Design and Construction Manual For Steel Sheet Pile PDF

Design and Construction Manual for
Steel Sheet Pile
ISSUED BY
NANJING GRAND STEEL PILING CO.,LTD.
THE BIGGEST SHEET PILING MANUFACTURER IN CHINA

Table of Contents
1 Overview...................................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Grand (GP) Series Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile....................................................................................... 4
2.1 Specification of Grand (GP) Series Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile.................................................. 4
2.2 Production Process .......................................................................................................................... 23
2.3 Material ........................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4 Product Quality Standard ................................................................................................................ 24
2.5 Transport and Storage...................................................................................................................... 24
3. Structural Design of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile........................................................................................ 27
3.1 General Requirements..................................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Calculation of Water Level and External Force Applied on Sheet-pile Wall Structure................... 30
3.3 Design Calculation of Sheet-pile Wall ............................................................................................ 48
3.4 Design Calculation of Anchoring Structure..................................................................................... 55
3.5 Checking Calculation of Overall Sliding Ability of Sheet-pile Wall...............................................57
3.6 Structural Configuration and Computational Example of Sheet-pile Wall......................................57
4 Construction of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile................................................................................................ 90
4.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................... 90
4.2 Construction Plan............................................................................................................................ 90
4.3 Selection of Pile Sinking Technology and Equipment .................................................................... 93
4.4 Driving and Pulling ......................................................................................................................... 94
4.5 Welding ......................................................................................................................................... 102
4.7 Corrosion Protection ..................................................................................................................... 109
4.8 Construction Management ............................................................................................................ 118
4.9 Environmental Assessment and Protection ................................................................................... 122
4.10 Common Problems in Construction of Steel Sheet Pile and the Solutions thereof ..................... 128
References................................................................................................................................................... 129
1 Overview
Hot-rolled steel sheet pile was initially used in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century and is now a
proven technology in foreign countries. But in China, this technology is still at its early stage. With the
rapid growth of Chinese economy, this environmentally friendly new building material will inevitably be
widely used.
Depending on their production process, steel sheet pile products are divided into cold-bent and hot-rolled
piles which bring out the best in each other and have their own advantages. In the past years, the market has
given priority to hot-rolled steel sheet pile of which the processing method and information can be found
everywhere that has been widely recognized. Cold-bent steel sheet pile is formed by cold-bending machine
set through rolling depression, and its side interlock could be continually connected to form a steel structure
of sheet-pile wall .Though produced by a different working method, the use of cold-bent steel sheet pile is
similar to that of hot rolled steel sheet pile while their scopes of application are different to some extent.
Throughout the years, cold bent steel sheet piles have been widely used, and broad operation experience
has been accumulated.
Nanjing Grand Steel Sheet Pile Co., Ltd is a key enterprise of China being engaged the research &
development, design, production and service of cold-rolled forming section. Grand developed and
produced China's first piece of cold-bent steel sheet pile with a section modulus of 1360cm3 in October
2006 and was then expanded to have established an annual production capacity of 400,000 tons of
cold-bent steel sheet piles.
Grand has been engaged in the research & development of cold-bent steel sheet piles according to EN
standards (EN 10249: non-alloy cold-bent steel sheet pile) and now ranks among leading cold-bent steel
sheet pile manufacturers of the world at present. Furthermore, Grand has built up its own brand in the
field of steel sheet pile, and its GP series cold-bent steel sheet piles have been used in a number of key
projects at home and abroad. GP series products that feature outstanding section modulus and large
moment of inertia can be widely used for both general retaining wall and basic structures and for ports,
piers, river bank reinforcement and land and water foundation pit protection structures projects etc.
During its development in the past years, Grand has given full play to its own cold-rolled forming section
development technology and improved the structures of lots of combined steel sheet piles, contributing to
more rational project design and construction and more remarkable economic benefit; in the meantime, in
order to better satisfy the requirements of individual customers, most cold-bent steel sheet piles of
Grand are integrated with personalized design according to foundation conditions..
Grand can now produce GPU and GPZ series cold-bent steel sheet piles of over 80 specifications with
the maximum section modulus of up to 6000 cm3/m and a maximum thickness of 16mm.. When the section
modulus of our product is the same with that of hot-rolled steel sheet pile, the steel consumption per square
meter would decrease by 10%~15%, and this means sharp reduction of construction cost; in this way, the
concept of "environmentally friendly, energy-saving and high-efficiency new-style building material" is
realized..
Nanjing Grand Steel Sheet Pile Co., Ltd has established an overall service system for complete and
sophisticated design, production, technical support and construction. With the support from top-class
research institutes and universities (colleges) in the field of engineering of China, our technology sections
can provide all services that a leading cold-bent steel sheet pile manufacturer should be able to offer, and
can provide technical support for any step during steel sheet pile engineering, offering targeted and
effective technical service taking into account various needs of customers.
2 Grand (GP) Series Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
2.1 Specification of Grand (GP) Series Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
Cold-bent steel sheet pile is manufactured of hot (cold) rolled strip steel which passes though several
pairs of forming blocks composed of forming roller sheet of different shapes and is formed through
continuous roll-type bending process so as to achieve various sectional forms for various required steel
sheet piles.
GP series cold-bent steel sheet pile products have the following characteristics:
(1) Thanks to the fact that cold-bent steel sheet pile is made of hot-rolled strip steel through continuous
compaction, the design of sectional structure is provided with high flexibility for production of products
with large section, small and equal wall thickness;
(2) GP series cold-bent steel sheet pile is suitable for large sized products with effective width, height
and thickness not more than 16mm, having conformed (adapted) to the development trend of the world's
cold-bent steel sheet pile products and satisfied the requirements of engineering application of cold-bent
steel sheet pile;
(3) The maximum section modulus of U-mode products of GP series cold-bent steel sheet pile is up to
4260 cm3/m2, and that of Z-mode series is up to 5100 cm3/m2;
(4) Thanks to the rational section structure design and the state-of-art forming technology of GP series
cold-bent steel sheet pile, the ratio of section modulus to product weight (also known as "mass coefficient")
has been increasing continuously. This contributes to better economic benefit of application and broadens
the application area of cold-bent steel sheet pile;
The use of large-sized cold-bent steel sheet pile facilitates the reduction of working load of pile sinking
(driving) , the improvement of work efficiency and the reduction in quantity of water seal joints.
2.1.1 Specification of Grand Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
Grand Steel Sheet Pile Co., Ltd currently produces cold-bent steel sheet piles of the following
specifications:
(1) U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.1-1 GPU cold-bent steel sheet pile
Table 2.1.1-1 Technical parameters of GPU series products

Sectional
area Weight Plastic section
Wall Moment of inertia Radius of
Effective width Height cm2 Kg Elastic section modulus
Model thickness gyration
mm mm modulus cm3/m
mm cm
Per linear Per linear meter
Per piece kg/m cm4 cm4/m cm3/m
meter kg/m2
GPU11a 650 356 8.0 129.4 66.0 101.6 5032 20500 1152 1357 12.6
GPU12a 650 357 8.5 137.2 70.0 107.7 5339 21823 1223 1442 12.6
GPU13a 650 359 9.5 152.8 78.0 119.9 5950 24484 1364 1612 12.7
GPU14a 600 360 10.0 160.5 81.9 126.0 6254 25822 1435 1698 12.7
GPU18a 650 476 8.0 147.4 75.2 115.7 9724 42662 1793 2093 17.0
GPU19a 650 477 8.5 156.4 79.8 122.8 10315 45390 1903 2224 17.0
GPU20a 650 478 9.0 165.4 84.4 129.8 10904 48125 2014 2356 17.1
GPU21a 650 479 9.5 174.3 88.9 136.8 11491 50868 2124 2487 17.1
GPU22a 650 480 10.0 183.1 93.4 143.8 12075 53618 2234 2618 17.1
GPU23a 650 541 10.5 198.3 101.2 155.7 16709 62435 2308 2841 17.7
Table 2.1.1-1 Technical parameters of GPU series products
Sectional
area Weight Plastic section
Wall Moment of inertia Radius of
Effective width Height cm2 Kg Elastic section modulus
mm mm modulus cm3/m
mm cm
Per linear Per linear meter
Per piece kg/m cm4 cm4/m cm3/m
meter kg/m2
GPU24a 650 542 11.0 207.4 105.8 162.8 17480 65470 2416 2976 17.8
GPU25a 650 543 11.5 216.5 110.5 170.0 18249 68512 2523 3111 17.8
GPU26a 650 544 12.0 230.0 117.3 180.5 19886 70979 2610 3245 17.6
GPU14b 750 476 8.0 128.0 75.3 100.4 9337 34498 1449 1742 16.4
GPU16b 750 478 9 143.5 84.5 112.6 10470 38909 1628 1960 16.5
GPU17b 750 479 9.5 151.7 89.3 119.1 11046 41480 1732 2086 16.5
GPU18b 750 478 9.0 149.3 87.9 117.2 11164 43965 1840 2152 17.2
GPU20b 750 480 10.0 165.4 97.4 129.8 12364 48985 2041 2392 17.2
GPU21b 750 480 10.0 168.3 99.1 132.1 12641 51214 2134 2478 17.5
GPU23b 750 540 10 170.5 100.4 133.8 15700 61718 2286 2710 19.0
GPU25b 750 540 10.0 178．3 105.0 139.9 16489 69237 2564 2974 19.7
GPU26b 750 561 10.5 191.9 113.0 150.7 20374 73019 2603 3090 19.5
GPU28b 750 562 11.0 203.1 119.6 159.4 21645 78809 2805 3313 19.7
GPU30b 750 564 12.0 225.0 132.5 176.6 24720 85879 3045 3622 19.5
GPU33b 750 604 12.0 229.9 135.4 180.5 28425 99175 3284 3925 20.8
GPU35b 750 606 13.0 252.6 148.7 198.3 31861 107531 3549 4264 20.6
GPU38b 750 608 14.0 271.3 159.7 213.0 34233 116028 3817 4591 20.7
GPU40b 750 610 15.0 308.2 181.4 241.9 42174 122056 4002 4929 19.9
750 544 16.0 327.9 193.0 257.4 44913 130430 4262 5257 19.9
GPU42b
Besides, other specifications are also available.
Table 2.1.1-2 Technical parameters of other products
Wall Sectional area Weight Moment of Elastic section modulus
Plastic section modulus Radius of
Effective width Height cm2 Kg inertia cm3/m
mm mm cm4
mm Per linear cm4/m cm3/m cm
Per piece kg/m Per linear meter
GPU10‐450 450 360 8.0 148.9 52.6 116.9 18267 1015 1302 11.1
GPU11‐450 450 360 9.0 166.1 58.7 130.4 20383 1132 1455 11.1
GPU12‐450 450 360 10.0 183.9 64.9 144.3 22443 1247 1605 11.0
GPU11‐575 575 360 8.0 133.9 60.4 105.1 19684 1094 1325 12.1
GPU12‐575 575 360 9.0 149.9 67.6 117.6 21979 1221 1482 12.1
GPU13‐575 575 360 10.0 165.6 74.8 130.0 24223 1346 1637 12.1
GPU11‐600 600 360 8.0 131.7 62.0 103.4 19897 1105 1434 12.3
GPU12‐600 600 360 9.0 147.4 69.4 115.7 22219 1234 1486 12.3
GPU13‐600 600 360 10.0 162.9 76.7 127.9 24491 1361 1641 12.3
GPU18‐600 600 350 12.0 220.3 103.8 172.9 32797 1874 2053 12.2
GPU16‐650 650 480 8.0 139.5 71.2 109.5 39872 1661 1973 16.9
GPU18‐650 650 480 9.0 156.1 79.6 122.5 44521 1855 2268 16.9
GPU20‐650 650 540 8.0 153.7 78.4 120.7 56002 2074 2443 19.1
GPU23‐650 650 540 9.0 172.1 87.8 135.1 62588 2318 2735 19.1
GPU30‐700 700 560 11.0 216.6 119.0 170.1 83813 2993 3528 19.7
GPU32‐700 700 560 12.0 236.2 129.8 185.4 90880 3246 3834 19.6
GPU7‐750 750 320 5.0 72.7 42.8 11089 693 778 12.3
57.0
GPU8‐750 750 320 6.0 86.7 51.1 13191 824 928 12.3
68.1
GPU9‐750 750 320 7.0 100.7 59.3 15256 953 1076 17.5
79.0
Fig. 2.1.1-2 GPU box pile
Table 2.1.1-3 Technical parameters of GPU series built-up piles
Moment of inertia I Section modulus Wall width per

b h Perimeter Sectional area of Total area Weight G Radius of
Model cm section steel Kg/m gyration
cm2 x‐x y‐y x‐x y‐y Wx Gp
mm mm cm
cm2 cm4 cm4 cm3 cm3 cm3 kg
GPUC11a‐2 650 411 240.7 168.2 2214.5 132.0 37108 92438 1806 2631 14.9 2778 203
GPUC12a‐2 650 412 240.2 178.4 2221 140.0 39489 97779 1917 2774 14.9 2949 215.4
GPUC13a‐2 650 414 239.2 198.6 2235 155.9 44274 108311 2139 3073 14.9 3291 239.9
GPUC14a‐2 650 415 238.7 208.7 2241 163.8 46677 113502 2249 3220 15.0 3460 252.0
GPUC18a‐2 650 531 270.1 191.7 2944 150.5 71361 110826 2688 3144 19.3 4135 231.5
GPUC19a‐2 650 532 269.6 203.4 2951 159.6 75910 117288 2854 3327 19.3 4391 245.5
GPUC20a‐2 650 533 269.1 215.0 2958 168.7 80468 123696 3019 3509 19.3 4635 259.6
GPUC21a‐2 650 534 268.6 226.5 2965 177.8 85037 130051 3185 3689 19.4 4900 273.6
GPUC22a‐2 650 535 268.1 238.1 2972 186.9 89617 136353 3350 3868 19.4 5154 287.5
GPUC23a‐2 650 610 283.3 257.8 3083 202.4 108444 143171 3556 4005 20.5 5470 311.4
(2) Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.1-3 GPZ cold-bent steel sheet pile
Table 2.1.1-4 Technical parameters of GPZ series products
Wall Sectional area Weight Moment of Elastic section modulus Radius of

