Building Envelope Optimization

in Office Buildings

Submitted By :
Mukeshwaran B
(Sustainable Architecture)
Abstract
This dissertation aims to establish optimum building aspect ratio and WWR of offices buildings from
thermal performance point of view in different climatic zones of India. The effects of five different
building aspect ratios (2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, 1:1.5 & 1:2) and five WWR (20%, 30%, 40%, 50% & 60%) for
office building in five climatic zone in India: Composite Climate, Hot & Dry Climate, Warm & Humid,
Temperate Climate & Cold Climate. The eQuest software of Dept. of energy, USA is used for thermal
analysis. The total energy consumption is compared for all five aspect ratios and WWR to arrive at the
optimum performance. The envelope is delineated as per prescriptive U-vales for walls, roof and glass
as given in the ECBC.

II
Structure of Presentation
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1
1.1 Problem Statement 1.1
1.2 Aim and Objectives 1.1
1.3 Scope of the works 1.2
1.4 Methodology 1.2
1.5 Significance 1.3
Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1
2.1 Introduction 2.1
2.2 Published / works (Building Envelope & Window Wall Ratio) 2.1
Chapter 3 Research Design 3.1
3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.2 Weather data for building energy modeling 3.1
3.3 Building Form 3.2
3.4 Building Envelope 3.2
3.5 Simulation Methodology 3.5
3.6 Energy Simulation Tool –eQUEST 3.6
3.6 Modeling and Simulation Process 3.7
3.7 Modeling Tables 3.8

III
Chapter 4 Building Simulation Processes 4.1
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Building Model 3D View 4.1
Chapter 5 Simulation Results & Analysis 5.1
5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.2 Simulation Result for Major Five Climate Zone in India 5.1
5.3 Overall Comparison of Simulation Result for Each Climate Zone in India 5.6
Chapter 6 Final Conclusions 6.1
6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Result Review for Major Five Climate Zone in India 6.1
6.3 Future Development 6.4
References R.1

III
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement

Nowadays decisions regarding geometry, orientation, materials and construction methods of a building
are made all at a time in the architectural design, but thought is not always given to how those choices
may affect the buildings ultimate energy usage and the effect they may have on climate change.

This dissertation aims to find the suitable building aspect ratio and WWR in five Climate Zones in India.
To reduce the energy consumption of the built environment. With the help of the following Parameters-

• Building aspect ratio

• India Climate Zones in India

• Properties of Material used for building envelope

• Orientation of Building

• WWR (Window Wall Ratio)

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this dissertations to find out the effective / optimum of Energy Performance Index (EPI) by
parametric simulation of an office building aspect ratio (2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, 1:1.5 & 1:2), WWR (20%, 30%,
40%, 50% & 60%) and five Climate Zones in India.

• To understand study the state of the art of energy consumption in office buildings

• To understand the provision of ECBC, NBC and ASHRAE.

• To areas energy performance parametric study changing Building Envelope, Orientation &
WWR for five Climate Zones in India.

• To compare energy performances of (EPI) different cases.

• To optimize WWR & orientation for each climatic zone in India.

1.1
1.3 Scope of the works

• Computer Simulation on eQuest energy Simulation software

• Assumption for Building Form, aspect ratio of building, window design parametric, properties
of Material use for envelop, LPD, Equipment Load & building footprint area

• Only for air conditioned building

1.4 Methodology

In order various to study parameters that affects the building energy performance, the dissertation
follows the methodology given in the flow chart

• Building aspect ratio (2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, 1:1.5 & 1:2)

• Orientation North - South

• WWR (20%, 30%, 40%, 50% & 60%)

• Climate Zones in India

• ECBC Building Envelope

With the help of eQuest energy simulation software to Energy Performance Index for each case will be
found and will analyses them with a graphical comparisons.

1.2
 Figure 1.1: Methodology Analyses graphical comparison
1.5 Significance

With the help of overall analysis we are able to judge Energy Performance with the change of Building
aspect ratio, WWR, ECBC Building Envelop and North-south orientation can make a comparison for
each different climate zone in India form of Energy Performance Index.

This analysis will help to validate the statement – ‘Building aspect ratio, Orientation of N-S and WWR
affects energy performance of the Building’ up to a certain limit.

1.3
Chapter 2 Literature review

2.1 Introduction

The chapter aims to present comprehensive literature review on the subject “Building Envelope
Optimization in Office Buildings”. For this purpose international journals, conference Preceding’s,
books, reports and other relevant literature have been referred.

2.2 Published / works (Building Envelope & Window Wall Ratio)

2.2.1 The Effects of Form and Orientation on Energy Performance of Residential Buildings in Ghana
(Koranteng and Abaitey 2010)

The form and orientation of a building can have an effect on energy performance. The difficulty has
been to find the most energy efficient form-aspect ratio. In this paper, a volume with differ-ent aspect
ratios has been used to investigate the effect on energy performance (cooling load). The volume used
is of the same construction and an hourly dynamic simulation programme was used for the analysis. It
was evident that the square form was the most energy efficient whiles elongated forms used much
energy. However, since spaces could warm up when oriented to-wards the east and west, the authors
further recommend a detailed look into the function of spaces in design schemes and the use of
simulation for design alternatives.

2.1
Table 2.1: Result of the Effects of Form and Orientation on Energy Performance of Residential Buildings in Ghana

Building Envelop
WWR Climate Building Form Orientation Outcome

The effect of North Cooling Lowest

windows, doors, angles(°) loads cooling
roofing, etc on -2 -1
(kWh.m a ) loads (%)
cooling load was
avoided through 1:1.0 = 4.0 x 4.0 0/180 102.07 -
the use of solid 90/270, 102.18 0.11
walls with the Kumasi,
45/225
same None Ghana
135/315 103.17 1.08
conductance for
0/180, 101.61 -
all building
1:1.5 = 3.26 x 90/270, 105.55 3.87
elements. The
4.89
construction for 45/225 105.62 3.94
the building 135/315 107.41 5.70
elements is a
0/180 104.60 -
20cm monolithic
1:2.0 = 2.8284 x 90/270 110.70 5.83
wall with plaster-
5.6568 45/225 110.81 5.94
block-plaster
135/315 114.72 9.67
composition
0/180, 108.80 -
having a solar
1:2.5 = 2.5298 x 90/270 122.55 12.64
absorptance value
6.3245 45/225 116.74 7.30
of 0.80 and
135/315 116.89 7.44
conductance of
10.933 w/m²°C
0/180 113.56 -
1:3.0 = 2.3094 x 90/270 123.10 8.40
6.9282 45/225 123.28 8.56
135/315 130.48 14.9

