Index

Chapter I.......................................................................................................................................3
Present Perfect.........................................................................................................................3
Form:.......................................................................................................................................3
Definition:.............................................................................................................................3
Structure..................................................................................................................................4
Positive............................................................................................................................4
Negative.........................................................................................................................4
Yes/No Questions......................................................................................................4
Uses.........................................................................................................................................5
Preset Perfect(Continuous)......................................................................................................7
Form.........................................................................................................................................7
Structure..................................................................................................................................7
Positive/Negative......................................................................................................7
Yes/No Questions......................................................................................................8
Grammar in use: present perfect + ever/never ................................................................9
Chapter II:Transversal Topic (education and conservation of energy)..................................12
What is Energy?......................................................................................................................12
types of energy.......................................................................................................................13
Energy examples....................................................................................................................16
Importance of saving energy..................................................................................................17
Effect that materials have on the enviromment....................................................................18
Reciclying...............................................................................................................................20
Chapter III:Song..........................................................................................................................21
Lyrics..................................................................................................................................21
Conclusions................................................................................................................................22
Recommendations.....................................................................................................................23
References.................................................................................................................................25
Appendices

1
 DEDICATION

To my mother
with much love and affection
I dedicate all my effort
and job set for
The completion of this work.

INFANTS HUACANCA PETER ANTONY

2
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE:
In general, the present perfect is a mix of the present and the past. It is used for
actions in the past that have significance in the present.
GRAMMATICAL RULES
FORM
To form the present perfect tense we use the auxiliary verb “to have” in the
present simple tense, as well as the past participle of the principal verb. For
regular verbs, the past participle of verb is the regular past simple form (verb +
“-ed”). See the lesson on the past simple for more information on forming the
past tense.

Note: Keep in mind that there are many irregular past participles in English.

Below is a list of some of the most common irregular past participles.

3
STRUCTURE
1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Examples:
 I have [I’ve] talked to Peter.
 She has [She’s] gone to work.
 We have [We’ve] been to London.
 They have [They’ve] learned English.

2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Examples:
 I haven’t talked to Peter.
 She hasn’t gone to work.
 We haven’t been to London.
 They haven’t learned English.

3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Examples:
 Have you talked to Peter?
 Has she gone to work?
 Have you been to London?
 Have they learned English?

4
Uses
The present perfect is used for actions or events that occurred at an unspecified
time before the present. The specific time is not important and therefore we
generally do not use specific time expressions (“this morning”, “yesterday”, “last
year”…) with the present perfect. On the other hand, we can use nonspecific
time expressions with the present perfect (“never”, “ever”, “many times”, “for”,
“since”, “already”, “yet”…). This concept of nonspecific time is quite difficult to
understand and so below you will find further explanation of the particular uses
of the present perfect.
1. The present perfect is used to describe an experience. It is not used for
specific actions.
Examples:
 I have never flown in a plane.
 He has worked in many different museums.
 We have been to Rio de Janeiro.

2. We use the present perfect to express change over time.

Examples:
 I have become more timid in my old age.
 Their English has improved a lot this year.
 He has learned to be more patient.

3. The present perfect is used for accomplishments.

Examples:
 Our football team has won the championship three times.
 Dan has finished writing his first novel.
 Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses.

4. We use the present perfect for actions or events that have not yet happened.
The use of the present perfect in these cases indicates that we are still
expecting the event or action to occur. Therefore, we frequently use
the adverbs “yet” y “still” with the present perfect.
Examples:
 The plane hasn’t arrived yet.
 Our team still hasn’t won a championship.

5
  You haven’t finished your homework yet?

5. The present perfect is used to discuss actions or events that occurred at

various times in the past. The use of the present perfect in these cases
indicates that further actions or events are possible in the future.
Examples:
 We have spoken several times, but we still can’t reach an agreement.
 Our team has played 4 games so far this year.
 I love New York! I have been there 5 times already and I can’t wait to go
back.
6. As we will see, in general we use the present perfect continuous for
situations that began in the past and continue into the present. However, as we
have learned, there are some verbs which we cannot use in the continuous
tenses. In these cases, we use the present perfect simple.
Examples:
 How long has Michael been in Barcelona?
 I have loved you since the day I met you.