Effective width Height Kg inertia cm3/m Plastic section modulus
Model thickness cm2 gyration
mm mm cm4
mm Per linear cm4/m 3 cm
cm /m
GPZ12b 750 318.5 8.5 120.1 70.7 94.3 19251 1209 1418 12.5
GPZ13a 700 416.5 6.5 99.5 54.7 78.1 27616 1326 1535 16.7
GPZ13b 700 319.5 9.5 133.8 78.8 105.0 21425 1341 1578 12.7
GPZ14a 700 417.0 7.0 107.0 58. 8 84.0 29671 1423 1649 16.7
GPZ14b 750 310.5 10.5 152.1 89.6 119.4 22329 1438 1722 12.1
GPZ15a 700 417.5 7.5 114.4 62.9 89.8 31715 1519 1763 16.7
GPZ16a 700 418.0 8.0 125.7 69.1 98.7 34706 1661 1937 16.6
GPZ17a 700 418.5 8.5 133.3 73.2 104.7 36793 1756 2054 16.6
GPZ18a 700 419.0 9.0 140.9 77.4 110.6 38871 1855 2170 16.6
GPZ18b 750 419.5 9.5 141.5 83.3 111.1 37982 1811 2140 16.4
GPZ19a 700 419.5 9.5 148.5 81.6 116.6 40939 1952 2286 16.6
Table 2.1.1-4 (continued) Technical parameters of GPZ series products
Effective width Height Kg inertia cm3/m Plastic section modulus
Model thickness cm2 gyration
mm mm cm4
mm Per linear cm4/m 3 cm
cm /m
GPZ19b 750 420.5 10.5 159.0 93.5 124.8 40296 1916 2329 15.9
GPZ20a 700 420.0 10.0 156.1 85.7 122.5 42997 2047 2401 16.6
GPZ20b 700 448.0 8.0 133.5 73.3 104.8 44470 1985 2274 18.2
GPZ21a 700 448.5 8.5 141.6 77.8 111.1 47138 2102 2411 18.2
GPZ22a 700 449.0 9.0 149.7 82.3 117.5 49821 2219 2548 18.2
GPZ23a 700 449.5 9.5 157.7 86.7 123.8 52480 2335 2685 18.2
GPZ24a 700 450.0 10.0 165.7 90.1 130.1 55128 2450 2820 18.2
GPZ25b 750 451.0 11.5 181.6 106.9 142.6 56405 2498 2966 17.6
GPZ26a 700 450.5 10.5 180.0 98.7 141.3 59119 2625 3045 18.1
GPZ26b 750 452 12.0 193.3 113.8 151.8 59665 2640 3152 17.6
GPZ27a 700 451.0 11.0 187.9 103.3 147.5 61680 2735 3183 18.1
GPZ28a 700 451.5 11.5 196.2 107.8 154.0 64356 2851 3322 18.0
GPZ28b 750 453.0 13.0 211.7 124.6 166.2 63273 2794 3390 17.3
GPZ29a 700 452.0 12.0 206.6 113.5 162.2 66512 2943 3463 17.9
GPZ31a 700 452.5 12.5 216.7 119.1 170.1 70426 3113 3654 18.0
GPZ32a 700 489.0 11.0 198.6 109.1 155.9 78051 3192 3685 19.8
GPZ33a 700 489.5 11.5 207.3 113.9 162.7 81443 3328 3845 19.8
GPZ34a 700 490.0 12.0 219.1 120.4 172.0 85209 3478 4044 19.7
GPZ34b 750 491.0 13.0 224.5 132.2 176.3 84085 3425 4052 19.4
GPZ36a 700 490.5 12.5 227.9 125.2 178.9 88594 3612 4205 19.7
GPZ36b 750 492 14.0 240.1 141.3 188.5 89341 3632 4314 19.3
GPZ37a 700 491.0 13.0 239.4 131.5 187.9 91568 3730 4381 19.5
Table 2.1.1-4 (continued) Technical parameters of GPZ series products
Sectional area Weight Moment of Elastic section modulus Plastic section modulus Radius of
Wall
Effective width Height cm2 Kg inertia cm3/m
mm mm cm4
mm Per linear Per linear meter cm4/m cm
Per piece kg/m
GPZ38a 700 491.5 13.5 248.2 136.4 194.8 94916 3862 4541 19.5
GPZ38b 750 522.0 15.0 268.1 157.8 210.5 100618 3855 4799 19.4
GPZ40a 700 492.0 14.0 257.0 141.2 201.7 98251 3994 4701 19.5
GPZ41a 750 520.0 13.0 241.0 141.9 189.2 106697 4104 4758 21.0
GPZ42a 750 550.0 13.0 240.5 141.6 188.8 116350 4231 4939 22.0
GPZ43a 750 521.0 14.0 256.5 245.1 201.3 112625 4323 5036 20.9
GPZ45a 750 551.0 14.0 258.3 152.0 202.7 124864 4532 5301 22.0
GPZ48a 750 520.0 15.0 292.8 172.4 229.8 124921 4805 5682 20.5
GPZ51a 750 521.0 16.0 311.4 183.4 244.5 132833 5099 6042 20.5
Additionally, there are also other specifications available
Table 2.1.1-5 Technical parameters of other products
Effective width Height cm2 Kg inertia cm3/m Plastic section modulus gyration
Model thickness
mm mm cm4
mm Per linear cm4/m cm
GPZ18‐635 635 380 8.0 140.6 70.1 110.3 34717 1827 2083 15.7
GPZ22‐635 635 417 9.0 162.6 81.1 127.6 47225 2265 2603 17.0
GPZ25‐635 635 418 10.0 162.6 81.1 127.6 47225 2265 2603 17.0
GPZ28‐635 635 419 11.0 209.0 104.2 164.1 58786 2806 3298 16.8
GPZ30‐635 635 420 12.0 227.3 113.3 178.4 63889 3042 3584 16.8
GPZ14‐650 650 320 8.0 128.9 65.8 101.2 22312 1395 1602 13.2
GPZ34‐675 675 490 12 224.4 118.9 176.1 84657 3455 4071 19.4
GPZ38‐675 675 491.5 13.5 251.3 133.1 197.2 94699 3853 4555 19.4
GPZ18A‐685 685 401 9.0 144.0 77.4 113.0 37335 1862 2163 16.1
GPZ20‐685 685 402 10.0 159.4 85.7 125.2 41304 2055 2393 16.1
Fig. 2.1.1-4 GPZ box pile
Table 2.1.1-6 Technical parameters of GPZ built-up box piles

Model cm section steel Kg/m gyration
cm2 x‐x y‐y x‐x y‐y Wx Gp
mm mm cm
cm2 cm4 cm4 cm3 cm3 cm3 kg
GPZC12b 1500 637 390.7 319.9 4917 251.1 148967 516673 4649 6620 21.6 3099 167.4
GPZC13a 1400 833 400 250.6 5958 196.7 198071 348579 4740 4799 28.1 3386 140.5
GPZC13b 1500 639 390.4 356.5 4948 279.9 166493 575716 5171 7353 21.6 3447 186.6
GPZC14a 1400 834 400 269.5 5958 211.6 213191 374765 5096 5161 28.1 3640 151.1
GPZC14b 1500 621 395.7 403.3 4833 316.6 176524 654660 5640 8308 20.9 3760 211.1
GPZC15a 1400 835 399.6 288.3 5973 226.3 228295 400862 5450 5521 28.1 3893 161.6
GPZC16a 1400 836 406.1 315.3 5991 247.5 250747 440714 5973 6030 28.2 4266 176.8
GPZC17a 1400 837 406.0 334.5 6007 262.6 266295 467488 6336 6397 28.2 4526 187.6
GPZC18a 1400 838 405.8 353.7 6022 277.7 281828 494173 6697 6763 28.2 4784 198.3
Table 2.1.1-6 (continued) Technical parameters of GPZ built-up box piles
Model cm section steel Kg/m x‐x y‐y x‐x y‐y gyration Wx Gp
cm2
mm mm 4 4 3 3 cm 3
cm2 kg
cm cm cm cm cm
GPZC18b 1500 839 414.9 383.5 6464 301.0 300498 625404 7133 8010 28.0 4755 200.7
GPZC19a 1400 839 405.5 372.9 6038 292.7 297344 520768 7057 7127 28.2 5041 209.1
GPZC19b 1500 841 415.6 433.9 6503 340.6 331303 728975 7832 9263 27.6 5221 227.1
GPZC20a 1400 840 405.4 391.9 6053 307.6 312846 547274 7415 7491 28.3 5296 219.7
GPZC20b 1400 896 433.5 330.9 6416 259.7 311856 448318 6933 6037 30.7 4952 185.5
GPZC21a 1400 897 433.3 351.1 6432 275.6 331184 475566 7354 6403 30.7 5253 196.9
GPZC22a 1400 898 433.1 371.3 6448 291.4 350493 502725 7774 6768 30.7 5553 208.1
GPZC23a 1400 899 433.0 391.3 6464 307.2 369782 529794 8192 7131 30.7 5851 219.4
GPZC24a 1400 900 432.7 411.4 6479 322.9 389050 556773 8609 7493 30.8 6149 230.7
GPZC25b 1500 903 436.2 486.9 6987 382.2 446363 782810 9830 9999 30.3 6553 254.8
GPZC26a 1400 901 440.3 442.7 6498 347.5 419995 602656 9269 8009 30.8 6620 248.2
GPZC26b 1500 904 441.1 516.4 7006 404.6 474516 833984 10429 10557 30.3 6953 269.7
GPZC27a 1400 902 440.1 463.2 6514 363.6 439810 629725 9695 8403 30.8 6925 259.7
GPZC28a 1400 903 440.0 483.6 6530 379.6 459606 657299 10119 8770 30.8 7228 271.1
GPZC28b 1500 906 441.3 567.2 7045 445.3 514601 933458 11260 11639 30.1 7507 296.9
GPZC29a 1400 904 439.9 509.7 6548 400.1 481028 698183 10570 9455 30.7 7550 285.8
GPZC31a 1400 905 443.7 533.1 6565 418.5 506972 726085 11127 9853 30.8 7948 298.9
GPZC32a 1400 978 466.1 488.1 7056 383.2 550497 654821 11199 8714 33.6 7999 273.7
GPZC33a 1400 979 465.9 509.6 7072 400.0 575246 683521 11689 9095 33.6 8349 285.7
GPZC34a 1400 980 468.2 537.9 7091 422.2 606078 725167 12294 9689 33.6 8781 301.6
GPZC34b 1500 982 471.0 593.8 7622 466.1 657192 940554 13304 11831 33.3 8869 310.7
Table 2.1.1-6 (continued) Technical parameters of GPZ built-up box piles
Moment of inertia Section modulus Wall width per
Model cm section steel Kg/m x‐x y‐y x‐x y‐y gyration Wx Gp
cm2
mm mm 4 4 3 3 cm 3
cm2 kg
cm cm cm cm cm
GPZC36a 1400 981 468.0 559.6 7108 439.3 631056 754216 12787 10076 33.6 9133 313.8
GPZC36b 1500 984 468.5 636.4 7656 499.6 702742 1010148 14183 12772 33.2 9455 333.1
GPZC37a 1400 982 468.4 587.7 7127 461.3 659304 799733 13333 10617 33.5 9524 329.5
GPZC38a 1400 983 468.2 609.5 7143 478.5 684386 829236 13826 11007 33.5 9876 341.8
GPZC38b 1500 1044 473.6 719.8 8148 565.0 847322 1214902 16081 14837 34.3 10821 376.7
GPZC40a 1400 984 468.0 631.3 7159 495.6 709444 858647 14317 11395 33.5 10226 354.0
GPZC41a 1500 1040 509.0 629.7 8068 494.3 807839 968153 15435 11963 35.8 10290 329.5
GPZC42a 1500 1110 507.8 633.8 8523 497.5 893621 981373 16151 12302 37.5 10767 331.7
GPZC43a 1500 1042 503.6 671.9 8102 527.4 858884 1035574 16378 12865 35.8 10918 351.6
GPZC45a 1500 1102 507.4 681.0 8559 534.6 961511 1053873 17345 13207 37.6 11563 356.4
GPZC48a 1500 1040 522.9 759.7 8121 596.4 965970 1190055 18399 14472 35.7 12266 397.6
GPZC51a 1500 1042 522.4 808.6 8156 634.7 1029817 1265888 19576 15389 35.7 13051 423.7
(3) Straight cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.1-5 GPX cold-bent steel sheet pile
Table 2.1.1-7 Technical parameters of GPX series products
Model Effective width Height Wall Wall thickness Sectional area Moment of Elastic section modulus
mm mm thickness mm cm inertia 3
mm Per linear meter 2
Per piece 2
Per linear meter kg/m cm4/m cm /m
GPX600‐10 1200 69.5 10 152.1 71.6 119.4 594 171
GPX600‐11 1200 70.5 11 166.6 78.5 130.8 651 185
GPX600‐12 1200 71.5 12 180.9 85.2 142.0 711 199
GPX600‐13 1200 72.5 12.5 188.0 88.5 147.6 738 205
GPX600‐14 1200 79.0 14 215.8 101.6 169.4 1038 263
(4) Cold-bent steel sheet pile of other types
① L-shaped and S-shaped (light) cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.1-6 L-shaped and S-shaped (light) cold-bent steel sheet pile
Table 2.1.1-8 Technical parameters of GPX series products