2.2
2.2.2 The Effect of Building Aspect Ratio on Energy Efficiency: A Case Study for Multi-Unit
Residential Buildings in Canada (McKeen and Fung 2014)

This paper examines the energy consumption of varying aspect ratio in multi-unit residential buildings
in Canadian cities. The aspect ratio of a building is one of the most important determinants of energy
efficiency. It defines the building surface area by which heat is transferred between the interior and
exterior environment. It also defines the amount of building area that is subject to solar gain. The
extent to which this can be beneficial or detrimental depends on the aspect ratio and climate. This
paper evaluates the relationship between the geometry of buildings and location to identify a design
vernacular for energy-efficient designs across Canada
Table 2.2: Model simulation geometry
Shape of
the
Buildings

Building A B B C C D D E E F F G G Unit
Profile: 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ
Aspect
1:1 1.3:1 1:1.3 1.5:1 1.5:1 2:1 1:2 2.7:1 1:2.7 3.2:1 1:3.2 4.2:1 1:4.2
Ratio (X:Y)

Dimensions
24.5 28.0 21.4 30.0 20.0 35.0 17.1 40.0 15.0 44.0 13.6 50.0 12.0 m
X
Dimension Y 24.5 21.4 28.0 20.0 30.0 17.1 35.0 15.0 40.0 13.6 44.0 12.0 50.0 m

Wall Surface
2987 3011 3048 3176 3353 3511 3780 m2
Area
Glazing Area
(% of exterior 36% 36% 36% 36% 36% 36% 36% -
surface)

Glazing Area 1075 1084 1097 1143 1207 1264 1361 m2

South facing
747 853 652 914 610 1067 521 1219 457 1341 415 1524 366
Surface Area
m2
South Facing
Surface (%
25% 28% 22% 30% 20% 34% 16% 36% 14% 38% 12% 40% 10% -
of exterior
surface)

2.3
Table 2.3: Model simulation parameters Table 2.4: Air infiltration rates

Envelope Infiltration Rate L/(s·m2) at

Air Tightness Reference
U Value 75 Pa 50 Pa 5 pa
Component Description Emissivity
(W/m2K)
ASHRAE “Leaky” 3.00 2.40 0.510
Exterior Wall Aluminum and Glass Spandrel with 0.364 0.6 ASHRAE “Average” 1.50 1.20 0.255
batt insulation, metal frame ASHRAE “Tight” 0.50 0.40 0.085
Average MURB in Canada 3.76 3.01 0.638
Selected for simulation 1.18 0.94 0.200
Built up roof, polyurethane 0.155 0.6
Roof insulation

Earth contact with insulated - Table 2.5: Average annual heating and cooling degree days in
Ground Floor footings Canadian cities (1971–2000)
Climatic Attributes Vancouver Calgary Toronto Montreal Halifax
Double pane, Low emissivity with
Heating Degree
Glazing argon gas (Glass Type Code: 2642) 0.3 0.1 2926 4948 4066 4575 4367
Days
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient.: 0.75,
Cooling Degree 44 44 252 235 104
Solar Transmittance: 0.54
Days
Floor: Concrete slab (150 mm) -
dry, very moderately moderately wet and
HVAC Climatic Region wet, cool cold wet, cold wet, cold cold
Component Description
Terminal Fan Coil Unit (four pipe)
-
Thermostat Heating Set Point: 20 °C
Cooling Set Point: 25.6 °C

Autosized between 150 and

Cooling Centrifugal Hermetic Chiller
299 tons
Plant
Fuel Source: Electricity Coefficient of performance:
4.6
Heating Boiler (natural draft) Fuel Source:
Plant Supply Natural Gas
Autosized Efficiency: 80%

Ventilation: 7.5 L/s per person (~0.4 L/s per

-
m2)
Internal Load and Schedule

People Equipment Load: 7.0 W/m2

Density: 200
m2/p Lighting Load: 10.8 W/m2
Weekday Return at: 4 PM
Schedule: Leave at: 9 AM
2.4
Unit

MW H)
(GJ)

(GJ)

(GJ)

MW H)
(GJ)

(GJ)

Table 2.6: Model simulation results: total annual energy

%

(GJ)

MW H)
(GJ)

(GJ)

(GJ)

MW H)
(GJ)

(GJ)

(GJ)

MW H)
(GJ)

(GJ)

(GJ)

consumption. REC, relative

Shape of the
Buildings

Building G F E D C B A B C D E F G Unit
Profile: 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ 90°θ
Aspect Ratio
1:4.2 1:3.2 1:2.7 1:2 1.5:1 1:1.3 1:1 1.3:1 1.5:1 2:1 2.7:1 3.2:1 4.2:1
(X:Y)

Montreal
Cooling 133.6 127.0 119.3 113.3 107.8 104.7 103.2 101.5 100.5 94.6 94.9 97.2 98.6 (MWH)
Consumption 481.1 457.0 429.5 408.0 388.2 377.0 371.5 365.5 361.7 340.7 341.6 349.9 355.1 (GJ)

Heating
Consumption 1554 1461 1389 1315 1236 1213 1198 1188 1195 1243 1286 1355 1416 (GJ)

REC 29.7 21.9 15.9 9.8 3.2 1.2 0.0 -0.9 -0.2 3.7 7.3 13.1 18.2 %

Combined
Energy 2035 1918 1818 1723 1624 1590 1569 1553 1557 1584 1628 1705 1771 (GJ)
Consumption

REC 29.6 22.2 15.8 9.8 3.5 1.3 0.0 -1.0 -0.80 0.9 3.7 8.7 12.9 %
Vancouver
Cooling 41.2 39.1 36.5 34.4 32.9 32.0 31.5 31.2 30.9 30.6 30.6 31.1 31.1 (MWH)
Consumption 148.5 140.8 131.5 124.0 118.6 115.4 113.4 112.2 111.3 340.7 110.2 112.1 111.8 (GJ)

