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Impedance and Admittance Calculations of a Three-Core Power Cable by the

Finite Element Method

Conference Paper · June 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4873.5848

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 Impedance and Admittance Calculations of a Three-
Core Power Cable by the Finite Element Method
Angelo. A. Hafner, Mauricio V. Ferreira da Luz, Walter P. Carpes Jr.

Abstract--The analytical modeling of a three-core cable system

is challenging because of the non-concentric configuration of the II. INTRODUCTION
components involved. Given these limitations, a 2D finite element
modeling of the cable is developed in order to obtain the values of
the self, mutual and sequence impedances and admittances. To
calculate the series impedance, a magnetic vector potential
T HE expansion of submarine transmission systems
represents a major trend due to the growth of the oil and
offshore wind energy industry. The deployment of these
magnetodynamic formulation is used and for the calculation of systems at large distances from the shore and in deep water
the parallel admittance, an electric scalar potential electrostatic requires kilometric stretches of submarine power cables.
formulation is applied. By calculating the series impedance of the Fed equipment or systems, as well as cables, need to be
inner cables, the influence of the mutual impedances in all
adequately protected in case of short circuits, overloads and
metallic elements involved is shown. The methodology is applied
to a typical cable of 300 mm² - 18/30 kV. The numerical results transients. An accurate cable model is needed to accurately
are compared with analytical ones and with values supplied by represent the waveforms of voltage and current on the load
the manufacturer for each phase, validating the numerical and the transmission line providing technical support for the
modeling. choice of the most suitable protection to be adopted for each
situation.
Keywords: Submarine power cable, 2D finite element method,
When one considers the cable as single-core, the phases
impedance, admittance.1
distributed impedances and admittances of the cable for a
I. NOMENCLATURES certain range of frequencies can be calculated analytically
applying classical analytical formulae ((4), (6), and (11)).
I0 ( ) Bessel functions of first kind and order 0. However, in three-core cables, even at 50/60 Hz, the
I1 ( ) Bessel functions of first kind and order 1. following aspects should be taken into account when
 Electric conductivity, in S/m. modeling: (i) proximity effect generated by the currents of the
 Electric resistivity, in  m. central conductor; and (ii) current induced in the sheath and its
 Electric permittivity, in F/m. effects on the central conductor impedance [1].
 Magnetic permeability, in H/m. The non-concentric configuration of the trefoil formation
 Magnetic reluctivity, in m/H. (Fig 1) hampers the analytical modeling. Thus, a 2D finite
SC Semiconductor element model is developed to obtain the values of the cable
M Matrix composed by matrixes. series impedance and parallel admittance.
m Matrix composed only by scalars. Some studies about cable modeling are presented in [1-6]
 
V v Vector. and [16-22].
( . , . ) Volume integral in  of products of scalar or
vector fields. III. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBMARINE POWER CABLE
< . , . > Surface integral on  of products of scalar or The physical constitution of submarine power cables is
vector fields. very similar to underground power cables.
Im( . ) Function that returns only the imaginary part of a The main difference is that in the first, there are additional
complex number. protections for water entry (Fig. 1 and Table 1). In this
 Electrical angular frequency. section, we briefly describe the constituent parts of the
FEM Finite Element Method. submarine power cable as well as the aspects related to the
calculation of its series impedance. Each part of the inner
Angelo A. Hafner is PhD student at the Department of Electrical Engineering, cable is described in Table 1. Small variations may occur from
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (e-mail: one manufacturer to another.
[email protected])
Mauricio V. Ferreira da Luz is Professor at the Department of Electrical
The cable of this study is composed of a set of three power
Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (e- inner cables in trefoil formation, as shown in Fig. 1. Parts 10-
mail: [email protected]) 11, 11-12 and 12-13 consist of insulating material, conductor,
Walter P. Carpes Jr is Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, and insulating, respectively. The conductive layer, called
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil (e-mail:
[email protected]) armor, has the main function of mechanically protecting the
Paper submitted to the International Conference on Power Systems Transients set.
(IPST2015) in Cavtat, Croatia June 15-18, 2015
 where cs is the original insulation permittivity, and a and b
are the inner and outer radii of the insulation, respectively.

