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Objectives: Research Methodology

This document provides information on quantitative research methodology. It defines quantitative data and discusses techniques for collecting quantitative data, including observation, surveys, experiments, and content analysis. It provides details on questionnaires and interviews as survey instruments. Guidelines are provided for formulating interview questions. Examples are given of elements of an experiment. The document emphasizes understanding research questions to guide content analysis. Students are asked to reflect on and generalize what they have learned about quantitative research methodology.

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SERNOR CHERRYL GATCHALIAN
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180 views7 pages

Objectives: Research Methodology

This document provides information on quantitative research methodology. It defines quantitative data and discusses techniques for collecting quantitative data, including observation, surveys, experiments, and content analysis. It provides details on questionnaires and interviews as survey instruments. Guidelines are provided for formulating interview questions. Examples are given of elements of an experiment. The document emphasizes understanding research questions to guide content analysis. Students are asked to reflect on and generalize what they have learned about quantitative research methodology.

Uploaded by

SERNOR CHERRYL GATCHALIAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 12

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CS_RS12-IIa-c-1

Objectives

After this lesson, the students should be able to do the following:


 Identifying the fundamental knowledge of various quantitative research designs;
 Describes sampling procedure and sample and;
 Presents written research methodology

Let’s Warm
Up!

Think of ten (10) most important words that is related to quantitative research designs.
Write an explanation for each term.

# WORD/TERM MY IDEAS ABOUT THIS WORD/TERM

8
9

10

Key Takeaways

Quantitative Data are pieces of information or facts known by people in this world
appearing measurable, numerical, and related to a metrical system. These data result
from sensory experiences whose descriptive qualities such as age, shape, speed,
amount, weight, height, number, positions, and the like are measurable. Denoting
quantity, these words appear in records in numerical forms that are either discrete (1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6...) or continuum (amount of flour...).

Techniques in Collecting Quantitative Data and Instruments Used

1. Observation

Using your sense organs, you gather facts or information about people,
things, places, events, and so on, by watching and listening to them;
then, record the results of the functioning of your eyes and ears. Expressing these
sensory experiences to quantitative data, you record them with the use of numbers.

 Seeing, touching, and hearing the sources of data personally, you engage
yourself in direct observation.

It is an indirect observation, if you see and hear them, not through your own eyes and
ears, but by means of technological and electronic gadgets like audiotapes, video
records, and other recording devices used to capture earlier events, images, or sounds.

2. Survey

 It is a data-gathering technique that makes you obtain facts or


information about the subject or object of your research through
the data-gathering instruments of interview and questionnaire.

A. Questionnaire

 Is a paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual and


independent answering by several respondents for obtaining statistical
information.
 Each question offers a number of probable answers from which the
respondents, on the basis or their own judgment, will choose the best answer.

 Making up a questionnaire are factual and opinionated questions.

 Questions to elicit factual answers are formulated in a multiple-choice type and


those to ask about the respondents’ views, attitudes, preferences, and other
opinionated answers are provided with sufficient space where the respondents
could write their sentential answers to opinionated questions.
 Responses yielded by this instrument are given their numerical forms (numbers,
fractions, percentages) and categories and are subjected to statistical analysis.
 Questionnaire is good for collecting data from a big number of respondents
situated in different places because all you have to do is either to hand the paper
to the respondents or to send it to them through postal or electronic mail.

B. Interview

 Survey as a data-gathering technique likewise uses interview as its


data-gathering instrument. You ask a set of questions orally
 With the advent of modern technology, oral interviews happen
through the use of modern electronic devices such as mobile
phones, telephones, smart phones, and other wireless devices.

Order of Interview Questions

First set of questions – opening questions to establish friendly


relationships, like questions about the place, the time, the physical appearance of the
participant, or other non-verbal things not for audio recording

Second set of questions – generative questions to encourage open-ended questions


like those that ask about the respondents’ inferences, views, or opinions about the
interview topic

Third set of questions – directive questions or close-ended questions to elicit specific


answers like those that are answerable with yes or no, with one type of an object, or
with definite period of time and the like.

Fourth set of questions – ending questions that give the respondents the chance to air
their satisfaction, wants, likes, dislikes, reactions, or comments about the interview.
Guidelines in Formulating Interview Questions

1.Use clear and simple language.


2. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviations, jargons, and highfalutin terms.
3. Let one question elicit only one answer; no double-barrel question.
4. Express your point in exact, specific, bias-free, and gender-free language.
5.Give way to how your respondents want themselves to be identified.
6. Establish continuity or free flow of the respondents’ thoughts by using appropriate
follow-up questions (e.g., Could you give an example of it? Would you mind narrating
what happened next?).
7. Ask questions in a sequential manner; determine which should be your opening,
middle, or closing questions.

3. Experiment

It is a scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the subjects


a sort of treatment or condition then evaluate the results to find out the
manner by which the treatment affected the subjects and to discover
the reasons behind the effects of such treatment on the subjects.

This quantitative data-gathering technique aims at manipulating or


controlling conditions to show which condition or treatment has effects on the subjects
and to determine how much condition or treatment operates or functions to yield a
certain outcome.

The process of collecting data involves selection of subjects or participants, pre-testing


the subjects prior to the application of any treatment or condition, and giving the
subjects post-test to determine the effects of the treatment on them

Dealing with or treating their communicative abilities in two or more modes of


communication is giving them multiple treatments.

The basic elements of experiment which are subjects, pre-test, treatment, and post-test
do not operate only for examining causal relationships but also for discovering,
verifying, and illustrating theories, hypotheses, or facts. (Edmonds 2013; Morgan 2014;
Picardie 2014)

4.Content Analysis

It is another quantitative data-collection technique that makes you search through


several oral or written forms of communication to find answers to your research
questions.
This data-collection method is not only for examining printed materials but also for
analyzing information coming from non-book materials like photographs, films, video
tapes, paintings, drawings, and the like.

The focus of your study is on a single subject or on two entities to determine their
comparative features.

Any content analysis you want to do is preceded by your thorough understanding of


your research questions because these are the questions to guide you in determining
which aspect of the content of the communication should you focus on to find the
answers to the main problem of your research.

Exercise I
In this activity , you’ll be asked questions about how to correct some in text citations and
works cited entries.
Valuing

Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by completing
the chart below in 2-3 sentences

What were your


thoughts or
I thought…
ideas about
patterns of
development in
writing prior to
the discussion
of the lesson?

I learned that…
What new or
additional ideas
did you learn
after taking up
this lesson?

Generalization
Integral Citation is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in
your work. You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the
author’s ideas. Using these types of verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental
position, attitude, stand, or opinion in relation to the information referred to. This is the
reason integral citation is often used in social sciences or any subjects belonging to the
soft sciences
MLA style is used mainly by students who write papers on literature and related
subjects like theater or film. APA style is based on the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association. The APA manual focuses on writing style and
source citations.

As a student, you must be an aware on how to write papers on literature and


related subjects. However, nowadays, young people have been focus on internet and
not able to read , analyze and write the proper citation.
Your task is to choose an article / journal and cite it into different formats such as
APA , MLA and CMS Styles of referencing.

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