Heating
Consumption 911 836 775 722 672 659 641 637 637 637 664 746 793 (GJ)

REC 42.1 30.4 20.8 12.6 4.8 2.7 0.0 -0.9 -0.7 -0.7 3.5 16.3 23.7 %
Combined
Energy 1060 977 907 846 791 775 775 749 748 774 807 858 905 (GJ)
Consumption
REC 40.4 29.5 20.1 12.1 4.8 2.7 0.0 -0.7 -0.9 2.5 6.9 13.7 19.9 %
Halifax
Cooling 48.0 46.3 43.4 41.2 38.6 37.6 37.3 36.9 36.5 36.2 36.1 36.7 36.6 (MWH)
Consumption 172.9 166.7 156.4 148.4 139.1 135.4 134.2 132.9 131.5 130.2 129.9 132.2 131.7 (GJ)

Heating
Consumption 1492 1381 1315 1236 1163 1139 1128 1120 1127 1171 1216 1282 1365 (GJ)

REC 32.2 22.4 16.6 9.6 3.1 1.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.1 3.8 7.8 13.7 21.0 %
Combined
Energy 1665 1547 1471 1384 1302 1274 1262 1253 1259 1302 1346 1415 1496 (GJ)
Consumption
REC 31.9 22.6 16.6 9.7 3.1 1.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.3 3.1 6.6 12.1 18.5 %
Calgary
Cooling 75.8 72.1 67.6 63.8 60.3 58.5 57.5 56.3 55.3 54.8 54.8 55.8 56.4 (MWH)
Consumption 272.7 259.7 243.2 229.6 217.0 210.7 207.1 202.8 199.2 197.2 197.3 201.0 203.0 (GJ)

Heating
Consumption 1748 1534 1450 1366 1281 1254 1235 1221 1226 1270 1318 1387 1560 (GJ)

REC 41.6 24.3 17.5 10.6 3.8 1.6 0.0 -1.1 -0.7 2.9 6.8 12.4 26.3 %
Combined
Energy 2021 1794 1694 1595 1498 1465 1442 1424 1425 1467 1516 1588 1763 (GJ)
Consumption
REC 40.1 24.4 17.5 10.6 3.9 1.6 0.0 -1.2 -1.2 1.8 5.1 10.2 22.3 %
Toronto
Cooling 116.9 111.5 104.1 99.9 96.0 93.6 92.9 91.9 91.0 90.5 89.4 91.3 91.1 (MWH)
Consumption 421.0 401.2 374.8 359.8 345.8 337.1 334.6 330.7 327.5 325.9 321.7 328.5 328.1 (GJ)

Heating
Consumption 1428 1302 1230 1157 1087 1063 1056 1048 1054 1100 1143 1211 1308 (GJ)

REC 35.2 23.4 16.5 9.6 3.0 0.7 0.0 -0.8 -0.2 4.1 8.2 14.7 23.9 %
Combined
Energy 1849 1705 1604 1517 1433 1400 1391 1378 1381 1425 1464 1540 1636 (GJ) 2.5
Consumption
REC 33.0 22.6 15.4 9.1 3.0 0.7 0.0 -0.9 -0.6 2.5 5.3 10.7 17.6 %
Chapter 3 Research Design
3.1 Introduction

The chapter aims to present comprehensive Research Design on the scope of the project with
reference of the followings-

• Energy Conservation Building Code (BEE 2007)

• National Building Code (BIS 2005)

• National Building Code Draft (BIS 2011)

• Handbook of Fundamental - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers (ASHRAE 90.1.ip.2010)

The purpose of using above standards are, the Indian code with reference of Indian Climatic conditions
for various climate zones. In this chapter we are defining all the parameter which affects energy
performance for a building for which we can make a standard modelling by putting those values which
will help us to prepare a base model to compare with the variables like Building Aspect Ratio, WWR &
Orientation for various climatic zones. And can take other aspects with a specific value with specific
purpose.

3.2 Weather data for building energy modeling

Building energy models have been carried out for four cities, which represent four major climate zones
of India, namely:

• Delhi (Composite Climate)

• Jaisalmer (Hot & Dry Climate)

• Chennai (Warm & Humid Climate)

• Bangalore (Temperate Climate)

• Guwahati (Clod Climate) 3.1

3.3 Building Form

Air conditioned rectilinear office building with an aspect ratio-

1. Building aspect ratio 2:1 – Building Foot Print Area – 56.00m. X 28.00m. X 3.6 m.

2. Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 – Building Foot Print Area – 48.46m. X 32.30m. X 3.6 m.

3. Building aspect ratio 1:1 – Building Foot Print Area – 39.60m. X 39.60m. X 3.6 m.

4. Building aspect ratio 1:1.5 – Building Foot Print Area – 32.30m. X 48.46m. X 3.6 m.

5. Building aspect ratio 1:2 – Building Foot Print Area – 28.00m. X 56.00m. X 3.6 m.

• Simulation for typical floor plan from a Mid-rise office building.

• Window design is restricted to a rectangular shape and will be in uniform size.

• Orientation

• WWR

3.4 Building Envelope

The building envelope refers to the exterior façade, and is comprised of opaque components and
fenestration systems. Opaque components include walls, roofs, slabs on grade (in touch with ground),
basement walls, and opaque doors. Fenestration systems include windows, skylights, ventilators, and
doors that are more than one-half glazed. The envelope protects the building’s interior and occupants
from the weather conditions and shields them from other external factors e.g. noise, air pollution, etc.

