HVDC Power Transmission

History - World’s First HVDC Project , Gotland Swedish

Mainland
 Advantages of HVDC
• Why HVDC rather than HVAC?
 Large amount of power(>500MW) over long distance (>500KM)
 Underwater Transmission of Power
 Connection of AC Networks in an Asynchronous Mode
• System with different frequencies can be connected (Back to Back HVDC).
• Control of Power Flow
 Reactive Power Controller (RPC)
 Frequency Controller
 Run Back Control
 Advantages of HVDC
 No limits in transmitted distance.
 Very fast control of power flow improves stability
 Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly
 ROW smaller than HVAC, for the same transmitted power. The
environmental impact is smaller with HVDC.

 HVDC transmissions have a high availability and reliability rate, shown by

more than 30 years of operation.
 Flexible and Modular.

 Reduced voltage operation is possible.

Advantages of HVDC over HVAC
 Comparison of Technologies
400kV 765kV 500kV 800kV 1200 kV
(approx.) (approx.)
ROW (m) 46 64 52 70 100
Capacity (MW) Upto 600- Upto 2500- Upto 2000- Upto 6000- Upto 6000-
700 3000 2500 6400 8000
MW/m 15 45 48 90 80

High MW/m can be achieved in 1200kV AC and 800kV HVDC system

 Comparison of right of way
400 kV AC Lines
500 kV DC Line

96 m 46 m
North East India - Agra Project
HVDC Substation layout
MODES OF OPERATION
 Modes of Operation
Bipolar
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves
Current

Converter Converter
Transformer Transformer

Current

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 Modes of Operation
Monopolar Ground Return
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves

Converter Current Converter

Transformer Transformer

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 Modes of Operation
Monopolar Metallic Return
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves

Converter Current Converter

Transformer Transformer

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 MAJOR SUB SYSTEMS OF HVDC
A) Converter Transformers + AC filters.
B) Valve hall + valve cooling.
C) DC Smoothing reactor + DC breakers and DC filters.
D) OCT, DC Voltage Divider, Isolators, Arresters, and other switchyard
equipments.
E) Station control, protection and auxiliaries.
F) Electrode station and line.
 BASIC HVDC Single Line Diagram
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves DC Filter: DC Filter:
DT 12/24 DT 12/24
DT 12/36 DT 12/36

Converter Converter
Transformer Transformer

DC Filter: DC Filter:
DT 12/24 DT 12/24
DT 12/36 DT 12/36

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 A Converter Station
Transmission
line or cable

Smoothing
reactor
Converter

AC bus

DC filter

Shunt
capacitors AC filters
or other
reactive
equipment Telecommunication ~~
Control
system
 Power Flow in an HVDC station

AC Filter 3 AC Filter 1 & 2

Valve Hall 1 Valve Hall 2

Bus 2
400 kV AC Bus
Bus 1

Bus Reactor - 1
Bus Reactor - 2
ICT - 1 ICT - 2
400/132/33 kV 33 kV substation
auxillaries
Balipara & Ranganadi
400 kV Bays

132 kV ASEB 800 kV Reactive

400 kV
DC Power ac power Power
HVDC Converter Bridge
 HVDC CONVERTER OPERATION
HVDC Transmission Normal Power Direction

Rectifier Id Inverter

Note! Only a small voltage difference

 HVDC Transmission Reverse Power Direction

Inverter Rectifier

Id

Note that the current flow sign in the same

direction.
Only the polarity is reversed.
(changing a). Note! Only a small voltage difference
 HVDC CONVERTER OPERATION
HVDC control sy stem

To i nv e rte r

Po rd er
Io rd er C urrent
C onverter
P ow er unit
control
control firing
amplifier
Pm o d control Id

Ire s po n s e

Ud re s p o n s e
V oltage
measuring
system
 HVDC Components
1. Thyristor Module
No of thyristors = 108 * 12 = 1296

Control : TCU, VCU, THM, CFC ; IP, CP, FP

2. Converter Transformers : 1-ph, 2 winding.
295.1 MVA, 400 kV/333.3 kV, Y/Y, Y/D
3. Thyristor valves – HV & LV
4. AC Filter

• Filter Bank 1 & Filter Bank 3 :

HP 12 – 125 MVAR
HP 12 B – 160 MVAR
HP 24/36 – 125 MVAR
HP 3 – 159 MVAR
SHC – 155 MVAR
• Filter Bank 2 : HP 12 – 125 MVAR
HP 12B – 160 MVAR
HP 24/36 – 125 MVAR
HP 24/36 – 125 MVAR
5. DC Yard

(a) HSS

(b) Smoothing Reactor

(c) DC Filter

(d) GRTS,MRTB, NBGS

DC Yard
6. HVDC and Electrode Line Towers
7. Valve Cooling System.
Cooling Pipes
 HCDC control & protection - MACH - 2
• Modular Advanced Control for HVDC & STATCOM – 2nd Edition.
• Control & Protection System for HVDC.
 HVDC Protection
• Valve Misfire – CP interval
• Thyristor Monitoring – IP to VCU
• Valve Short Circuit Protection – IVY, IVD, IDL, IDNE
• Commutation Failure – IVY, IVD,IDL
• DC overvoltage protection
• DC undervoltage protection
• DC overcurrent protection – IDL, IDNE, CWT
• Pole DC Differential protection – IDL, IDNE
• DC Line Ground Fault Protection - dv/dt

• DC Line Differential Protection – IDL (S1&S3)

• Reverse Power Direction Protection – V polarity & time.

• Restart Attempts.
• BFP – Trips filter bank breakers if sub bank breaker does not trip.

• Lockout Relay for AC CB.

• High angle supervision.

• Emergency Trip.
LFL (Line Fault Locator)
THANK YOU