Model Effective Height Wall thicknessWeight Moment of inertia Elastic section modulus
width mm mm Kg cm /m cm /m
mm Per piece kg/m Per linear 4 3
meter kg/m2
GPL1.5 700 100 3.0 21.4 30.6 724 145
GPL2 700 150 3.0 22.9 32.7 1674 223
GPL3 700 150 4.5 35.0 50.0 2469 329
GPL4 700 180 5.0 40.4 57.7 3979 442
GPL5 700 180 6.5 52.7 75.3 5094 566
GPL6 700 180 7.0 57.1 81.6 5458 606
GPS4 600 260 3.5 31.2 41.7 5528 425
GPS5 600 260 4.0 36.6 48.8 6703 516
GPS6 700 260 5.0 45.3 57.7 7899 608
GPS8 700 320 5.5 53.0 70.7 12987 812
GPS9 700 320 6.5 62.6 83.4 15225 952
② GPJ sawtooth shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.1-7 GPJ cold-bent steel sheet pile

Table 2.1.1-9 Technical parameters of GPJ series products
Model Effective width Height Sectional area Weight Moment of inertia Elastic section modulus
mm mm cm /m kg/m cm /m 3
2 2 4 cm /m
GPJ12 812 187 111.0 86.4 3152 314
GPJ13 812 187.9 123.7 97.1 3506 349
GPJ14 808 196.3 141.2 110.9 5897 574
GPJ17 811 221 115.0 90.3 4900 398
GPJ18 855 204.1 124.2 97.5 4387 390
GPJ19 855 202.6 139.5 109.5 4363 420
GPJ25 870 232.3 156.7 123.0 7207 559
GPJ26 870 237.9 166.7 130.8 7833 598
GPJ28 870 229 182.5 143.2 7463 602
GPJ34 889 272.6 189.4 148.7 12204 782
GPJ36 889 268 202.5 159.0 12827 833
GPJ38 905 257.3 222.2 174.4 10647 801
GPJ45 922 340 210.0 164.9 21633 1132
GPJ48 904 266 242.9 190.7 22641 1168
GPJ50 904 340 258.4 202.8 23342 1216
③ GPG trench panel
Fig. 2.1.1-8 GPG trench panel
Table 2.1.1-10 Technical parameters of GPG series products

Model Effective width Height Wall Sectional area Weight Moment of Section modulus
mm mm thickness cm 2/m Kg inertia 3
mm Per piece kg/m Per linear meter kg/m2 4 cm /m
cm /m
GPG I‐1 750 95 6 72.1 42.4 56.6 975 202
GPG I‐2 750 96 7 84.2 49.6 66.12 1139 234
GPG I‐3 750 8 8 96.4 56.8 75.7 1304 266
GPG II‐1 650 80 6 79.5 40.5 62.4 758 190
GPG II‐2 650 82 8 105.7 53.9 83.0 1013 247
④ GPH/GPZ18 built-up steel sheet pile
(a) GPH/GPZ18a
(b) GPH/GPZ18b
Fig. 2.1.1-9 GPH/GPZ18 built-up steel sheet pile
Table 2.1.1-11 Technical parameters of GPH/GPZ18 built-up steel sheet pile
Model Effective width Height Sectional area Weight Moment of inertia Section modulus
mm mm cm /m kg/m cm /m 3
2 2 4 cm /m
GPH600-14/GPZ18a 1870 600 221.1 173.6 112735 3020
GPH600-16/GPZ18a 1870 600 231.6 181.8 121767 3291
GPH600-18/GPZ18a 1870 600 245.1 192.4 131567 3594
GPH600-20/GPZ18q 1870 600 255.5 200.6 140248 3859
GPH800-17/GPZ18q 1870 800 252.7 198.3 228361 3859
GPH800-19/GPZ18q 1870 800 263.1 206.5 244778 4853
GPH800-21/GPZ18q 1870 800 281.6 221.1 265620 5339
GPH800-23/GPZ18q 1870 800 292.0 229.3 281428 5696
GPH1000-17/GPZ18q 1870 1000 275.8 216.5 382513 5973
GPH1000-19/GPZ18q 1870 1000 286.2 224.7 408639 6432
GPH1000-21/GPZ18a 1870 1000 306.9 240.9 443951 7090
GPH1000-23/GPZ18q 1870 1000 317.2 249.0 469201 7543
GPH600-14/GPZ18b 1890 600 205.5 161.3 98156 2664
GPH800-25/GPZ18b 1890 800 293.0 230.0 319753 5757
GPH1000-25/GPZ18b 1890 1000 302.6 237.5 424879 6683
2.1.2 Standard Rotation Angle of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
When being connected, the standard rotation angle of Grand cold-bent steel sheet pile of the same model is as
shown in the figure below:
Fig. 2.1.2-1 Schematic diagram of rotation angle of GPU cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.2-2 Schematic diagram of rotation angle of GPZ cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.2-3 Schematic diagram of rotation angle of GPX cold-bent steel sheet pile
2.1.3 Exchangeability of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
The interlocks of Grand cold-bent steel sheet pile are designed professionally according to thickness of raw
material and the requirement on quality and grade of material. The exchangeability of cold-bent steel sheet pile
interlocks is available within the following scope:
Fig. 2.1.3-1 Schematic diagram of rotation angle of GPU cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.3-2 Schematic diagram of rotation angle of GPZ cold-bent steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.1.3-3 Schematic diagram of rotation angle of GPX cold-bent steel sheet pile
2.2 Production Process
Cold-bent steel sheet pile is fabricated from qualified strip steel coil that gets into roll bending-forming block after
the de-coiling, pre-straightening and butt welding procedures in the section of production preparation. The
sectional form of product is achieved from strip steel blank after bending processing of several pairs of forming
roller sheets, and then the finished product is straightened and cut in product lengths as stated. . After passing the
rigorous final product inspection, the finished products are packed and put in storage.
Production line process of cold-bent steel sheet pile is as follows:
De-coiling -- leveling -- shearing and butt welding -- longitudinal shearing -- cold roll forming -- saw cutting --
inspection - collection and packing - warehousing
Fig. 2.2 Schematic diagram of cold roll bending
2.3 Material
The materials for fabrication of GP series cold-bent steel sheet pile are as shown in the table below:
Table 2.3-1 GP series cold-bent steel sheet pile material sheet
Chemical composition Mechanical property
Work done
Steel C Si Mn P S Yield strength Tensile Percentage by impact
grade MPa strength elongation J
MPA %
≤0.18 ≤0.30 ≤0.040 ≤0.040 ≥235 ≥26 ≥27
Q235 0.35~0.80 375~460
Q345 ≤0.20 ≤0.55 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 ≥345 ≥22 ≥34

1.0~1.6 470~630
≤0.18 ≤0.50 ≤1.50 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≥350 ≥470 ≥23 ≥40
MDB350
≤0.18 ≤0.50 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≥380 ≥22 ≥40
MDB380 ≤1.60 ≥480
≤0.18 ≤0.50 ≤1.60 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≥400 ≥510 ≥22 ≥40

MDB400
MDB420 ≤0.18 ≤0.50 ≤1.60 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≥420 ≥520 ≥21 ≥40
MDB450 ≤0.18 ≤0.50 ≤1.70 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≥450 ≥550 ≥20 ≥40
2.4 Product Quality Standard

Allowable deviation of outside dimensions of GP series cold-bent steel sheet pile products is as shown in the
table below:
Table 2.4-1 Allowable deviation of shape and dimensions of GP series steel sheet pile
Section shape
U-shaped Z-shaped Straight model
Width Per steel sheet pile ±2％
Sheet pile pairs connected through interlock: ±3％
Height h≤200 ±4 ±4
200＜h≤300 ±6
300＜h≤400 ±8
400＜h ±10
Thickness Comply with product standard of relevant strip steel as raw material
Bending Edgewise bend ≤0.25% of total length of section material; plane bending ≤ 0.25% of total length of section
material
Twisting V≤0.2% of total length of section material, 100mm max.
Length Allowable deviation of length is ±50mm
End verticality In the athwartship measurement, the total deviation of the highest point of cut surface from the lowest point
thereof shall not exceed 2% of section width.
Angular When the length of short edge of sheet pile ≤10mm, this deviation shall be ±3°, and in other cases, shall be ±2°.
deviation
2.5 Transport and Storage

2.5.1 Transport
The length of steel sheet piles produced according to the characteristics of roll bending-forming technology under
processing conditions of GP series cold-bent steel sheet piles is not limited. For the product length required by
user, available means and route of transportation shall be taken into consideration.
Transportation of steel sheet pile is subject to various restrictions: traffic rules and actual road conditions shall be
considered in case of road transport; for sea transportation, the conditions of unloading yard and machines and
maritime meteorological conditions shall be investigated.
To prevent significant bending moment and deformation of steel sheet pile during transportation, the piles shall be
provided with pad and sleeper and packed with steel packing strap. It should be notable that each piece of
surface-treated steel sheet pile shall be separated by certain means, and that soft sealing pad shall be used with
packing strap.
For transportation of ultra-long piece of steel sheet pile, transport vehicle shall be provided with at least five
sleepers per 20m of length after the above-noted packing conditions are satisfied so as to prevent deformation; be
sure to keep level in such a case.
2.5.2 Hoisting
Hoisting method of steel sheet pile is as shown in the figure below:
Fig. 2.5.2-1 Schematic diagram hoisting of steel sheet pile

To increase friction force, dedicated lifting belt shall be used for hoisting of extra-long piece.
2.5.3 Storage
(1) U-shaped steel sheet pile
(a) GPU steel sheet pile

(b) GPU built-up pile
Fig. 2.5.3-1 Stacking of U-shaped steel sheet pile
(2) Z-shaped steel sheet pile
(a) GPZ steel sheet pile
(b) GPZ built-up pile

Fig. 2.5.3-2 Stacking of Z-shaped steel sheet pile
(3) Straight steel sheet pile
Fig. 2.5.3-3 Stacking of GPX steel sheet pile
3. Structural Design of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile

3.1 General Requirements
3.1.1 Scope of Application of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
Construction of cold-bent steel sheet pile shows the following characteristics:
(1) The construction is simple and has no need of large-sized construction equipment;
(2) Rapid construction is possible; if that is the case, the construction period would be remarkably reduced;
(3) The section and length of cold-bent steel sheet pile can be changed according to foundation status, and this
provides a possibility of high-efficiency and economical design;
(4) The relatively light wall body that is different from stand-alone type structure is highly conducive to
aseismatic design.
Thanks to the above-noted advantages of cold-bent steel sheet pile, it has been widely used for waterfront
construction project, bank-protection works and temporary works etc. as shown in Table 3.1.1:
Table 3.1.1 Scope of application of cold-bent steel sheet pile
Water front and shipping docks
Levee revetment
Guard wall, retaining wall
Used for permanent structures Wave breaker
Diversion dike
Anchorage spud
Ship yard, dock yard
Application Sluice, sluiceway
Slope protection foot, resistance to local erosion, seepproof
Used for temporary structures
Used for temporary structures Temporary bank revetment
Cofferdam
Temporary island building
Emergency rescue and disaster relief
Emergency rescue and disaster Landslip and slump settlement prevention
relief Resistance to drift sand
Figure 3.1.1 shows the examples of engineering applications of cold-bent steel sheet pile
(a) Dock (b) Ship yard
(c) Foundation pit (d) Road