3.2
Table 3.1: Table representing Opaque Wall Assembly Table 3.2: Table representing Roof Assembly U-Factor
U-Factor and Insulation R-value Requirements and Insulation R-value Requirements

Other Building Types (Daytime) Other Building Types (Daytime)

Maximum U-factor Minimum R-value

Maximum U-factor Minimum R-value Climate Zone of the overall of insulation alone
Climate Zone of the overall of insulation alone assembly (W/m2·K) (m2·K/W)
assembly (W/m2·K) (m2·K/W) Composite U-0.409 R-2.1
Composite U-0.440 R-2.10 Hot and Dry U-0.409 R-2.1
Hot and Dry U-0.440 R-2.10 Warm and Humid U-0.409 R-2.1
Warm and Humid U-0.440 R-2.10 Moderate U-0.409 R-2.1
Moderate U-0.440 R-2.10 Cold U-0.409 R-2.1

Cold U-0.352 R-2.35

Table 3.3: Table representing Vertical Fenestration Table 3.4: Table representing Minimum Visual Light
U-factor (W/m2•K) and SHGC Requirements Transmission Light Transmission Requirements
WWR≤40% 40% <WWR≤60% Window Wall Ratio Minimum
Climate Maximum U-factor Maximum SHGC Maximum SHGC VLT
Composite 3.3 0.25 0.2
0 - 0.3 0.27
Hot and Dry 3.3 0.25 0.2
Warm and Humid 3.3 0.25 0.2 0.31-0.4 0.2
Moderate 6.9 0.4 0.3 0.41-0.5 0.16
Cold 3.3 0.51 0.51 0.51-0.6 0.13

Table 3.5: Table representing HVAC Systems Table 3.6: Table representing Suggested Chiller
Specifications (ECBC-2007, HVAC)
Category Nonresidential Equipment Class Minimum Minimum Test Standard
Area & Nos. 4 or 5 floors or less than 7,500 m² or 5 floors or COP IPLV
of Floor less and 7,500–15,000 m² *Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 W 5.8 6.09 ARI 550/590-1998
(<150 tons)
Code RHFS
System type Central cooling plant with constant volume AHU for Table 3.8: Table representing Acceptable Occupant Densities,
each zone
Receptacle Power Densities, and Service Hot Water Consumption
Fan control Constant volume air handler for each zone
Cooling type Chilled water Occupancy Density Receptacle Power Service Hot Water
Sq.Ft./Person Density Watts/Sq.Ft. Quantities Btu/h.
Heating type Electric resistance
Building Type (Btu/h . ft2) (Btu/h . ft2) Person
Office 275 (0.84) 0.75 (2.56) 175
Table 3.7: Table representing Interior Lighting • The occupancy densities, receptacle power densities, and service hot water
Power- Building Area Method consumption values are from ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 and addenda.
• Values are in square feet of conditioned floor area per person. Heat generation in Btu
Building Area Type LPD (W/m2) per person per hour is 230 sensible and 190 latent. Figures in parenthesis are
Office 10.8 equivalent Btu per hour per square foot.
• Values are in Watts per square foot of conditioned floor area. Figures in parenthesis are
equivalent Btu per hour per square foot. These values are the minimum acceptable. If
other
• Process loads are not input (such as for computers, cooking, refrigeration, etc.), it is
recommended that receptacle power densities be increased until total process energy
consumption is equivalent to 25% of the total.
• Values are in Btu per person per hour.
3.3
Table 3.9: Table representing Office Occupancy ASHRAE Specified Schedule for Office Building

Schedule for Schedule for Schedule for

Schedule for HVAC
Occupancy Percent Lighting Receptacle Service Hot Water Schedule for Elevator
Hour of Day System
of Maximum Load Percent of Maximum Percent of Percent of Maximum
(Time)
Load Maximum Load Load

Wk Sat Sun Wk Sat Sun Wk Sat Sun Wk Sat Sun Wk Sat Sun

1 (12-1 am) 0 0 0 5 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

2 (1-2 am) 0 0 0 5 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

3 (2-3 am) 0 0 0 5 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

4 (3-4 am) 0 0 0 5 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

5 (4-5 am) 0 0 0 5 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

6 (5-6 am) 0 0 0 10 5 5 Off Off Off 8 8 7 0 0 0

7 (6-7 am) 10 10 5 10 10 5 On On Off 7 7 4 0 0 0

8 (7-8 am) 20 10 5 30 10 5 On On Off 19 11 4 35 16 0

9 (8-9 am) 95 30 5 90 30 5 On On Off 35 15 4 69 14 0

10 (9-10 am) 95 30 5 90 30 5 On On Off 38 21 4 43 21 0

11 (10-11 am) 95 30 5 90 30 5 On On Off 39 19 4 37 18 0

12 (11-12 pm) 95 30 5 90 30 5 On On Off 47 23 6 43 25 0

13 (12-1 pm) 50 10 5 80 15 5 On On Off 57 20 6 58 21 0

14 (1-2 pm) 95 10 5 90 15 5 On On Off 54 19 9 48 13 0

15 (2-3 pm) 95 10 5 90 15 5 On On Off 34 15 6 37 8 0

16 (3-4 pm) 95 10 5 90 15 5 On On Off 33 12 4 37 4 0

17 (4-5 pm) 95 10 5 90 15 5 On On Off 44 14 4 46 5 0

18 (5-6 pm) 30 5 5 50 5 5 On On Off 26 7 4 62 6 0

19 (6-7 pm) 10 5 0 30 5 5 On Off Off 21 7 4 20 0 0

20 (7-8 pm) 10 0 0 30 5 5 On Off Off 15 7 4 12 0 0

21 (8-9 pm) 10 0 0 20 5 5 On Off Off 17 7 4 4 0 0

22 (9-10 pm) 10 0 0 20 5 5 On Off Off 8 9 7 4 0 0

23 (10-11 pm) 5 0 0 10 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

24 (11-12 am) 5 0 0 5 5 5 Off Off Off 5 5 4 0 0 0

Total/Day 920 200 60 1040 280 120 1600 1200 0 537 256 113 555 151 0

Total/Week 48.60 hours 56.00 hours 92.00 hours 30.54 hours 29.26 hours

Total/Year 2534 hours 2920 hours 4797 hours 1592 hours 1526 hours
Wk = Weekday
Schedules for occupancy, lighting, receptacle, HVAC system, and service hot water are from ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 and
addendums, except that 5% emergency lighting has been added for all off hours. Elevator schedules, except for restaurants, are
from the U.S. Department of Energy Standard Evaluation Techniques except changed to 0% when occupancy is 0%.These values
may be used only if actual schedules are not known.