VI. SERIES IMPEDANCE

The analytical modeling for non-concentric conductors,
like the case of the three-core cables, is a very complex task.
A full analytical computation of a submarine cable can be
found using the pipe-type cable formulas from [3]. As
explained in [4] there are some approximation in this, because
of the representation of the armor.
Subsection A presents a way to calculate the phase
impedance for a single-core cable, where only the impedance
Fig. 1. Set of inner cables in trefoil formation of a three-core submarine in a single inner cable can be considered without mutual
power cable.
couplings with any other metallic part of the cable. However,
TABLE 1 in the numerical approach, all couplings involved are
PARTS OF A POWER INNER CABLE regarded.
Item Component Material
A. Analytical Approach
1 Core Copper Stranded Wires
2 Water-blocking tape Humidity absorber SC tape According to [3], [2], and [4], the impedance of each core
3 Conductor Shield SC tape per unit of length is given by:
4 Insulation XLPE   I  r 
5 Insulation Shield Humidity absorber SC tape zc  c c 0 c c , (4)
2 rc I1  c rc 
6 Water-blocking tape Humidity absorber SC tape
7 Sheath Copper wires where c is the intrinsic medium impedance, given by:
8 Water-blocking tape Humidity absorber SC tape c  jc c . (5)
9 Jacket Polyethylene
The core impedance zc have one real part that represents
the core resistance; and other part imaginary, that represents
IV. HOMOGENIZATION OF THE CORE the internal core inductance times the electric angular
Because the materials are composed of several parts, pulsation.
homogenization techniques are applied to model them as The phase inductance is given by the sum of internal and
solids used for both numerical and analytical approaches. external inductance. For a single core conductor, the external
Homogenization in the core due to the natural gaps of the inductance is given by:
stranded conductor is made by the correction (increase) in  r 
resistivity since the core is now considered massive. This is lext _1C  cs ln  c  . (6)
2  rs 
done by applying:
However (6) considers the current of central conductor
c  kc c (1)
returning by sheath. For three-core cables, the current returns
where ρ’c is the corrected resistivity of the central conductor, by other phases, creating a bigger area for the magnetic flux,
kc is the area correction factor (kc =  rc2/An), rc is the core that now is the area between two phases. So (6) becomes:
radius, and An is the nominal area provided by the
  rc 
manufacturer’s catalog. lext _ 3C  ln , (7)
2  D 
Homogenization in sheath also depends on the composition
of the material used. Therefore, its corrected resistivity is where D is the distance between cores in the trefoil formation.
given by: For other formations, the geometric mean must be applied.
 s  ks  s (2) Equation (7) is accurate and frequently used for impedance
calculation at 50/60 Hz. For bigger frequencies, it is necessary
V. HOMOGENIZATION OF THE INSULATION to consider the sheath effects as covered by [5][6].

Between the core and insulation and sheath and insulation, B. Numerical Approach
there are semiconductor tapes which have the function of In order to find the self and mutual impedances of all
uniformly distributing the electric potential. These three metallic parts of the cable, a 1 A current is applied at one
materials are homogenized as one. For this, a correction must metallic element and measured the voltage in this and others.
be applied to the insulation electric permittivity given by: The self impedance is found by dividing the induced voltage
ln  rs rc  by the current at the element that the current is applied. The
 cs   cs (3)
ln  b a  mutual impedances are found by dividing the induced voltage
at the elements that have no current by the current that
produced this induction. 2  cs  j cs 
y12  (11)
C. Cable Impedances ln  rs rc 
Fig. 2 presents a three-core cable impedance diagram where cs is the insulation conductivity and cs is the
where: (i) the letters a, b, and c represent each core; (ii) the corrected permittivity of the insulation. Because of the high
numbers 1, 2, and 3 represent each sheath; (iii) and g resistivity of the insulating materials, only the capacitances on
represents the armor. them are considered (see Section VIII-B). The three-core
The voltage drop from g to g' on conductors are: cable capacitance diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
In addition, a numerical approach is performed and
Vag  Vag '   zaa zab zac za1 za 2 za 3 zag   I a  compared with the analytical results for this capacitance.
V  V   z zbb zbc zb1 zb 2 zb 3 zbg   I b 
 bg b g '   ab However, for sheath-sheath and sheath-armor capacitances,
 Vcg  Vcg '   zac zbc zcc zc1 zc 2 zc 3 zcg   I c  only numerical results are considered due to the non-
     concentricity between these parts. The leakage currents on
 V1g  V1 g '    za1 zb1 zc1 z11 z12 z13 z1g   I1  (8)
V2 g  V2 g '   za 2 insulations from g to g’ in phases are:
zb 2 zc 2 z21 z22 z23 z2 g   I 2 
      I a  I a     ycc 0 0   ycs 0 0   Vag 
V3 g  V3 g '   za 3 zb 3 zc 3 z31 z32 z33 z3 g   I 3   I  I   0 y  0 y 
 V V  z 0 0   Vbg 
 g g'   ag zbg zcg z1g z2 g z3 g z gg   I g   b b    cc   cs  
 I c  I c    0 0 ycc   0 0 ycs   Vcg 
     (12)
 I1  I1    ycs 0 0   yss yss  yss   V1g 
 I 2  I 2    0 y 0   yss yss yss   V2 g 
   cs
 