Fig. 3.1.1 Application of cold-bent steel sheet pile
3.1.2 Classification of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Piles
The section of cold-bent steel sheet pile may be U-shaped, Z-shaped or straight.
U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile that features large section modulus (W=600~3200 cm3/m) is suitable for small
and medium projects that bear relatively small earth (water) pressure, especially for temporary works. Depending
on the different geological conditions, vibratory hammer with corresponding power is usually used for
construction. In company with the progressive development of smelting technology, the width of single-piece
U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile reached up to 750mm after the year 2002, which has brought about the
acceleration of construction.
Grand U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile has the following merits:
①This product is wider than common hot-rolled steel sheet piles, and this means the reduction in time
consumption of hoisting and pile sinking;
②The increase in width brings about the reduction of interlocks of walls per linear meter; In this way, the water
sealing performance of wall body is directly improved, and the engineering cost is reduced;
③The increase in height and use of high grade ensures the outstanding statics characteristics and reduces the
weight of wall per linear meter;
④The uniform thickness of section board ensures the favorable rigidity of pile sinking;
⑤The high-tensile steel and advanced production equipment insures the performance of cold-bent steel sheet pile;
⑥Dedicated interlock designed through finite element analysis software ensures the repeated use of cold-bent
steel sheet pile;
⑦The symmetrical structure and the provided rotation angle is conducive to the correction of construction
deviation
Fig. 3.1.2-1 Schematic diagram of U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile
Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile has a large section modulus (W=1200~5015cm3/m) and is suitable for large,
medium and small projects that bear relatively large earth (water) pressure. Based on the characteristics of
Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile, two pieces are usually combined into one group for driving. Although its
construction procedure is slightly longer and technical difficulty is higher than that of U-shaped cold bent steel
sheet pile, its overall construction efficiency is higher since the group composed of two pieces of piles may have a
width of 1160~1400mm, nearly 2~3 times the width of single piece of U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile; hence,
Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet piles have been widely used for a lot of dock projects of China that has a
requirement for land-based area. Normally, the construction method is "pile pitching through vibration, and then
pile sinking through hammering".
The most essential mechanical property of Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile is the continuity of web and the
symmetrical distribution of interlocks at specified positions at both sides of neutral axis, both have positive effect
on section modulus of cold-bent steel sheet pile.
Grand Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile has the following merits:
① Flexible design and resultant relatively high section modulus and mass ratio;
② Increase in moment inertia of section, improvement of bending rigidity of overall piling wall, and effective
reduction of displacement deformation;
③ GPZ cold-bent steel sheet pile is wider than conventional cold-bent steel sheet piles, and this means the
effective reduction of time consumption of hoisting and piling;
④ The use of high tensile steel remarkably improves the bending strength of cold-bent steel sheet pile wall;
⑤ The increase in section width brings about the reduction of interlocks of sheet-pile wall, which directly
improves the water sealing performance of sheet-pile wall.
Fig. 3.1.2-2 Schematic diagram of section of Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile
Straight cold-bent steel sheet pile has a relatively small section modulus; however, its interlock has a strong
resistance to horizontal tension that is up to 5500 kN/m; straight cold-bent steel sheet pile is applicable for large
round built island cofferdam that bears horizontal tensile in horizontal direction and suitable for grid-shaped
cold-bent steel sheet pile gravity wharf project; the construction of straight cold-bent steel sheet pile is very
convenient.
Fig. 3.1.2-3 Schematic diagram of section of U-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile
(4) L-shaped and S-shaped (light) cold-bent steel sheet pile
The interlock of both L-shaped and S-shaped cold-bent steel sheet pile is located at one side of cold-bent steel
sheet pile wall. Compared with U-shaped and Z-shaped cold-bent steel sheet piles, L-shaped and S-shaped
light-duty cold-bent steel sheet piles feature light section, small space occupancy of piling wall, the same
orientation of interlocks and convenient construction etc. and are applicable to small-range excavation projects
such as municipal works.
Fig. 3.1.2-4 Schematic diagram of section of L-shaped and S-shaped (light) cold-bent steel sheet pile
3.2 Calculation of Water Level and External Force Applied on Sheet-pile Wall Structure
3.2.1 Calculation of Water Level
The calculated water levels for design of sheet-pile wall are divided into design high water level, design low water
level and extremely low water level; but under normal circumstances, only design low water level or extremely
low water level are used for calculation since the lower the water level is, the higher the active earth pressure and
surplus water pressure would be, and the more adverse effect would be on sheet pile wall.
In the design of sheet-pile wall as wave breaker, design high water level is the most unfavorable water level;
however, this is not unconditional since anchor rod position may largely affect internal force calculation of sheet
pile.
3.2.2 Surplus Water Pressure
(1) Hydrostatic pressure
When material that is more coarse than fine sand is back filled behind sheet pile wall and the sheet-pile wall is
furnished with tidal influx resisting drainage hole behind which an inverted filter layer is fabricated, surplus water
pressure could be left out of account; in case of backfilling of fine-grain material behind sheet-pile wall and the
lack of drainage holes, residual head could be 1/3~1/2 of mean tide range.
Surplus water pressure distribution pattern is as shown in Fig. 3.2.2-1.
Residual water
Calculated low level
Calculation
water bottom
Fig. 3.2.2-1 Surplus water pressure

(2) Hydrodynamic pressure at earthquake
① When part or the whole of inner space of structure and facility in water is filled with water, the hydrodynamic
pressure at earthquake is given by the following equation:
(3.2.2-1)
Where: means hydrodynamic pressure (kN/m2);

represents earthquake intensity;
means bulk density of water (kN/m3);

means water depth (m)
means vertical distance between water surface and hydrodynamic pressure calculation point (m)
② The resultant force of hydrodynamic pressure and the position of its application point are given by the
following equation:
(3.2.2-2)
Where: means resultant force of hydrodynamic pressure (kN/m);
means distance between water surface and hydrodynamic pressure concurrence point (m)
Hydrodynamic pressure generated by water in hollow space of cuboid is as shown in the figure below:
Earthquake motion direction
Fig. 3.2.2-2 Hydrodynamic pressure generated by water in hollow space of cuboid

In this figure, c means the correction coefficient. When L/H<1.5, c = L/(1.5H); when L/H≥1.5, c=1.0.
3.2.3 Wave Force
Waves that act on the straight-wall building as shown in Fig. 3.2.3-1 are divided into vertical wave, far broken
wave and near broken wave. The wave forms could be identified as per Table3.2.3-1.
Still water surface
Still water surface
(a) Structure with concealed foundation bed and straight wall (b) Structure with open foundation bed and straight wall
Fig. 3.2.3-1 Structure with straight wall
The occurrence of vertical wave at structure with straight wall shall meet the requirements of Table 3.2.3-1 and
meet the condition that "the line of wave crests is roughly parallel with structure, and the structure is longer than
the length of a wave. In addition, attentions shall be paid to the following points:
(1) In case of a large steepness ( ) of progressive wave, broken vertical wave may occur in front of
the wall;
(2) When the water depth d in front of structure with concealed foundation bed or low foundation bed and straight
wall is less than 2H and bottom slope i is more than 1/10, near broken wave may occur in front of the wall; in
such a case, model test shall be conducted to determine wave form and force;
(3) When open foundation bed is furnished with shoulder pad square of which the width is larger than wave height
H, the water depth d2 on foundation bed shall be replaced by that on square d1 so as to determine the wave form
and force.
Table 3.2.3-1 Wave form in front of structure with straight wall
Type of foundation bed Occurrence condition Wave form
T g d
8 ，d 
2H Far
broken
Concealed foundation bed
and low foundation bed T g d
8 ，d 
1.8H wave
d1 2 Vertical wave

 T g d
8 ，d 
2H ，i 
1 10
d 3
T g d
8 ，d 
1.8H ，i 
1 10
Medium foundation bed Near broken wave

1
 
d1 32 d d1 
1.8H
3 Vertical wave
d1 
1.8H
High foundation bed Vertical wave

d1 
1.5H
d1 1

 Near broken wave
d 3
d1 
1.5H
Note: means average wave period (s); H means the height (m) of progressive wave at which the
structure is located; L is wave length (m); means water depth(m) in front of structure; means
water depth(m) on foundation bed; i means the slope at water bottom in front of structure
3.2.3.1 Vertical wave
The acting force of vertical wave on structure with straight wall could be determined by the
following rules. In case of wave overtopping as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.1-1, the acting force of vertical
wave could still be calculated respectively according to different conditions of d/L, but the wave
force of the part over the top shall be deducted.
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.1-1 Vertical wave pressure distribution in case of wave overtopping

(1) When and , the acting force of vertical wave under the effect of
wave peak as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.1-2 is given by the following equation:
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.1-2 Vertical wave pressure distribution under effect of wave peak
① Elevation of wave surface is give by the following equations:
(3.2.3.1-1)
Where: is wave surface elevation (m);

and mean coefficient
is non-dimensional period (s).
② The pressure intensity of wave at wall surface above still water surface is given by the
following equation:
(3.2.3.1-2)
Where: means the position (m) of acting point of wave pressure above still water surface;
means the index of pressure distribution curve above still water surface, and its value
takes the larger one from the two numbers in equation;
means the wall surface wave pressure (kPa) corresponding to ;

means specific weight of water (kN/m3);
is the wave pressure (kPa) at still water surface.
③ and the wave pressures at other characteristic points on wall surface are given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-3)
Where: coefficients , and are determined as per Table 3.2.3.1-1. When calculation is conducted
according to Table 3.2.3.1-1, if > , it should assumed that .
Table 3.2.3.1-1 Coefficients , and

Formula A 1 、B 1 、a A 2 、B 2 、b 
、
、c
poc
d 0.02901 ‐0.00011 2.14082
Wave
peak pbc
A 
A 
AT 

0.14574 ‐0.02403 0.91976
d
pdc ‐0.18 ‐0.000153 2.54341
d
poc ‐1.20064 ‐0.6736
d 1.31427
B
pbc ‐3.07372 2.91585 0.11046
Wave 
B 
BT
peak d


pdc ‐0.03291 0.17453 0.65074
d
poc 0.03765 0.46443 2.91698
d
pbc
d 0.06220 1.32641 ‐2.97557
pdc 0.28649
d ‐3.86766 38.4195
④ The total horizontal wave force on wall body per unit length is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-4)
Where: means the total horizontal wave force on per unit length of wall body (kN/m)
⑤ Total horizontal wave moment on unit length of wall body is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-5)
Where: means total horizontal wave moment on per unit length of wall body (kN·m/m).
⑥ Wave lift at unit length of wall bottom face is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-6)
Where: means the wave lift at unit length of wall bottom;

is the bottom width (m) of straight wall.
(2) When
and , the acting force of vertical wave under the effect of
wave trough as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.1-3 is given by the equation below:
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.1-3 Vertical wave pressure distribution under the effect of wave trough
① Elevations of wave trough and surface are given by the formula below:
(3.2.3.1-7)
Where: is elevation (m) of wave trough and surface
Coefficients , and are determined based on values of as shown in Table

Table 3.2.3.1-2 Coefficients , and (under effect of wave trough)
Formula
Wave trough 0.0397 -0.00018 1.95
1.687 0.16894 -2.0195
-3.06115
Wave trough 0.98222 -0.2848
-2.19707 0.92802 0.2350
Wave trough 2.599 -0.8679 0.07092
20.1565
-1.9723 0.13329
② Wave pressure at each characteristic point on water surface is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-8)
Where : means the wave pressure (kPa) at each characteristic point on wall surface;
Coefficients , and are determined according to Table 3.2.3.1-2; when , it should be
assumed that .
③ Total horizontal wave force per unit length of wall body is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-9)
Where: is the total horizontal wav force per unit length of wall body (kN/m).
④ Downward wave force per unit length of wall bottom face is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-10)
Where: means the downward wave force per unit length of wall bottom face (kN/m)
(3) When , and , the wave force, wave moment, wave pressure
intensity and wave surface elevation etc. are given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-11)
Where: represents the value of wave force, wave moment, wave pressure intensity and wave surface
elevation;
means the value calculated according to (4) and (5) by assuming that and taking the actual
wave condition H/d;
and taking the actual
means the value calculated according to (1) and (2) by assuming that
wave condition H/d;
means the under actual condition of wave
(4) When and , the acting force of vertical wave under the effect of wave
peak as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.1-4 is given by the equation below:
Wave centerline
Still
water
surface
Fig. 3.2.3.1-4 Vertical wave pressure distribution under the effect of wave peak ( )
① The height of wave centerline above still water surface (i.e. over-height) is given by equation 3.2.3.1-12 and
could also be determined according to Fig. 3.2.3.1-5:
(3.2.3.1-12)
Where: means the height of wave centerline above still water surface (m).
Fig. 3.2.3.1-5 Value of height of wave above still water surface
② The wave pressure intensity at the point above still water surface is zero.
③Wave pressure intensity at water bottom is given by equation 3.2.3.1-13 and can also be determined according
to Fig. 3.2.3.1-6:
(2.2.1-13)
Where: means the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at water bottom;

means the specific weight of water (kN/m3)
Fig. 3.2.3.1-6 Wave pressure intensity at water bottom
④ Wave pressure intensity at still water surface is given by equation 3.2.3.1-14 and can also be determined
according to Fig. 3.2.3.1-7:
(3.2.3.1-14)
Where: represents the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at still water surface.
Fig. 3.2.3.1-7 Wave pressure intensity at still water surface