3.4
3.5 Simulation Methodology

Energy modeling software consists of a thermal calculation engine to predict the annual energy use of
the building. As shown in Figure 3.1, building description defines the building geometry, layout,
constructions, operating schedules, internal loads, HVAC systems, and local weather data. The
simulation manager then performs an hourly simulation by calculating the building loads and the
system requirements to meet the desired building conditions. The purpose of using above standards
are, the Indian code with reference of Indian Climatic conditions for various climate zones. In this
chapter we are defining all the parameter which affects energy performance for a building for which
we can make a standard modelling by putting those values which will help us to prepare a base model
to compare with the variables like Building Aspect Ratio, WWR & Orientation for various climatic
zones. And can take other aspects with a specific value with specific purpose.

Figure 3.1: Diagram of Energy Modeling Loads

3.5
3.6 Energy Simulation Tool – eQUEST

eQUEST uses the DOE 2.2 Building energy simulation engine. It has the ability to explicitly model all of
the following:

• 8,760 hours per year

• Hourly variations in occupancy, lighting power, miscellaneous equipment power, thermostat

set-points, and HVAC system operation, defined separately for each day of the week and
holidays

• Thermal mass effects

• Part-load performance curves for mechanical Equipment

• Capacity and efficiency correction curves for mechanical heating and cooling equipment

eQUEST was designed to allow you to perform detailed analysis of today’s state-of-the-art building
design technologies using today’s most sophisticated building energy use simulation techniques but
without requiring extensive experience in the "art" of building performance modeling

It is supported as a part of the Energy Design Resources program which is funded by California utility
customers and administered by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Diego Gas & Electric, and
Southern California Edison, under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. The base-
case building is simulated with actual orientation and again after rotating the entire Building by 90,
180 & 270 Degrees and then averaging the results to get the Base-case Energy consumption.

Figure 3.2: eQUEST Logo 3.6

3.6 Modeling and Simulation Process

Each of the envelope and equipment efficiency cases was then simulated twice, once with no
appliances and once with the use of appliances. This was done to understand the variation in energy
consumption (appliances and AC) due to the appliances’ loads. The policy impacts and penetration of
ECBC under various projection scenarios has been explained in the methodology of future projections.
The following figure shows the building energy modelling run chart for the study:

Building aspect ratio

Figure 3.3: Building Energy Modelling Run chart

3.7
3.7 Modeling Tables

3.7.1 Model Case - 1 (Composite Climate) - New Delhi 3.7.2 Model Case - 2 (Hot & Dry Climate) – Jaisalmer
Parameters Value Parameters Value Parameters Value Parameters Value
Location- New Delhi Area (Sq.ft)
Table 3.10: Model Description for Composite Climate (New Delhi) Table 3.11: Model Description for Hot & Dry Climate
Location- Jaisalmer
(Jaisalmar)
Area (Sq.ft)
2:1 = 16928
Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 16854 2:1 = 16928
Latitude 28°32'17.76"N Floor plate Area 1:1 = 16900 Latitude 26°54'33.34"N Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 16854
1:1.5 = 16854 Floor plate Area 1:1 = 16900
1:2 = 16928 1:1.5 = 16854
2:1 = 84640 1:2 = 16928
Longitude 77° 9'12.07"E Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 84270
2:1 = 84640
Total Conditioned Space 1:1 = 84500
Longitude 70°54'38.01"E Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 84270
Elevation (ft.) 867 1:1.5 = 84270
Total Conditioned Space 1:1 = 84500
1:2 = 84640
Elevation (ft.) 817 1:1.5 = 84270
Climate Type Composite Frames, Doors & Dividers
1:2 = 84640
Model Geometry Material Aluminum Climate Type Hot & Dry Frames, Doors & Dividers
2:1 = 184’ x 92’ Frame width (cm) 1.3
Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 159’ x 106’ Model Geometry Material Aluminum
Dimension (ft.) 1:1 = 130’ x 130’
1:1.5 = 106’ x 159’ 2:1 = 184’ x 92’ Frame width (cm) 1.3
1:2 = 92’ x 184’ Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 159’ x 106’
Dimension(ft.) 1:1 = 130’ x 130’
1:1.5 = 106’ x 159’
1:2 = 92’ x 184’
Floor to floor height (m) 3.6 Orientation N/S degree
Floor to floor height (m) 3.6 Orientation N/S degree

Number of floors G+4 Glazing Number of floors G+4 Glazing

WWR 20%, 30%, 40%, Glass U value (W/m2-K) 3.30 WWR 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% & Glass U value (W/m2-K) 0.25 & 0.20
50% & 60% 60%
Envelop Materials Glass SHGC 0.25 & 0.20 Envelop Materials Glass SHGC 0.27, 0.20, 0.16 &
0.13
Roof U value (W/m2-K) 0.409 Glass VLT 0.27, 0.20, 0.16
& 0.13 Roof U value (W/m2-K) 0.409 Glass VLT 0.13
Wall U value (W/m2-K) 0.440
Internal Loads Wall U value (W/m2-K) 0.440
HVAC System Internal Loads
System Type Central cooling plant Lighting (W/sq. m) 10.8 HVAC System
with constant System Type Central cooling plant with Lighting (W/sq. m) 10.8
volume AHU constant volume AHU

Fan Control Constant volume air Equipment (W/sq. m) 7.5 Fan Control Constant volume air Equipment (W/sq. m) 7.5
handler for each handler for each floor
floor
Chiller COP 5.8 Occupancy (sq. m/person) 14
Chiller COP 5.8 Occupancy (sq. 14
m/person)
Cooling type Chilled water Cooling type Chilled water
Heating type Electric Resistance Heating type Electric Resistance

3.8
3.7.3 Model Case - 3 (Warm & Humid) - Chennai 3.7.4 Model Case - 4 (Temperate Climate) – Bangalore
Table 3.12: Model Description for Warm & Humid (Chennai) Table 3.13: Model Description for Temperate Climate (Bangalore)

Parameters Value Parameters Value Parameters Value Parameters Value

Location- Chennai Area (Sq.ft) Location- Bangalore Area (Sq.ft)