 I 3  I 3    0 0 ycs   yss yss  yss   V3 g 
where ycc, ycs, yss and yss are, respectively, the core self-
admittance, core-sheath mutual admittance, sheath self-
admittance and sheath-sheath mutual admittance.

Fig. 2. Representation of three-core cable impedances.

In [5] it is proved that the sequence impedances for

interconnected sheaths are:
z  z 
2

z  z  zaa  zab  a1 a 2
 z11  z12  (9)
Fig. 3. The three-core cable capacitance diagram.

za1  2 za 2 By using the technique presented in [7] it is possible to get:

z0  zaa  2 zab 
z11  2 za 2 ycc   ycs  ya1 , (13)
If the sheaths are not interconnected at both terminals, or yss  y11  ya1  y1g  y12  y13 (14)
are interconnected only at one point (grounded or not), there is yss    y12   y13 (15)
not circulation current and the sequence impedances become
[1]:
VIII. NUMERICAL MODELING USING FEM
z  z  zaa  zab
(10) To perform the numerical modeling, the software Gmsh [8]
z0  zaa  2 zab
and GetDP [9] are used. Gmsh is the pre and post-processor
and the GetDP is the solver. The problem is implemented in
VII. PARALLEL ADMITTANCE the software by two codes: one that defines the geometries and
There are three kinds of admittances on three-core cables: the mesh of the structure (“.geo” file) and other that defines
(i) core-sheath, (ii) sheath-sheath, and (iii) sheath-armor. Only the physical proprieties of the materials, the constraints and
the core-sheath armor is analytically feasible, given by: the formulation to be used (“.pro” file).
The electrostatic formulation used to calculate of the
parallel admittance is given by: C. The Finite Element Approach Implementation
 
 grad V , grad V   n  D,V  D
  V , V   Initially it is necessary to implement the surfaces (.geo file)
(16) from the model as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 4. In the same
V   Fv    file, the mesh density factors must be inserted set in each point
where V is the electric scalar potential, V' is the test function of the geometric figure.

for scalar potential, V is the volume charge density, n is the Based on the geometry file, a mesh is built by Gmsh.
 
unit normal vector exterior to , and n  D is a constraint on Fig. 5(a) shows the mesh of the whole calculation domain
the electric flux density associated with nonfixed potential while Fig. 5(b) shows the mesh of the lower left inner cable of
boundaries D of the domain , e.g. on floating potential the three-core cable, respectively, for the calculation of series
impedance.
boundaries f [14].
Both figures are shown with the aim of highlighting the
Fv () denotes the function space defined on , which
mesh density utilized. Region A is a necessary region in order
contains the basis and test functions for both scalar potentials to avoid domain truncation errors, where the magnetic vector
V and V' [14]. At the discrete level, Fv () is approximated potential on its outer circle is zero. The physical constants
with nodal finite elements. values in this region are the same values as region B.
The harmonic magnetodynamic formulation used to When calculating the parallel capacitance the electric scalar
calculate of the series impedance is given by: potential at the armor is set to zero.
      
