2.1 The water level in an open standpipe is 80 ft above the ground. What is the static pressure at a fire hydrant that is con- nected to the standpipe and located at ground level? Express your answer in psi park +p Since the shndpipe 13 open 20, ana therelre p= loan B eon Le) = 347 ps 2 2.2 Blood pressure is usually given as a ratio of the maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). As shown in Video V2.1, such, pressures are commonly measured with a mercury mano- meter. A typical value for this ratio for a human would be 120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg. (a) What would these pressures be in pascals? (b) If your car tire was inflated to 120 mm Hg, would it be sufficient for normal driving? 5 perth (2) For 120 mm lg: p= (133 x10°X No, 120m)* .0#R For TO mam Hg. i pe (133 x0®% Je. 070m)= FAR : : 3x St Wi (3) For 120 mm ig: pe (1.0 x10 )(i4soxii me) = 2,32 psi Since a typical tire pressure ts Fo-35-PS%, 120mmty Us pot _subbicient for formal driving. al2.3. Whatpressure, expressed in pascals, will a skin diver be subjected to at a depth of 40 m in seawater? prea +f At the surface ose That Pe (10.1210 Mitom) = ¥oHx10 B= You BR [2-4 | 2.4 The two open tanks shown in Fig, P24 have the same bottom area, A, but different shapes. When the depth, h, of a Tiguid in the two tanks is the same, the pressure on the bottom fof the two tanks will be the same in accordance with Eq. 2.7. However, the weight of the liquid in each of the tanks is dif- ferent. How do you account for this apparent paradox? Yo £ heud rd 7 [teh carget Wea = A For the tank with The inclined walls, The pressure on The beHem ts due to the weight of The liguid Is The Column ChivecHly above The Lohem as shown by the dashed lies th the figure. This is the same Wweijat as thet for the tank with the straight sides. Thus, The pressure on the boom of the two tanks 13 the same. The addbtonal weight wh the tank wity the theluied walls 13 supported by the Inclined walls, 25 sIlustrated 1h the figure| ie 2.5 Bourdon gages (see Video V2.2 and Fig. 2.13) are commonly used to measure pressure. When such a gage is attached to the closed water tank of Fig. P2.5 the gage reads 5 psi, What is the absolute air pressure in the tank? Assume Standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi 12in Bourdon gege path + gz -B#) + = Lb 6,2 (ie (fe )24# w FIGURE P25 144 th? Fay = 19-8 pote Ze [oe To, samp wecpte etme gen ds in the ocean. What is the pressure at a depth of 5 km, assum- ing that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 kN/m?? Express your answer in pascals and psi. perk +4 At the surface 70 30 Thed B= (0.1 110° 45 108m) = 505 x1 # = 50.5 Me Ase, p= (05 x10 4 )(iusoxie" 7320 psi[eT 2.7 For the great depths that may be en- of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth countered in the ocean the compressibility of sea~ of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus water may become an important consideration, of 2.3 x 10° Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m? at (@) Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater the surface. Compare this result with that ob- is constant and derive a relationship between tained by assuming a constant density of 1030 pressure and depth which takes into account the kg/m? change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use (a) 2: x 4 (2g. 2.4) Thus, Sf eg de a) P Lf p 13 « functon of p, we must determne =F(p) before integrating &g.U), Since, E,< 3 (zg, 113) then o IP d fr af? é ° a so The pez, 4n i Thus, 4 =per where p=p at peo Poh pzo at surface From &9.0) t 4 “ap e 4 nek de l, t where ike %-z,, the depth below surlece27 Clont) (6) From parka), =-E, Dn (i - Bat ) ey so that at f= bm __ los.xic 2% oe & )(oxv'm) 23x07, om pe - (23x10! ®, \bn | = bly xp % P = bIKXID TL = 614 MPa 6¢) For constant density pevh= poh = (03 xo 28) (4.01% Ne x10) = 604% Blood pressure is commonly measured cuff placed around the arm, with the cuff pressure (which is a mea- sure of the arterial blood pressure) indicated with a mercury manometer (see Video 2.1). A typical value for the maximum value of blood pressure (systolic pressure) is 120 mm Hg. Why ‘wouldn't it be simpler, and cheaper, to use water in the manome- ter rather than mercury’ Explain and support your answer with the necessary calculations. path Por 20mm U5 ¢ pzrh = (133 x10? 2, )(0.12 0m) = 160k DB ebtam tnd pressure with a water Column av = 60x mL aa Cor 5 35H) 7% vox &, Hz0 Thus, if water weve used ii the-manometee the veguired column heignts would be too high ana Irn practi. Mo.29 2.4. _‘Twohemispherical shells are bolted together as shown in Fig. P24. The resulting spherical container, which weighs 400 Ibis illed with mercury and supported by cable as shown, ‘The container is vented at the top. If eight bolts are symmetri- cally located around the circumference, what is the vertical force that each bolt must carry? ‘Sphere diameter = 3 t m FIGURE P2.9 ha VMs A ~ force in one bolt po pressure at nid-plane Aw~ area at ond-plane Ww ~ weight of mercury im beltom half 44 of Shell Wz weight of bottom half of shell ‘ i | Bor equilibrium, L Ferbical Thus, i 8h = pa + Wyy + Ws Syl EHO!) + HSER) + (10 b) =(847 A) 2PVF)(24) > br gs) NEE on) + 20 = /9/0 |b and tt20 | 2.10 i Develop an expression for the pressure variation in a liquid in which the specific weight increases with depth, A, as y = Kh + jo, where Kisa constant and is the specific weight at the free surface. d Be -¥ ( Eg. 24) let 4=2,-% so that = dh =-dé Thus, dpe Yh [ap of a [rm For bekheh, ? & : het [+ [hor p kt’, ae Gndue (cont) 2.11* Ina certain liquid at rest, measurements 60 107 of the specific weight at various depths show the 0 110 following variation: 80 42 90 14 h (ft) 7 (tb/f) 100 15 0 70 10 6 ‘The depth, h = 0, corresponds to a free surface 2» wu at atmospheric pressure. Determine, through nu- 30 91 ‘merical integration of Eq. 2.4, the corresponding 0 97 variation in pressure, and show the results on a 50 102 | plot of pressure (in psf) versus depth (in feet). Op.ny az let 2: R-4 (sec Figure) so thed dz=-dh and Therefore dp=-bdz = tdh Thus, —_-B; & ap = | yak 7 7777 where #. ts The pressure at depth 4;. Eguation 111 can be integrated numerically using The following program (Note: The numerical mbegraton can alo be accomplished Through Veptated use of The program TRAPEROI ), (cont ) 2-8(tont ) INE GSE REGIE DS SO HOSES AERIS AGE IIE GIA IIIA “ek This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically **" "ek using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the = **" "x pressure at different depths een TEER ISSAC IO IOI I ICAI II IAAI IAA III AT dim p(11),gamma(11) n=11 dh=10 pl for i=1 ton read gamma(i) next i data 70,76,84,91,97,102,107,110,112,114,115 for i=2 to n s=(gamma(1)+gamma(i))/2 im1=i-1 for 3=2 to imi s=stgamma(3) ‘Print the results print print "h (ft) Pressure (psf)" for i=1 ton 380 print using "###.# HHH "5 (4-1) *dh, pli) 390 next i The tabulated yesults ave given below, along with the Corresponding plot ef pressure vs. depth. TOC HEBER SSS Spo bo Hopp mae erie Ea boDr ‘* This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically ** ** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the * ** pressure at different depths cad AEROS SE EEG S DEB F ESBS UT a III OOS ADEE h (ft) Pressure (psf) 0.0 0.0 10:0 730.0 i 20.0 1530.0 30.0 2405.0 4010 3345.0 50.0 4340.0 So 60.0 5385.0 i 70.0 6470.0 i 80:0 7580.0 et 90:0 8710.0 100.0 9855.0 o| Depen, mite)212 Fe Fig. P2.12. The plunger has an area of 1 in, and a force, Fi. can be applied to the plunger through a lever mechanism having ‘a mechanical advantage of 8 to 1. Ifthe large piston has an area — of 150 in., what load, F, can be raised by a force of 30 Ib applied to the lever? Neglect the hydrostatic pressure variation. Plunger as Hydraulic tie ES (aver 4,) (10 BE (514.477. = 12702.21 2.21 Equation 2.12 provides the relationship between pressure and elevation in the atmo- sphere for those regions in which the temperature varies linearly with elevation. Derive this equa~ tion and verify the value of the pressure given in Table C.2 in Appendix C for an elevation of 5 km. 8 En dP . a [ dz PTT RIF (Eg. 21) 4 * let Brp for 420, &~p for Hr2, and T2T.7f?. > Thus, z dp t [ie P Rk Ta. “G2 ° z be £ -- 4 [a te el : & [Aewe9-4a] - & h(i- : % and taking logarithm of both sides F ae yields tah 1-03)" (€4, 2.12) For #2 5hm with bro sahPa , Ty = 288. 5K | ge 4.807 | = x& JZ = 0.00050 > , R= 2s7 ce? tek 7.807 —— 0. K sy] (are \bco0s) p= lon bay] eoestees] i 1 OE 23,15 K +N = SHO K 10 (Fem Table Ld ss kppmdie C, Be S405x10'H, -)2,22 2.22 As shown in Fig. 2.6 for the U.S. stan- dard atmosphere, the troposphere extends to an altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 22.6 kPa (abs). In the next layer, called the stratosphere, the temperature remains constant at ~56.5 °C. Determine the pressure and density in this layer at an altitude of 15 km. Assume g = 9.77 m/s* in your calculations. Compare your results with those given in Table C.2 in Appendix C. For isothermal conditions, ~g C42) bete *% (£4, 210) let astidm, p222thhe , es 287 2 ) ge tA, and Tz 565°C + A13,15 = Tbbek. Thus, : i 27 2, )( 2x10 = 1 410° | | - [a eo | fe (22442) e (aH )2i.esk) | = 1a) &Pe | Also ee ge f= Oe se ola BE 2 &T (297 Fx (2b 8) (From Table C2 tn Appendix C , pela hPa and : & f= O1948 4s.) 2-/72.23 * 2.23" Under normal conditions the tempera- Elevation (ft) Temperature CF) ture of the atmosphere decreases with increasing “50002250. (ase) elevation. In some situations, however, a tem- 3500 55.2 perature inversion may exist so that the air tem- 3000 03 perature increases with elevation. A series of 6400 2.6 temperature probes on a mountain give the ele- 7100 61.0 vation-temperature data shown in the table be- 7400 68.4 low. If the barometric pressure at the base of the 8200 70.0 mountain is 12.1 psia, determine by means of 3600 69.5 numerical integration the pressure at the top of 9200 68.0 the mountain. 