2:1 = 16928 2:1 = 16928

Latitude 12°58'47.46"N Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 16854 Latitude 12°57'45.01"N Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 16854
Floor plate Area 1:1 = 16900 Floor plate Area 1:1 = 16900
1:1.5 = 16854 1:1.5 = 16854
1:2 = 16928 1:2 = 16928
2:1 = 84640 2:1 = 84640
Longitude 80°15'1.26"E Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 84270 Longitude 77°34'37.47"E Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 84270
Total Conditioned Space 1:1 = 84500 Total Conditioned Space 1:1 = 84500
Elevation (ft.) 23 1:1.5 = 84270 1:1.5 = 84270
Elevation (ft.) 2970
1:2 = 84640 1:2 = 84640

Climate Type Warm & Humid Frames, Doors & Dividers Climate Type Temperate Climate Frames, Doors & Dividers

Model Geometry Material Aluminum Model Geometry Material Aluminum

2:1 = 184’ x 92’ Frame width (cm) 1.3 2:1 = 184’ x 92’ Frame width (cm) 1.3
Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 159’ x 106’ Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 159’ x 106’
Dimension(ft.) 1:1 = 130’ x 130’ Dimension(ft.) 1:1 = 130’ x 130’
1:1.5 = 106’ x 159’ 1:1.5 = 106’ x 159’
1:2 = 92’ x 184’ 1:2 = 92’ x 184’

Floor to floor height 3.6 Orientation N/S degree Floor to floor height (m) 3.6 Orientation N/S degree
(m)
Number of floors G+4 Glazing Number of floors G+4 Glazing

WWR 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% & Glass U value (W/m2-K) 3.30 WWR 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% & Glass U value (W/m2-K) 6.90
60% 60%
Envelop Materials Glass SHGC 0.25 & 0.20 Envelop Materials Glass SHGC 0.40 & 0.30

Roof U value (W/m2-K) 0.409 Glass VLT 0.27, 0.20, 0.16 Roof U value (W/m2-K) 0.409 Glass VLT 0.27, 0.20, 0.16 &
& 0.13 0.13

Wall U value (W/m2-K) 0.440 Wall U value (W/m2-K) 0.440

Internal Loads Internal Loads
HVAC System HVAC System
System Type Central cooling plant Lighting (W/sq. m) 10.8 System Type Central cooling plant with Lighting (W/sq. m) 10.8
with constant volume constant volume AHU
AHU
Fan Control Constant volume air Equipment (W/sq. m) 7.5 Fan Control Constant volume air Equipment (W/sq. m) 7.5
handler for each floor handler for each floor
Chiller COP 5.8 Occupancy (sq. m/person) 14
Chiller COP 5.8 Occupancy (sq. m/person) 14

Cooling type Chilled water

Cooling type Chilled water
Heating type Electric Resistance
Heating type Electric Resistance

3.9
3.7.5 Model Case - 5 (Cold Climate) - Guwahati
Table 3.12: Model Description for Cold Climate (Guwahati)

Parameters Value Parameters Value

Location- Guwahati Area (Sq.ft)

2:1 = 16928
Latitude 26° 7'33.55"N Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 16854
Floor plate Area 1:1 = 16900
1:1.5 = 16854
1:2 = 16928

2:1 = 84640
Longitude 91°44'51.82"E Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 84270
Total Conditioned Space 1:1 = 84500
1:1.5 = 84270
Elevation (ft.) 179
1:2 = 84640

Climate Type Composite Frames, Doors & Dividers

Model Geometry Material Aluminum

2:1 = 184’ x 92’ Frame width (in.) 1.3

Building aspect ratio 1.5:1 = 159’ x 106’
Dimension(ft.) 1:1 = 130’ x 130’
1:1.5 = 106’ x 159’
1:2 = 92’ x 184’

Floor to floor height (m) 3.6 Orientation N/S degree

Number of floors G+4 Glazing

WWR 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% & Glass U value (W/m2-K) 3.30
60%
Envelop Materials Glass SHGC 0.51
Roof U value (W/m2-K) 0.409 Glass VLT 0.27, 0.20, 0.16 &
0.13
Wall U value (W/m2-K) 0.352
Internal Loads

HVAC System
System Type Central cooling plant Lighting (W/sq. m) 10.8
with constant volume
AHU
Fan Control Constant volume air Equipment (W/sq. m) 7.5
handler for each floor
Chiller COP 5.8 Occupancy (sq. m/person) 14

Cooling type Chilled water

Heating type Electric Resistance

3.10
 Chapter 4 Building Simulation Processes

4.1 Introduction

The chapter aims to present comprehensive Building Model 3D View of the various Building aspect
ratio and WWR Snapshots on the subject “Building Envelope Optimization in Office Buildings”.

4.2 Building Model 3D View

Figure 4.1: Building Model 3D View at Building aspect ratio of Figure 4.2: Building Model 3D View at Building aspect ratio of
2:1 & 20% WWR 1.5:1 & 30% WWR

4.1
Figure 4.3: Building Model 3D View at Building aspect ratio of Figure 4.4: Building Model 3D View at Building aspect ratio of
1:1 & 40% WWR 1:1.5 & 50% WWR

Figure 4.4: Building Model 3D View at Building aspect ratio of

1:2 & 60% WWR

4.1
Chapter 5 Simulation Results & Analysis
5.1 Introduction

The chapter aims to present comprehensive Simulation Results & Analysis on the subject “Building
Envelope Optimization in Office Buildings”.
5.2 Simulation Result for Major Five Climate Zone in India

5.2.1 Simulation Result New Delhi

Table 5.1: Simulation Result for (Composite Climate) - New Delhi (in E.P.I.)

Climate Building aspect ratio %

City Orientation WWR Max. Min.
Zone 2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2 saving

20% 100.95 100.35 100.72 102.04 102.37

30% 100.84 101.11 101.17 101.88 102.64

Composite New
N.S 40% 110.54 110.53 111.06 111.66 112.54 114.29 100.35 12.20%
Climate Delhi

50% 112.21 111.95 111.75 113.1 114.29

60% 109.73 109.67 110.37 111.51 112.36

Max. Energy Consumption = 114.29 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50% WWR)

Min. Energy Consumption = 100.35 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1.5:1 & 20% WWR)
Envelope Performance (Composite
Climate) - New Delhi
120
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX(

115
110
KWH/SQ.M./YEAR)

105
100
95
90
2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2
BUILDING ASPECT RATIO

WWR 20% WWR 30% WWR 40% WWR 50% WWR 60%
5.1
Figure 5.1: Envelop performance graph for (Composite Climate) - New Delhi (in E.P.I.)
5.2.2 Simulation Result Jaisalmer

Table 5.2: Simulation Result for (Hot & Dry Climate) – Jaisalmer (in E.P.I.)