⑤ Wave pressure intensity at wall bottom is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-15)
Where: means the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at wall bottom

⑥ The wave pressure intensity is distributed in a linear manner below and above still water surface.
⑦ Total wave force per unit length of wall body is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-16)
Where: is the total wave force per unit length of wall body (kN/m)
⑧ Wave lift at wall bottom surface is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-17)
Where: means the wave lift at wall bottom surface (kN/m);

is wall bottom width (m).
(5) When
and , the acting force of vertical wave under the effect of wave
trough as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.1-8 is given by the equation below:
Fig. 3.2.3.1-8 Vertical wave pressure distribution under effect of wave trough
① Wave pressure intensity at water bottom is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-18)
Where: means wave pressure intensity at water bottom (kPa)

② Wave pressure intensity at still water surface is zero.
③ Wave pressure intensity at a depth of under still water surface is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-19)
Where: means the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at the depth of under still water surface.
④ Wave pressure intensity at wall bottom is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-20)
Where: is the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at wall bottom

⑤ Total wave force per unit length of wall body is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-21)
Where: means the total wave force (kN/m) per unit length of wall body.
⑥ Downward wave force per unit length of wall bottom surface is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-22)
Where: is the wave force (kN/m) per unit length of wall bottom surface.
(6) When and , the acting force of vertical wave under the effect of wave peak
as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.1-9 is given by the equation below:
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.1-9 Vertical wave pressure distribution under the effect of wave peak ( )
① Wave pressure intensity at the point above still water surface is zero.
② Wave pressure intensity at still water surface is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-23)
③ Wave pressure intensity is distributed in a linear manner above still water surface.
④ Wave pressure intensity at the depth of under still water surface is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-24)
Where: means the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at the depth of under still water surface;
means the depth (m) under still water surface.
⑤ Wave pressure intensity at water bottom is given by equation 3.2.3.1-13.
⑥ Wave pressure intensity at wall bottom is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.1-25)
⑦ Total wave force per unit length of wall body is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.1-26)
⑧ When drawing the diagram of wave pressure distribution at wall surface, pressure intensity values of at least
five points could be used, including the three points at which the pressure is 0, and ; in case of concealed
foundation bed, should be changed to .

⑨Wave lift at wall bottom surface is given by equation 3.2.3.1-17.
(7) Acting force of vertical wave under effect of wave peak is calculated through relevant equations as stated in (4)
and (5).
When , the wave pressure intensity at the depth of under still water surface could be taken
as zero; but should be taken in equation 3.2.3.1-24 under the effect of wave peak and equation 3.2.3.1-12
under the effect of wave trough.
3.2.3.2 Far broken wave
(1) Wave force under the effect of wave peak as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.2-1 could be given by the equation below:
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.2-1 Wave pressure distribution of far broken wave
① Wave pressure intensity at the point that is above still water surface is zero.
② Wave pressure intensity at still water surface is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.2-1)
Where: is a coefficient that is the function of underwater gradient

is a coefficient that is the function of
③ Coefficients and are used according to Tables 3.2.3.2-1 and 3.2.3.2-2 respectively.
Table 3.2.3.2-1 Coefficient
Bottom slope
1.89 1.54 1.40 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.25
Note: bottom slope may take the mean value within a certain range of distance in front of structure.
Table 3.2.3.2-2 Coefficient
④ Wave pressure intensity changes in a linear manner above still water surface.
⑤ Wave pressure intensity at the depth of under still water surface
(3.2.3.2-2)
⑥ Wave pressure intensity at water bottom is given by the equation below:
when ,
(3.2.3.2-3)
When
,
(3.2.3.2-4)
⑦ Wave lift at wall bottom surface is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.2-5)
Where: means the reduction coefficient of wave lift distribution diagram and takes 0.7
(2) Wave force under the effect of wave trough as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.2-2 is given by the following equation:
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.2-2 Wave pressure distribution under the effect of wave trough
① Wave pressure intensity at still water surface is zero.
② The wave pressure intensity from the depth to water bottom is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.2-6)
③ Downward wave force at wall bottom surface is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.2-7)
3.2.3.3 Near broken wave
When , the wave force of near broken wave on structure with straight wall as shown in Fig. 3.2.3.3
under the effect of wave peak could be determined according to the rules below.
Still water surface
Fig. 3.2.3.3 Wave pressure distribution of near broken wave
① Wave pressure intensity at the point that is above still water surface is zero, and is given by the
equation below:
(3.2.3.3-1)
② Wave pressure intensity at still water surface is given by the equation below:
When :
(3.2.3.3-2)
When
:
(3.2.3.3-3)
③ Wave pressure intensity at wall bottom is given by the equation below:
(3.2.3.3-4)
④ Total wave force per unit length of wall body is given by the following equation:
When :
(3.2.3.3-5)
When :
(3.2.3.3-6)
⑤ Wave lift at wall bottom surface is given by the following equation:
(3.2.3.3-7)
Where: is the reduction coefficient of wave lift distribution diagram and takes 0.7.
3.2.4 Earth Pressure
Earth pressure could be calculated according to earth pressure calculation charts of Coulomb, Rankine and
Terzaghi. At present, most of the design standards recommend Coulomb earth pressure calculation formula as
shown in Fig. 3.2.4-1:
Fig. 3.2.4-1 Earth pressure calculation chart
(1) Earth pressure in normal times
① Pressure of sandy soil
a Active earth pressure
Earth pressure intensity on wall surface is given by equation 3.2.4-1, and the angle between failure surface and
horizontal plane is calculated through equation 3.2.4-2.
(3.2.4-1)
(3.2.4-2)
Where:
b Passive earth pressure
(3.2.4-3)
(3.2.4-4)
Where:
is the active (passive) earth pressure intensity (kN/m2) on wall surface below layer;
is the internal friction angle of earth layer ;
is the bulk density (kN/m3) of earth layer ;

is the thickness of earth layer ;
is the active (passive) earth pressure coefficient of earth layer ;
is the angle between wall surface and vertical direction;

is the angle between ground surface and horizontal direction;
is the angle of wall friction;
is the angle between failure surface of earth layer and horizontal direction;
is upper load per unit area of ground surface (kN/m2).
② Earth pressure of clay
Earth pressure intensity on wall surface is given by equation 3.2.4-5, while the negative earth pressure obtained
through formula 3.2.4-5 is not taken into consideration.
(3.2.4-5)
Where: means cohesion.

Earth pressure intensity on wall surface is given by equation 3.2.4-6.
(3.2.4-6)
(2) Earth pressure at earthquake
① Pressure of sandy soil
Earth pressure intensity on wall surface is given by equation 3.2.4-7, while the angle between failure surface and
horizontal plane is given by equation 3.2.4-8.
(3.2.4-7)
(3.2.4-8)
Where:
(3.2.4-9)
(3.2.4-10)
Where:
is seismic combined angle, or
means earthquake intensity
is apparent earthquake intensity;
The meanings of other symbols are the same with that in section 3.2.4(1)
② Earth pressure of clay
Active earth pressure intensity at earthquake is give by equation 3.2.4-11, and the angle between failure surface
and horizontal plane is calculated through formula 3.2.4-12.
(3.2.4-11)
(3.2.4-12)
Where: means the bulk density of earth (kN/m3);
is earth layer thickness (m);
is Upper load (kN/m2) of per unit area
is cohesion (kN/m2)
is seismic combined angle, or

means earthquake intensity;
is apparent earthquake intensity;
means the angle between failure surface and horizontal direction

For the section under seabed, the earthquake intensity 10m under seabed shall be taken as zero when calculating
earth pressure intensity; if the earth pressure intensity 10m below seabed is smaller than at seabed, the value at
seabed shall be used.
Since there are too many unclear points regarding calculation of passive earth pressure of clay at earthquake, for
the sake of simplicity, equation 3.2.4-6 is recommend.
(3) Specific weight , internal friction angle and cohesion
, and could be determined according to bore plug test data, and the indicators of non-cohesive filler
could be used as per Table 3.2.4:
Table 3.2.4 Standard values of specific weight of filler and internal friction angle
填料名称重度γ （3/mkN）
摩擦角Ԅ （°）
Above water (moist Under water (float Above water Under water
specific weight) specific weight)
Find sand 18.0 9.0 30 28
Medium sand 18.0 9.5 32 32
Coarse sand 18.0 9.5 35 35
Grit 18.5 10.0 36 36
Gravel 17.0 11.0 38~40 38~40
Coal cinder 10.0~12.0 4.0~5.0 35~39 35~39
Block stone l 7.0~18.0 10.0~11.0 45 45
Note: values regarding sandy soil in table are applicable when the content of fine particles with a size d<0 does
not exceed 10%.
When calculating earth pressure, the specific weight of earth and filler could be used according to the following
rules:
① In case of cohesive soil, float specific weight should be used below residual water level; Saturated unit weight
should be used between residual water level and design high water level; natural specific weight shall be used
above design high water level;
② In case of non-cohesive soil, float specific weight should be used below residual water level, and natural
specific weight should be used above residual water level.
(4) Consideration of over-depth excavation at front edge of wall
Effect of over-depth excavation of at front edge of wall shall be taken into consideration in calculation of sheet
pile wall; extra depth of excavation in front of wharf is normally 0.3~0.5m. In case of cohesive soil, the disturbing
effect of dredging shall be taken into account: cohesion of soil at mud surface takes 0; full value of is taken
more than 1m under mud surface; linear transition shall be performed between 0 and 1m.
(5) Apparent earthquake intensity
Layer 1
Layer i
Residual water level RWY
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Soil layer at which earth pressure is calculated
Fig. 3.2.4-2 Calculation diagram of apparent earthquake intensity

As shown above, the apparent earthquake intensity obtained using equation 3.2.4-13 for earth pressure underwater
at earthquake.
(3.2.4-13)
Where: is apparent earthquake intensity;
means the bulk density of earth (kN/m3) at residual water level;
is the soil layer thickness above residual water level (m);

is the bulk density (kN/m3) of saturated soil in air;
means the thickness (m) of layer above the layer at which earth pressure is calculated and below
residual water level;
means the upper load (kN/m2) per unit area of ground surface;
means the thickness of soil layer (m) for earth pressure calculation below residual water level;
is earthquake intensity.
3.2.5 Upper Load
When designing cold-bent steel sheet pile, the upper load such as dead weight and charged load shall be taken into
account as required as shown in the table below.
Table 3.2.5 Upper load
Upper Dead Load of structure itself
load weight
Charged Heaped Load of sundry goods and bulk goods stacked on protecting sheet and in temporary
load load warehouse and store; Snow cover on protecting sheet in snow-capped regions is taken as
heaped load.
Movable load Vehicle, train, handling machinery and other movable loads.
In case of relative complicated earth pile-up at back side, simple methods could be used to convert the earth into
upper load as shown in the figure below.
Failure angle
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.2.5 Mound with special section shape
For the calculation of earth pressure at the section as shown in Fig. 3.2.5a, the earth load (the part marked with
oblique lines) above failure angle could be approximately taken as uniformly distributed load ( ) when ,
and as inclined earth pressure at bevel anglewhen .
Figure 3.2.5b employs the same method as Figure 3.2.5a: the earth load of the part marked with oblique lines is
converted into , and the ground surface is taken as assumed plane.
(3.2.5)
Where: is the weight of earth marked with oblique lines

3.3 Design Calculation of Sheet-pile Wall
3.3.1 Checking Calculation of Stability of Sheet-pile Wall "Skirting"
The minimum buried depth of sheet-pile wall in earth shall meet the requirements of "skirting" stability checking
calculation; in other words, the kick-out force moment of standard value of active earth pressure (including wave
force and surplus water pressure) against anchor point and the kicking resistance force moment of passive earth
pressure standard value against anchor point shall meet the following formula:
(3.3.1)
Where: means the anti-kick stabilizing moment (kN·m) of passive earth pressure standard value against
anchor point;
means the kicking moment (kN·m) of active earth pressure standard value against anchor point;
is structural coefficient that should take values depending on foundation earth quality. When angle of
internal friction ≤17°, =1.0; when ≥17°, =1.15;
is partial safety factor for action of earth pressure and =1.35.