9900 67.1 (top) From E3. 2.7, x -if @ Re Wite the temperature date gwen the imndegal th E%.2.9 can be evaluated openers asing TRAPEZOI. RII BAG II IOI II III IOI ARI IGRI DE ICIS I IAS ** This program performs numerical integration + ** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule ** SSB OSI BEG JBI SHE IEE GFE a Enter number of data points: 10 Enter data points (X.Y) WeJer Yu ? 5000,1.962E-3 Ca if Tee) 5500,1.942E-3 6000,1.923E-3 6400,1.915E-3 7100,1.899E-3 7400,1.894E-3 8200,1.888E-3 8600,1.890E-3 9200,1.895E-3 9900,1.898E-3 ‘The approximate value of the integral is: +9.3452E+00 Thus, F900 ft be L # 6 Foz 7.35 Fe S000 ft so thd (with 92 32.2 Fs* ang Re 11h fh) shy) a (se2& (935) _ og nen n An Be ~—E i 1116 fé-lb/slagR (cont) 2-18[2.23] C cont ) al Lt fellows trom Eg) with p= 12.) psta tet — 01754 B= (12.1 psia) e 10,2 psia ote : Smee the temperature variation 1s not very large, tt would be expected That The assumption of & “Constant temperature would give good results. Tf the temperature ts assumed to be tonstant et The base temperature (501), £2101 psa , whith 1s only shghtty difrerent from the result given above.)[2aa1 Closed valve 224 A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank Containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.24. At the closed end of the manometer the air pressure is 16 psia, Determine the reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft a ‘on the manometer. Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume standard atmospheric pressure, and neglect the weight ofthe air ‘columns in the manometer. Air pressure = 16 psia Gage fis ty=9016/n9) =e b— m FIGURE P2.24 pr Uy GR) + G,, GH) = Thus, + (0244, (2H) I4¢ in, Pressure Page * (le wr ine Ee) + Go) = (o72 £.) 1 AY ) £67 poe a-202.25 Hemispherical dome 2.25 A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hem- ‘spherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system 4py as shown in Fig. P2.25. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are filled with water. Ifthe pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa, determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, atthe top of the dome {point C) (a) + (se, am) + ano (2m 4 he = 107 kB (e) Re b- Gs, 4 (3m) = bokh- (anes Gm) = 30.6 x10 oe, ax? M 30 a wee = 8.230m 133x 10° = 0,230 m (ld?mm) = 230 man 2-21 =4, co bh, + (aa N(geren®, (am) (P01, ) lem ) water2.26 For the stationary fluid shown in Fig. P2.26, the pres- sure at point B is 20 kPa greater than at point A. Determine the specific weight of the manometer fluid. Density = 1800 kgm? B FIGURE P2.26 Yn = specitid weight of manometer flucit Yee GON, (a) = aaliw Ss )lonF) si, F00X, Ya = fg = (iso #8 (4.31%) = 14200 Ph -% (2m) + I, (2m) + Vy (tm) ox) & = = (11, 800% 5 fam) + Yq (Bm) + (1,100 5) Gm) Mv Yon = 7,100 =2.27 22:1 AU-tube mercury manometer is connected to aclosed pressurized tank as illustrated in Fig. P2.27. If the air pressure is 2 psi, determine the differential reading, h, The specific weight of the air is negligible. an + + 4H | ta + 4 > Yi, Ch+ set) = Bi ge ob (bz¢s 4H) = hp I = 67 ng - is, 0 CC2.28 2.28 ‘A suction cup is used to support a plate of weight ‘W 4 shown in Fig. P228. For the conditions shown, determine 2 tt-ciameter +t @ FIGURE P2.28 re w hor eguili briam of forces on plate W= BA, Where A, 1S area of cup and From manometer 2g uation: Ro Gy, (here) t (sayy, ) (0.444) =0 pe %,,, [heft -@) (o4e)] : by He [Lett - B)(0.¥%)] ai) PR ts a negative pressure <- Ib =— 98 Re Thus, From Eg.61) UW = (48 #.)(m)(0.54)° = 18.4 Lb 2-24224 2.29 A piston having a cross-sectional area of 3 ft? and neg- ligible weight is located in cylinder containing oil (SG = 0.9) as shown in Fig. P2.29. The cylinder is connected to a pres- surized tank containing water and oil. A force, P, holds the pis- ton in place. (a) Determine the required value of the force, P. (b) Determine the pressure head, expressed in feet of water, act- ing on the tank bottom, Tank bottom @ FIGURE P2.29 (a> For eguilibriam Ba eP 0 where -p, is pressure acting On piston. & manometer Cguation gives b+, 6H) -Y, A= Ri So that Be Par Si (SH) + Gir (2) = (oH) init) G.nleay,)GH)+ (or) a¥k) A) = 552 Thus, from Fg. (1) Pe (552 $3 FH) = Lebo Ib Ba + Vay, HE) + Yous (HF) (5 tb.) (st?) «(bass ) #) + Gadlowp) (4) (4) +4 bethom 0 = Je }\30 a sisolfs a 5 = = 18 Fressure head = a = Tle 18.1 Heo Ae 2-252.3) 2.31 The mercury manometer of Fig. P2.3 indicates a differential reading of 0.30 m when the pressure in pipe A is 30 mm Hg vacuum. Determine the pressure in pipe B. FIGURE P2.31 yt x, (6.16 m + 0, 30m) hy (0.3m) ~¥, (0.15m) =f where p = ~ dy (0,030 m) Me (0,030 m )~ %;, (0.45m) + di 0 Bm) + Ogg (2/5) =~ (9 & )/at80m) - 395% en ete) + (1.30 #4 Yoism) = 3344R a-de2.32 2.32 For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B a is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6, What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding to SSS the differential reading shown? FIGURE P232 fy + (BM) ~ oe & te) sino — Y,, (A) = Py Cwhere Yqp ss the specific weight of the gage Fluid) at ? 9 II Thus, . >A tae CB ) sin 30° a bb (os Boi) - Galen B Nd &)(as)=309 & 2 3234 / yy hs /A~ = 0.224 Pse ae ts 2.33 Qe 5 psi poe 2.33 | Comparinents A and B ofthe tank shown in Fig 33 are closed and filled with air anda liquid with a specific gravity egal 190.6 Determine the manometer reading. the «LAT barometric pressure is 14.7 psia and the pressure gage reads 0.5 Psi. The effect ofthe weight of the air is negligible H--—-Fi a water Rak r | igus n lp sono) Fay — YyLA) + Yn A) + tig (ote) =0 Bi, + %, (lft) Yo ~ Sel 2 (05 By) lt) ¢ Galbat Hs) (01) 62.4 Bs, - (0.4) (24H) 4: = G.29ft2.34 Small differences in gas pressures are commonly measured with a micromanometer of JL JI the type illustrated in Fig. P2.34. This device con- sists of two large reservoirs each having a cross- sectional area, A,, which are filled with a liquid having a specific weight, y,, and connected by a U-tube of cross-sectional area, A,, containing a liquid of specific weight, »;. When a differential gas pressure, p, — pz, is applied a differential reading, h, develops. It is desired to have this reading sufficiently large (so that it can be easily read) for small pressure differentials. Determine the relationship between f and p, — p; when the area ratio A,/A, is small, and show that the dif- ferential reading, h, can be magnified by making the difference in specific weights, small. 4 Assume that initially (with p, = p.) the fluid levels | in the two reservoirs are equal. , -—t— inthal level } initial devel _ for gage Fluid When «differential pressure, R~h., is applied we assume tut level in lett veseryoir reps by « distance, sh, ana right pevel rises by Ah. Thus, the (nanometer eguation becomes Br y(drth-6h) -4 4-4 (4, hhh B-= GA -44+ yeah) a) Since the Inguids in The manometer are incompressible, okhA,= 44, oF Zap. and tf $e is small Then abh cc ® and last term in E30) Can be neglected. Thus, #4 (Gy 4 or or and lane values of h can be obtelned for smel| pressure differentials if %-8, 1 small, 2-ag2.35 2.38 The cyclindrical tank with hemispherical ends shown in Fig, P2.35 contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The liq- uid density is 800 kg/m’, and its vapor density is negligible. ‘The pressure in the vapor is 120 kPa (abs), and the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs). Determine: (a) the gage pressure read ing on the pressure gage; and (b) the height, A, of the mereury ‘manometer. W FIGURE P2.35 (a) Let Y= opub. of higuia = (800 22, (431%): T8508, and ly Gyoge) = 120KP (abs) — 101dPe (as)= 19 AB Thus, Base Paper *% Con) = taxi + (aso, (Vo) = 274K (b) Pes) + % (tom) = Yey (A) =0 exw ® 4 (7850%,)(im)~ (33x, (4) =0 f= 0.202 1m2.36 2.36 Determine the elevation difference, Ah, between the ‘water levels in the two open tanks shown in Fig. P2.36. Hk + (eG, (tm) + (Ae o4ou) + By, (4h): Since Pree Lhe 4m —~ (9) (0.4m) = 0.040m 2.37 Ot density = 1.20 slugs? J 1.in, ameter 2.37 Water, oil, and salt water fill a tube as shown in Fig, l—2in. diameter 5 y, P2.37. Determine the pressure at point I (inside the closed tube). _ bly sats, 2 > (56a Yue (34) + y, GH) + %,, 0) =0 b= (h20 (24, )(a44)- (20 Be Non rYon)- (cau on) = te = lhl Be, 2-3038 2.38 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is at- tached to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as. shown in Fig. P2.3?. A mercury barometer lo- cated inside the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the outside water pressure indicates a differential reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated. Based on these data what is the atmospheric pressure at the ocean surface? Mercury shel FIGURE P2.33 let: Bb ~ absolute air pressure inside shell = Yeg (0.7¢5m ) med surface atmespherie pressure Your © Specitic weight of seaunter Thus, manemeter eguation con be written as ben, +e Crom) + % (0. 