Climate Building aspect ratio %

City Orientation WWR Max. Min.
Zone 2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2 saving

20% 103.28 102.65 102.98 104.44 104.87

30% 103.21 103.47 103.48 104.28 105.19

Hot &
Dry Jaisalmer N.S 40% 112.69 112.69 113.24 113.88 114.84 116.49 102.65 11.88%
Climate
50% 114.34 114.04 113.88 115.31 116.49

60% 112.06 112.00 112.73 114.03 114.85

Max. Energy Consumption = 116.49 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50% WWR)

Min. Energy Consumption = 102.65 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1.5:1 & 20% WWR)

Envelope Performance (Hot & Dry

Climate) - Jaisalmer
120
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX(

115
KWH/SQ.M./YEAR)

110

105

100

95
2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2
BUILDING ASPECT RATIO

WWR 20% WWR 30% WWR 40% WWR 50% WWR 60%

Figure 5.2: Envelop performance graph for (Hot & Dry Climate) –
Jaisalmer (in E.P.I.)

5.2
5.2.3 Simulation Result Chennai

Table 5.3: Simulation Result for (Warm & Humid) - Chennai (in E.P.I.)

Climate Building aspect ratio %

City Orientation WWR Max. Min.
Zone 2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2 saving

20% 108.72 108.51 108.55 108.92 108.84

Warm 30% 107.30 107.47 107.37 107.62 107.81
&
Chennai N.S 40% 116.46 116.27 116.56 116.92 117.62 118.97 107.37 9.75%
Humid
Climate 50% 117.80 117.43 117.04 118.03 118.97

60% 114.86 114.67 114.91 115.59 116.24

Max. Energy Consumption = 118.97 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50% WWR)

Min. Energy Consumption = 107.37 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:1 & 30% WWR)

Envelope Performance (Warm & Humid

Climate) - Chennai
120
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX(

115
KWH/SQ.M./YEAR)

110

105

100
2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2
BUILDING ASPECT RATIO

WWR 20% WWR 30% WWR 40% WWR 50% WWR 60%

Figure 5.3: Envelop performance graph for (Warm & Humid) -

Chennai (in E.P.I.)

5.3
5.2.4 Simulation Result Bangalore

Table 5.4: Simulation Result for (Temperate Climate) – Bangalore (in E.P.I.)

Climate Building aspect ratio %

City Orientation WWR Max. Min.
Zone 2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2 saving

20% 95.19 95.06 95.22 95.90 95.81

30% 92.88 93.11 93.10 93.42 93.63

Temperate
Bangalore N.S 40% 99.72 99.75 99.97 100.47 101.37 101.37 92.88 8.38%
Climate
50% 99.20 99.12 99.10 99.99 100.96

60% 98.94 96.01 96.63 97.39 98.02

Max. Energy Consumption = 101.37 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 40% WWR)

Min. Energy Consumption = 92.88 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 2:1 & 30% WWR)

Envelope Performance (Temperate

Climate) – Bangalore
104
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX(

102
100
KWH/SQ.M./YEAR)

98
96
94
92
90
88
2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2
BUILDING ASPECT RATIO

WWR 20% WWR 30% WWR 40% WWR 50% WWR 60%

Figure 5.4: Envelop performance graph for (Temperate Climate) –

Bangalore (in E.P.I.)

5.4
5.2.5 Simulation Result Guwahati

Table 5.5: Simulation Result for (Cold Climate) - Guwahati (in E.P.I.)

Climate Building aspect ratio

City Orientation WWR Max. Min. % saving
Zone 2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2

20% 100.74 100.62 100.72 101.17 101.08

30% 99.92 100.10 100.12 100.28 100.74

Cold
Guwahati N.S 40% 109.91 109.83 110.22 110.77 111.98 116.82 99.92 14.47%
Climate
50% 114.01 113.52 113.34 115.21 116.82

60% 112.38 112.40 112.84 114.45 115.81

Max. Energy Consumption = 116.82 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50% WWR)

Min. Energy Consumption = 92.92 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 2:1 & 30% WWR)

Envelope Performance (Cold Climate) -

Guwahati
120
ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDEX(

115
110
KWH/SQ.M./YEAR)

105
100
95
90
2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2
BUILDING ASPECT RATIO

WWR 20% WWR 30% WWR 40% WWR 50% WWR 60%

Figure 5.5: Envelop performance graph for (Cold Climate) -

Guwahati (in E.P.I.)

5.5
 5.3 Overall Comparison of Simulation Result for Each Climate Zone in India

Table 5.6: Overall Comparison of Simulation result for each climate zone
Climate Building aspect ratio
City Orientation WWR Max. Min. % saving
Zone 2:1 1.5:1 1:1 1:1.5 1:2

20% 100.95 100.35 100.72 102.04 102.37

30% 100.84 101.11 101.17 101.88 102.64

Composite
New Delhi N.S 40% 110.54 110.53 111.06 111.66 112.54 114.29 100.35 12.20%
Climate
50% 112.21 111.95 111.75 113.1 114.29 % Savings Potential for each Climate Zone
60% 109.73 109.67 110.37 111.51 112.36

20% 103.28 102.65 102.98 104.44 104.87 16 14.47

SAVING % BETWEEN LOWEST &

30% 103.21 103.47 103.48 104.28 105.19 14 12.2 11.88

HIGHEST ENERGY E.P.I.

