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Chapter 1 - 1.1b

This document discusses 3D graphing of multivariable functions. It defines 3 categories of 3D graphs: planes, cylinders/spheres, and cones/paraboloids. Planes can be of 3 types depending on whether values exist for all, two, or one variable. Cylinders occur when values exist for two variables in a quadratic equation, spheres when values exist for all variables. Cones and paraboloids are defined by quadratic equations where z is a function of x and y. Level curves and contour maps are used to sketch the graph of a function by connecting points of equal z-value. An example contours the spheres z=0, z=9, and z=21 for the

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Thevhan Murally
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63 views11 pages

Chapter 1 - 1.1b

This document discusses 3D graphing of multivariable functions. It defines 3 categories of 3D graphs: planes, cylinders/spheres, and cones/paraboloids. Planes can be of 3 types depending on whether values exist for all, two, or one variable. Cylinders occur when values exist for two variables in a quadratic equation, spheres when values exist for all variables. Cones and paraboloids are defined by quadratic equations where z is a function of x and y. Level curves and contour maps are used to sketch the graph of a function by connecting points of equal z-value. An example contours the spheres z=0, z=9, and z=21 for the

Uploaded by

Thevhan Murally
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Civil Engineering Mathematics III

Chapter 1
Multivariable Function
1.1.1 DOMAIN AND RANGE
1.1.2 3D GRAPH
1.1.3 LEVEL CURVE AND CONTOUR LINE
1.1.2 3D Graph
1. Categories of 3D Graph
a) Plane
b) Cylinder / sphere / hemisphere
c) Cone / paraboloid
1.1.2 3D Graph – Plane (Type 1)
𝒙, 𝒚 & 𝒛 have values
Example: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Right Hand Side = 6 → change to 1 → + + = 1
6 3 2

Thus, intercepts for x-axis = 6, y-axis=3 and z-axis=2


Then, sketch by connecting the three intercept points
1.1.2 3D Graph – Plane (Type 2)
One of 𝒙, 𝒚 & 𝒛 don’t have values [𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒛 = 𝟎]
Surface parallel to axis don’t have values
Example: 2𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 6 → y = 0 → parallel to y-axis
How to sketch the graph?
i. Sketch in 2D
i. 𝑥 = 0; 𝑧 = 2
ii. 𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 = 3

ii. Extend to y-direction


1.1.2 3D Graph – Plane (Type 3)
Only have values for 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒛
Example:
𝑧=2
1.1.2 3D Graph: Cylinder
One of 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧 don’t have values [𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 0]
◦ parallel to axis don’t have values

Type equation here.


𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ; 𝑧 = 0

𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 ; 𝑥 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 22
𝑦=0
1.1.2 3D Graph - Sphere
All variable exist in equation = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≠ 0 𝑧 = + 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
1.1.2 Cone and Paraboloid

𝑧 = − 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑧= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑧 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1.1.2 Categories of 3D Graph
1. Plane (linear = power 1) 1. Cylinder / sphere (quadratic = power 2)
a) Type 1: values for all variables a) Cylinder: values for 2 variables
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = d 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 𝑑
a) Type 2: values for 2 variables a) Sphere: values for all variable
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
a) Hemisphere: values for all variable with
a) Type 3: values for 1 variables number
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑
𝑧= 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

3. Cone / paraboloid (power 2)


3. Cone: 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
4. Paraboloid: 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1.1.3 Level Curve and Contour Line
1. Determine the domain and range of the function.
2. Choose suitable values of c. Sketch a few level curves (or contour map)
3. Sketch the graph and label its surface
Example 3
𝑧 = 25 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , sketch the level curves 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 9 and 𝑧 = 21. Hence, sketch the graph for
the function 𝑧 ≫ 0
Domain: 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅
Range: {𝑧: 𝑧 ≪ 25, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑅}
3d Graph?
𝑧=0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
𝑧=9 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑧 = 21 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4

Contour Map

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