360m) — Sy (0735m)= 2 Jo Tat Beg? z£- an (10,36 m) + Yy (0.735 1m) = (133 28 )(0.705m) - fies BY ) (0,20) + (133 4 Voss5n) 4" G49 AR Q-3!2.37 * 2.37* Both ends of the U-tube mercury ma- nometer of Fig. P237 are initially open to the atmosphere and under standard atmospheric pressure. When the valve at the top of the right leg is open the level of mercury below the valve is h,. After the valve is closed, air pressure is applied to the left leg. Determine the relationship, between the differential reading on the manom- eter and the applied gage pressure, p,- Show on Mercury a plot how the differential reading varies with p, \ for h, = 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm over the range 0 H/2 as indicated. Determine and plot the value of the rise in the water level in the tube, f, asa function of h for H/2 = h = H, with H = D = 2 ftandd = 0.1 ft. Initial Final FIGURE P2.447 Since Pah Csee figure), 1+ follows ‘thet %, AA) UY, (Ere) Sho 4s FE (Betk) « & @ The volume of water must be conserveel, ant there re Bees FB) E - Faye or €2) Also, D, 2: a a Dad H Wa Fe “ Gy and 2912) Cin be written as 3 ~ DH (D> 3a°h = PH -R)4 03) for Hz2 ft De2tt, d= O/ft , and fine» 5b ) £4.) becomes fe a: ce (2 +4-h) eh or L= ok ok -/ (4) (eent) 2-72,247* J) Ceont ) Similarly, £3. (3) becomes 3 (ote) 0 = CHUGH) _ (rte V4 " 3 fe] % er % 4: (i- 0.03£) (s) A program for computing L as a function of 4 Lilows. 100 cls 110 print tbdrbe roe op OCS ROBB S EO BSS BOS SH HSSHEoECET 120 print "** This program solves iteratively a system of *#" 130 print "** equations to calculate the elevation 1 (in ft) *#" 140 print "** range of heights h (in ft) er 750 (Brn SSR SS SR SS CESS OOSOB SSS OECRE SS SEES OOSGSEE EEE IT 160 print 165 print " h (ft) 1 cet" 166 ' for = 167 print using tHE te #48. 44H. 0 170 for h=1.10 to 2.01 step 0.10 180 1=0.0 190 las 200 hO=(1-0.03*1as)*(1/3) 210 1=0,85*h+0.15*hO-1 220 if abs(1-las/1)>0.001 then goto 190 230 print using" ###. Ht #ee HEH Sh,L 240 next h Tabulated data @nd « plot of The deta ape shown below. JERSE ESI IS I IASI BIOSIS IIIS IDES IA CE AEE | #* This program solves iteratively a system of — ** ** equations to calculate the elevation 1 (in ft) ** ** range of heights h (in ft) +* SEB SEO SOB ISG S USED IOS ESRB GCCCODD AAI h (Et) 1 (ft) 1.9 1.000 0.000 1.100 0.085 1.200 0.170 3.300 0.255 oe 1.400 0.339 1.500 0.424 1.600 0.509 °. 1.700 0.59% 8 3 1.800 0.6790 2.800 0.7640 2.000 0.849 a 0.2 0.0, to Te Ta 8 Te 2.0 noe248 Open top 2.48 Concrete is poured into the forms as shown in Fig, "58 7 , sandbag needed to keep the bottomless forms from lifting off “open bottom the ground. The weight of the forms is 85 Ib, and the specific ‘weight of the concrete is 150 Ib/{t’ S510 , veas = FIGURE P2.48 Ws From Te tree- body - diagram S uy ZF, 472 J Ns Meth Ub -BAeo 4 Where. W,= weight of sandbag BA We > weigyt of concrete Dy, = weight of forms peu along bottom surtece due te concrete A= arte of bottom surface From the deta given: U,= (150 fs) Vol. concrete) ta 2b in )brin.) + Co in. ind) = Gof )NGR) [Goin avin.) ae Je lie 1500 b Ww, = 6b jy (80 BER) 300 Be A > 4epiGtt)= 15 ¢ Thas, from &y. 01) W,= Go rst) - soo - sss = bos I B44249 249 A square 3m X 3 m gate is located in the 45° slop- ing side of a dam, Some measurements indicate that the resul- tant force of the water on the gate is 500 KN. (a) Determine the pressure at the bottom of the gate. (b) Show on a sketch where this force acts. (a) = ¥hA f 4507" S0akW = (4.80 # BY C4.) (3m xdm) he a chats Sb Tm h vk ae BAL + LSmx sin $5) iY (4.4044 5) (5.1m $15 sinks?) = 6.04" = (604R = boo RR a a 9.4 Ye = fe, 8. b 1m 8.02 mm Sth tS? Sin 4S? in 3 Yn = He GGm)(3m) Boz = 0.04854 8.020 (8.020) (Sm X32 ) = Bll m FS 7 , , Fe L.Sam + 0.0935 = 1.54 om from $ 2-452.60 }~o1m— 2.90 An inverted 0.1-m-diameter circular eylinder is par- tially filled with water and held in place as shown in Fig. P2.50. ‘A force of 20N is needed to pull the flat plate from the eylinder. Determine the air pressure within the cylinder. The plate is not fastened to the cylinder and has negligible mass. wa lode Plate wir F=20N +a For equilibrium awe = Frerhical 2° Zon PA +20N =2 pe ew (( Wee that pressure must = (6.1m )* be a ‘Suctey’ pressure. % ” PI Also, a+ &, (2m)= Pp air y, Thus, Nv 2 , ae ~ Fdoxio +,) (02m) air EF alm )* 4510 4 =~ 45/48 a-He[2s7 ] 2.51 A large, open tank contains water and is connected to 1 6-ft diameter conduit as shown in Fig. P2.5). A circular plug is used to seal the conduit. Determine the magnitude, direction, ‘and location of the force of the water on the plug. m FIGURE P2.5\ Fa= th A = (6248, \(2(Fllen) = ZI, 200 lb Gre)* ge Fi te tng ease Thus, ¥ EGA) + 2ft = (259 ft de Teale Ga) The force of tl 200lb acts 12.14 FE below He water Surface and ss Perpendicular te the plug Surface as shown.[252 282 cable A homogencous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate ‘weighing 800 Ib is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable as shown in Fig. P2.52, Water acts against the gate which is hinged at point A, Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine the tension in the cable. Water Gate Fe= AA there bez (Ht) sr bo? Thus, = (42.4 Bs) Noriko lee ve) = 3890 % Te locate Fr, Ye? a + 4, where 4,2 3ft so That 3 Ge oh GeNi#) Ro Cr FEN LHW) For eguilibrium, 2M, =0 + fe = 464 ad T (2¢t\bin bo) = I (464) costo’) + Be (2-48) Ts G00 Ie) (444) os bot) + G 890 Ib) (2 #4) . (8 Ft) Gin bo") = 1350 1b 1-82.54 An area in the form of an isosceles tri- angle with a base width of 6 ft and an altitude of, 8 ft lies in the plane forming one wall of a tank which contains a liquid having a specific weight of 79.8 Ib/ft’. The side slopes upward making an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The base of the triangle is horizontal and the vertex is above the base. Determine the resultant force the fluid ex- erts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above the base of the triangular area. Show, with the aid of a sketch, where the center of pressure is located. hee Yq sin bo® Fee TRA = (74.8 Ba) 2000 #4) sm bo (eet) = 33,400 Ib Lye Pressure 3 Za 4 where Lp? i, (or )lo#) hus, wy 3 Se= NIA + doya tt 7 06 Ft (aoyate)(4)(6 fet) The force, te, acts through the center of pressure which is located a distance of 22 fy - you te = gug ft Sti 60° =. above the base of the trismle as shown tn sketch,2.55 Solve Problem 2.5itif the isosceles tri- angle is replaced with a right triangle having the same base width and altitude. ~ ry x N Fe = 33,900 lb JL, eee = g* eae center of (see selution fo Ss Pressure Problem 2.54 ) Ay * 2 Lege ' Ye Tt (4, 2,20) | Where 2 : = oF frye = CFC) net Lage Hig 219.4) Th ana Ye= 20,43 te (see solution to Problem 2.54) Thas, 32 fe? - o.va fea) (cece) ~ £4 = 2,07 ft acts Through The center of pressure with The force Fe, Coordinates %qt 2.07 Ft and g/t 2.49 ft see sketch), 2-50256 256 A tanker truck carries water, and the cross section of Sven the truck’s tank is shown in Fig. P2.56. Determine the magni- tude of the force of the water against the vertical front end of, the tank. . A W@ FIGURE P2.56 Fes Yh A Break area into 3 parts as shown. For area ©! Fee he, Ay = (o2.4 2,)(4)(ve)(4 (oft « 244) = 333 |b Since Fr, = Fey then Kes > 333 |b For area @: Fee hy Bs =(624 (2 £4)(4fe « ¥Fe) and Roe 2h, + ie 2 (Baal) + (624 Ba) ere) (ee x4ee) 2e6o |b2.67 Two square gates close two openings in a conduit con- nected to an open tank of water as shown in Fig. P2.57. When the water depth, h, reaches 5 m itis desired that both gates open at the same time, Determine the weight of the homogeneous horizontal gate and the horizontal force, R, acting on the vertical gate that is required to keep the gates closed until this depth is reached. The weight of the vertical gate is negligibl gates are hinged at one end as shown, Friction in t negligible. Hinge WwW He boy herrgontel gate, = Ei zM, =o “s so That W= pA iphone P i he water pressure on the Thus, p: dy, m) go Tht Qu = (48002, (2m) (4m x 4m) = 314 AN For vertical gate, Fs thA where b= 7m So That a = (7500, (70m )(4m 40) = 1100 &N Fe Er To locate Fre | 5 re — 44m Gon) ra = ao = TF a * 5 Cm Cm Fon) US fe epi Z My =o so Theat P= aa = Y97ANZz 5S | 2.58 The rigid gate, OAB, of Fig. P2.58 is hinged at O and rests against a rigid support at B. What minimum horizontal force, P, is required to hold the gate closed if its width is 3 m? Neglect the weight of the gate and friction in the hinge. The back of the gate is exposed to the atmosphere. (pen to atmasohere B= yA,A, where he, = 5m Th © B= (9800 %, )lom Noten 430m) = 598x108 N B= (F900 %, (tm 2m x 3m) = Ain K Won Bb locate F,, aL 3 Ye = leet a 4, 7 Bm om) + Sm = 5 Lbo7m 4A, (Son) bon (32) The tence fy ache at the Center of the AB section. Thus, Z HM, =0 and FE, (5. 261m ~3m) + & Um) = P (4m) ie (seen W)(2. 