APA 7TH ED.

REFERENCES GUIDE
Books, ebooks, and book chapters
Books

Authored book
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first).
Publisher Name.

Daniell, E. (2006). Every other Thursday: Stories and strategies from successful women scientists.
Yale University Press.

Edited book
Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first).
Publisher Name.

Lane, C. (Ed.). (2008). Playing with words: The spoken word in artistic practice. Cornerhouse
Publications.

Ebooks
*Treat texts found in a database without a DOI the same as print version. Citation ends after “Publisher Name.”
With DOI, available online
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first).
Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx

Williams, F. M., & Emerson, C. J. (2008). Becoming leaders: A practical handbook for women in
engineering, science, and technology. ASCE Press, ASME Press, & Society of Women Engineers.
https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784409206

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 With URL only (no DOI), available online
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first).
Publisher Name. URL

Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1999). The elements of style (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
http://www.jlakes.org/ch/web/The-elements-of-style.pdf

Without DOI, available in database

Author, A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first). Publisher Name.

Connell, C. M., & Sole, K. (2013). Essentials of college writing (2nd ed.). Bridgepoint Education.

Chapter in an edited ebook, available online

*Treat texts found in a database without a DOI the same as print version. Citation ends after “Publisher Name.”
With DOI in a database
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book
(edition, if other than the first, volume, if any, pp. XX–XX). Publisher Name. https://doi.org/...

Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik,
P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing
human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

Without DOI, available online

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book
(edition, if other than the first, pp. XX–XX). Publisher Name. URL

American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, and National Resource Center
for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education. (2011). Program activities for healthy
development. In Caring for our children: National health and safety performance standards:
Guidelines for early care and education programs (3rd ed., pp. 47–87). American Academy of
Pediatrics; American Public Health Association. http://nrckids.org/files/CFOC3_updated_final.pdf

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 Work in an anthology
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (edition,
if other than the first, pp. XX–XX). Publisher Name. URL (Original work published date)

Shuhua, L. (2007). The night of midautumn festival (N. K. Mao, Trans.). In J. S. M. Lau & H. Goldblatt
(Eds.), The Columbia anthology of modern Chinese literature (2nd ed., pp. 95–102). Columbia
University Press. https://bit.ly/2MKKUOp (Original work published 1928)

Online dictionary, encyclopedia, or other reference work

*When an online reference work is continuously updated and there is no stable or archived version of the work, include
a retrieval date.
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of publication. Site Name/Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved December 6, 2019, from

https://www.merriam-webster.com

Single entry in an online reference work

Author, A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, if other than the
first). Site Name/Publisher. URL

Graham, G. (2019). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring
2019 ed.). Stanford University. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Articles
Online journal articles
*Treat texts found in a database without a DOI the same as print version. Citation ends without URL or hyperlink.
With DOI
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Publication Title, volume number(issue), pp–pp. https://doi.org/…

Beattie, B. R., & LaFrance, J. T. (2006). The law of demand versus diminishing marginal utility. Review
of Agricultural Economics, 28(2), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9353.2006.00286.x

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 Without DOI, available online
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Publication Title, volume number(issue), pp–pp. URL

Collins, M. E., Garlington, S., & Cooney, K. (2015). Relieving human suffering: Compassion in social
policy. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 42(1), 95–120.
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3889&context=jssw

Magazine article retrieved online

*If you retrieve a magazine article from a database, omit URL. Substitute DOI, if available.
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Publication Title, volume number(issue), pp–pp. URL

Clay, R. A. (2014, December). Taking action against Ebola. Monitor on Psychology, 45(11), 14.
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/12/ebola

Newspaper articles
*Only use this category if the article has an associated daily or weekly newspaper. If the article is from a news website
(BBC News, CNN, Huffpost, etc.), use the format for the article on a news website in the webpages category.
Retrieved online
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. URL

Baumgaertner, E. (2019, July 2). As Ebola outbreak rages, the world just watches. Some call it
‘malignant neglect.’ Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-ebola-
outbreak-congo-20190618-story.html

Retrieved in a database
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title, Section.

Strickland, T. S., Shammas, B., Bellware, K., & Barrett, D. (2019, December 8). Saudi aviator kills 3, is
slain in Fla. The Washington Post, A1.

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 Blog post

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Blog Name. URL

Hardy, M. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally). Freakonomics.

http://freakonomics.com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a-life-saver-literally/

Multimedia

Motion picture or documentary film

*The director should be credited as the author of a film; if the director is unknown, someone in a similar role can be
credited instead to aid readers in retrieving the work (e.g., Host, Producer, Composer, or Artist).
Film available online
Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture or documentary film [Description]. Production
Company. URL

Sorkin, R. (Director). (2018). Tidewater [Film]. American Resilience Project; Sorkin Productions.
https://www.pbs.org/video/tidewater-mgqr0m

Film not available online

Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture or documentary film [Description]. Production
Company.

Reiner, R. (Director). (1987). The princess bride [Film]. ACT III Communications.

YouTube or other streaming Internet video

*For online streaming videos, the person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability,
even if they did not create the work.
Author, A. A. [Screen name, if different]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Platform Name. URL

Sveinsson, E. [Eriendur Sveinsson]. (2015, April 16). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo.

https://vimeo.com/125117388

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Podcast, single episode

Host, H. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of podcast episode (No. if available). [Audio podcast episode].
In Title of podcast. Production Company. URL

Raz, G. (Host). (2019, October 11). Erasing the stigma [Audio podcast episode]. In TED radio hour. NPR.
https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/764651758/erasing-the-stigma

TED Talks
*When the TED Talk comes from TED’s website, use the name of the speaker as the author. When the TED Talk is on
YouTube, list the uploader as the author to aid in retrieval.
From TED website
Speaker, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. TED Conferences. URL

Warren, F. (2012, February). Half a million secrets [Video]. TED Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/frank_warren_half_a_million_secrets

From YouTube
TED. (Year, Month Day). Name of Speaker: Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL

TED. (2019, October 24). Mitchell Katz: What the US health care system assumes about you [Video].
YouTube. https://youtu.be/n3ZbjsS4TCc

Webpages & Websites

*A webpage will never be the home page of the URL. It is part of a greater whole that is the website. When author and
site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element. Provide the most specific date possible. Include a
retrieval date only when the content is designed to change over time and the page is not archived.

Webpage

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page or section. Site Name. URL

National Nurses United. (n.d.). What employers should do to protect nurses from Zika.
https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/what-employers-should-do-to-protect-rns-from-zika

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 Article on a news website
*Use this category for news articles that are not associated with a daily or weekly newspaper. When the author of the
webpage and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the reference entry.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Site Name. URL

Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-
intl/index.html

Supplemental materials

Report: Corporate/government, group author, retrieved online

*If a report, series, or issue number is given, provide this in parentheses after the title. Describe less common forms of
reports in square brackets after the title like the example below . If the report number is available, and the report needs
a special description, place the parentheses before the brackets in the reference entry.
Name of Group. (Year, Month Day). Title of report (Report number, if available) [Description, if
needed]. Publisher Name (omit if the same name as group author). DOI or URL

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019, July). The DHS strategic plan: Fiscal years 2020–2024
[Agency strategy publication].
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/19_0702_plcy_dhs-strategic-plan-fy20-
24.pdf

Report: Database, nongovernmental organization

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Day). Title of report (Report number, if
available). Publisher Name (omit if the same name as group author). DOI (if available)

Lingenfelter, P. E., Wright, D. L., & Bisel, T. M. (2005). State higher education finance, FY 2004. State
Higher Education Officers.

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