6
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect continuous is used for actions or events that began in the
past and continue into the present.

GRAMMATICAL RULES
FORM
As with the present perfect simple, we use the auxiliary verb “to have” as well
as “been” (the past participle of the verb “to be”) and the verb+ing.

STRUCTURE

1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Examples:
 They have [They’ve] been talking for three hours.
 She has [She’s] been studying English since she was 16.
 I have [I’ve] been waiting for you for over an hour!

2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Examples:

7
  They haven’t been talking for more than a few minutes.
 She hasn’t been studying English for very long.
 Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long.

3.  INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Examples:

 Have they been talking for a long time?

 Have you been waiting long?

USE
We use the present perfect continuous when we want to express the sense of
continuity of an action that began in the past and which continues into the
present or which has just finished.

We use it to refer to something that we have been doing over a period of time
and therefore we use the prepositions of time “for” and “since”.
If we use the present perfect continuous without a time reference, it means
“lately” or “recently”.
Examples:

 I can’t believe it is still raining. It’s been raining for a week now!

 John has been working at the bank since 2003.
 We’ve been planning our vacation for over a month.
 Amanda and Tom have been dating since last June.
 He hasn’t been studying enough.
 Have you been feeling ok lately?
 I’ve been working too much.

Note: As we have learned, we cannot use the continuous tenses with some

verbs (see a list of verbs and an explanation here). In these cases, we use
the present perfect simple.

8
GRAMMAR IN USE: PRESENT PERFECT + Ever/Never.

1. Use The  Present Perfect + Ever  To Ask Questions About

Experiences In Someone’s Life.

 “Have you ever taken dance classes?”

“Yes, I have. I took 6 weeks of lessons before my wedding!”

 “Has your brother ever been to India?”

“No, he hasn’t.”

 “Have your friends ever helped you move to a new apartment?”

“Yes – twice!”

Don’t use ever in the answer. Only use it in questions.

If you want, you can use before in the answer:

 Yes, I’ve ever taken dance classes.

Yes, I’ve taken dance classes before.

2. Use The  Present Perfect + Never   To Talk About Things You Have
NOT Done At Any Time In Your Life.

 I’ve never failed a test. I’ve always gotten 80% or more.

 He’s never heard of Michael Jackson. I can’t believe he doesn’t know the
King of Pop!
 Samantha has never been surfing. She’s afraid of the ocean.

9
 We’ve never studied Italian. We studied French and Spanish in school, but
Italian wasn’t available.
 They’ve never told a lie. I know we can trust them.

Conversation Tip:

Many conversations begin with a question in the present

perfect, and then continue with more specific questions about
the experience in the simple past:

 “Have you ever taken dance classes?”

 “Yes, I have. I took 6 weeks of lessons before my wedding last year.”
 “Wow! So did you dance well on the big day?”
 “No, I didn’t – I forgot everything I’d learned in the classes, and
I stepped on my wife’s feet many times!”
 “Oh no! Was she angry?”
 “No – she said she still loved me!”

10
Ever and Never Exercise 1

Choose ‘ever’ or ‘never’

