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A Low-Frequency Message Signal (Top) May Be Carried by An AM or FM Radio Wave

Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform called the carrier signal, such as its amplitude, phase, or frequency, with respect to a modulating signal. The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog channel, while analog modulation transfers an analog baseband signal such as audio or video. Common analog modulation techniques are amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Digital modulation methods modulate an analog carrier signal using a digital bit stream according to a finite modulation alphabet.

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49 views

A Low-Frequency Message Signal (Top) May Be Carried by An AM or FM Radio Wave

Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform called the carrier signal, such as its amplitude, phase, or frequency, with respect to a modulating signal. The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog channel, while analog modulation transfers an analog baseband signal such as audio or video. Common analog modulation techniques are amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Digital modulation methods modulate an analog carrier signal using a digital bit stream according to a finite modulation alphabet.

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MODULATION:

In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called
the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal.

The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude ("volume"), itsphase ("timing") and
its frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated
signal. Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also
occur.

Aim

The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog bandpass channel, for example over

the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz),

or over a limited radio frequency band.

The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV

signal, over an analog bandpass channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel.

Analog and digital modulation facilitate frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where several low pass information signals

are transferred simultaneously over the same shared physical medium, using separate passband channels.

The aim of digital baseband modulation methods, also known as line coding, is to transfer a digital bit stream over

a baseband channel, typically a non-filtered copper wire such as aserial bus or a wired local area network.

The aim of pulse modulation methods is to transfer a narrowband analog signal, for example a phone call over

a wideband baseband channel or, in some of the schemes, as a bit stream over another digital transmission system.

Analog modulation methods

In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal.

A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave.


Common analog modulation techniques are:

 Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the

instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal)

 Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the

instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal)

 Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the

instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal)

The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal onto a carrier (both of which are sine

waves). At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulated signal is equal to the sum of the carrier signal and

the modulating signal amplitudes.

Simple example of amplitude modulation.


Digital modulation methods

In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream.

Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the correspondingdemodulation or

detection as analog-to-digital conversion.

The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet).

According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the

modulation is a form ofdigital-to-analog conversion.

Fundamental digital modulation methods

The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying:

 In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used.

 In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used.

 In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used.

 In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two

amplitudes are used.

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