Java

Type 'javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java' and press enter to compile your code. If

there are no errors in your code, the command prompt will take you to the next
line (Assumption : The path variable is set).

Now, type ' java MyFirstJavaProgram ' to run your program.

You will be able to see ' Hello World ' printed on the window.

C:\> javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java

C:\> java MyFirstJavaProgram
Hello World

Ba c S a
About Java programs, it is very important to keep in mind the following points.

Case Sensitivity - Java is case sensitive, which means

identifier Helloand hello would have different meaning in Java.

Class Names - For all class names the first letter should be in Upper Case.

If several words are used to form a name of the class, each inner word's first letter
should be in Upper Case.

Example: class MyFirstJavaClass

Method Names - All method names should start with a Lower Case letter.

If several words are used to form the name of the method, then each inner word's
first letter should be in Upper Case.

Example: public void myMethodName()

Program File Name - Name of the program file should exactly match the class
name.

When saving the file, you should save it using the class name (Remember Java is
case sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of the name (if the file name and the
class name do not match, your program will not compile).

Example: Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name. Then the file should
be saved as 'MyFirstJavaProgram.java'

public static void main(String args[]) - Java program processing starts from
the main() method which is a mandatory part of every Java program.

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 Java

Ja a Ide f e
All Java components require names. Names used for classes, variables, and methods are
called identifiers.

In Java, there are several points to remember about identifiers. They are as follows:

All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character ($)
or an underscore (_).

After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters.

A key word cannot be used as an identifier.

Most importantly, identifiers are case sensitive.

Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value.

Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary.

Ja a M d f e
Like other languages, it is possible to modify classes, methods, etc., by using modifiers.
There are two categories of modifiers:

Access Modifiers: default, public , protected, private

Non-access Modifiers: final, abstract, strictfp

We will be looking into more details about modifiers in the next section.

Ja a Va ab e
Following are the types of variables in Java:

Local Variables

Class Variables (Static Variables)

Instance Variables (Non-static Variables)

Ja a A a
Arrays are objects that store multiple variables of the same type. However, an array itself
is an object on the heap. We will look into how to declare, construct, and initialize in the
upcoming chapters.

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 Java

Ja a E
Enums were introduced in Java 5.0. Enums restrict a variable to have one of only a few
predefined values. The values in this enumerated list are called enums.

With the use of enums it is possible to reduce the number of bugs in your code.

For example, if we consider an application for a fresh juice shop, it would be possible to
restrict the glass size to small, medium, and large. This would make sure that it would not
allow anyone to order any size other than small, medium, or large.

Example
class FreshJuice {

enum FreshJuiceSize{ SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE }

FreshJuiceSize size;
}

public class FreshJuiceTest {

public static void main(String args[]){

FreshJuice juice = new FreshJuice();
juice.size = FreshJuice.FreshJuiceSize.MEDIUM ;
System.out.println("Size: " + juice.size);
}
}

The above example will produce the following result:

Size: MEDIUM

Note: Enums can be declared as their own or inside a class. Methods, variables,
constructors can be defined inside enums as well.

Ja a Ke d
The following list shows the reserved words in Java. These reserved words may not be
used as constant or variable or any other identifier names.

abstract assert boolean break

byte case catch char

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 Java

class const continue default

do double else enum

extends final finally float

for goto if implements

import instanceof int interface

long native new package

private protected public return

short static strictfp super

switch synchronized this throw

throws transient try void

volatile while

C e Ja a
Java supports single-line and multi-line comments very similar to C and C++. All
characters available inside any comment are ignored by Java compiler.

public class MyFirstJavaProgram{

/* This is my first java program.

* This will print 'Hello World' as the output
* This is an example of multi-line comments.
*/

public static void main(String []args){

// This is an example of single line comment
/* This is also an example of single line comment. */
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

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 Java

U gBa L e
A line containing only white space, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and
Java totally ignores it.

I he a ce
In Java, classes can be derived from classes. Basically, if you need to create a new class
and here is already a class that has some of the code you require, then it is possible to
derive your new class from the already existing code.

This concept allows you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing class without having
to rewrite the code in a new class. In this scenario, the existing class is called the
superclass and the derived class is called the subclass.

I e face
In Java language, an interface can be defined as a contract between objects on how to
communicate with each other. Interfaces play a vital role when it comes to the concept of
inheritance.

An interface defines the methods, a deriving class (subclass) should use. But the
implementation of the methods is totally up to the subclass.

Wha Ne ?
The next section explains about Objects and classes in Java programming. At the end of
the session, you will be able to get a clear picture as to what are objects and what are
classes in Java.

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 4. Java – Objects & Classes Java

Java is an Object-Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object-Oriented feature,

Java supports the following fundamental concepts:

Polymorphism
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Classes
Objects
Instance
Method
Message Parsing

In this chapter, we will look into the concepts - Classes and Objects.

Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color,
name, breed as well as behaviors wagging the tail, barking, eating. An object is
an instance of a class.

Class - A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the

behavior/state that the object of its type support.

Ob ec Ja a
Let us now look deep into what are objects. If we consider the real-world, we can find
many objects around us, cars, dogs, humans, etc. All these objects have a state and a
behavior.

If we consider a dog, then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is - barking,
wagging the tail, running.

If you compare the software object with a real-world object, they have very similar
characteristics.

Software objects also have a state and a behavior. A software object's state is stored in
fields and behavior is shown via methods.

So in software development, methods operate on the internal state of an object and the
object-to-object communication is done via methods.

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