 
v curl A, curl A  n  H s , A
 H

 j A, A 
c
 TABLE 2
    (17)
   
 grad V , A  J s , A  0, A  Fa   
c
PARTS OF A POWER INNER CABLE
Item Radius [mm]
where  is the electric conductivity defined on conducting 1 10.20
 
parts c of , A is the magnetic vector potential, A is the 2 20.60
 3 20.72
test function for vector potential, J s is the source electric
4 24.00
 
current density defined in s, and n  H s is a constraint on the 5 51.75
6 53.75
magnetic field associated with boundary H of the domain 
7 57.95
[15]. Fa () denotes the function space defined on  which 8 61.95
contains the basis and test functions for both vector potentials
 
A and A .

IX. METHODOLOGY
The physical and geometric data cable is obtained from
manufacturer’s catalog [10], for a three-core cable in trefoil
formation.
Due to the complexity of the cable geometry, some
simplifications like homogenization are required. In addition,
it is imperative that some correction factors be applied before
starting the simulation as explained in Section II.
A. Physical and geometry constants used in the model
At the central conductor, the copper resistivity is Fig. 4. Set of inner cables in trefoil formation of a three-core submarine
considered (17.24 nΩ m). It is then corrected for a temperature power cable.
of 90°C followed by an equivalent area (homogenization)
resulting in a resistivity ρc of 23.57 nΩ m.
The transversal magnetic permeability used for all
materials is considered μ0, even the armor, because it is
composed of wires that are not in direct contact [11].
The cable is considered as totally surrounded by seawater
with a conductivity of 5 S/m [12].
B. Simplified diagram of the cable
The parts considered for the cable model (analytic and
(a) (b)
numeric) are all solids and represented by Table 2 and Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Diagram and mesh for calculation of the series impedance. In (a) is the
domain of calculation and in (b) the mesh detail of one power inner cable.
D. Obtaining the mutual and self-impedances and To find the sheath 1-sheath 2 capacitance, is imperative, for
admittances instance, to apply 1 V to core a, sheath 1, core c, sheath 3, and
In order to find the self and mutual impedances of all armor, and zero on all other parts. The capacitance sheath 1-
metallic parts of the cable, the circuit presented in Fig. 6 is sheath 2 is obtained with basis on the electric flux that goes
implemented and the technique explained in Section IV-B is out from surface sheath 1. A similar procedure is applied to
applied. find core-sheath and sheath-armor capacitances.
The sequence impedances are also obtained where three Finally, the numerical results are compared with the
short-circuited cores are fed by a 1 V / 50 Hz three-phase analytical ones and also with the values supplied by the
sinusoidal source (Fig. 7). For this implementation, two manufacturer for each phase, validating the numerical
considerations are made: (i) with the sheath and armor modeling.
opened; and (ii) with all sheaths interconnected at both ends
and these connected to the respective armor end. The armor X. RESULTS AND VALIDATION
potential is considered floating (Fig. 7). The presentation of results is divided into two parts:
The representation of the diagrams shown in Fig. 6 and 7 (i) analysis of impedances, and (ii) analysis of admittances.
illustrates as the electrical circuits are considered in GetDP. Validations are made by comparison with analytical methods,
However, the modeling is carried out in two dimensions. when possible, and with manufacturer’s catalog [10] for the
In order to find the parallel capacitance we apply the frequency of 50 Hz.
Maxwell Capacitance Matrix concept [7]. Firstly, a 1 V
A. Series impedance
potential is applied on the core and zero on all other parts. The
result is the core self-capacitance. After that it is applied a 1 V At 50 Hz when we apply a current of 1150 A / 50 Hz to
on the sheath and zero on all other parts (Fig. 8). From this the core a (Fig. 9), we obtain the induced voltages shown in
measurement we find the sheath’s self-capacitance which is Table 3. Dividing the induced voltage in each metallic part of
the sum of sheath-core, sheath-sheath (2 times), and sheath- the cable by the current (imposed on core a) that originated
armor capacitances. them; we obtain the core self-impedance and the mutual
impedance between the respective conductive part and the
core (Table 4). Because it is a cable in trefoil formation
(symmetric configuration), the same values are repeated when
current is applied only in the core b or c.
TABLE 3
INDUCED VOLTAGE IN ALL CABLE CONDUCTIVE PARTS
WHEN CORE A IS FED BY 1150 A / 50 HZ

