Apprenticeship After General Education

Apprenticeship after general education[edit]
A master discusses a vacuum compressor with his apprentice (front left) and several other craftsmen
German journeymen during journeyman years in traditional costume

After graduation from school at the age of fifteen to nineteen (depending on type of school), students start an
apprenticeship in their chosen professions. Realschule and Gymnasium graduates usually have better
chances for being accepted as an apprentice for sophisticated craft professions or apprenticeships in white-
collar jobs in finance or administration. An apprenticeship takes between 2.5 and 3.5 years. Originally, at the
beginning of the 20th century, less than 1% of German students attended the Gymnasium (the 8–9 year
university-preparatory school) to obtain the Abitur graduation which was the only way to university back then.
In the 1950s still only 5% of German youngsters entered university and in 1960 only 6% did. Due to the risen
social wealth and the increased demand for academic professionals in Germany, about 24% of the youngsters
entered college/university in 2000.[24] Of those who did not enter university, many started an apprenticeship.
The apprenticeships usually end a person's education by age 18–20, but also older apprentices are accepted
by the employers under certain conditions. This is frequently the case for immigrants from countries without a
compatible professional training system.
History[edit]
In 1969, a law (the Berufsbildungsgesetz) was passed which regulated and unified the vocational training
system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and the chambers of trade
and industry. The dual system was successful in both parts of the divided Germany. In the GDR, three-
quarters of the working population had completed apprenticeships.
Business and administrative professions[edit]
The precise skills and theory taught on German apprenticeships are strictly regulated. The employer is
responsible for the entire education programme coordinated by the German chamber of commerce.
Apprentices obtain a special apprenticeship contract until the end of the education programme. During the
programme it is not allowed to assign the apprentice to regular employment and he is well protected from
abrupt dismissal until the programme ends. The defined content and skill set of the apprentice profession must
be fully provided and taught by the employer. The time taken is also regulated. Each profession takes a
different time, usually between 24 and 36 months.
Thus, everyone who had completed an apprenticeship e.g., as an industrial manager (Industriekaufmann) has
learned the same skills and has attended the same courses in procurement and stocking
up, controlling, staffing, accounting procedures, production planning, terms of trade and transport logistics and
various other subjects. Someone who has not taken this apprenticeship or did not pass the final examinations
at the chamber of industry and commerce is not allowed to call himself an Industriekaufmann. Most job titles
are legally standardized and restricted. An employment in such function in any company would require this
completed degree.
Trade and craft professions[edit]
The rules and laws for the trade and craftwork apprentices such as mechanics, bakers, joiners, etc. are as
strict as and even broader than for the business professions. The involved procedures, titles and traditions still
strongly reflect the medieval origin of the system. Here, the average duration is about 36 months, some
specialized crafts even take up to 42 months.
After completion of the dual education, e.g., a baker is allowed to call himself a
bakery journeyman (Bäckergeselle). After the apprenticeship the journeyman can enter the master's school
(Meisterschule) and continue his education at evening courses for 3–4 years or full-time for about one year.
The graduation from the master's school leads to the title of a master craftsman (Meister) of his profession, so
e.g., a bakery master is entitled as Bäckermeister. A master is officially entered in the local trade register, the
craftspeople's roll (Handwerksrolle). A master craftsman is allowed to employ and to train new apprentices. In
some mostly safety-related professions, e.g., that of electricians only a master is allowed to found his own
company.
License for educating apprentices[edit]
To employ and to educate apprentices requires a specific license. The AdA – Ausbildung der Ausbilder –
"Education of the Educators" license needs to be acquired by a training at the chamber of industry and
commerce.
The masters complete this license course within their own master's coursework. The training and examination
of new masters is only possible for masters who have been working several years in their profession and who
have been accepted by the chambers as a trainer and examiner.
Academic professionals, e.g., engineers, seeking this license need to complete the AdA during or after their
university studies, usually by a one-year evening course.
The holder of the license is only allowed to train apprentices within his own field of expertise. For example,
a mechanical engineer would be able to educate industrial mechanics, but not e.g., laboratory assistants or
civil builders.
After the apprenticeship of trade and craft professions[edit]
When the apprenticeship is ended, the former apprentice now is considered a journeyman. He may choose to
go on his journeyman years-travels.
India[edit]
In India, the Apprentices Act was enacted in 1961.[25] It regulates the programme of training of apprentices in
the industry so as to conform to the syllabi, period of training etc. as laid down by the Central Apprenticeship
Council and to utilise fully the facilities available in industry for imparting practical training with a view to
meeting the requirements of skilled manpower for industry.
The Apprentices Act enacted in 1961 and was implemented effectively in 1962. Initially, the Act envisaged
training of trade apprentices. The Act was amended in 1973 to include training of graduate and diploma
engineers as "Graduate" & "Technician" Apprentices. The Act was further amended in 1986 to bring within its
purview the training of the 10+2 vocational stream as "Technician (Vocational)" Apprentices.
