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Election Algorithm

Distributed algorithms use election algorithms to select a coordinator process. The Bully algorithm and Ring algorithm are two election algorithms. The Bully algorithm works as follows: if a process notices the coordinator failed, it sends an election message to higher numbered processes. The highest numbered process that responds becomes the new coordinator. The Ring algorithm uses a logical ring topology. If a coordinator fails, a process sends an election message around the ring, adding its ID to the message. When the message returns to the original sender with its ID, that process becomes the new coordinator.

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144 views3 pages

Election Algorithm

Distributed algorithms use election algorithms to select a coordinator process. The Bully algorithm and Ring algorithm are two election algorithms. The Bully algorithm works as follows: if a process notices the coordinator failed, it sends an election message to higher numbered processes. The highest numbered process that responds becomes the new coordinator. The Ring algorithm uses a logical ring topology. If a coordinator fails, a process sends an election message around the ring, adding its ID to the message. When the message returns to the original sender with its ID, that process becomes the new coordinator.

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sampathabo
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 Distributed algorithms require one process to act as a coordinator or

initiator. To decide which process becomes the coordinator


algorithms are used.
 Election algorithms are meant for electing a coordinator process
from among the currently running processes in such a manner that
at any instance of time there is a single coordinator for all processes
in the system.
 The goal of an election algorithm is to ensure that when an election
starts it concludes with all the processes agreeing on who the
coordinator should be.
 Therefore, whenever initiated, an election algorithm basically finds
out which of the currently active processes has the highest priority
number and then informs this to all other active processes.

i.Bully Algorithm

 This algorithm was proposed by Garcia-Molina.


 When the process notices that the coordinator is no longer
responding to requests, it initiates an election. A process, P, holds
an election as follows:

1. P sends an ELECTION message to all processes with higher


numbers.
2. If no one responds, P wins the election and becomes the
coordinator.
3. If one of the higher-ups answers, it takes over. P’s job is done.
o A process can get an ELECTION message at any time from one
of its lower numbered colleagues.
o When such a message arrives, the receiver sends an OK
message back to the sender to indicate that he is alive and
will take over. The receiver then holds an election, unless it is
already holding one.
o All processes give up except one that is the new coordinator.
It announces its victory by sending all processes a message
telling them that starting immediately it is the new
coordinator.
o If a process that was previously down comes back up, it holds
an election. If it happens to the highest numbered process
currently running, it will win the election and take over the
coordinator’s job. Thus the biggest guy in town always wins,
hence the name “bully algorithm”.
o Example:

 In fig(a) a group of eight processes taken is numbered from 0 to 7.


Assume that previously process 7 was the coordinator, but it has
just crashed. Process 4 notices if first and sends ELECTION
messages to all the processes higher than it that is 5, 6 and 7.
 In fig (b) processes 5 and 6 both respond with OK. Upon getting the
first of these responses, process4job is over. It knows that one of
these will become the coordinator. It just sits back and waits for the
winner.
 In fig(c), both 5 and 6 hold elections by each sending messages to
those processes higher than itself.
 In fig(d), process 6 tells 5 that it will take over with an OK message.
At this point 6knows that 7 is dead and that (6) it is the winner. It
there is state information to be collected from disk or elsewhere to
pick up where the old coordinator left off, 6 must now do what is
needed. When it is ready to take over, 6 announce this by sending a
COORDINATOR message to all running processes. When 4 gets this
message, it can now continue with the operation it was trying to do
when it discovered that 7 was dead, but using 6 as the coordinator
this time. In this way the failure of is handled and the work can
continue.
 If process 7 is ever restarted, it will just send all the others a
COORDINATOR message and bully them into submission.
ii.Ring Algorithm

 This algorithm uses a ring for its election but does not use any
token. In this algorithm it is assumed that the processes are
physically or logically ordered so each processor knows its
successor.
 When any process notices that a coordinator is not functioning, it
builds an ELECTION message containing its own process number
and sends the message to its successor. If the successor is down the
sender skips over the successor and goes to the next member along
the ring until a process is located.
 At each step the sender adds its own process number to the list in
the message making itself a candidate to elected as coordinator
 The message gets back to the process that started it and recognizes
this event as the message consists its own process number.
 At that point the message type is changed to COORDINATOR and
circulated once again to inform everyone who the coordinator is and
who are the new members. The coordinator is selected with the
process having highest number.
 When this message is circulated once it is removed and normal work
is preceded.

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