Fig. 6. Circuit diagram implemented in GetDP to determine the core self and Modulus Angle
mutual impedances. Voltage at:
[mV/km] []
Core a 414.1 -70.5
Core b 294.7 -60.0
Core c 294.7 -60.0
Sheath 1 347.2 -60.4
Sheath 2 294.7 -60.0
Sheath 3 294.7 -60.0
Armor g 285.2 -60.0

TABLE 4
Fig. 7. Circuit diagram implemented in GetDP to determine the phase
CORE SELF-IMPEDANCE, MUTUAL BETWEEN CORES, MUTUAL CORE-SHEATH,
sequence impedances.
AND MUTUAL CORE-ARMOR

Resistance Inductance
Impedance
[m/km] [H/km]
zaa 75.7 1295.9
zab 0.0 938.1
zac 0.0 938.1
za1 2.4 1105.2
za2 0.0 938.1
za3 0.0 938.1
zag 0.0 907.9

One notices a great similarity in the values of mutual

impedances between cores and between core and sheaths of
Fig. 8. Circuit diagram implemented in GetDP to determine the sheath self- other cores. In other words (zab = zac)  (za2 = za3), as described
capacitance.
in Section 3.3 of [1]. Similarly we obtain the value of the positive sequence
The same process is repeated but now the current is applied resistance:
to sheath 1 and the induced voltages in all the metallic R  75.7  0.0  75.7 m km . (19)
elements of the cable are calculated. From this process Table 5 The positive sequence impedance are also determined
is formulated for sheath’s self and mutual impedances. when three balanced voltages are applied, displaced 120
Finally, the calculation is repeated applying current at the degrees from each other, with the three cores short-circuited
armor and calculating the other induced voltages, resulting in and the sheaths and armor opened (Fig. 10). Values equal to
Table 6. those found in (18) and (19) are obtained.
As expected, independent of where the current is applied,
the mutual impedances are always the same as evidenced in
Tables 4, 5, and 6.

(a) (b)
Fig. 10. (a) Current density [A/mm2] and (b) Magnetic Flux [mWb/m] used
for the calculation of positive sequence impedance directly via FEM.
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. (a) Current density [A/mm2] and (b) Magnetic flux [Wb/m] used for
Finally, an analytical approach is made by applying of (4)
the calculation of core self and mutual sequence impedances via FEM. and (7).
Table 7 presents a comparison of the results obtained for
TABLE 5
the positive sequence resistance and inductance between the
CORE-SHEATH MUTUAL IMPEDANCE, SHEATH SELF,
AND MUTUAL SHEATH-ARMOR adopted approaches. The error is found by taking the
reference value provided by the manufacturer. The
Resistance Inductance
Impedance manufacturer did not provide the distributed cable resistance
[m/km] [H/km]
z1a 2.4 1105.2 value.
z1b 0.0 938.1 If the sheaths are connected at both ends, the distributed
z1c 0.0 938.1 positive sequence series resistance and inductance would be:
z11 1731.3 1104.9 R+ = 77.3 m/km and L+ = 357.83 H/km.
z12 0.0 938.1
z13 0.0 938.1 TABLE 7
z1g 0.0 907.9 INDUCTANCE PROVIDED BY THE MANUFACTURER, CALCULATED
ANALYTICALLY, AND CALCULATED VIA FEM
TABLE 6
R+ L+ L+ Error
CORE-ARMOR MUTUAL, SHEATH-ARMOR MUTUAL, [mH/km] [%]
[m/km]
AND ARMOR SELF-IMPEDANCE
Manufacturer --- 0.360 ---
Resistance Inductance Analytical 73.2 0.359 0.171
Impedance
[m/km] [H/km] Numeric 77.3 0.358 0.603
zga 0.00 907.9
zgb 0.00 907.9 The increase in resistance occurs because, when the sheaths
zgc 0.00 907.9 are interconnected, a circulation path is created for the
zg1 0.00 907.9 induced currents. The introduction of an effect in the core
zg2 0.00 907.9 current distribution is therefore due to the sheath's current
zg3 0.00 907.9
increasing the proximity effect in the respective core
zgg 616.8 905.4
compared to the case where the sheaths are not
If the sheaths are interconnected only at one of the ends interconnected. As the frequency increases, this effect is
(whether grounded or not), only the mutual impedances increased [13].
between cores influence the phase positive sequence Knowing the resistances and inductances (selves and
impedance, which for the inductance can be obtained mutual) found for all conductive parts of the cable, the
from (10): impedance matrix can be mounted:
L  1295.9  938.1  0.3578 mH km (18)  z core z core  sheath zcore  armor 
The series inductance value of the cable in the Z   z core  sheath z sheath zsheath  armor  (20)
manufacturer’s catalog [10] is 0.36 mH/km, which validates  zcore  armor zsheath  armor zarmor 
the accuracy of the method used.
where, zcore, zsheath, zcore-sheath, zarmor, zcore-armor, zsheath-armor, are, in According to (12), the parallel capacitance matrix is:
/m: Y  jC , (26)
75.7  j 407 j 295 j 295  where C, in pF/m, is:
z core   j 295 75.7  j 407 j 295  (21)
 262 0 0 262 0 0 
 j 295 j 295 75.7  j 407   0 262 0 0 262 0 