267m) + (£12 x10°v)C om) P 4m = 4¥3L kN 2-53259 2.54 The massless, 4ft-wide gate shown in Fig. P2.59 piv {1S about the frictionless hinge O. It is held in place by the 2000 1b counterweight, W. Determine the water depth Gate — Pivot o- Wiath = 4 f h Zz Re ¥hA where he Thus, AO, 20) i = Vue AH) °s To locate Pr ot Gah) A eee ZF, z de> Gath 4 (¢ash) zh 19 | y ol Far egivh'briim, =, =6 bd = Wet) where de degpe B z so that (2000 Is )(3 4) Cy, NAG [> Thus, de (32000 hh (GF) © (62428, YAW d= s24te Aste2.60 * 2.60* A 200-Ib homogeneous gate of 10-ft. width and 5-ft length is hinged at point A and held in place by a 12-ft-long brace as shown in Fig. P2.60. As the bottom of the brace is moved to the right, the water level remains at the top of, the gate. The line of action of the force that the brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. (a) Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the gate by the brace as a function of the angle of the gate, 0, for 0 = 8 = 90°. (b) Repeat the calculations for the case in which the weight of! - the gate is negligible. Comment on the results as. Fe 0>0. fe 4 N ov Ww (4) Por the tree: body -diagram of The amt gate (see figure), Azo So that RF) + WIS tose) = (Fy cos 6) (Laie) + (F104) (lease) Also, A siiQ = L sing (assuming hinge and end of brace at same eleveton ) er . Sin B= 4 Sih O ana Re hd ~ vy AS?) (Qu) where ur is the gate width, Thus, Eg.) can be wr Hen as 3 v2 snd) or + WE oso = Fh (cos$ sind + s1i $ e050) so That 2, w Be (Le) ne + Y cos . (£2) bane + - Cos sinO + sin $ cos cosdtan 6 + stud For Y=62,.4 b/f?, L=s5ft, w= loft, and W = 20016, 4 _ (CEB NSA CH tung - EY 600 tend 1100 8 = 3) Cosh tnd +sin gb cos g tanb + sing L (con't) 2-554G0F] Ceon't ) Since sng = sine ond 4: sft, L=/2ft and for 4 qita ®, g tn be determmed. Thus, Eg.) cun be ased te determne Fy, for 4 gwen B. A Computer pregram for calculating Fy as a Funchoy ef & fellows. 100 cls potest rere ree reer creer reeteetteretertereettertecttertetreteestedy 120 print "** Variation of the resultant Fb as a function of theta **" pr eeeerinerrettrntstieritescnssretsocerestistrettsestinsrtreteneery 140 print 150 print " Theta (deg) Fb (1bs) (w=100 lbs) Fb (1bs) (w=0 lbs)" 160 pi-4.0¥atn(1.0) 170 for theta=pi/2 to pi/36 step -pi/36 180 sph=5/12*sin( theta) 190 phi-atn(sph/(1-sph°2)7(0.5)) 200 fb1=(2600*tan( theta) +100}/(cos(phi)*tan(theta)+sin(phi)) 210 £b2=2600*tan( theta) /(cos(phi)*tan(theta)+sin(phi)) 220 print using" ###.# weet HHH Hs thetax180/p i, fb1, £2 230 next Tabuleted data and a plot of the data are given on the following page. tb) For W=0, £3.(3) reduces to Fg = 2600 tind (4) Cosg tind + sing and The same program as was used sh part la) (arth W set egual to Gre) can be used te obtain Ke 4s 4 Function of @. Tabulated data and 4 plot ef The date are given on The tellewng page. Ceont) 2-562.60* Ccent ) ESSER USUI S SIA SEESS EE O SEE AUDI OCTETS IIIA %t Variation of the resultant Fb as a function of theta *# IES UD EES CHGS SSS Sa BIS IE IGRI DISSIDIA GIST Theta (deg) Fb (lbs) (w=100 lbs) Fb (lbs) (w=0 lbs) 90.0 2860.1 2860.2 85.0 2757.4 2748.2 80.0 2659.4 2641.5 78.0 2567.0 2540.9 70.0 2480.9 2446.7 65.0 2401.6 2359.2 60.0 2329.4 2278.8 2264.8 2205.4 2208.0 2139.0 2159.6 2079.6 2120.0 2027.2 2090.0 1981.2 2071.3 1941.9 2066.4 1909.0 2081.1 1882.2 2128.8 1861.6 2249.8 1847.0 2646.3 1838.2 (con't) 2-57[260*] (cont ) As @-70 te value of Fy cay be determmed trom Eg), 2600 tan® come 2 tos$ tend tsing Since sing = = sino vt follows That cosp = Vi~ sine = V/- (End and Therebre eo Bo ee a, ', * I~ G)*sn'e tne + 2 sing Thus, as @-%0 Ey —282 pug Ib 6 + Phasicell y Ths resulé means that for 870, The value of Fy 4S indeterminate, but for ang “very small” "vole of &,% wi/l approach 1840 /b,261 2.61 ‘An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side Parition contains gasoline with a density p = 700 kg/m? at a depth of 4m, as shown in Fig. P2.61. A rectangular gate that is 4 m high and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition. es ‘Water is slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what depth, h, will the gate stat to open? Where 9. refers to gasoline . Ly Hinge m FIGURE P2.61 Fog = % 4, Ay Fur + ae faye (Too WS, )(4,3 2) (2m) (4m x 2m) t, = [loxb’N = MORN Fe, > Ue Fag, Aue where ws refers to water Fe 2 (4.80% 02 )(8) (2m xh) where h is depth of water. Fe 2 (4.80 x10) A> Por eguils brian > ZMy =e so thet hae Fy mm tye bm hele Thus, (4.80% 102)(W)(4)= Gio aio) (4 m) ana he Which 1s the imiting Value for h 2-592.62 2462 A gate having the shape shown in Fig. P2.62 is located in the vertical side of an open tank containing water. The gate is mounted on a horizontal shaft. (a) When the water level is at the top of the gate, determine the magnitude of the fluid force v = on the rectangular portion of the gate above the shaft and the magnitude of the fluid force on the semicircular portion ofthe vine Hi fate below the shaft, (b) For this same fluid depth determine the moment of the force acting on the semicircular portion of Shaft the gate with respect to an axis which coincides with the shaft. seven of gate CO) For rectangular Portes , (EF: ah A Where he = 3m So That Fa), (7802, (sm) (bin xhom) = 10b0KN For semi-circular portion , (i) = ThA where so that (Fy), #(Tt00 2, 121—)(% lm") = soto den bm + FF C500 54,218) = bom + Gan) ae tT (6) For sem/-citenlar portics - Tee = PERT ga de® Ge +4 > GrmmyfEyR ™ an) 0, 1098 (3am) 4 727m = 8b * (q2Im AE Yoom)™ Thus, mement with respect t shaft, M, M=(Fe),, ¥(7.3bm~ 6.000 ) = ()010 x10°N ) (1. 36m) 1.37 X 10° Nr 2-602.63 2.63 AG ft X 6 ft square gate is free to pivot about the fric- tionless hinge shown in Fig, P2.63. In general, a force, P, is needed to keep the gate from rotating. Determine the depth, fi, > for the situation when P = 0. W FIGURE P2.63 For egarlibrium =M, =0 Thus #r P20 FR would P have to pass through the YR + Ainge, 6.0, Y= Z5hth 35 Sin A ft ince _ tee > b, ea * Me Fr ana with Y= h+ate ; Baler! + ht 3ft -i cd Ch 3#t) (Ax be) _ 3 Fe Osh= Teoh h= 3,00 €t2.64 2.64 A thin 4-fi-wide, right-angle gate with negligible mass is free to pivot about a frictionless hinge at point O, as shown in Fig. P2.64. The horizontal portion of the gate covers a 1-ft- diameter drain pipe which contains air at atmospheric pressure. Determine the minimum water depth, h, at which the gate will pivot to allow water to flow into the pipe. @ FIGURE P2.64 For eguilt ‘briam = Fr, ZM, = — fi Rr4 rh xh, ay 4, FR, ’ 2 +s Rperh, A “To, - leg al = (oz4 BA) (4H xh) = 25h for the force on tne horizontal portion of the gate (whch 1s balanced by pressure on both sides except for the area of the pipe) Fas h(E) = bau BYE iay = 49.0h Thus, from E9.0) with £,+ basy74) = Aaoh)(3#) h= L&stt tol ana 4,7 3f82.65 _ The specific weight, 7, ofthe static liquid layer shown in Fig. P2.65 increases linearly with depth. At the free surface y= 70 1b/f?, and at the bottom of the layer y = 95 1b/ft. ‘Make use of Eq, 2.4 to determine the pressure at the bottom of the layer. y= 7O lt mM FIGURE P2.65 dp (&g. 24) = 3. Br linear variation 1h ¥ ys %5- 125% so that g22 2 dp => lo -la52 )de 4, ‘nn , nga Doen ee [se) - t.25(2)'] = a Bo tom= (65 ee 4 " t[zee] (cont ) 2.66* An open rectangular settling tank con- 20 123 tains a liquid suspension that at a given time has 24 12.7 a specific weight that.varies approximately with 2.8 12.9 depth according to the following data: 3 é 8 ° im) Nm) ‘The depth h = 0 corresponds to the free surface 0 10.0 Determine. by means of numerical integration, oe ao the magnitude and location of the resultant force os ine that the liquid suspension exerts on a vertical wall te ns of the tank that is 6 m wide. The depth of fluid in the tank is 3.6 m. The magnitude of the Huid farce, fe Can be Cane by summing The dh fbenahay forces actiig on The horrginkl strip shown Wi The i Thas, he [tf pas mo oo where p is The pressure at depih 4. To fwd p we use G9. 24 Sf =-4 gnd with daz 7 pale [rae @) Fguaticn 02) Can be integrated gumericall, with The following Program and using The Vaviatién i & wiTh h Given 200 cls TO Brin MeCSS SBR BOGE BBB BO UBB SO EE BOBECEHOR EEO pr IOICE 120 print "** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically **" 130 print "** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the — **" 140 print "** pressure at different depths er TS0 (Brint aGcaSS Gor rE SO GSAS OHSS EBS CGSB BE SOO BA A RECE 160 print 170 dim p(10),gamma(10) 180 n=10 190 dh=0 200 p(1) 210 for ton 220 read gamma(i) 230 next i 240 data 10.0,10.1,10.2,10.6,12.3,12.3,12.7,12.9,13.0,13.1 250 for i=2 ton 260 s=(gamma(1)+gamma(i))/2 1 270 imi=i-1 Ceont ) 2-64266F] (cont) 280 for 3=2 to imi 290 s=st+ganma(5) 300 next 3 310 p(i)=dhts 320 next i 330 340 'Print the results 350 print 360 print "h (m) Pressure (kPa)" 370 for i=l ton 380 print using "###.# AHH HE; (4-1) dh pi) 390 next i The pressure chstribuhon te given below, BSB SECS B A BES bnbobitirabnsnccobnnbocobirnbegctiicn: ** This program integrates Eq. 2.4 numerically ** ** using the trapezoidal rule to obtain the — ** w+ pressure at different depths ** AHS BIER IRI IDI IA Ea I IAI IO IIE Pressure (kPa) 0.00 4.02 8.08 12.24 16.62 21.34 26.34 31.46 36.66 41.86 DLOronworos Eguation U1) can now be integrated numerically using TRAPERO! JOGOS IRE S ISSIR ISIE SBE GES IAA SERIO IE ** This program performs numerical integration * ** over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule ** JESS SBE HO BIB C OSHS EI BOB ESB ISIS Oa IA SDI ISH EET Enter number of data points: 10 Enter data points (X , Y) 20.0,0.00 The approximate value of the integral is: +7.1068E+01 Ceont ) 2-65[2ce*T Conk ) Thus, wits # [ads = 707 de 7 ms = (bm)( 71074) = 426 AN To locale fe sum moments about axis termed by Interseckon of a wall and Had sar hee, Thus, ER,= 1 [pet 63) The integrand Lp can be determined and £5.03) ithegrefed numerically wn TRAPEZO/. Tabulated results are given “lous SEEDS EGO II OSIRIA AEDS ESA ACEO PRCA %* This program performs numerical integration * 4 over a set of points using the Trapezoidal Rule ** SHR SS ISEB SEUSS SABRI IIHS ISIE ISAAC Enter number of data points: 10 Enter data points (X , ¥) ; 2 0.0,0.000 Note: Yohp The approximate value of the integral is: +1.7437E+02 4 4 Thus, with [apet ee ° it follows trom £3, (3) Thet J 2: Spek _ Cemi(i7# 4 Au) e Fe #26 AN 2. toa The resultant force acts 246m below fluid surkce,2.67 The inclined face AD of the tank of Fig. P2.