3.3.2 Operating Status and Calculation Method of Steel-pile Wall
(1) Design calculation of sheet-pile wall is performed by different methods depending on operating status:
① Operating status of cantilever: in case of piling wall without anchor plate, the embedded part at lower section
of sheet pile is completely built in.
② Operating status of free support and simply-supported beam: the lower end of single-anchor sheet-pile wall is
in a "free support" operation status; it is similar to the condition in which sheet-pile wall is the free support beam
(simply-supported beam) in vertical direction, the upper pivot is anchor point, and the lower pivot could be either
calculated water bottom or the point of concurrence of passive earth pressure. This applies to the condition under
which the earth in front of sheet-pile wall is relatively hard and the rigidity of sheet-pile wall is relatively high
(rigidity per linear meter n>0.06).
③ Flexible building-in status means that the lower part of single-anchor or double-anchor sheet-pile wall is
completely flexibly built into the earth, and is normally applicable for flexible sheet-pile wall (cold-bent steel
sheet pile and timber sheet pile) or reinforced concrete sheet pile wall of which the rigidity per linear meter n
≤0.06.
④ An operation state between② and③.
(2) The calculation methods based on different operating status of sheet-pile wall are as follows:
① Operating status of cantilever: to be calculated according to cantilever by analytical method, graphical method
or graphic analytic method.
② Free support status: to be calculated according to free support beam and imaginary beam by analytical method,
graphical method or graphic analytic method; sheet-pile wall could also be directly taken as vertical beam on
elastic foundation for calculation by vertical beam on elastic foundation method.
③ Flexible building-in status: according to the fact that the lower part or the whole of single-anchor or
double-anchor sheet pile wall of which the bearing point is subjected to no displacement is flexibly built in the
earth, the calculation could be performed by elastic line method (graphic analytic method) or vertical beam on
elastic foundation method.
(3) Sheet-pile wall calculation method and graphic formula:
Pull rod
Residual water
Calculated
Pull rod
Residual water
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Deformation
Fig. 3.3.2-1 Calculation chart for elastic line method Fig. 3.3.2-2 Calculation chart for vertical beam on
elastic foundation
Pull rod
Residual water Residual water
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Fig. Calculation chart for free support method Fig. 3.3.2-4 Calculation chart for piling wall without anchor plate
① The graphic formula of elastic line method is as shown in Fig. 3.3.2-1. The calculation is made based on
the assumption that both the displacement of tie back anchor and the linear deflection of sheet-pile wall at bottom
is zero. Considering the fact that the earth pressure re-distribution behind the wall and the pull rod anchor
point displacement may result in the reduction of mid-span bending moment of sheet-pile wall, the calculated
maximum mid-span bending moment shall be multiplied by reduction coefficient that should take 0.7~0.8. If
the buried depth of sheet-pile wall obtained by this method is less than that given by equation 3.3.1, the latter shall
be taken as the buried depth of sheet-pile wall.
② When calculation is made by vertical "beam on elastic foundation" method, the buried depth of sheet-pile wall
shall be determined through equation 3.3.1.The internal force and deflection of sheet-pile wall could be
determined by trussing finite-element method of which the calculation graphic formula is shown in Fig.
3.3.2-2.The part that occurs due to overload (ground load plus earth gravity) above calculated water bottom had
better be considered for calculation of active earth pressure behind the wall of buried section.
This method may take into account the displacement of pull rod anchor point, which is composed of pull rod
deformation under force and the displacement of anchor structure.
When pull rod anchor point displacement is taken into consideration, the calculated bending moment is not
reduced; if pull rod anchor point displacement is left out of account, the calculated bending moment shall be
reduced according to above-noted rules.
Internal force and deflection of sheet-pile wall could be determined by trussing finite-element method when
"beam on elastic foundation" method is used for calculation. Elastic coefficient of elastic rod is determined by
multiplying the reaction coefficient of horizontal foundation by spacing. Reaction coefficient of horizontal
foundation could be calculated by method or other methods depending on property of underlying soil and
design experience. The reaction coefficient of horizontal foundation is given by the following equation if
method is used:
(3.3.2)
Where: means the reaction coefficient (kN/m3) of horizontal foundation;

is the proportionality coefficient (kN/m4) of reaction coefficient of horizontal foundation along with the
increase in depth as shown in Table 3.3.2;
means the distance (m) between calculated point and calculated water bottom.
Table 3.3.2 Proportionality coefficient
Soil property of foundation
Values (kN／m4)
Clay soil and silt with IL≥1 1000~2000
Clay soil and silty sand (1＞IL≥0.5) 2000~4000
Clay oil and medium & fine sand (0.5>IL≥0) 4000~6000
Clay soil and coarse sand (IL<0) 6000~10000
Gravel, gravelly sand, broken stone and pebble 10000~20000
Note: when horizontal displacement of sheet-pile wall at calculated water bottom is more than 10mm, the
relatively small values shall be taken from table.
③ In case free support method is used for calculation, the buried depth of sheet-pile wall shall be given by
equation 3.3.1. Calculation graphic formula of internal force of sheet-pile wall is shown in Fig. 3.3.2-3. Assuming
that ultimate passive earth pressure occurs in front of sheet-pile wall within the range of minimum buried depth
(tmin), tmin shall be obtained through equilibrium of force and moment. B ending moment of sheet-pile wall
calculated based on this graphic formula is not to be reduced.
④ Calculation of sheet-pile wall without anchor: Buried depth of sheet-pile wall without anchor could be
determined through equation 3.3.1.The displacement of its buried section and at calculated bottom could be
calculated by "vertical beam on elastic foundation" method according to Fig. 3.3.2-4, and the calculated bending
moment does not have to be reduced.
Calculation of sheet-pile wall could be performed using analytical method or graphic analytic method. Analytic
method is short-cut and rational only under the simplest circumstances when the foundation and earth fill behind
the wall has homogeneous property while the fill ground bears no load or the load is evenly distributed along the
ground; otherwise, the calculation using analytic method would be extremely complicated; therefore,
graphic-analytic calculation method is usually used; in other words, elastic line method is relatively convenient.
To achieve more accurate calculation results, earth pressure graphics had better be divided into concentrated
forces with a height of 0.5~1.0m.To facilitate the graph plotting, the poles of force polygon had better be located
on perpendicular line of starting point of horizontal pressure; if this is the case, the closed line of funicular
polygon would also be perpendicular.
Finally, the closed line shall intersect with funicular curve on boundary of passive earth pressure graphics by
cut-and-trial method. If closed line does not intersect with funicular curve, it may be because the buried depth of
sheet-pile wall is not large enough; in such a case, pilot calculation shall be conducted after the buried depth of
sheet pile is extended. If the intersection point between closed line and funicular curve is higher than the level of
bottom boundary of passive earth pressure, it may be because the buried depth of sheet-pile wall is excessively
large; in such a case, the depth shall be reduced
3.3.3 Buried Depth of Sheet-pile Wall
The minimum buried depth of sheet-pile wall:

(3.3.3-1)
Where: is the calculated buried depth of sheet-pile wall, and when graphic-analytic method is used for
calculation, it means the buried depth of sheet pile in the case of coincidence of closed line and funicular curve at
lower boundary of graphics of passive earth pressure; its value is obtained by successive approximation method;
(3.3.3-2)
Where: means the passive earth pressure at the depth of t0 behind the wall;
means the active earth pressure at the depth of t0 in front of the wall;
is measured in force polygon diagram and means the reverse passive earth resistance behind sheet-pile
wall at lower boundary of passive earth pressure graphics.
3.3.4 Maximum Bending Moment and Bending Moment Reduction Coefficient of Sheet-pile Wall
Calculation for sheet-pile wall is performed using traditional earth pressure distribution method without
considering displacement of anchor point or re-distribution of earth pressure caused by contortion of sheet-pile
wall; the calculated maximum bending moment value of sheet pile could be reduced by 1/3 or multiplied by a
reduction coefficient of 0.7~0.8, and the result may be taken as standard value of bending moment of sheet pile.
However, no reduction is allowed under the following circumstances:
(1) Sheet-pile wall is furnished with no pull rod; or the weak anchorage of pull rod may result in displacement
while pile toe is built in earth; in such a state of affairs, no re-distribution of earth pressure will occur;
(2) Behind the wall is unconsolidated clay soil;
(3) The earth behind wall does not reach the elevation of anchoring pull rod;
(4) The earth behind the wall from harbor basin to anchorage system is backfilled earth;
(5) Reinforced concrete sheet pile wall with relatively high rigidity
The so-called reinforced concrete sheet pile wall with relatively high rigidity should have a rigidity per linear
meter n>0.06; in such a case, sheet-pile wall shall be taken as free end bearing beam for calculation, and the
obtained sheet pile bending moment shall not be reduced. If n≤0.06, it is suggested sheet-pile wall should be
regarded as flexible wall and deemed to have been built or semi-built in earth.
Rigidity per linear meter is given by the following equation:
(3.3.4)
Where: is the buried depth (m) of sheet-pile wall;
means the rigidity per linear meter of rectangular reinforced concrete sheet pile or reinforced concrete
sheet pile that is equivalent thereto;
means the converted height (m) of rectangular wall section;
is the inertia moment of reinforced concrete wall member (m4);
means the dimension (m) of wall member in direction of leading edge line;
means the design gap (m) between wall members.
In case of reinforced concrete pipe pile, the dimension is outside diameter ; in case of reinforced concrete
trapezoidal sheet pile, is equal to the width of wing edge.

Both cold-bent steel sheet pile wall and timber sheet pile wall is looked upon as flexible wall.
3.3.5 Checking Calculation of Strength of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile
Cold-bent steel sheet pile could be plate shaped, basin shaped (Larsen shaped), Z shaped, I shaped, box shaped, of
combined shape, composite shape or grid shaped depending on the requirement for calculated bending moment of
sheet-pile wall. Strength per unit width of cold-bent steel sheet pile must meet the following equation:
(3.3.5-1)
Where: means the axial force ( ) per meter produced by standard effect value;
is the maximum bending moment ( ) of per meter of sheet-pile wall produced by standard
effect value;
means the cross-sectional area (m2) of cold-bent steel sheet pile;
is the elastic section modulus (m3) of cold-bent steel sheet pile;
means the designed strength value (MPa) of steel and should be used according to China national
standard "Code for design of steel structures" (GBJ 50017-2003);
is a comprehensive breakdown coefficient that takes 1.35.

Special anti-rust measures need not be taken for cold-bent steel sheet piles in fresh water since the corrosion rate
of cold-bent steel sheet pile is extremely low under mud level and at the side behind the wall and could be
negligible. The surface of section above mud level in water is distributed uniformly and is subject to extremely
weak corrosion.
Cold-bent steel sheet pile may suffer from serious corrosion in corrosive water and sea water, especially the areas
in sea water with a lot of halobiotic shellfishes; however, the corrosion rate of sheet pile at shore side is extremely
low, and the corrosion of the section under mud level could be negligible.
When rust resisting paint is applied, the starting time of corrosion may be put off by 5-10 years, and the degree of
corrosion could be reduced. However, high cost is required since sandblast cleaning must be performed before the
application of rust resisting paint. Therefore, sheet piling section with increased thickness is used under normal
circumstances. Corrosion underwater could be prevented through catodic protection by means of impressed
current or through sacrificial anode.
In case of harbor wharf, the elevation of parapet bottom surface could be properly reduced so as to minimize the
corrosion surface of cold-bent steel sheet pile.
3.3.6 Calculation about Anchoring Pull Rod
Pulling force of anchoring pull rod is obtained through calculation about sheet-pile wall while taking into account
uneven stress on anchoring pull rod; the pulling force is given by the following equation:
(3.3.6-1)
Where: is the standard value of pulling force (kN) of pull rod;
means the stress nonuniformity coefficient of pull rod; in case of pre-tension, =1.35;
is the standard value of pulling force of pull rod on per linear meter of sheet-pile wall (kN/m);
means distance between pull rods (m);
is the angle (°) between pull rod axis and horizontal plane.
Steel pull rod could be designed as center tension member, and the pull rod diameter could be calculated
according to the following equation:
(3.3.6-2)
Where: means the diameter of pull rod (mm);
is the standard value of pulling force of pull rod (kN);

means the breakdown coefficient of pulling force of pull rod and takes 1.35;
is the designed value of steel strength (MPa);
is the corrosion allowance (mm) and could take 2~3mm.

