CHAPTER2 MAT455

2.3 Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

❑

Suppose that we want to evaluate a double integral ∬ f ( x , y ) dA , where R is one of

R
the regions shown below.

x2 + y2 = 4
x2 + y2 = 1

R
x2 + y2 = 1
R

In either case, the description of R in terms of rectangular coordinates is rather

complicated but R is easily described using polar coordinates.

The polar coordinates (r ,θ) of a point are related to the rectangular coordinates
(x , y) by the equations
r2 = x2 + y2 where x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ

P(r , ) = P(x , y)

r
y

Hence, we convert from rectangular to polar in a double integral using the following
formula.
❑ β b

∬ f ( x , y) dA=∫∫ f ¿¿ ¿
R α a

where 0 ≤ a ≤ r ≤ b , α ≤θ ≤ β , 0 ≤ β - θ ≤ 2π.

(consider using polar coordinates when the geometry of the region is circular or when the region contain the expression
x2 + y 2 )

Example 1
❑
2 2
Evaluate ∬ (x + y +3)dA , where R is the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin.
R

Example 2
❑
2
Evaluate ∬ (3 x +4 y )dA , where R is the region in the upper half-plane bounded by
R
the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4.

sumarni Page 18
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

Example 3
1 √ 1−x 2
Evaluate ∫ ∫ x 2 ¿ ¿ ¿. (evaluating this using rectangular coordinates is nearly hopeless)
−1 0

Example 4
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid
z = 1 – x2 – y2.

Example 5
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the planes
y + z = 4 and z = 0
Z=4–y

x2 + y2 = 4

Example 6
Find the volume inside the paraboloid z = 9 – x2 – y2 , outside the cylinder
x2 + y2 = 4, above the xy-plane.

Circular annulus

TRY THIS
❑

Use an appropriate coordinate system to evaluate ∫∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) dA where R is the region

R
81
bounded by x 2+ y 2=9. (Ans: π)
2

sumarni Page 19
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

2.3.1 Center of Mass

If the lamina (a flat plate) corresponding to the region R has a constant density ρ,
then the mass of the lamina is given by
❑

Mass = ρA = ∬ ρ dA
R

In this section, we will extend the definition of the term lamina to include thin plates
of variable density. Double integrals can be used to find the mass of a lamina of
variable density, where the density at (x , y) is given by the density function ρ.

Definition 1
If ρ is a continuous density function on the lamina corresponding to a plane region
R, then the mass m of the lamina is given by
❑

m = ∬ ρ(x , y ) dA
R

Note: Density is normally expressed as mass per unit volume. For a planar lamina, however, density is mass per unit surface
area.

Example 7

Find the mass of a triangular lamina with

vertices (0 , 0), (0 , 3), and (2 , 3), given that
the density at (x , y) is ρ(x , y) = 2x + y.

Example 8

sumarni Page 20
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

Find the mass of the lamina corresponding to

the first-quadrant portion of the circle
x2 + y 2 = 4
where the density at the point (x , y) is
proportional to the distance between the
point and the origin, as shown in the figure.

For a lamina of variable density, moments of mass are

defined in a manner similar to that used for the uniform
density case. For a partition Δ of a lamina corresponding to
a plane region R, consider the ith rectangle Ri of one area
ΔAi as shown in the figure. Assume that the mass of Ri is
concentrated at one of its interior points (xi , yi). The
moment of mass of Ri with respect to the x-axis can be
approximated by

(Mass)(yi) ≈ [ρ(xi , yi)ΔAi](yi)

Similarly, the moment of mass with respect to the y-axis

can be approximated by

(Mass)(xi) ≈ [ρ(xi , yi)ΔAi](xi)

By forming the Riemann sum of all such products and taking the limits as the norm
of Δ approaches 0, the following definitions are obtained.

Definition 2
Let ρ be a continuous density function on the planar lamina R. The moments of
mass with respect to the x- and y-axes are
❑ ❑

Mx = ∬ y ρ ( x , y ) dA and My = ∬ x ρ ( x , y ) dA
R R

If m is the mass of the lamina, then the center of mass is

My Mx
(x́ , ý) = ( ,
m m )
If R represents a simple plane region rather than a lamina, the point (x́ , ý) is called
the centroid of the region.

sumarni Page 21
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

Example 9

Find the center of mass of the lamina

corresponding to the parabolic region 0 ≤
y ≤ 4 – x2 where the density at the point
(x , y) is proportional to the distance
between (x , y) and x-axis as shown in the
figure.

2.4 TRIPLE INTEGRALS

Just as we defined single integrals for functions of one variable and double integrals
for functions of two variables, so we can define triple integrals for functions of three
variables.

Just as for double integrals, the practical method for evaluating triple integrals is to
express them as iterated integrals.

❑ s d b

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV =∫∫∫ f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz
B r c a

(there are five other possible order in which we can integrate , all of which give the same value)

A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of two continuous
functions of x and y, that is

sumarni Page 22
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

E = { ( x , y , z )| ( x , y ) ϵ D , u1 ( x , y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 ( x , y ) }

where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane.

The upper boundary of the solid E is the surface with equation z = u2 ( x , y) while the
lower boundary is the surface z = u1 ( x , y ). Hence

u 2( x, y)

[ ]
❑ ❑

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV =∬ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dz dA
E D u 1( x, y)

In particular, if the projection D of E onto the xy-plane is a type 1 plane region, as in

the figure below,

then
❑ b g2(x) u2 (x , y )

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV =∫ ∫ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dzdydx
E a g1(x) u1 (x , y )

If D is a type II plane region, as in the following figure,

sumarni Page 23
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

then,
❑ d h2 (x) u2( x, y)

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV =∫ ∫ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dzdxdy
E c h1 (x) u1( x, y)

Example 1
❑

Evaluate ∭ z dV , where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four planes

E
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1.

A solid region E is of type 2 if D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane, as in the

figure below.

The back surface is x = u1(y , z), the front surface is x = u2(y , z), and hence

u2( y , z)

[ ]
❑ ❑

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV =∬ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dx dA
E D u1( y , z)

A solid region E is of type 3 if D is the projection of E onto the xz-plane, as in the

figure below.

sumarni Page 24
 CHAPTER2 MAT455

The left surface is y = u1(x , z), the right surface is y = u2(x , z), and hence

u2( x, z )

[ ]
❑ ❑

∭ f ( x , y , z ) dV =∬ ∫ f ( x , y , z ) dy dA
E D u1( x, z )

In each of the above( when E is of type 2 and type 3), there may be two possible
expression for the integral depending on whether D is a type I or type II plane
region .

Example 2
❑
2 2
Evaluate ∭ √ x + z dV , where E is the solid region bounded by the paraboloid
E
y = x2 + z2 and the plane y = 4.

Example 3
Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the planes
x + 2y + z = 2 , x = 2y , x = 0 and z = 0.

sumarni Page 25