1. This is the only time the children have ________________ been to the
theatre.
2. She hardly ________________ gets up early.
3. She has ________________ bought a car before.
4. I’ve ________________ tried Malaysian food.
5. Do you ________________ see Lucy?
6. The food was as delicious as ________________.
7. If you ________________ come to the UK, give me a call!
8. They don’t ________________ eat meat.
9. Have you ________________ been to New Zealand?
10. She was feeling better than ________________.
11. I don’t ________________ study at the weekend.
12. Nobody ________________ helps me!
13. I’ve ________________ been to Barcelona.
14. She ________________ takes any exercise at all.
15. The children had ________________ been on an aeroplane.
16. We ________________ go to the cinema.
17. I ________________ saw such a big cake before!
18. They had ________________ had such a wonderful meal.
19. Have you ________________ seen such a lovely picture?
20. She’d ________________ spoken English before she came to London.
21. This is the best party I’ve ________________ been to.
22. I’ve ________________ been to South America.
23. Doesn’t she ________________ come to London?
24. She’s wanted to be a writer ________________ since she was a teenager.
25. I never ________________ want to see you again!

11
Answers to Ever and Never Exercise 1
1. This is the only time the children have ever been to the theatre.
2. She hardly ever gets up early.
3. She has never bought a car before.
4. I’ve never tried Malaysian food.
5. Do you ever see Lucy?
6. The food was as delicious as ever.
7. If you ever come to the UK, give me a call!
8. They don’t ever eat meat.
9. Have you ever been to New Zealand?
10. She was feeling better than ever.
11. I don’t ever study at the weekend.
12. Nobody ever helps me!
13. I’ve never been to Barcelona.
14. She never takes any exercise at all.
15. The children had never been on an aeroplane.
16. We never go to the cinema.
17. I never saw such a big cake before!
18. They had never had such a wonderful meal.
19. Have you ever seen such a lovely picture?
20. She’d never spoken English before she came to London.
21. This is the best party I’ve ever been to.
22. I’ve never been to South America.
23. Doesn’t she ever come to London?
24. She’s wanted to be a writer ever since she was a teenager.
25. I never ever want to see you again!

12
CHAPTER II: TRANSVERSAL TOPIC (EDUCATION AND
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY):
What is energy?

The term energy comes from the Greek word for "activity", energetic, and is
used in various areas of knowledge such as physics, chemistry or economics,
to refer to a force capable of generating an action or a job. Thus, energy is
understood as the forces capable of mobilizing, transforming, bringing up or
keeping an object functioning. Energy is measurable or measurable and also
intervenes in all forms of action or reaction. Displacement, chemical reactions,
changes in the state of matter or even the state of rest, are explained by an
amount of energy of a specific type. A fundamental principle of energy is that it
cannot be created or destroyed, as stipulated in the Principle of conservation of
energy, but can be transformed from one type of energy to another, as happens
when we use electrical energy to illuminate a fourth (light energy). Some of
these transformations, however, convert more sophisticated forms of energy
into more ordinary forms (such as caloric). This process is known as energy
degradation. Energy can be stored for later use, either through the
accumulation of substances with potential energy, such as hydrocarbons or
combustible substances, which can then be exposed to oxygen (combustion) to
release huge amounts of energy; or how electrical energy is stored, in objects
such as batteries, whose electrically charged molecules are arranged in usable
energy fields. Even living things store energy, for which they constitute fat
(lipids), a substance that can then be “burned” or converted into sugars to
continue obtaining chemical energy and thus maintain the life cycle, which
requires the consumption of different energies.

TYPES OF ENERGY:

There are various forms of energy, of which we can highlight the following:

13
 ELECTRIC. It is electromagnetic energy produced as a result of a
difference in electrical potential between two points, which is resolved in
an electron exchange called electricity.

 KINETICS. It is a form of mechanical energy, related to the movement of

objects or particles in a specific physical system. It is what sets things in
motion.

 WIND. Energy associated with the thrust of the wind.

At present, wind energy is mainly used to produce electric energy

through wind turbines. At the end of 2007, the global capacity of wind
generators was 94.1 gigawatts.

1. While wind power generates about 1% of the world's electricity

consumption, it represents about 19% of electricity production in
Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and Ireland
(2007 data). In 2008 the percentage contributed by wind energy in Spain
increased to 11%.