Hinged pivots for anchoring pull rod shall be set at both sheet-pile wall and anchoring board, and hinge pivot
connecting plates shall be embedded on both launching nose of sheet-pile wall and the anchoring board.
The length of each segment of anchoring pull rod shall not exceed 10m; pull rod with a total length of more than
10m shall be divided into sections, and adjacent sections shall be hinged together. At the mid-section of pull rod
should be fine-adjusting screw cap (rigging screw) for adjusting the tightness of pull rod. In case the anchoring
pull rod may subside, supporting paxilla shall be inserted at the bottom of pull rod.
Anchoring pull rod and all its exposed ironworks such as hinge point and connecting plate etc. should be coated
with asphalt or provided with other corrosion prevention measures, and the hinge joints shall be applied with
lubricating butter.
3.3.7 Calculation about Nose Girder, Parapet and Capping Beam of Sheet-pile Wall
Nose girder at the top of sheet pile could be calculated as continuous 5-span girder with rigid support, and the
support reaction is the pulling force of anchoring pull rod. The maximum bending moment of nose girder and at
the suspended arm section of nose girder produced by standard value of pulling force of pull rod is given by the
following equation:
(3.3.7)
Where: is the maximum bending moment (kN·m) of nose girder produced by standard value of pulling
force of pull rod;
is the standard value of pulling force of pull rod on per linear meter of sheet-pile wall (kN/m);
is the maximum bending moment (kN·m) of suspended arm section of nose girder produced by
standard value of pulling force of pull rod;
is the length (m) of suspended arm section of nose girder.

An outreaching hinge point shall be furnished at rear edge (shore side) of reinforced concrete nose girder, and the
node connection plate shall be embedded inside the girder.
Steel nose girder had better be produced with double-steel channel into para-abdomen shape, and the channel steel
had better be placed at shore side of sheet-pile wall; the rear edge of nose girder shall also be provided with a
hinge point; the screw cap and setting plate of anchoring pull rod shall be placed outside sheet-pile wall but shall
in no case stretch out of bulkhead line since this may hinder the berthing of vessel. In case of basin-shaped or
Z-shaped sheet pile, the placement in recess part of sheet-pile wall is appropriate.
Reinforced concrete parapet is usually built so as to prevent the corrosion of cold-bent steel sheet pile in sea water,
and the elevation of its bottom surface is lowered to neighborhood of low water level. In the case of simplex pull
rod, parapet could be designed as vertical cantilever beam; when the pull rod is taken as fixed end, the primary
load would be the active earth pressure behind the wall. In case pull rod is provided behind the top capping beam
of parapet, the parapet shall be designed as simply-supported beam with the upper and lower pull rods as pivots;
in such a case, the fixed end at pull rod at the top of sheet pile shall be calculated. To ensure the continuity and
integrity of sheet-pile wall and bear the support bending moment of parapet at nose girder, sufficient joint strength
shall be provided between cold-bent steel sheet pile or reinforced concrete sheet pile and reinforced concrete
parapet. For the purpose of boat moorage, parapet shall be furnished with one or two rows of makefast mooring
rings.
Reinforced concrete capping beam usually has adequate rigidity; if necessary, structural pull rod could be
mounted so as to straighten up the bulkhead line. When required, one bollard shall be provided at the interval of
15~25m.The section of capping beam at which bollard is provided shall be sectionally enlarged, and the bollard
pull rod and anchoring board shall be set separately in a splayed manner. Wheel apron devices above ground level
that protect people and vehicles against running-out shall be provided at front edge of capping beam and shall in
no case hinder the mooring of vessels.
Capping beam, parapet and nose girder shall be provided with berthing fender log for berthing cushion and
provided with corresponding bolts that should be convenient for replacement; exposed part of ironworks shall be
plated or coated with rust-proof layer.
3.4 Design Calculation of Anchoring Structure
3.4.1 The Most Rational Distance between Anchoring Wall (Board) and Sheet-pile Wall
The most rational distance (i.e. the minimum distance) between anchoring wall (board) and sheet-pile wall shall
ensure that the earth slip surface in front of wall (board) that passes through the bottom side of anchoring wall
(board) and the earth slip surface behind sheet-pile wall that passes through the maximum bending moment point
in earth of sheet-pile wall squarely intersect at the ground. It is not necessary to further increase the distance
between anchoring wall (board) and sheet-pile wall since this would not bring about the increase in passive earth
pressure, but extend the length of anchor rod to no purpose (Fig. 3.4.1).
Fig. 3.4.1 Graphic formula for calculation of minimum distance between anchoring wall (board) and sheet pile
When filled up ground is level and the soil texture is uniform, the minimum distance could be calculated
according to the following equation:
(3.4.1-1)
Where: is the minimum distance (m) between anchoring wall (board) and sheet-pile wall;
is the buried depth of bottom of anchoring wall (board);
and are respectively the internal friction angle (°) of earth mass behind sheet-pile wall and in front
of anchoring wall (board);
means the height of pyramid height at active fracture plane and takes the distance (m) between
maximum hogging moment point and wharf surface when elastic line method is used.
If the distance between anchoring wall (board) and sheet-pile wall is less than above-noted minimum distance
for special reasons (in other words, the intersection point between passive fracture plane in front of anchoring wall
(board) and the active fracture plane behind sheet-pile wall is under ground level), the passive earth pressure shall
be reduced for checking calculation of shallow slide stability of anchoring wall (board), and the reduction value is
given by the following equation:
(3.4.1-2)
Where: means the horizontal component increment (kN) of standard value of passive earth pressure;
is the distance from the intersection point between active fracture plane of earth mass behind sheet-pile
wall and the active fracture plane of earth mass in front of anchoring wall (board) to the ground;
is earth weight density (kN/m3) within the range of
is the coefficient of passive earth pressure

3.4.2 Checking Calculation of Stability of Anchor
Checking calculation of stability of anchor includes:
(1) Checking of shallow sliding stability of anchoring wall (board);
(2) Checking of stability of anchoring wall (board) sliding along bottom surface of riprap pyramid;
(3) Checking of deep sliding stability of anchor (up-surge stability, stability of down-slide moving surface)
Above-noted checking calculations could be performed as per relevant norms.
Other matters needing attention:
(1) Position of anchor rod on anchoring wall (board): when anchoring wall (board) is freely supported on
foundation, i.e. when the lower end of anchoring wall (board) is not built in foundation, anchor rod is preferably
place at the middle of wall (board).
(2) If the cohesive strength of clay soil is taken into account in design calculation, the following requirements
must be satisfied:
① Foundation soil must be undisturbed soil;
② Foundation must be under a constant cloak;
③ Soil must be kept in a saturated state constantly;
④ The soil has no thixotropic property
3.4.3 Calculation of Anchoring Structure Strength
When either cold-bent steel sheet pile and steel pile or reinforced concrete wall (board) and pile is used as
anchoring structure, the strength calculation is the same with that of sheet-pile wall. In other words, in case of
cold-bent steel sheet pile, the value obtained by multiplying calculated standard load value by comprehensive
partial load factor shall be less than or equal to the design value specified in the Code. In case of reinforced
concrete member, the comprehensive partial load factor for checking calculation of strength shall take 1.40; for
cracking calculation and crack width calculation, comprehensive partial load factor shall take 0.85.
Anchoring wall usually employs a continuous structure. The calculation could be made by the method as used for
continuous beam with multi-span rigid support by taking anchor rod pull force RA as support reaction; continuous
beam could be arranged at the middle (vertical) of wall. RA here should be obtained by multiplying standard value
of load by non-uniformity coefficient = 1.35 of pull force of pull rod, i.e. RA= RA=1.35RA.Calculation about
anchoring wall face could be made according to cantilever plates at both ends.
If anchoring board is in continuous form, the calculation would be the same with that of wall. If several pull rods
share one board, the calculation about beam shall be made as continuous beam with multi-span rigid support, and
the board surface shall be calculated according to cantilever plates at both ends. When one pull rod corresponds to
one board, if nose girder is provided, the calculation of both girder and board shall be made as cantilever plate; in
case there is no beam, checking calculation of punching shall be made besides the calculation made based on
cantilever plate, and the accessories of pull rod hole shall be provided with strengthening rib.
Horizontal shift of anchoring wall or board could be implemented according to relevant specifications.
The calculation of length and internal force of anchored single pile and sheet pile could be made by the method as
employed in calculation about sheet-pile wall without anchor under the effect of centralized horizontal force Ra.
When calculating internal force of anchored raking pile, it could be assumed both ends of pile are hinged, and the
effect of surrounding soil mass on pile is not taken into consideration. Anchored raking pile shall be designed
based on strength while its axial bearing capacity shall be calculated according to specification. Anchored raking
pile must be located outside active fracture plane of soil mass behind sheet-pile wall, and the distance between
pressure pile toe and sheet-pile wall shall not be less than 1.0m.
3.5 Checking Calculation of Overall Sliding Ability of Sheet-pile Wall

The checking calculation of overall sliding stability of sheet-pile wall could be made by the method for circular
sliding surface.
The position of circular sliding surface could be selected using special points such as sheet pile toe etc.
If circular sliding surface passes through the area in front of anchoring wall (board), the effect of pull force of pull
rod on stability could not be calculated.
If there is difficult ground or silt inter-layer that is not completely removed in the vicinity of areas above or below
pile toe, it is necessary to check the condition of circular sliding surface or special sliding surface; in such a case,
the sliding surface need to pass through difficult ground or silt inter-layer, but the beneficial effect of cutting-off
force of sheet pile shall not be calculated.
For checking calculation of circular sliding surface, it is necessary to calculate the minimum resisting force partial
factor in circular sliding surface of sheet pile toe, and its value shall be greater than or equal to specified value, i.e.
Where: is the standard value (kN·m/m) of sliding moment acting on dangerous sliding surface;
means the standard value (kN·m/m) of anti-slide moment acting on dangerous sliding surface;
means the resisting force partial factor; shearing strength of earth normally employs consolidated
quick shearing index, and the corresponding resisting force partial factor =1.2~1.4.
3.6 Structural Configuration and Computational Example of Sheet-pile Wall
3.6.1 Stand-alone Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile Wall
Stand-alone cold-bent steel sheet pile wall is a structure that supports earth pressure, water pressure and other
loads through the flexural rigidity of cold-bent steel sheet pile and the lateral resistance at pile penetration depth.
Compared with anchor-type cold-bent steel sheet pile wall, stand-alone cold-bent steel sheet pile wall features
simple construction, short construction period and the availability of construction in narrow area behind wall;
therefore, stand-alone cold-bent steel sheet pile wall has been widely used for river revetment and agricultural
water ditch revetment etc.
A computational example is used to clarify the method for calculation about stand-alone cold-bent steel sheet pile
wall:
Sandy
soil
Heavy-duty corrosion
protection layer
Sandy soil
Sandy soil
Fig. 3.6.1-1 Computational example for calculation about stand-alone cold-bent pile wall
(1) Design conditions
As shown above:
① Elevation
Crest height: C.H.=+2.00m
Design water depth: D.L.=-1.00m
Residual water level: R.W.L.= +0.50m
Low water level: L.W.L.= +0.00m
② Design earthquake intensity
Design earthquake intensity

③ Topside load
(normal times), (earthquake)

④ Soil conditions
Back soil: internal friction angle ; bulk density , (in water)
⑤ Bulk density of sea water

⑥ Wall friction angle
Active ; passive
⑦ Admissible displacement
Crest 5cm in normal times, 10cm in case of earthquake
(2) Earth pressure intensity and residual water pressure intensity
Soil layer division is as shown in the figure below; earth pressure intensity and residual water pressure intensity at
each soil layer boundary as shown in the figure is calculated.
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4
Fig. 3.6.1-2 Soil layer division

Table 3.6.1-1 Earth pressure intensity and residual water pressure intensity at active side in normal times
Layer Position Load Earth pressure Earth pressure Residual water
No. (m) coefficient intensity pressure
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
Layer 1 +2.00 10.0 0.291 2.91 0.00
+0.50 37.0 10.77 0.00

Layer 2 +0.50 37.0 0.291 10.77 0.00
±0.00 42.0 12.22 5.05
Layer 3 42.0 0.291 12.22 5.05
±0.00
-1.00 52.0 15.13 5.05
52.0 0.291 15.13 5.05
Layer 4 -1.00
-20.00 242.0 70.42 5.05
Table 3.6.1-2 Earth pressure intensity at passive side in normal times

Layer No. Position Earth pressure coefficient Earth pressure intensity
Load
(m)
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
Layer 4 -1.00 0.0 4.807 0.00
-20.00 19.0 913.33
Table 3.6.1-3 Earth pressure intensity and residual water pressure intensity at active side in case of earthquake
Layer Position Seismic Earth pressure Earth pressure Residual water
Load
No. (m) intensity coefficient intensity pressure
intensity
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
Layer +2.00 0.15 5.0 0.393 1.97 0.00
1
+0.50 32.0 12.58 0.00
0.18 32.0 0.417 13.34 0.00
Layer +0.50
2
15.43 5.05
±0.00 37.0
0.18 37.0 0.417 15.43 5.05
Layer ±0.00
3
19.60 5.05
-1.00 47.0
0.27 47.0 0.504 23.69 5.05
Layer -1.00
4
119.45 5.05
-20.00 237.0
Table 3.6.1-4 Earth pressure intensity at passive side in case of earthquake