1731  j 347 j 295 j 295   0 0 262 0 0 262 
z sheath   j 295 1731  j 347 j 295  (22) C  (27)
 262 0 0 510 54.4 54.4 
 j 295 j 295 1731  j 347   0 262 0 54.4 510 54.4 
 
 2.39  j 347 j 295 j 295   0 0 262 54.4 54.4 510 
z core  sheath 
 j 295 2.39  j347 j 295 
TABLE 8
 j 295 j 295 2.39  j 347  CAPACITANCE OF THE THREE-CORE CABLE IN STUDY
(23) Numeric Analytical Manuf. Error
Region
zarmor  616  j 285 [F/km] [F/km] [F/km] [%]
zcore  armor  j 295 (24) Core-Sheath 0.2616 0.2616 0.26 0.006
Sheath-Sheath 0.0544 --- --- ---
z sheath  armor  j 295 Sheath-Armor 0.1401 --- --- ---

B. Parallel admitance
XI. CONCLUSIONS
Because the insulating material has a high resistivity, the
branch that represents the parallel conductance can be Space in manufacturer’s cable catalogs is typically
neglected, which can be seen already at 50 Hz by applying dedicated only for distributed positive sequence inductance
(11) to the cable under consideration (XLPE insulation), and capacitance values at industrial frequency (50 or 60 Hz).
where a = 11.4 mm and b = 19.4 mm. In [13] it is presented for the same cable of present study, the
y12   0.0098  j82.184  nS m (25) behavior of positive sequence impedances for a frequency
range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
The core-sheath capacitance is Im (y12) /  = 261.60 pF/m, In the present work, it was considered 50 Hz, with the
very close to the value provided by the manufacturer’s catalog improvement to find the parallel admittance and the specificity
[10], which is 0.26 F/km. in relation to mutual coupling between phases, thereby
The core-sheath capacitance is also calculated through allowing to get the sequence impedances.
finite element technique, obtaining the value of 261.60 pF/m, Similar to what was done in reference [13], in future works
which is exactly the value found by the analytical method the goal will be to evolve the work presented in this paper by
(also very close to the value provided by the manufacturer). examining the frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. We
Fig. 11 shows the electric field in the region under analysis (as will intend: (i) to simulate underground cables with grounded
well as in sheath-sheath and sheath-armor regions). ends; and (ii) to apply the same modeling of this paper without
the application of homogenization techniques (such as those
applied in the central conductor and sheath in Section III). It is
expected that through this study, an increase in the accuracy
of the model’s response, especially at high frequencies, may
be achieved. Moreover, field measurements have to be made
for validation.

XII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the
PETROBRAS for the financial support to this research effort.
Fig. 11. Electric field [V/m] lines when a 1 V potential is applied at the
sheath 1 and 0 V to all other metallic parts of the cable, to obtain the sheath
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