2. Wind energy is an abundant, renewable, clean resource and helps

reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuel-based
thermoelectric plants, which makes it a type of green energy

 SOLAR. The own of the heat and light radiation of the Sun, radiated
through space to the planets of the Solar System.
The solar radiation that reaches the Earth can be harnessed by means of
the heat that it produces through the absorption of the radiation, for
example, in optical or other devices. It is one of the so-called renewable
energies, particularly from the non-polluting group, known as clean
energy or green energy. Although, at the end of their useful life,
photovoltaic panels can be a contaminant residue that is hardly
recyclable today.

14
 The radiation power varies according to the time of day, the atmospheric
conditions that dampen it and the latitude.

The radiation is usable in its direct and diffuse components, or in the sum
of both. Direct radiation is the one that comes directly from the solar
focus, without intermediate reflections or refractions. The diffuse is the
one emitted by the celestial daylight vault thanks to the multiple
phenomena of reflection and solar refraction in the atmosphere, in the
clouds and the rest of atmospheric and terrestrial elements. Direct
radiation can be reflected and concentrated for use, while it is not
possible to concentrate diffused light that comes from all directions.

Normal direct irradiation outside the atmosphere is called a solar

constant and has an average value of 1354 W / m² (corresponding to a
maximum value in the perihelion of 1395 W / m² and a minimum value in
the aphelion of 1308 W / m²).

 ATOMIC OR NUCLEAR. The derivative of the atomic nuclei and the

forces that hold the subatomic particles together: the strong and weak
nuclear forces, respectively. This also refers to the electrical energy
obtained by taking advantage of the heat released by the fusion
reactions or controlled atomic fission.

 POTENTIAL. that contained in a physical system or a specific object in a

given situation and that can then be transformed into other forms of
energy, such as movement, heat, etc. it is the "potential" energy .

 CHEMISTRY. The energy that allows atomic junctions and molecular

reactions, therefore essential for life, since it keeps the metabolism of
living beings going.

15
  CALORIC OR THERMAL. The one that has to do with the temperature
and the degree of heat: an object with a high degree of caloric energy
increases its temperature.

 MAGNETIC. The energy of ferromagnetic relationships: those that allow

the attraction between a magnet and some metals.

 INTERNAL. This is the name of the sum of the energy of all the elements
that constitute a particular physical system.

 HYDRAULICS. The energy obtained from the use of the kinetic thrust of
water, whether from rivers, tides or waterfalls.

 BRIGHT. The one linked to perceptible light and the objects that produce
it.

 SONORA. The sound itself and its propagation in waves.

ENERGY EXAMPLES

The presence of energy is easily proven in everyday examples, such as:

 CALORIC ENERGY: approaching the hands to a heater, we will send

the hot air in the skin.

 ELECTRICITY: an electric shock occurs when lightning strikes the

ground, transmitting visible radiation a simple view that leaves the
ground scorched.

 KINETIC ENERGY: when we go in a moving car and suddenly the driver

applies the brakes, we can feel the thrust of the kinetic energy that we
brought in our body.

16
  MAGNETIC ENERGY: just witness the way in which the magnets adhere
to the door of our refrigerator.

 SOLAR ENERGY: plants that change solar energy into chemical energy
through photosynthesis, the process in which additionally water and
carbon dioxide (CO2).

IMPORTANCE OF SAVING ENERGY:

Energy today is essential for everything, for the operation of large industries,
businesses to the private homes of people who inhabit a town, city or state.
Energy is vital to maintain the welfare state we currently have. Without it, the
supply of essential resources, food and transport would be impossible.

However, in the same way that energy is important, it is also essential that, at
this point, we realize that there is an excess of energy expenditure and that this
causes the electric debt, not only of individuals, but also from all over the
country increase considerably. That is why the key is to promote energy savings
to reduce spending and, at the same time, help make this planet a much
greener, much healthier place and where much less natural resources are used
to achieve everything that the human being wants or needs.

