in pressure ratio and with
maximum efficiency increases as increase in 𝛾
max. cycle temp. is increased.
Disadvantage 1. Having more components is 1. Component losses decreases the
more prone to loss in efficiency overall efficiency of the cycle
of the cycle. 2. At lower max cycle temp pressure
2. Specific work output decreases increase can cause decrease in cycle
slightly due to additional efficiency.
pressure losses.
3. Increase in weight and cost.
Limitation 1. The added weight and cost due 1. Mechanical design considerations
to heat exchanger has to be affect the performance and
compensated with the reduction efficiency which include the number
in size of the compressor. of compressor and turbine stages
2. Mechanical design required, the avoidance of
considerations affect both the excessively small blades at the high-
cycles and thus impose a pressure end of the compressor,
limitation in their efficiencies. and whirling speed and bearing
problems associated with the length
of the compressor-turbine
combination.

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