Module 1: Introduction to

Transportation Planning
By
Rei Robin Roland Tumambing, CE,RMP
ELECTIVE2E
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Reference Books:
• Modelling Transport (3rd Edition), Juan de Dios Ortuzar and Luis G. Willumsen,
2001, Wiley
• Transportation Engineering An Introduction, 3rd Edition, C. Jotin Khisty and B. Kent
Lall, 2003, Prentice Hall
• Traffic and Highway Engineering, 4th and SI Edition, Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A.
Hoel, 2010, CENGAGE Learning
What is engineering?
What is transport?
What is planning?
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
• Engineering – the application of scientific
principles to practical ends as the design,
construction, and application of efficient
and economical structures, equipment, and
system
• Transport – to carry from one place to
another
• Planning – the process of making plan of
something
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
• Transportation engineering or transport • Transportation planning is a preparation
engineering is the application of planning to move/transfer human, animal
technology and scientific principles to the or other item to some place to another.
planning, functional design, operation and • Transportation planning is related to the
management of facilities for any mode of operation of highway system, geometry,
transportation in order to provide for the and operation of traffic facility.
safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, and
environmentally compatible movement of
people and goods transport.
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Why need transportation?
• Moving people and goods
• Enables people to travel from their homes
and places of employment, education, and
etc.
• Enable trade
• Connects the industrial ecology
• Enables economy
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Importance of Transportation Planning
• Effective use of transportation
• Technology based
• Take into account land use and resource
control
• Reduce pollutant cause by traffic
• Meets travel demand and response
• Enhances productivity and introduces new
markets for the economic activity
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation Planning Period
• Short term
• Review matters that can be completed within
three years
• Involves high cost
• Long term
• > 5 years
• More structured and complicated
• Designed better than short term
• Involves planning the next 20 to 25 years
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Characteristics of Transport Planning
• Inter-relationship of different modes of transportation
• Study of profitability
• Traffic is controllable
• Determines the desirable demand and supply of transportation
• Pro-development of the area
• Mathematical and stochastic approach in determining traffic and mode of
transportation
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Big Picture Process of Transportation Planning