Energy saving can be done from several points of view. If we focus on citizens,
families, individuals, etc., the key is, on the one hand, to buy appliances that
consume as little as possible, that help achieve this end. On the other hand, use
low-energy light bulbs in lighting, and other useful tips. Energy saving light bulbs
can be much more expensive than normal ones, however, in the long run, in
addition to lasting much longer, the expense it produces is much lower and the
savings are more than proven. Also small gestures can also help us save. One
of them is to load the washing machine as much as possible so as not to have
to do several washes, do not use the lighting at home during the day, if we have
electric heating do not exceed 21 °, etc.

17
If we see it at the industrial level, companies have to put all the means at their
disposal, both physical and technological, to reduce consumption. One of the
most efficient ways to save energy is by placing solar panels on the roof of the
ships and even, if it is an area where there is wind, small wind turbines that also
help to collect energy in accumulators that serve to reduce the bill.

There are many forms of savings that we can use and that are available to
everyone in the market. The essential thing is to have good information and find
a way to help the planet to be greener, less polluted and that all new
generations have a future.

EFFECT THAT MATERIALS HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT.

In our daily life we use many materials: wood, metal, glass and plastics, all with
environmental consequences; We must be treated of those consequences. For
example, the less a product weighs, the less fuel is needed to transport it. A
heavy suitcase in the luggage rack represents spending more fuel. The same
goes for all packages. Therefore, buy food without packaging or with slight help
to protect the environment.

"EL NIÑO" PHENOMENON

“El Niño” is an erratically cyclical climatic phenomenon that consists of a change

in the movement patterns of sea currents in the intertropical zone, causing an
overlap of warm waters affected from the area of the northern hemisphere
directly north of the equator over the immersion waters very cold to characterize
the Humboldt current; This situation wreaks havoc on a zonal scale (in the
intertropical zone) due to heavy rains, which mainly affect South America, both
on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The name of "El Niño" is due to the
fishermen of the port of Paita, in northern Peru, who observed the waters of the
current system of the eastern Pacific or Humboldt current, which extends from
the south coast of Chile from the south towards the north looking towards the
coasts of northern Peru, they warmed up at the time of the Christmas holidays
and schools or schools of fish disappeared from the surface of the ocean, due
to a recent hot current from the Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador). The phenomenon
18
of the El Niño current occurred to this phenomenon, due to its association with
the Christmas season and the Child Jesus.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHENOMENON: NORMAL PACIFIC PATTERN.

Equatorial winds accumulate warmer waters to the west. Cold water goes to the
coasts of South America.

“EL NIÑO” CONDITIONS.

The "hot water" stream goes to the South American coast the absence of cold
water movements increases heating. During El Niño, trade winds weaken or
stop blowing, the maximum marine temperature changes to the current Chilean-
Peruvian system, which is relatively cold, and the minimum marine temperature
changes to Southeast Asia. This causes the increase in atmospheric pressure
in Southeast Asia and the decrease in South America. All this change occurs in
an interval of approximately six months, from June to November; It is very
strong with the climatic changes.

THE EFFECTS IN SOUTH AMERICA

The consequences of this climatic phenomenon to random regions of South
America to:

 Decrease in the intensity of the Humboldt current.

 Fishing losses in certain species and increases in others.
 Intense cloud formation generated in the intertropical convergence zone.
 Very wet periods.
 Low atmospheric pressure.
 Generation of huaicos (Floods)
 Agricultural losses.

In Uruguay this phenomenon usually leaves above normal rainfall mainly in

Spring-Summer and in the end floods of the main rivers.

One of the climate events with the greatest impact in Guatemala is the El Niño
phenomenon, with important implications for the climate, which has been
reflected in the variation of rainfall regimes. Under severe events there has

19
been a significant decrease in the accumulated rainfall at the beginning of the
rainy season, with implications of lower availability of water, fires, etc.

The phenomenon has been associated with a higher incidence of cold fronts,
increasing the number of hurricanes in the Pacific, while decreasing in the
Atlantic, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico, as has been observed in recent
years.