£7 is a plane surface containing a gate ABC, which is hinged along line BC. The shape of the gate is shown in the plan view. If the tank contains water, determine the magnitude of the force that the water exerts on the gate. 1 Rivka ae where ; Az | an'dy' (see figure ) lo + fees = 2¢y') ! Te locate centroid ? ‘ ; 4c A= [ae [esas /, o 4 1 = = 7 0 | » * Py 7¥ (9') "dy! 2 oa? / ‘ Thus , ii = 24 ft and g,2 SFE aa fe 2 3b FE Since te = Yo 50 30°, Fe = Gry fy Naess Noh sor) $e) = 599% 2-672.68 Dams can vary from very large structures with curved faces holding back water to great depths, as shown in Video to relatively small structures with plane faces as shown Fig. P2.68, Assume that the concrete dam shown in Fig. P2.68 ‘weighs 23.6 kN/m? and rests on a solid foundation. Determine the minimum coefficient of friction between the dam and the foundation required to keep the dam from sliding at the water depth shown, You do not need to consider possible uplift along the base. Base your analysis on a unit length of the dam. FIGURE P2.68 Reeth = [tom where A (2s \o ) tan Sta = se) im) For eguibnum , Zire Ce . ° R sin 51.3 B 2 aN Where q1~ coethicient of tricton , Als M5 By = 50 thet N= + Fe Cos 513° where Ws Usnerete volume of conerese ) Thas, = (3 av 3 fe N= (23.0 B, )lzom ) + (ook) cos 513° = S3HAN and 7 . Fe stn 513° _ Coo kw) Sin 513° 4: = OohW) Sk Fh? 0,14 v S3tRN S t 8[2a 2.62% Water backs up behind a concrete dam as shown in Fig. P2.44. Leakage under the foun- dation gives a pressure distribution under the dam as indicated. If the water depth, h, is too great, the dam will topple over about its toe (point A). For the dimensions given, determine the maxi- ‘mum water depth for the following widths of the dam: £ = 20, 30.'40, 50, and 60 ft. Base your analysis on a unit length of the dam. The specific weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft’. A free: bedy- diagram of the dam is Shown in the figure at the right, whe Be ce (for unit length) ow = ¥,(4)(2)(e) = 4oX% 2 Re (the War) 9 Rey (Ar )(4sy Yee sin ZnO 2 4 4? 3 42 $(3) Ta determine yy consider the pressure distribuheis on the bellow : = Fre BAK A 5 BERKS Summing moments about A, 4,7 5A) + & (8) Ceon't? 2-697vit (cont ) o tnt ° . Feld)+ & (22) Ys a =a where Fle Fer Fy Subsbiitehon of expressions he Fiz and Fp yields, y= 4 CAr + 22) Bed, For egiilibrium of ‘the dam, ZMy=0, so thet ay G4, -~ wt) - Ay +5 4-0 and with Y= 62.4U/fE?, Y= 150 Ufft® and R= loft , then: c - 2 = = 3/20 = tofz Fe 3/28 W= 000k Ae 3ae qa7 ee, Br gh) (ahi Rehr 3h +10) B= 312 (Rio) 2 4,7 3 Substitution of these expressions rato E3.0) yrelds, (312 42%) ~ (ooo) (32) - (22)(2) + [12 (hens) [ SPee* ] = 0 hich can be simplified to 2 hi + 209L'h - 39960 HO 20 a Sine Thus, for a given 2, 8 can be determined from the condstucin tan = 20/ and Ey.(2) solved for h A Computer program for determing h hr a gwen S fallows, (cont) 2-70100 cls (10 Tint uAHS ppp G oR rrB OS rESSS rE SOD EE SBE A HBS ES GEERT 120 print "** This program solves a cubic equation to determine +#" 130 print "** the maximum water, h, depth for a series of dam **" 140 print "** widths, 1 aan 150 hepa dnnp a GSS ORAS HO OO EBB CSEBEBOSSS HES FnGEH 160 170 " Dam width, 1 (£t) Maximum depth, h (ft)" 120 20 to 60 step 10 190 theta=atn( 80/1) 200 h=0 210 hp=h 220 h=(3/31.2*(389641~2+10400/(sin(theta)*2)-20 230 if abs(1-hp/h)>0.001 goto 210 240 print using " wt ##.e Lh 250 next 1 #1°2*hp))7 (4/3) For the dam widths specitied, the maximum waker depths are given below. Note" That for the two largest dam widths The water would overflow The dam before /£ Would topple. HO pS HERS IS ISS IESE REIS GOSS SS SEIS ISR GE 44 This program solves a cubic equation to determine + ** the maximum water, h, depth for a series of dam ** ee widths, 1 om Spa GEESE ESRC ESE GOES ESISO CORSO SIRI IIIS CIEE GO aE 1 (fe) Maximum depth, h (ft) 48.2 61.1 71.8 81.1 89.2 2-72.70 A 4-melong curved gate is located in the side of @ reservoir containing water as shown in Fig. P2.70. Determine the magnitude of the horizontal and venical components of the force of the water on the gate. Will this force pass through point AT Explain For eguil brium, Z ise Fe= A=W fey Aa = ¥ (6mt154) Gum etm) or 30 tat Fy (4.904M asm )(2md) = ¥ volume ~ Similarly, wd bmn, Z Faso =4rm Re Rew where Fe [¥ Com)]Gm x4m) = (1.50ku \ omen) we ¥K= (9.80 Ae Van m?) Thus hy 3 3 : 5, = (1.80 #4) [72 m pan me] = 983 AN Mote! Force of water on gate will be eppesite im direction =) Tet shown on Agune. The direction of all chet beveatial forces acting on the Curved surface Is perpendicular te surface , and THerebore , the vesulfant must pass Trough The intersection of all These forces Which 1s ab point A. 2-722.71 2.71 The air pressure in the top of the two liter pop bottle shown in Video V2.4 and Fig. P2.71 is 40 psi, and the pop depth is 10 in, The bottom of the bottle has an irregular shape with @ — diameter of 4.3 in. (a) If the bottle cap has a diameter of 1 in. what is magnitude of the axial force required to hold the cap r in place? (b) Determine the force needed to secure the bottom | fe 2 inches of the bottle to its cylindrical sides. For this calcula- tion assume the effect of the weight of the pop is negligible. (c) in By how much does the weight of the pop increase the pressure 2 inches above the bottom? Assume the pop has the same spe- cific weight as that of water. 1 in, diameter Pay = 40 psi f—4.3 in, diameter m FIGURE P27 (2) Fay? Fay * Aret,,= Ho BY TXiin)” = 3 Ub (6) 2 Fredect 7? Fades? F,7 (pressure @ Zin abowe totom) gE. x (Aven) Sides = (Yo #e\(E) (43in)* K = 58l |b bottom (ec) pepi+ ¥h = to be + (lang oH mi 4o 2, + 0.299 Fe) Thus , The tnerease in pressure due to weight = 0.284 psi Cerich is less Tan [lo of air pressure). 4-732-72 2.72 Hoover Dam (see Video 2.3) is the highest arch- gravity type of dam in the United States. A cross section of the dam is shown in Fig. P2.72(q). The walls of the canyon in ‘which the dam is located are sloped, and just upstream of the ddam the vertical plane shown in Figure P2.72(b) approximately represents the cross section of the water acting on the dam. Use this vertical cross section to estimate the resultant hori- zontal force of the water on the dam, and show here this force acts. W FIGURE P2.72 Break aver into 3 parts as shown For are | ° B= rh A= (02-4 Beg (IS ANY) le )(n5h) = 157x109 fb For ara 3) Fy = Fe = Ls7xw" hb 3 I Por qrea 2: Fee he Ae = hay BNL) (n5 12) (0 A)lis ft) = 413x/0"7 |b Thus, fer etl t R= isrxwth + #4310%h + Ler! ls = 777x108 lb Since The moment of The resultant force about the buse of The dam must be gual + The moments due to Fr, Fa, and Fe,, (+ fellows Tet (cont) 2-74272 7 (tent) px =F Gist) + (4) liste) + (4)(rst4) ve (1570 19 eS) nese) +o ING)Fos4) + (stew INE) (15 #0) 7.77 x10* I = 406 #4 Thus, the resultant herqontal tovce on the dam 1s 717x107 lh acting 40h ft up trem the hase ef The dam along The axis of symmetry of the area, a-752.73 2.73 A plug in the bottom of a pressurized tank is conical in shape as shown in Fig. P2.73. ‘The air pressure is 50 kPa and the liquid in the tank has a specific weight of 27 KN/m’, Determine the magnitude, direction, and line of action of the force exerted on the curved surface of the cone within the tank due to the 50-kPa pressure and the liquid. For eguilibriam , Z Frerbuat =° se thet Peep A 7wW where FL is the force the Cone exerts of the fluid. Alse, Pay A= (SOAR ME )(4*) = (504m 1 )Cusen) SAGAN and oy = ¥[F A (om) = F(gTum] Se ae = yma? (22 - i (27 AX (J. 158m) (Fm) Thus , = 52.4 &N + 75,44N FIGURE P2.73 d= 24an30°= 1.155 0m Jon Volume of tone = TS.4RN = 1282&N and the force on The cone has a magnitude of 1284 and 1s direched vertyealg downward aleny The tone axis 2-762.74 2.74 A 12-in.-diameter pipe contains a gas under a pressure ‘of 140 psi. I the pipe wall thickness is bin, what isthe average circumferential stress developed inthe pipe wall? For eguililibrium (for « unit lngth of the pipe), zon > fy, (28) - ti ® : oe om circumferential stress k (i¥o = 3360 psd 2-777S 4 Volume = 2.15 The concrete (specific weight = 150 lb/ft?) seawall of Fig. P2.75 has a curved surface and restrains seawater at a depth of 24 ft. The trace of the surface is a parabola as illustrated. Determine the moment of the fluid force (per unit length) with respect to an axis through the toe (point A). FIGURE P2.75, The components of the fluid force acting on the wall are & and W as shown on the Figure where B= Uh A = (640 zs )(4F )aete wice) = 18,4008 and 9,* tft. = bt Also, wert Te determne ¥ find area 8C0, Thus, (see Figure to rignt) % 4 = [lary jax » [lr eae") dx D o x, = Ylzo [24x - C Note: Al lengths 4 Le) and with 4, Vie A = (75 ft” so thet d ws Axklte = irs Fh Thus, w= (40 2s (175 #?) = I, 200 b To locate centroid of At 4A = [2 dA - [w g)edx = » [ern eae tde = lm 22" - ° a CVp)*- 0.2 Viz)” and xs 7ae)*— 0.2 (Vis = 4n 175 Thus, My = FY, ~ W US Xe) C8, 400 ts (9-42) ~ (Ms 200 lb )(18 4-4 #4) = BS 200 Lts[b) u 2-78276 2.76 _ Acylindrical tank with its axis horizontal has a diameter of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m, ‘The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A ver- tical, 0.1-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of, the tank. Determine the resultant force of the alcohol on one end of the tank and show where it acts. +- 15m Rat 4A 20m where 4y= bmx hom = 250 L So That Fe 0.1424 \lasm)(F)(aom)”= 60.8 Al Also, = Dee Jr yA +H where 4,2 4¢ so thed 7 Cam)? Ir = (50m E) (em)? Thus, the resulteat force has 4 magnitude of 6 bAV Gnd acts at a cistane of Br 4* 2.b0m1 ~ A.50m below center ef tank end wall. u centroid yojk Fie iS Ig Ye center of pressure a.bom 100m 2-772.77 If the tank ends in Problem 2.76 are hemispherical, what is the magnitude of the re- sultant horizontal force of the alcohol on one of the curved ends? For eguilibruim , Fe = Fin) (see figure) = 6084N Since solution for herigontel force the Same as tor Problem 2.80. 