Hot & Dry 12
Jaisalmer N.S 40% 112.69 112.69 113.24 113.88 114.84 116.49 102.65 11.88%
Climate 9.75
114.34 114.04 113.88 115.31 116.49
10 8.38
50%
8
60% 112.06 112.00 112.73 114.03 114.85
6
20% 108.72 108.51 108.55 108.92 108.84
4
30% 107.30 107.47 107.37 107.62 107.81
Warm & 2
Humid Chennai N.S 40% 116.46 116.27 116.56 116.92 117.62 118.97 107.37 9.75%
Climate
0
50% 117.80 117.43 117.04 118.03 118.97 New Delhi Jaisalmer Chennai Bangalore Guwahati
60% 114.86 114.67 114.91 115.59 116.24 MAJOR CLIMATE CITY IN INDIA
20% 95.19 95.06 95.22 95.9 95.81
Figure 5.6: % Savings Potential for each Climate Zone in India
30% 92.88 93.11 93.10 93.42 93.63
Temperate
Bangalore N.S 40% 99.72 99.75 99.97 100.47 101.37 101.37 92.88 8.38%
Climate
50% 99.20 99.12 99.10 99.99 100.96

60% 98.94 96.01 96.63 97.39 98.02

20% 100.74 100.62 100.72 101.17 101.08

30% 99.92 100.10 100.12 100.28 100.74

Cold
Guwahati N.S 40% 109.91 109.83 110.22 110.77 111.98 116.82 99.92 14.47%
Climate
50% 114.01 113.52 113.34 115.21 116.82

60% 112.38 112.40 112.84 114.45 115.81

5.6
Chapter 6 Final Conclusions
6.1 Introduction

The chapter aims to present comprehensive Final Conclusions on the subject “Building Envelope
Optimization in Office Buildings”.

The next section presents the Result Review for Major Five Climate Zone in India and Final section
presents the Future Development of the various Simulation Results & Analysis on the subject

6.2 Result Review for Major Five Climate Zone in India

6.2.1 Result Review New Delhi

• True North-South orientation is the best orientation

• By increasing WWR energy consumption is also increasing due to more heat gain in to the
building through window.

• Max. Energy Consumption = 114.29 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50%
WWR)

• Min. Energy Consumption = 100.35 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1.5:1 & 20%
WWR)

• In New Delhi, as per our results building aspect ratio 1.5:1 leads to least consumption among
the other counterparts. But the pattern is consistent in 20% WWR case only.

• We can reduce 12.20% energy consumption by using at Building aspect ratio, WWR and
orientation of North /South for New Delhi.

6.1
6.2.2 Result Review Jaisalmer

• True North-South orientation is the best orientation

• By increasing WWR energy consumption is also increasing due to more heat gain in to the
building through window.

• Max. Energy Consumption = 116.49 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50%
WWR)

• Min. Energy Consumption = 102.65 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1.5:1 & 20%
WWR)

• In Jaisalmer, as per our results building aspect ratio 1.5:1 leads to least consumption among
the other counterparts. But the pattern is consistent in 20% WWR case only.

• We can reduce 11.88% energy consumption by using at Building aspect ratio, WWR and
orientation of North /South for Jaisalmer.

6.2.3 Result Review Chennai

• True North-South orientation is the best orientation

• By increasing WWR energy consumption is also increasing due to more heat gain in to the
building through window.

• Max. Energy Consumption = 118.97 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50%
WWR)

• Min. Energy Consumption = 107.37 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:1 & 30%
WWR)

• In Chennai, as per our results building aspect ratio 1:1 and 30% WWR becomes most
efficient design.

• We can reduce 9.75% energy consumption by using at Building aspect ratio, WWR and
6.2
orientation of North /South for Chennai.
6.2.4 Result Review Bangalore

• True North-South orientation is the best orientation

• By increasing WWR energy consumption is also increasing due to more heat gain in to the
building through window.

• Max. Energy Consumption = 101.37 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 40%
WWR)

• Min. Energy Consumption = 92.88 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 2:1 & 30%
WWR)

• In Bangalore, as per our results building aspect ratio 2:1 and 30% WWR becomes most
efficient design.

• We can reduce 8.38 energy consumption by using at Building aspect ratio, WWR and
orientation of North /South for Bangalore.

6.2.5 Result Review Guwahati

• True North-South orientation is the best orientation

• By increasing WWR energy consumption is also increasing due to more heat gain in to the
building through window.

• Max. Energy Consumption = 116.82 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 1:2 & 50%
WWR)

• Min. Energy Consumption = 92.92 kWh/sq.m./year (At Building aspect ratio of 2:1 & 30%
WWR)

• In Guwahati, as per our results building aspect ratio 2:1 and 30% WWR becomes most
efficient design.

• We can reduce 14.47% energy consumption by using at Building aspect ratio, WWR and
6.3
orientation of North /South for Guwahati.
6.3 Future Development

In the India, the environmental burden of buildings represents a problem that need to be alleviated. In
order to fulfill with international agreements and commitments, the Government of India will be forced
to set new rules regarding building energy consumption. As a first step

In order to comply with the new regulations, architects should develop their design techniques, adopt
more environmental strategies and finally increase their knowledge about the environment and
buildings. As each building will be provided with limited amount of energy, architects will be forced to
change many design decisions, concepts, elements and materials.

On the other hand, mechanical and environmental engineers will have a major role in the design
process as they will be studying how each decision architects take affects the building total energy
consumption.

Therefore, in order to provide the architects with a holistic approach of reducing thermal energy
consumption in office buildings located in different climates, Finally, more research should be done on
achieving a balance between reducing energy by the passive techniques and the user's visual and
acoustical comfort. If done, this research would help architects and designers in taking the proper
environmental design decisions that achieve users comfort in the built environment.

6.4
References

• BEE (2005) National Building Code, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.

• Energy Conservation Building Code (2009). Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

• ASHRAE Standard (2010). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning

Engineers.

• http://www.sciencedirect.com/

• http://www.researchgate.net/publication

• Koranteng, C. and Abaitey, E. G. (2010)."The Effects of Form and Orientation on Energy

Performance of Residential Buildings in Ghana", Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 30,
pp. 01, http://www.ajol.info/index.php/just/article/download/53940/42487.

• McKeen, P. and Fung, A. S. (2014)."The Effect of Building Aspect Ratio on Energy Efficiency: A
Case Study for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings in Canada”, Building, vol. 04, pp. 336-354,
http://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/4/3/336.

• http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data2.cfm/region=2_asia
_wmo_region_2

• http://www.doe2.com/equest/

R.1