These atmospheric conditions cause significant flooding in river basins, mainly

those corresponding to the Pacific slope, which are aggravated by the high
vulnerability of many populated areas established in high-risk areas such as
river banks and slopes prone to landslides.

IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

In certain random (unknown) regions of Southeast Asia it causes:

 Scarce rain.
 Ocean cooling.
 Low cloud formation.
 Very dry periods.
 High atmospheric pressure.
 Shortage of marine food
 Ruined crops
 Shortage of water in the rivers.

IN THE WORLD

 Global consequences:
 Change of atmospheric circulation.
 Change in ocean temperature.
 Economic loss in primary activities.
 Household losses.

RECYCLING

20
Recycling consists of taking advantage of the materials or objects that the
consumer society has discarded. To consider them useless, that is, to give a
new value to the discarded so that it can be reused in the manufacture or
preparation of new products, which do not have to resemble the original product
in form or application.

Recycling is part of the waste treatment strategy of the Three R.

 Reduce, actions to reduce the production of objects likely to become

waste.
 Reuse, actions that allow the reuse of a certain product to give it a
second life, with the same or different use.
 Recycle, the set of waste collection and treatment operations that allow
them to be reintroduced into a life cycle.

CHAPTER III: SONG

3.1. LYRICS
We Are the Champions/Queen
I've paid my dues
Time after time
I've done my sentence
But committed no crime
And bad mistakes
I've made a few
I've had my share of sand kicked in my face
But I've come through
We are the champions, my friends
And we'll keep on fighting 'til the end
We are the champions
We are the champions
No time for losers
'Cause we are the champions of the world
I've taken my bows
And my curtain calls

21
 You brought me fame and fortune and everything that goes with it
I thank you all
But it's been no bed of roses
No pleasure cruise
I consider it a challenge before the whole human race
And I ain't gonna lose
We are the champions, my friends
And we'll…

CONCLUSIONS

Electric power is of great importance in the development of society, its use

makes possible the automation of production that increases productivity and
improves the living conditions of man. It is necessary to save electricity,
because saving this saves oil and foreign exchange that can be invested in
other branches of the economy, education, research or culture. Our country not
only cares about the situation that oil has on the planet, but because we are an
underdeveloped country and although we have deposits of this resource, the
levels of extraction still do not satisfy national consumption, so we are in need
of Invest large amount of currency to buy it. That is why the measures for
saving are taken, since thermoelectric plants are our main source of electricity,
as electricity demand increases, the generation capacity of power plants must
be increased, which is why the cooperation of each citizen Avoiding waste is
essential to eliminate this situation. It is very sad to know all this and it is more
difficult to believe in the damage that man does to himself and our beautiful
planet, for his eagerness to develop without looking at the consequences.
Today's man must take responsible behavior regarding the need for saving
electricity, with the consequent contribution to the protection of the environment,
in today's and future society. For this reason the energy that is saved is an
important reserve of precious and exhaustible resources, in addition to
obtaining energy is usually an expensive process and we must learn to use it
well and rationally. We can describe this expectation as a great educational

22
merit for notable and considerable purposes, by children and the knowledge
demonstrated in the presence of our talk

RECOMMENDATIONS:

On October 21 of each year, World Energy Saving Day will be celebrated, a

date that seeks to sensitize the population about energy consumption and the
need to generate savings habits, in order to conserve the natural resources
necessary to produce it.
And, although the Earth provides us with the main sources of energy, as we
intensify the exploitation of these natural resources this wealth is depleted, so it
is necessary to start working on the rational use of it.
Thus, this is the perfect opportunity to become aware of energy efficiency
policies, which are already being developed by some countries, and which
consists in consuming energy in a responsible manner, performing the same
daily activities, but with less energy than the usual That way we save money
and take care of the environment.
According to the Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energ 2016 (RISE)
prepared by the World Bank and which qualifies policies on sustainable energy
in 111 countries, Peru is ranked 64, well below countries such as Chile , Brazil
and Colombia. This shows the great work we still have to do.
In that sense, Distriluz, a group of companies that generates and distributes
electricity in 12 of 24 departments of Peru, offers a series of recommendations
in order to contribute to the great work of protecting this important resource and
taking care of our planet.