2.78 2.78 Imagine the tank of Problem 2.76 split by a horizontal plane. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force of the alcohol on the bottom half of the tank. Consider a tree-boly- diagram of totem half of tank (see hgyre ) Where peo pressure of Fluid on horizontal plane B An avea of horizontal plene. av ~ weight of volume of fluid im luer holé of fank Fix resulfead force exerkd by tank on fluid Br eguihbrum (refer to Problem 2.80 fer tank aimensiens ), fis PAtW = ¥ (158ml )(dan x bom) + 5 (22 )2F%m)} 7 (7.7% ay ) (20 m2 + am m?) = 203 8N Thus, force of alcohol on tank = 2934N directed vertically downward.2.79 2.19 diameter hemispherical dome as shown in Fig. P2.79. A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank, Determine the vertical force of the water on the dome if the differential manometer reading is 7 ft and the air pressure at the upper end of the ma- nometer is 12.6 psi . + 5 Por eguilibriam, (\ 2 Frerbial =? , so that A Fz pA- 7 Where Fy is the force The dome and pis The Frem The manometer, Jo That Thus, From 23.0) with volume of sphere =F Geameter )3 , SP exerts on The dome /s 35,100 lb - ‘A closed tank is filled with water and has a 4-ft- (1) deme exerts on the fluid water Pressure at The hase ef The dome. tt Gy, GH) -%,, GH) = " prl2ie iva int ) + Gr\tzrZ, 4 A)-6 ay Gn) 2 - 50 By Fa= (2000 8. rN ene)” — 4 [¥ Gy] czy 8,) = 25,)00 |b The Sree thet the vertical force thet the weder 2-#)2,80 2.80 If the bottom of a pop bottle similar to that shown in Fig. P2.71 and in Video V2.4 were changed so that it was hemi- spherical, as in Fig. P2.80, what would be the magnitude, line of action, and direction of the resultant force acting on the hemi- spherical bottom? The air pressure in the top of the bottle is 40, psi, and the pop has approximately the same specific gravity as that of water. Assume that the volume of pop remains at 2 liters. sical 4.34n, diameter @ FIGURE P2.80 Force = weignt of pep supported by beltem + force due to air pressure Weight of pop = Ge* volume ef pep Pe a ; Volume = 2 liters =(2x10 2) (4531 x10 2, )= 0.0706 4 Thus, from Fg 0) Went of pep = (62.4 fy) (0.010 Fe) = 44) Ib Force due to air pressure = B.x projected avea of P & P Snemaphercéal bottom (4o igs) (F) (43 in)” = 58! |b Resultant force = 4H lb + 581K = 585 Ib S35 bb The resultant force is directed yertically downward, and due to symmetry, st acts on the hemispherical bettom along me vertical axis of the bottle. 2-822.81 Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back ‘ater in a channel of width b as shown in Fig. P2.81. The force of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R. Determine (in terms of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates. @ a m For Case (bh) mw FIGURE P2.81 Hy Faz dheh= gh hus) = U2e zr Qk p= ZL he Thus, so mat 2 MN=e thr gr (BA) A (2.0) AR= (SA) (the ) = (25. 2 ee) eee a (es at Fig 218) For Case (a) on free-body- chayram shown ity ie Fas C84 (Loom above) and a T Ine ZK de and W= Ux Vl eS ry ] R r[7@lu) a = rdh?b Te Thess 5 fy = 50 That wu($- #8) + fA) = fh anh rane (4 # + HEL (Z4) =f b Cont ) 2-832.81 Clont ) Lt follows That fas Xb (0.390) From &9.0) dh 88, thus Fg = LLTR for Case (C), for the Free- bedy- hagram shown, The force Fe 07 ME Curved section passes Through the hinge ana Therelore dots not contribute + the moment around H. On beHom part of gate Bae theA = CAH xd) = BHb JF es ey ~ BO, a Ro fe 15h a SOA a) 4 = 28 = 2h Thus, = My =0 So thud 2f = B(Bi)= & A ee) - ryp or 6, -(Bmu)g ) Bers From bg.) gheh= Fk, thus f= ex S8I5RZ.92% 2,82 A3f x 3 ft x 3 fk wooden cube (specific weight = 37 Ib/ft) floats in a tank of water. How much of the cube extends above the water surface? If the tank were pressurized so that the air pressure at th surface was increased to 1.0 psi, how much of the cube ‘extend above the water sur- face? Explain how you arrived at your answer. Br eguilibrium, ZF erhial °° so Thet 20 = Fe 3ft-h Thus, Sa C37 os ) (3H) (bn fa \(ate-b) (fe 2h) Try A= 1.2244 TE the ait pressure at the Water surface increases by | ps! There Would be nochange 1h The height of The tube above The water surface. The |ntvessed pressure force on The top of The Cube 13 balanced b4 an thual force on The Vottom of The eube since The Surbace pressure Vs transmitted Throughout the Fluid -283 2.83 The homogeneous timber AB of Fig. P2.83 is 0.15 m by 0.35 m in cross section. Determine the specific weight of the timber and the tension in the rope. We 8 where ¥ is the specific weight of the hmber ana t+ is its volume . Thus, use ¥ (0,15 m0 K O35 m x 10m) = 05158 fae Oe Veutmerget = Veo (015m & 235mx Pm) = 420 eo For eguilibrium , ZM, 70 So That Vel (O20) cosa = Fy (BE )eos er (0.525 ¥)(Sm) = (020%, , (4m ) AN ana yy = (0420) 4:80 s )(4 me) - oa Ae (0.516) (5 m) Al. 8) oF verheal ~” so that T = Fg-W= Gram? )(7.80 8% ) = 505m? )(o.27 8%) = 224.2.84 2.84 When the Tucurui dam was constructed in northem Brazil, the lake that was created covered a large forest of valu- able hardwood trees. It was found that even after 15 years un- 2f4 = 3 fe-2ee zine Ja ft Thus, from Fg. U1) C74 bd) Cu £4) + Gaal ia) = 7 OF) T= 1830 lb For concrete block , ve ree Frrhel “2 or WT the, ny = 1830lb+ Thao Me 1830 b "iso Bs - cave, = 20.9 4° 2-902.89 When a hydrometer (see Fig, P2.87 and Video V2.6) having a stem diameter of 0.30 in. is placed in water, the stem protrudes 3.15 in. above the water surface. If the water is re- placed witha liquid having a specific gravity of 1.10, how much of the stem would protrude above the liquid surface? The hy- drometer weighs 0.042 Ib. When the hydrometer 1s Floating its weight, 20,15 balanced by the buoyant force, Fig, For guilibnum, Z Ferhat * Thus, for water fg 2 Cy») 4 = 2 where % 1s the submerged volume. Wit the new Kguca tO Gay) Mam = &) Combining Egs.(1) anala) win UW constant Oigo) H = (56) Tg) Ye and From Ee) . ¥ Boy 004 2 a rsx Wt he ' Snz0 24 tk, se that from F4,3) ~t os ~#r 3 = = t y= Gx fs winx F . = ~#e > TAas, H-Ve = (0.73- 4.12) x00 "et = obi xi Ft To obten This difference the change in length, AL, 4“ (F )(o.g0n.)°A4 = (0.61 xo fe?) (1728 BY ) 4 * fer . AL= 1.49 tn. Witr the new liguid the stem would protrude Zisin. +49 in. = 4G¢in. above the surface . 2-9][240 — 2.90 The thin-walled. 1-m-diameter tank of t Fig. P2.S0 is closed at one end and has a mass of 4 ‘90 kg. The open end of the tank is lowered into L the water and held in the position shown by a steel block having a density of 7840 kg/m’. As- sume that the air that is trapped in the tank is compressed at a constant temperature. Deter- mine: (a) the reading on the pressure gage at the top of the tank. and (b) the volume of the steel block (a) For constant Hemperadure Compression, Pity TRG where vw inbral state and By, be 7.80 4%, and $y = loi BR , 2 loth Pa fre (PE ~ bm) 4- 7.80 ae, or 4i4 aR - 309 =e # Mt f. 7iut V(an)>+ 40309) = _ eee Thus, from &3, 0) B (gege) = (2,9 mi l(ast—0- dom) = 2-72 let erA,R (see fejure) where Ay ss the tress sectional aren of tank, and . : ao (where ail lengths are in mn). w Thus, wade BH &e Since hin 40 A,(3) 4: Fatm At @) 3 tatim fe Ae ¥ (B-0.b) * heben so Thet 3 (101 Af) G30 4.30 2.53m per] hie Water 30m Open ena Cable Steet! lock FIGURE P2.90 fo final state. 18.94P2.90 | (tont) (8) By eguilibrium of bank (see free-bedy~ diagram); T= BAM where Wy tank weignt, and for stee/ blocke To -Fa= (4-9) Thus, oT . BAW We 5° Ye (18, see!) ny ~~ Goby (4.81) TAT i Iu, ye “(7 B40 xO 48) (@u%)- qaor i, = 0,208 m Tg volume ~¥%5 AFBod * 2.91* An inverted hollow cone is pushed into the water as is shown in Fig. P2.9]. Determine the distance, f. that the water rises in the cone as a function of the depth. d. of the lower edge of the cone. Plot the results for 0 = d = H, when H is equal to 1 m. Assume the temperature of the air within the cone remains constant. FIGURE P2.91 For constant temperature compression of The air withii the cone, RG EE a) where % 13 The alr volume, and 6 and £ veter to iarhal and Fital states, respectwely Lt follows Theat (see Agave): B= ¥ (d-2) + tat Bey Be FHS) ev) = FA) Oo) Thus, From Eg.) re) te (Fe) = fy Cd-£) hen | Fs) (4-4) which simplifies +o ge d- B= [(')-'] 2) For fog, < IVR, Y= FPO RN |?) and Holo, 10) BL, [es 3 ed- —@ Ig) 7! A= d ioe 7) i] or -3 Az d- v0.3 [ (-2) -] ey where Land d ave tn meters. A computer program follows tor Caleulating A as a tunchon of d. Ccont ) 4-44EXTRA (cont) 100 els 135 print "** 1, as a function of the depth. d 180 print 160 print " Depth, d (m) _ Water rise, 1 (m)" 170 for d=0.0 to 1.01 step 0.1 180 1=0.0 185 if d=0 then goto 220 190 lp=1 200 1=1-((d-1p)/10.3#1)*(-1/3) 210 if abs(1-1p/1)>0.001 goto 190 220 print using " HE HtHBAM aT 230 next 4 Tabulated deta and a plot of the dete are shoun SS SED Hea SiS OSS S RRB SSSA SSID SDAA: ** This program solves iteratively a fourth ** 4 order equation to give the water rise, ** ¥* 1, as a function of the depth, d a Jn BSCS IRIS E SEES ES GBS DEE IAB EASED ACG Depth, d (m) Water rise, 1 (m) 9,000 0.0000 0,100 0.0031 0.200 0.0062 0.300 0.0092 0.400 0.0122 0.500 0.0152 0.600 0.0182 9.700 0.0211 0.800 0.0239 0.900 0.0268 1.000 0.0296 TO print HSSSR EROS BOOB ESSE IE SSO DSI IAA EIA ITE 120 print "** This program solves iteratively a fourth **" 130 print "** order equation to give the water rise, sen en TO Bent ESS UbGUn OOS HS Fino bdbrmner SEES EERO S rar below. 