Layer No. Position Seismic intensity Load Earth pressure coefficient Earth pressure intensity
(m)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
0.00
Layer 4 -1.00 0.30 3.545 0.00
-20.00 190.0 673.55
(3) Depth of assumed foundation plane

It is assumed that the foundation plane is located at the point where the sum of active earth pressure and residual
water pressure is equal to passive earth pressure. The relationship between each layer and (active earth pressure +
residual water pressure-passive earth pressure) is as shown in Table 3.6.1-5.
Table 3.6.1-5 Intensity in horizontal direction
Layer No. Position In normal times Earthquake
(m)
Active Residual Passive Active earth pressure Flowing Residual Passive

earth water earth water water earth
pressure pressure pressure pressure pressure pressure
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Layer 1 +2.00 2.91 - - 2.91 1.97 - - - 1.97
+0.50 10.77 - - 10.77 12.58 - - - 12.58

Layer 2 +0.50 - 10.77 - 13.34
10.77 0.00 13.34 - 0.00
±0.00 12.22 5.05 - 17.27 15.43 - 5.05 - 20.48
Layer 3 ±0.00 12.22 - 17.27 5.05 - 20.48
5.05 15.43 0.00
-1.00 15.13 5.05 - 20.18 19.60 1.33 5.05 - 25.97
-1.00 15.13 0.00 20.18 5.05 28.74
Layer 4 5.05 23.69 - 0.00
20.00 70.42 5.05 913.33 -837.86 119.45 - 5.05 637.550 -549.05
It is observed from the table that is in layer 4 both in normal times and in case of earth. If it is assumed that the
position of foundation plane is x, the calculation based on proportional distribution showed that
in normal times, and in case of earthquake.
(4) Above-ground load
Partition calculation is made under the assumption that the load of earth pressure and residual water pressure
above foundation plane is as shown in the figure below.
Assumed foundation plane
Fig. 3.6.1-2 Load diagram

Table 3.6.1-6 Horizontal force and bending moment
j Normal times Earth
Horizontal force Sj Distance lj Bending Horizontal force Distance Bending

(kN/m) (m) moment Sj lj moment
M= Sj·lj (kN/m) (m) M= Sj·lj
(kN/m/m) (kN/m/m)
1 2.18 2.95 6.43 1.47 3.45 5.08
2 8.08 2.45 19.76 9.43 2.95 27.78
3 2.69 1.78 4.79 3.34 2.28 7.60
4 4.32 1.61 6.97 5.12 2.11 10.81
5 8.64 1.11 9.62 10.24 1.61 16.50
6 10.09 0.78 7.87 12.99 1.28 16.60
7 4.51 0.30 1.34 13.58 0.63 8.55
Total Ho=40.50 - M0=56.78 Ho =56.17 - M0=92.93
The obtained height of resultant action point is ho:
in normal times; at earthquake

(5) Deformation coefficient
The table sets forth the deformation coefficient of crest displacement when above-ground part is designed as
cantilever beam.
Table 3.6.1-7 Deformation coefficient
j Normal times Earthquake
1 0.855 0.261 0.570 0.873 0.270 0.398
2 0.710 0.192 1.553 0.747 0.209 1.974
3 0.516 0.110 0.297 0.578 0.135 0.449
4 0.468 0.092 0.399 0.535 0.118 0.603
5 0.323 0.047 0.402 0.409 0.072 0.738
6 0.226 0.024 0.239 0.324 0.047 0.608
7 0.086 0.004 0.016 0.160 0.012 0.164
Total - - 3.478 - - 4.935
(6) Design of cold-bent steel sheet pile wall

Design is made under the assumption that cold-bent steel sheet pile model GPU11a is used.
① Displacement when it is designed as cantilever beam
In normal times:
At earthquake:
② Design of buried part
It is assumed that the N-value distribution of seabed foundation is calculated based on Figure 3.6.1-3.
N value
Fig. 3.6.1-3 N value distribution of seabed foundation
It is observed from Fig. 3.6.1-3 that the increasing rate of N is , so ks=2.5×103 kN/m3.5. Hence the
results as shown in Table 3.6.1-8 are achieved by comparing each element of standard pile with each element of
cold-bent steel sheet pile wall based on the assumption that B=1m.
Table 3.6.1-8 Comparison between elements of standard pile and cold-bent steel sheet pile wall
Items Standard pile Cold-bent steel Ratio between
sheet pile wall elements
logR
墙：wall
Acting height Normal times (h) (h) 1.40 0.147

s=1.00m p=1.40m
Earthquake (h) s=1.00m (h) p=l.65m 1.65 0.217
Rigidity (EI) s=1.00kN·m2 (EI) p=41000kN·m2 4.10 0.613
Lateral resistance (Bks) (Bks) p=2500kN/m2 2.50 0.398
coefficient s=1000kN/m2.5
And then calculate the ratio between elements according to results as shown in Table 3.6.1-8, and the results are
as shown in Table 3.6.1-9.
Table 3.6.1-9 Ratio between elements
Symbols Normal times Earthquake
logRT= logRs 7×0.147-0.613+2×0.398=1.212 7×0.217-0.613+2×0.398=1.702
logRM 8×0.147-0.613+2×0.398=1.359 8×0.217-0.613+2×0.398=1.919
logRi 9×0.147-2×0.613+2×0.398=0.893 9×0.217-2×0.613+2×0.398=1.523
logRi 10×0.147-2×0.613+2×0.398=1.040 10×0. 217-2×0.613+2×0.398=1.740
According to the equation Tp=BHo, logTs can be obtained using the following equation:
Normal times: logTs = log(1.0×40.50) -1.212 =0.395

Earthquake: logTs =log(1.0×56.17) -1.702=0.048
Elements of standard pile obtained through interpolation are shown in Table 3.6.1-10.
Table 3.6.1-10 Elements of standard pile
Symbols Normal times Earthquake
log(Mmax) s 0.539 0.176
log(lml) s 0.316 0.268
log(yo) s -3.483 -3.946
log(io) s -3.345 -3.756
Elements of cold-bent steel sheet pile wall obtained are as shown in Table 3.6.1-11.
Table 3.6.1-11 Elements of cold-bent steel sheet pile wall
K Normal times Earthquake
logK K logK K
Mmax 0.539+1.359=1.898 79.07kN·m 0.176+1.919=2.095 124.45kN·m
lml 0.316+0.147=0.463 2.90m 0.268+0.217=0.485 3.05m
yo -3.483+ 1.040=-2.443 0.36cm -3.946+1.740=-2.206 0.62cm
io -3.345+ 0.893=-2.452 3.532×10-3rad -3.756+1.523=-2.233 5.848×10-3rad
Hence, the displacement δ of the top of cold-bent steel sheet pile is as shown below:
In normal times:
At earthquake:
Bending stress intensity σ is as shown below:
In normal times:
At earthquake:
Length l of cold-bent steel sheet pile is calculated assuming that the elevation of the top thereof is +1.50m. In such
a case, the necessary buried depth of cold-bent steel sheet pile must be 1.5 times zero point 1 (lm1) of bending
moment.
In normal times: lm1=2.90m，
At earthquake: lm1=3.05m，
According above-noted results, when the cold-bent steel sheet pile used is model GPU11a, l=8.0m.
3.6.2 Anchor-type Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile Wall
As a structure that balances earth pressure, water pressure and other loads through the lateral resistance of buried
part and the anchoring device connected with pull anchor, anchor-type cold-bent steel sheet pile wall is frequently
used for relatively high quay wall and revetment of which the buried foundation is relatively weak.
A computational example is used to clarify the method for calculation about anchor-type cold-bent steel sheet pile
wall:
Sandy soil
Sandy soil
Heavy-duty corrosion
protection
Design seabed face
Sandy soil
Sandy soil
Fig. 3.6.2-1 Computational example of anchor-type cold-bent steel sheet pile
(1) 设计工况
As shown above:
① Elevation
Crest height: C.H.=+3.50m
Design water depth: D.L.=-7.50m
Residual water level: R.W.L.=+1.50m
Low water level: L.W.L.=±0.00m
Mount point of pull anchor: T.R.L.=+2.50m
② Topside load
(in normal times), (at earthquake)

③ Soil conditions
,
Internal friction angle ; bulk density (in water)
④ Bulk density of sea water:
⑤ Design earthquake intensity
Land earthquake intensity:
Apparent earthquake intensity in water at Layer 2 (1.5m~-7.5m)
Apparent earthquake intensity in water at Layer 3

⑥ Wall friction angle
Active ; passive
⑦ Scope of heavy-duty corrosion protection: Front side until design seabed -1.0m (-8.50m) is provided with
heavy-duty corrosion protection
(2) Earth pressure and residual water pressure
① Earth pressure coefficient
Table 3.6.2-1 shows the calculated earth pressure coefficient.
Table 3.6.2-1 Earth pressure coefficient
Internal friction Wall friction angle Earthquake intensity Earth pressure coefficient Failure
angle
angle
Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive
15° -15°
30° 0.00 0.291 4.807 56.9° 20.7°
0.20 0.437 3.988 45.3° 18.5°

0.30 0.543 3.545 37.8° 16.9°
0.35 0.611 3.309 33.6° 15.9°
0.40 0.693 3.058 28.8° 14.7°
② Earth pressure intensity, residual water pressure intensity and flowing pressure intensity
The calculation results of earth pressure intensity, residual water pressure intensity and flowing pressure intensity
at each soil layer boundary surface and intensity variation point in normal times and at earthquake as shown in Fig.
3.6.2-2 through Fig. 3.6.2-3 are shown in Table 3.6.2-2 through 3.6.2-3.
In normal times:

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Design and Construction Manual for

Steel Sheet Pile

NANJING GRAND STEEL PILING CO.,LTD.

THE BIGGEST SHEET PILING MANUFACTURER IN CHINA

Fig. 2.1.1-1 GPU cold-bent steel sheet pile

Table 2.1.1-1 Technical parameters of GPU series products

Table 2.1.1-3 Technical parameters of GPU series built-up piles

Moment of inertia I Section modulus Wall width per

Fig. 2.1.1-3 GPZ cold-bent steel sheet pile

Table 2.1.1-4 Technical parameters of GPZ series products

Wall Sectional area Weight Moment of Elastic section modulus Radius of

Table 2.1.1-6 Technical parameters of GPZ built-up box piles

Fig. 2.1.1-5 GPX cold-bent steel sheet pile

Table 2.1.1-7 Technical parameters of GPX series products

Table 2.1.1-8 Technical parameters of GPX series products

Fig. 2.1.1-7 GPJ cold-bent steel sheet pile

Fig. 2.1.1-8 GPG trench panel

Table 2.1.1-10 Technical parameters of GPG series products

Q345 ≤0.20 ≤0.55 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 ≥345 ≥22 ≥34

≤0.18 ≤0.50 ≤1.60 ≤0.025 ≤0.020 ≥400 ≥510 ≥22 ≥40

2.4 Product Quality Standard

2.5 Transport and Storage

Fig. 2.5.2-1 Schematic diagram hoisting of steel sheet pile

(a) GPU steel sheet pile

(a) GPZ steel sheet pile

(b) GPZ built-up pile

3. Structural Design of Cold-bent Steel Sheet Pile

(c) Foundation pit (d) Road

Fig. 3.2.2-1 Surplus water pressure

Where: means hydrodynamic pressure (kN/m2);

means bulk density of water (kN/m3);

Where: means resultant force of hydrodynamic pressure (kN/m);

Earthquake motion direction

Fig. 3.2.2-2 Hydrodynamic pressure generated by water in hollow space of cuboid

Medium foundation bed Near broken wave

High foundation bed Vertical wave

Still water surface

Fig. 3.2.3.1-1 Vertical wave pressure distribution in case of wave overtopping

Still water surface

Where: is wave surface elevation (m);

means the wall surface wave pressure (kPa) corresponding to ;

is the wave pressure (kPa) at still water surface.

according to Table 3.2.3.1-1, if > , it should assumed that .

Table 3.2.3.1-1 Coefficients , and

Where: means the wave lift at unit length of wall bottom;

Still water surface

Where: is elevation (m) of wave trough and surface

Coefficients , and are determined based on values of as shown in Table

1.687 0.16894 -2.0195

-2.19707 0.92802 0.2350

Wave trough 2.599 -0.8679 0.07092

Coefficients , and are determined according to Table 3.2.3.1-2; when , it should be

Fig. 3.2.3.1-5 Value of height of wave above still water surface

Where: means the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at water bottom;

Fig. 3.2.3.1-7 Wave pressure intensity at still water surface

Where: means the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at wall bottom

Where: means the wave lift at wall bottom surface (kN/m);

Where: means wave pressure intensity at water bottom (kPa)

Where: is the wave pressure intensity (kPa) at wall bottom