23
 1. Avoid appliances that modulate the temperatura

According to figures from the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), appliances
such as an electric cooker consume the equivalent of 45 lights on; a dryer
consumes 42; the electric shower, 37; the therma, 15 and the microwave oven,
12 spotlights while on the contrary, small appliances, such as a saving bulb, a
cell phone charger, a DVD, a laptop or a sound system consume a quarter or
less of a bulb 100 watts.

2. Prioritize the use of gas

Nowadays, it is very common to use the microwave or the therma, elements
connected directly to electricity, however, a great way to save energy and costs
is to prioritize the use of gas, both in the connections for the shower and in the
use daily cooking or heating some food.

3. New appliances
If your plans include buying a new appliance, it is advisable to verify how much
energy it will consume in order to calculate the cost of electricity or see the
possibility of looking for new options such as a smaller device or limiting the use
of this at home. Another way to save is to replace the common bulbs with led or
savers.

4. Unplug whenever posible

It is advisable to turn off everything that consumes energy when you are not
using it, such as a computer, TV or other electrical devices. Also, try to turn off
the lights of the spaces that you are not using and the light of the house when
you leave. Light represents 20% of the energy expenditure of most households,
so this small action will result in real savings over the course of a year.

5. Decrease shower time

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People take an average of 15 to 20 minutes to shower, but if we reduce this
time to just 7 minutes, the large amounts of energy we will save and electricity
costs will be very noticeable. If this is not a frequent habit, it is advisable to time
your times in the shower and gradually arrive at the indicated time.
According to the 2016 Osinergmin Residential Consumption and Energy Uses
Survey, the main use of electrical energy is in lighting and electrical appliances.
Precisely many of these, from refrigerators and washing machines to hot
springs, do not have the energy efficiency label and make us consume large
amounts of energy.

REFERENCES:
 http://www.futurenergia.org/ww/es/pub/futurenergia/activity/save_energy.ht
m
 http://www.vidasilvestre.org.ar/lhp/cambio_climatico/consejos_utiles
 http://centros6.pntic.mec.es/cea.pablo.guzman/lecciones_fisica/ahorro_energeti
co.htm
 http://www.rena.edu.ve/cuartaEtapa/fisica/Tema10d.html 
 http://www.rena.edu.ve/SegundaEtapa/tecnologia/tiposdeenergia.html
 http://html.rincondelvago.com/tipos-de-energia_3.html [Consulta:2012,
mayo http://elreciclaje.org
 http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaje
 http://www.google.co.ve/publicdata/explore?
ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=eg_use_pcap_kg_oe&idim=country:VEN&dl=es&hl
=es&q=uso+de+la+energia.
 https://concepto.de/energia/
 https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-
4147.php
 https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/ever-and-never-exercise-
1.pdf

 http://www.autoenglish.org/generalgrammar/gr.ever.pdf

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APPENDICES:

1.  I ____ this book all morning.

have read

have been reading

2. They ____ during the exam.

have spoken

've been speaking

3. How long ____ abroad?

have you been

have you been being

4.  He ____ his homework, and he's playing football

now.

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has finished

has been finishing

5. ____ ten novels this year?

Have you been writing

Have you written

6.  I ____ a whole bunch of things with my father since

he arrived.

have been doing

have done

7.  We ____ him for years.

have been knowing

have known

8.  We ____ non-stop during the weekend.

have been skiing

have skied

9.  I ____ for the past two nights.

haven't been sleeping

haven't slept

27
 

10.  _____ dinner for the past two hours?

Have you been making

Have you made

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