Planning Process Monitoring Implementation

Research

Forecast

Evaluation
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation Planning Process
Transportation planning is a cooperative process designed to foster involvement by all users of the
system, such as the business community, community groups, environmental organizations, the
traveling public, freight operators, and the general public.
• Monitor existing condition
• Forecasting future population and employment growth, including assessing projected land uses in the region
and identifying major growth corridors
• Identifying current and projected future transportation problems
• Developing long-range plans and short-range programs
• Estimating the impact of recommended future improvements
• Developing a financial plan for securing sufficient revenues to cover the costs of implementing strategies.
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Processes in Transportation Planning
• Inventory
• Includes data collection and data processing
• Evaluation of current travel demand and travel supply
• Land uses
• Types of land uses: Recreational, Transport, Agricultural, Residential, and Commercial
• Distribution of area, population, employment, economic, social and activities
• Trip Generation
• first step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting process
• Predicts which zone the traffic will flow
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Processes in Transportation Planning
• Trip Distribution
• Model of the number of trips that occur between each origin zone and each destination zone.
• Get travel/traffic pattern in a zone
• Shows the total traffic in certain time, distance and cost
• Mode choice
• process where the means of traveling is determined
• The means of travel is referred to the travel mode, which may be by private automobile, public
transportation, walking, bicycling, or other means.
• Also called as Modal Split
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Processes in Transportation Planning
• Route Assignment
• Concerns the selection of routes (alternative called paths) between origins and destinations in
transportation networks
• Intended to give a traffic direction to which road in transport network
• Traffic Assignment
• Assessment
• Contains the testing and evaluation of the alternatives selected before
• Emphasis on the ability of the traffic and environmental impact of each alternative strategy
• To choose and determine the best transportation system for future needs
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation Planning Models
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Travel Demand Models
• A model is a simplified representation of a part of the real world–the system of
interest–which focuses on certain elements considered important from a particular
point of view. Travel demand models: Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Mode
Choice, and Route Assignment
• A model is only realistic from a particular perspective or point of view.
• Other requisite for effective planning system: administrative practices, institutional
framework, skilled professional, decision makers, media and public
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
• Origin and destination study (O-D)
• Traffic Volume Study
• Spot Speed Study
• Travel time and Delay studies
• Parking studies
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Origin and destination study (O-D)
• Determines travel patterns of traffic on an installation during a typical day
• Shows the typical and pattern of daily trips made by residents
• Useful in assisting long-range traffic planning, especially when there are substantial changes
anticipated
• The main purpose is to plan type of land use, road/traffic network and public transportation system
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Application Origin and destination study (O-D)
• If congestion occurs, an alternate route must be planned to ease the traffic
• Evaluate if the existing road system is adequate
• Shows the optimal placement of new bridges and terminal
• Predicting the future traffic pattern
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Traffic Volume Studies
• Collects data on number of vehicles/ pedestrian that pass a point on a certain period of time
• Determine if the capacity of road vs traffic volume is adequate
• Ensure the smooth movement of vehicles and traffic safety
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Application of Traffic Volume Studies
• Road rehabilitation
• Traffic at intersection
• Traffic control system
• Predicts traffic volume
• Analysis of cost-benefit of highway projects
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Spot Speed Study
• Used to determine the speed distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location
• Valid only at for the traffic and environmental condition that exist at the time of study
• The data gathered in spot speed studies are used to determine vehicle speed percentiles, which are
useful in making many speed-related decisions.
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Application of Spot Speed Study
• Establish parameters for traffic operation: speed zones, speed limits, and passing restriction
• Effectiveness of traffic control devices
• Adequacy of highway geometric characteristics
• Effect of speed on highway
• Speed trends
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Travel Time and Delay Study
• Travel time - a fundamental measure in transportation, is the total elapsed time necessary
to travel from one point to another on a specific route
• Delay - extra time spent against the expectation
• Aid the traffic engineers in identifying problems at a location
• Data obtained from travel time and delay studies give a good indication of the level of
service on the study section.
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Application Travel Time and Delay Study
• Determine the efficiency of a certain route – travel time and capacity
• Identifies the locations with high delay and the causes for those delay
• Determine the traffic times on specific link for use in trip assignment models
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Parking Studies
• Determine the volume of parking needed in a given area
• Parking volume is related to land use of the area
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
Transportation studies in planning processes
Application Parking Studies
• To determine the needed parking area
• Enables the implementation of payment by the parties involved
 Introduction to Transportation Planning
General Principles of Transportation Planning
• Social Aspect – Improve the social aspects as can be done safely and comfortably
• Economic Aspect – Increase the income through studying the travel pattern of the area
• Physical Aspect – Create an efficient transportation system. Reduce traffic congestion
through the following elements:
• Capacity – widening access, parking, side walk, traffic ordinance
• Priority – prioritize public transportation over private vehicles
• Restraint – access control, land-use policy, incentives to use public transport
Module 2: History of Transportation
 History of Transportation
Changes in the Modes of Transport with respect to time
• Early days (up to 14th Century)
• Medieval Period (14th to 19th Century)
• Modern Period (19th Century and after)
 History of Transportation
Early Days
Land Transportation
• The first form of transport is the human foot
• Wood or stone wheel with axel connecting it. Driven by human/animal
River Transportation
• Mainly down stream
Ocean Transportation
• Travel based on wind direction
• No navigation tool