2-95A942 2.92 An open container of oil rests on the flatbed of a truck that is traveling along a hot zontal road at 55 mivhr. As the truck slows w formly to a complete stop in 5s, what will be the slope of the oil surface during the period of con- stant deceleration? (eg 2.28) 1 velocity ~ inital veloc time satervel & o - G5 mph 04410 = ur pn = yon st os Thus, (12 4) as - 2 = 0502 4 404 +6 2-Fe2.93 2.93 A S-gal, cylindrical open container witha bottom area of 120 in.? is filled with glycerin and rests on the floor of an elevator. (a) Determine the fluid pressure at the bottom of the container when the elevator has an upward acceleration of 3 ft/s*, (b) What resultant force does the container exert on the floor of the elevator during this acceleration? The weight of the container is negligible. (Note: 1 gal = 231 in.) & (a) £ =P (q+ 4) (£4,226) a avea= A ae SA = volume ° {si pt =p (gray) [34 BR (zo in*) = Gael ant) ona % A= 9.68 iin =p (gee) h = (ann SB )( 22.26 E34) (142 4) = 699 2, (b) From free-bedy -diagram of Container, eA +A t sare yoni) Le = 574ib Thus, force of contamer on floor 's S74 |b downward.a4 2.94 — An open rectangular tank 1 m wide and 2 m long contains gasoline to a depth of 1 m. If the height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, what is the ‘maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long axis of the tank) that can develop before the gas- oline would begin to spill? To prevent spilling, Since, so That (By)? > (aso 781%) = KOI (Wote: Acceleration could be either 4 the fight or the left. ) 2-792.95 Ifthe tank of Problem 2.714 slides down a frictionless plane that is inclined at 30° with the horizontal, determine the angle the free surface makes with the horizontal. From Newtons Amd laur, Zz Fy = ama, Since the only force in the 4*direchin Is the Component of weight (amg )sin 6, (1m g)sino = a > 9) ne rm mass of tank and So That ' 1 ay sin Gasoline and therefore ' Gy = Oy 10s Gy =~ 4y sinB Alse, de. - 2 (eg, 2.28) ay qr a, 1 By 58 sg sine e088 g - %ysine g ~ 4 5in8 cose 4 smn2e ~ a $size Gnd for 830° ar a, ee = -O7b+ dy [= Sin bo* Thus, tangs O.7b4 (see figure) aed $= 374° a-442.46 2.46 A closed cylindrical tank that s 8 fin diameter and 24 ft long is completely filled with gasoline. The tank, with its jong axis horizontal, is pulled by a truck along a horizontal surface. Determine the pressure difference between the ends (along the long axis ofthe tank) when the truck undergoes an acceleration of 5 ft/s*. |-_— 4 ——~| 5 a) a) Thus eT eA 24 45% fer a ~0 8 [as 4 where psp at Y=O and Pah at y=24 ft, and BoB Phy (24 te) . = (432 EE )(s & )law ee) - 4 = = 158? Fee or db rte 16 aes 2-/002.47 2.97 The open U-tube of Fig. P27. is par- tially filled with a liquid. When this device is ac- celerated with a horizontal acceleration, a, a differential reading, h, develops between the ma- nometer legs which are spaced a distance apart. Determine the relationship between a, f, and h | FIGURE P2.77 2-/of2.48 An open I-m-diameter tank contains water at a depth of 0.7m when at rest. As the tank is rotated about its vertical axis the center of the fluid surface is depressed. At what angular Lluia velocity will the bottom of the tank first be ex- ae posed? No water is spilled from the tank. Eguaton for Surfaces of Constant pressure (4. 2,32): x ke al ZF Wt” + constont 73 Rim inihal depth For free surface with Azo at F=0, Ww? “a5 The volume of fluid tn votahng tank is qiven by & ig eet tH: lanrfAdr = 27 w [re = TwR 24 Jo 4¢ $ © Since the tnitial volume, ¥.=7R*h,, must egual the Lira! Volume, HY, so That wtRt TR 44 or w= bake 2 af 4 Caer Nom) = Jos ted (0.5m )* — 2-102GF 2.97 The U-tube of Fig. P2.94 is partially filled with water and rotates around the axis a a. Determine the angular velocity that will cause the water to start to vaporize at the bottom of FJ the tube (point A), . . ‘ Pressure th « rotating fluid varies in accordance with % 5 “ The 2puction , FIGURE P27 ape pe PRT ya + Constant (2g. 2.33) 2 With the ceordinate system shown, pro at Fe Hin and B= (2h. 50 That 2 2 2 constants ~PYAE , ydBay = — GR +e Thus , pe pe* (r7-4) - ¥ (2-1) At pont A, r=0 and 220, and Pye ~ Fete 8 a) tf fb, = vapor pressure = 0.296 psva , or Pye (0.256 psu - 4 7pse Ye fe" )- - 2080 ra (yage) then from gC) ie (%-h) Ve Jb iy 1g [6243s ~ (-2080 gs) slugs, ay 2-/03a Oo 2.100 The U-tube of Fig. P2.100 contains mer- cury and rotates about the off-center axis a-a. At rest, the depth of mercury in each leg is 150 mm as illustrated. Determine the angular velocity for which the difference in heights between the two legs is 75 mm. FIGURE P2.100 The eguation of the Free surface pessing through A and B Is Ze oe + Constant (é 4.2.32) Thus, . =aype frp Boi, = Oks F (4) 30 that w 23 (Ah) t-te 204.31 4) (0, 075m) _ = G04 Fae (0.2z0m)* - (0.090m) 2-104a.Jo/ 2.101 A closed, 0.4-m-diameter cylindrical tank is completely filled with oil (SG = 0.9) and rotates about its vertical longitudinal axis with an angular velocity of 40 rad/s. Determine the dif- ference in pressure just under the vessel cover between a point on the circumference and a point on the axis. as Pressure tn a robatiig #lund varies tn accordance with the €guation, pF (POEL _ ya + constant — (eg.2.33) Since %=%q , tg OP Cte) © beanal = (0.910? 88, ) (4 “84) [Ge 2m)% o] =z = age kPe 2-los™2.102 2.102 Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate Objective: A gate, hinged at the top, covers a hole in the side of a water filled tank as shown in Fig. P2.102 and is held against the tank by the water pressure. The purpose ofthis experiment isto compare the theoretical force needed to open the gate to the experimentally ‘measured force, Equipment: Rectangular tank with a rectangular hole in its side; gate that covers the hole and is hinged at the top; force transducer to measure the force needed to open the gate; ruler to measure the water depth, Experimental Procedure: Measure the height, H, and width, bof the hole in the tank and the distance, L, from the hinge to the point of application of the force, F, that opens the gate. Fill the tank with water to @ depth h above the bottom of the gate, Use the force transducer to determine the force, F, needed to slowly open the gate. Repeat the force mea- surements for various water depths. Calculations: For arbitrary water depths, h, determine the theoretical force, F, needed to open the gate by equating the moment about the hinge from the water force on the gate (0 the moment produced by the applied force, F Graph: Plot the experimentally determined force, F, needed to open the gate as ordinates and the water depth, h, as abscissa. Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as a function of water depth, Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. @ FIGURE P2.102 (cont) A- lol2.102 (Con't ) Solution for Problem 2.10: : Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate Lin Hin. bin. 7, Ibsen Ihe ft 55 60 40 62.4 0.003472 hain Fb Fy lb yryeft df Fb 244 10.1 15.69 0.0138 «0.264 «9.03 185 89 1343 0.0161 0.265 «7.80 162 76 11.44 0.0189 0.269671 146 67 997 00217 0272 © 5.91 128 58 249 © 0.0285 0.276 5.11 “W4 47 7.02 0.0309 «0.281 4.30 10.4 43 615 0.0352 0.285 3.83. 74 29 381 0.05868 «0.307 2.55 Since h > H, A= H" H"'3/12 = constant. = constant and lye = F = F,"diL, where F, = y"(h-H/2)"A, d= H/2 + (y,- ye), and y, ~ Ye = leel(hh- HI2)"A, Problem 2.102 | Force, F, vs Water Depth, h | 2-1072.103 2.103 Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle Objective: A quarter-ircle block with a vertical rectangular end is attached to a balance beam as shown in Fig. P2.103. Water in the tank puts a hydrostatic pressure force on the block which causes a clockavise moment about the pivot point. This moment is balanced by the counterclockwise moment produced by the weight placed atthe end ofthe balance beam, ‘The purpose of this experiment is to determine the weight, W, needed to balance the beam as a function of the water depth, Equipment: Balance beam with an attached quarter-circe, rectangular cross-section block; pivot point directly above the vertical end ofthe beam to support the beam; tank; weights; ruler. Experimental Procedure: Measure the inner radius, Ry, outer radius, Ry, and width, b, of the block. Measure the length, L, of the moment arm between the pivot point and the ‘weight. Adjust the counter weight on the beam so that the beam is level when there is no ‘weight on the beam and no water in the tank. Hang a known mass, m, on the beam and a just the water level, fin the tank so thet the beam again becomes level. Repeat with differ- ‘ent masses and water depths. Calculations: For a given water depth, ft determine the hydrostatic pressure force, Fe = yh, on the vertical end of the block. Also determine the point of action of this force, a distance yp — y. below the centroid of the area. Note that the equations for Fg and yx ~ Ye are different when the water level is below the end of the block (h < Ry ~ Rj) than when it is above the end of the block (h > Rp ~ Ri). For a given water depth, determine the theoretical weight needed to balance the beam by summing moments about the pivot point. Note that both F and W produce « moment. However, because the curved sides of the block are circular ares centered about the pivot point, the pressure forces on the curved sides of the block (which act normal to the sides) ddo not produce any moment about the pivot point. Thus the forces on the curved sides do not enter into the moment equation. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined weight, W, as ordinates and the water depth, 1h, as abscissas, Result: On the same graph plot the theoretical weight as a function of water depth Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. Prot pont ee (Quartercee Bock & FIGURE P2.103 (con't) 2-1082.103 Cont) Solution for Problem 2.103: Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle R,, in Ra, in Lin. b, in. 50 9.0 120 3.0 Experimental m, kg hin. W, Ib 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 nt 0.04 0.04 1.58 0.09 0.08 1.92 0.13 0.10 251 0.22 12 2.76 0.26 0.14 299 0.31 0.16 3.20 0.35 0.18 3.41 0.40 0.20 3.60 0.44 0.22 3.80 0.48 0.24 3.99 0.53 0.26 4a7 0.87 0.28 4.33 0.62 0.30 4.50 0.66 0.35 4.95 077 0.40 5.39 0.88 0.45 5.83 0.99 0.50 6.27 1.40 0.55 670 1.24 W = 32.2 fs*2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg) Forh Ry- Ry’ Fa = Ro - (Ro- RiVi2 + (Ye Ye) Ye = bach Iye= BYR - Ry)*3/12 = 0.000774 ft he= h- (Ro - Ry)/2 br(Re-Ri) ye{h = (Re = RiV2)*(Re = Ry)" g.fis2 7, Ibis 32.2 624 Theoretical Fr, Ib 4, ft Wy, Ib 0.00 0.750 0.000 0.07 o719 0.048 0.14 0.706 = 0.095 0.20 0697 0.139 0.34 og80 = 0.232 oat 0673 (0.278 0.48 0.667 0.323 0.55 0661 = 0.367 0.63 0655 = (0.413 0.70 0650 (0.456 078 0644 © 0.504 0.86 0639 (0.581 0.94 0.0512 0634S (0.897 1.01 0.0476. «0.631 0.637 1.08 0.0444. 0.628 «0.680 128 © 0.0376. «0.621.794 147 0.0328 «0616 = 0.905 166 © 0.0280 0612, 1.016 185 0.0260 0.609 1.127 2.04 0.0236 0607 1.236 ‘Sum moments about pivot to give W"L = Fr’d (cent ) 2-1092.103 Ceont ) 2.0 Problem 2.103, Weight, W, vs Water Depth, h 6.0 [Theoretical = Experimental 2-1102./0% 2.104 Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box with Slanted Sides Objective: When a box or form as shown in Fig. P2.104 is filled with a liquid, the ver- tical force of the liquid on the box tends to lift it off the surface upon which it sits, thus al- lowing the liquid to drain from the box. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the minimum weight, W, needed to keep the box from lifting off the surface. Equipment: An open-botiom box that has vertical side walls and slanted end walls; weights; ruler; scale. Experimental Procedure: Determine the weight, Woy of the empty box and measure its length, L, width, b, wall thickness, 1, and the angle of the ends, 6. Set the box on a smooth surface and place a known mass, m, on it, Slowly fill the box with water and note the depth, fh, at which the net upward water force is equal tothe total weight, W + Wey» where W = mg. ‘This condition will be obvious because the friction force between the box and the surface on which it sits will be zero and the box will “float” effortlessly along the surface. Repeat for various masses and water levels. Calculations: Foran arbitrary water depth, h, determine the theoretical weight, W, needed to maintain equilibrium with no contact force between the box and the surface below it, This can be done by equating the total weight, W + Wing to the net vertical hydrostatic pressure force on the box. Calculate this vertical pressure force for two different situations. (1) As- sume the vertical pressure force is the vertical component of the pressure forces acting on the slanted ends of the box. (2) Assume the vertical upward force is that from part (1) plus the pressure force acting under the sides and ends of the box because of the finite thickness, 1, of the box walls. This additional pressure fore is assumed to be due to an average pres- ute of Py, = yh/2 acting on the “foot print” area of the box walls. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Way as ordinates and the water depth, h, as abscissa. Results: On the same graph plot wo theoretical total weight verses water depth curves— one involving only the slanted-end pressure force, and the other including the slanted end and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and elick here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. @ FIGURE P2.1042. /0¥ (Cont) ‘Solution for Problem 2.104: Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box with Slanted Sides 0, deg 45 m, kg 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 W = g'm = 32.2 flst2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg) ‘Theory 1. Including only the slanted-end pressure force: Lin. 10.3 hin. 2.08 2.23 2.42 2.53 2.67 281 2.94 3.08 3.16 bin tin 40 0.25 Experimental W+ Woon (Dh, in 0.942 0.00 1.052 0.25 1.162 0.50 4.272 0.75 1.382 1.00 1.491 1.25 1.601 1.50 4711 175 1.821 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 W + Woe = ¥°Vol Vol = b*hth Wrox: Ib 0.942 Theory 1 W+ Woo Ib 0,000 0.009 0.036 0.081 0.144 0.226 0.325 0.442 0.578 0.731 0.903 1.092 4.300 1.526 1 tastes 62.4 Theory 2 Pave I/ttY2 W + Woe Ib 0.00 0.65 1.30 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85 6.50 7.15 7.80 8.45 0.000 0.047 0111 0.194 0.295 0.414 0.551 0.706 0.879 4.070 1.279 1.506 1.782 2.018 Theory 2. Including the sianted-end pressure force and the fnte-thickness wall pressure force W + Wrox = ¥°VOl + Pave". Pag = O57" Az (b+ 2"1)*(L + 2*Using) - b*L = 8.33 in.*2 = 0.0579 f*2 (cont) 2-122.104 Problem 2.104 | Total Weight, W + Wo,, vs Water Depth, h * Experimental | | ‘Theory 4 | (slanted ends only) W + Woox 5 Ib Theory 2 (slanted ends i and bottom! a | 2-132105 2.105 Air Pad Lift Force Objective: _As shown in Fig. P2.108, itis possible to lift objects by use of an air pad con- sisting of an inverted box that is pressurized by an air supply, Ifthe pressure within the box is large enough, the box will lift slightly off the surface, air will flow under its edges, and there willbe very little frictional force between the box and the surface. The purpose of this ‘experiment isto determine the lifting force, W, as a function of pressure, p, within the box. Equipment: Inverted rectangular box; air supply; weights; manometer. Experimental Procedure: Connect the air source and the manometer to the inverted square box. Determine the weight, Wy, of the square box and measure its length and width, L, and the wall thickness, t, Set the inverted box on a smooth surface and place @ known ‘mass, m, on it, Increase the air flowrate until the box lifts off the surface slightly and “floats” with negligible frictional force. Record the manometer reading, fk, under these conditions. Repeat the measurements with various masses. Calculations: Determine the theoretical weight that can be lifted by the air pad by equat- ing the total weight, W + Way, tothe net vertical pressure force on the box. Here W = mg. Calculate this pressure force for two different situations. (1) Assume the pressure force is equal to the area of the box, A = 2, times the pressure, p = qf, within the box, Where Yq is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. (2) Assume that the net pressure force is that from part (1) plus the pressure force acting under the edges of the box because of the finite thickness, 1, of the box walls, This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an av- erage pressure of Py = Ye//2 acting on the “foot print” area of the box walls, 4(L + 1). Graph: Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Wy a8 ordinates and the pressure within the box, p, as abscissas. Results: On the same graph, plot two theoretical total weight verses pressure curves— cone involving only the pressure times box area pressure force, and the other including the pressure times box area and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces. Data; To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and elck here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. W FIGURE P2.1052.105 Ceont) Solution for Problem 2.105: Air Pad Lift Force Lain tin Wrox, tb 75 0.25 1.25 Experiment m, kg hin. W+ Wrox Ib 0.0 0.54 1.25 04 O64 147 02 0.74 1.69 03 0.82 191 o4 0.94 2.13 0s 1.04 2.35 06 4.12 2.57 07 1.23 279 08 1.32 3.01 09 1.42 3.23 1.0 1.52 3.45 14 1.63 3.67 12 172 3.89 13 1.83 ant 14 1.96 4.33 15 2.06 4.55 16 2.412 477 17 2.23 4.99 18 2.32 21 W = g'm = 32.2 fi/s*2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slugikg) ‘Theory 1. Involving only the pressure times the box area: W + Weox = pYL*2 P= t0"h ‘Ya2o, IbIte3 62.4 Theory 4 p,lbift'2 W+ Wo, Ib 2.81 3.33 3.85 4.28 4.89 5.1 5.82 6.40 6.86 7.38 7.90 8.48 8.94 9.52 10.19 10.71 11.02 11.60 12.06 4.10 1.30 1.50 1.67 1.91 2 2.28 2.50 268 2.88 3.09 3.31 3.49 3.72 3.98 418 431 453 4am Theory 2 W + Wrox Ib 147 1.39 1.61 1.78 2.04 2.26 2.43 267 287 3.08 3.30 3.54 3.73 3.97 4.26 447 4.60 484 5.04 ‘Theory 2. Involving the pressure times the box area plus the average pressure times the edge area: W + Wrox = prL*2 + (pi2)"((L + 21)%2 - L*2) (Cont ) 2-52.105 (cont ) Problem 2.105 Total Weight, W + Wbox, vs Pressure, p Experimental '— —Theory 1 (box area only) —— Theory 2 (box area |___plus edge area) 2-Ne