 History of Transportation
Early Days
• Cities’ growth has a limit
• Cities are self sufficient
• Industries had limited extent
• Initially trade was for high value goods and low in bulk
• Goods can’t be transported
 History of Transportation
Medieval Period
Land Transportation
• Lack of good quality road
• Horse collar and horse shoe invented
• Line/track used wooden rails and was operated by human or animal power
Water Transportation
• Invention of compass
• Canal: artificial waterways used for navigation or irrigation
Air Transportation
• Hot air balloon
 History of Transportation
Modern Period
Land Transportation
• Rail Transport introduced
• Alternate fuels for vehicles- petrol, diesel, liquified petroleum gas, battery operated
• All weathered roads
• Express Ways
• Movement of people and goods is easier
• Freight transport: truck and trolley
 History of Transportation
Modern Period
Water Transport
• Steam boat/ship, diesel, heavy fuel oil, low Sulphur fuel oil
• Material advancement – Cast iron, Wrought iron, Besammer steel
• Container based transport
Air Transport
• First plane in 1903
• Helicopter in 1907
• Jet planes and Solar powered airplane
• Higher capacity aircrafts
Module 3: Land use and Transport Interaction
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Land use
• Commonly used in agricultural economics
• It refers to a parcel of land and the economic use it was then put to – grazing,
growing crops, mining or building
• Land-use planning can be considered in two contexts
• It includes all forms of planning, transportation planning can be considered as a
form of land-use planning because it actually consists of planning for that
proportion of land used for transportation
• Land-use planning is a discipline by itself, having its own set of theories and
practices
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Land Use and Transportation
• A piece of land with a particular type of land use
produces a certain number of trips
• Need for transportation facilities to serve the trip
making demand
• The new or improved transportation facilities provide
better accessibility
• Naturally, land value increases and eventually, the The movement of people and goods in a city,
original land use changes, reflecting the state of the referred to as traffic flow, is the joint
land market. consequence of land activity (demand) and
the capability of the transportation system to
• Cycle continues
handle this traffic flow (supply).
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Concepts and Definition
• Urban form: The spatial pattern or “arrangement” of individual elements – such as
buildings, streets, parks, and other land uses (collectively called the built environment),
as well as social groups, economic activities, and public institutions, within an urban
area.
• Urban interaction: The collective set of interrelationships, linkages, and flows that occurs
to integrate and bind the pattern and behavior of individual land uses, groups, and
activities into the functioning entities. One of the most important integrating subsystems
is the highway or street network.
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Concepts and Definition
• Urban spatial structure: Formally combines the urban form through the urban interaction
with a set of organizational rules into a city system. Example is the competitive rent for
different locations within the urban area which produces an ‘ordering” of activities in
terms of location requirements and the rent that each person can afford to pay.
• Comprehensive plans: Also known as the master plan or general plan. An official
statement of a geographic unit’s policies and intentions pertaining to physical
development in the years ahead.
• Guidelines: A set of guidelines for development may serve as a recommended alternative
in a land-use plan. An implementation technique that may need legislation.
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Concepts and Definition
• Legislation: Some of the recommendations from the land-use plan can be transformed
into bills that can subsequently be submitted to the legislative body for possible
enactment into law.
• Codes: Housing and building codes are important implementation techniques for land-
use management. Ensure the quality of community growth by establishing certain
standards.
• Zoning: The oldest and most commonly used legal device for implementing local land use
plans. Ensures that land uses in a geographic unit are compatible in relation to one
another.
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Concepts and Definition
• Subdivision regulations: Control the development and change occurring within the
community and encourage efficient and desirable local services
• Infrastructures: The life-support facilities of a geographic unit.
Land use and Transport Interaction
Land use and Transport Interaction
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Land Use Development Method
• Land use planning for a city is a complex task
• Land is allocated among alternative uses in private
markets with public regulation
• Development mainly from locational decision by a large
number of private developers
• Land use models serve two purposes:
• Forecasting the total activities of an urban area
• Allocating these activities among predetermined sets
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Hansen’s Accessibility Model 𝐴𝑖𝑗=
𝐸𝑗
𝑏
• Predict the location of population 𝑑𝑖𝑗
based on the premise that Where:
Aij – accessibility index of zone I
employment is the predominant from j
factor Ej – total employment
dij – distance between i and j
b – an exponent
𝐸𝑗
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = ෍ 𝑏
𝑑𝑖𝑗
Overall accessibility index
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Hansen’s Accessibility Model 𝐷𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐻𝑖
Where:
• Holding Capacity - the amount of Di – development potential of
vacant land suitable and available for zone
residential use Ai - accessibility index
Hi – holding capacity
• Additional factor in attracting future
population to the zone 𝐷𝑖
𝐺𝑖 =
σ 𝐷𝑖
Total growth in population
Land use and Transport Interaction
Land use and Transport Interaction
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Density-Saturation Gradient Method
• Three empirical rules
• The intensity of land use declines as the distance
of travel time to CBD increases
• The ratio of the amount of land in use to the
amount of available land decreases as distance
from CBD increases
• The proportion of land devoted to each type of
land use in an area remains stable
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Density-Saturation Gradient Method
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑜 𝑒 −𝑏𝑥 𝐻𝐶𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖
x100
Where: Where:
= Percentage population
dx – population density at distance HCi – holding capacity of zone i
x for the city center Pi – existing residential population saturation of zone i
do – central density as of zone
extrapolated into CBD of the city Vi – vacant, available, and suitable
b- density gradient or slope factor land in zone i
d – anticipated average density at
which all future residential
development will occur
Land use and Transport Interaction
Land use and Transport Interaction
 Land use and Transport Interaction
Group Reporting
I. Transportation in the Philippines & Legislation about Land use in the Philippines
II. Compact Cities
III. Characteristics of Transport Problems
IV. Issues in Transportation Modelling
V. Continuous Transport Planning
VI. & Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

OUTPUT: 20-30 minute-presentation and 5-8 pages of research paper.