Responsibility of implementing Apprentices Act[edit]
Overall responsibility is with the Directorate General of Employment & Training (DGE&T) in the Union Ministry
of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.[26]
 For Trades Apprentices (ITI-Passed/Fresher) : DGE&T is also responsible for implementation of the Act
in respect of Trade Apprentices in the Central Govt. Undertakings & Departments. This is done through six
Regional Directorates of Apprenticeship Training located at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad,
Kanpur & Faridabad. While State Apprenticeship Advisers are responsible for implementation of the Act in
respect of Trade Apprentices in State Government Undertakings/ Departments and Private
Establishments.
 For Graduate, Technician (Polytechnic Diploma holder) & Technician (H.S Vocational-Passed)
Apprentices: Department of Education in the Ministry of Human Resource Development is responsible for
implementation of the through four Boards of Apprenticeship Training located at Chennai, Kanpur, Kolkata,
& Mumbai.[27]
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, the Apprenticeship Training is implemented under a National Apprenticeship Ordinance 1962 and
Apprenticeship Rules 1966. It regulates apprenticeship programs in industry and a TVET institute for
theoretical instructions. It is obligatory for industry having fifty or more workers in an apprenticeable trade to
operate apprenticeship training in the industry. Entire cost of training is borne by industry including wages to
apprentices. The provincial governments through Technical Education & Vocational Training Authorities
(Punjab TEVTA, Sindh TEVTA, KP TEVTA, Balochistan TEVTA and AJK TEVTA) enforce implementation of
apprenticeship.
The training period varies for different trades ranging from 1–4 years. As of 2015, more than 30,000
apprentices are being trained in 2,751 industries in 276 trades across Pakistan. This figure constitutes less
than 10% of institution based Vocational Training i.e. more than 350 thousand annually.
Recently, Government of Pakistan through National Vocational & Technical Training Commission (NAVTTC)
has initiated to reform existing system of apprenticeship. Highlights of the modern apprenticeship system are:
- Inclusion of services, agriculture and mining sector - Cost sharing by Industry and Government - Regulating
and formalizing Informal Apprenticeships - Mainstream Apprenticeship Qualifications with National Vocational
Qualifications Framework (Pakistan NVQF) - Increased participation of Female - Training Cost reimbursement
(for those industries training more number of apprentices than the required) - Assessment and Certification of
apprentices jointly by Industry – Chamber of Commerce & Industry – Government - Apprenticeship
Management Committee (having representation of 40% employers, 20% workers and 40% Government
officials)
Turkey[edit]
In Turkey, apprenticeship has been part of the small business culture for centuries since the time
of Seljuk Turks who claimed Anatolia as their homeland in the 11th century.
There are three levels of apprenticeship. The first level is the apprentice, i.e., the "çırak" in Turkish. The
second level is pre-master which is called, "kalfa" in Turkish. The mastery level is called as "usta" and is the
highest level of achievement. An 'usta' is eligible to take in and accept new 'ciraks' to train and bring them up.
The training process usually starts when the small boy is of age 10–11 and becomes a full-grown master at the
age of 20–25. Many years of hard work and disciplining under the authority of the master is the key to the
young apprentice's education and learning process.
In Turkey today there are many vocational schools that train children to gain skills to learn a new profession.
The student after graduation looks for a job at the nearest local marketplace usually under the authority of a
master.
United Kingdom[edit]
Early history[edit]
Apprenticeships have a long tradition in the United Kingdom, dating back to around the 12th century and
flourishing by the 14th century. The parents or guardians of a minor would agree with a master craftsman or
tradesman the conditions for an apprenticeship. This contract would then bind the youth for 5–9 years (e.g.,
from age 14 to 21). Apprentice's families would sometimes pay a "premium" or fee to the craftsman and the
contract would usually be recorded in a written indenture.[28] Modern apprenticeships range from craft to high
status in professional practice in engineering, law, accounting, architecture, management consulting, and
others.
In towns and cities with guilds, apprenticeship would often be subject to guild regulation, setting minimum
terms of service, or limiting the number of apprentices that a master could train at any one time.[29] Guilds also
often kept records of who became an apprentice, and this would often provide a qualification for later becoming
a freeman of a guild or a citizen of a city.[30] Many youths would train in villages or communities that lacked
guilds, however, so avoiding the impact of these regulations.
In the 16th century, the payment of a "premium" to the master was not at all common, but such fees became
relatively common by the end of the 17th century, though they varied greatly from trade to trade. The payment
of a one-off fee could be very difficult for some parents, limiting who was able to undertake apprenticeships. In
the 18th-century, apprenticeship premiums were taxed, and the registers of the Stamp Duty that recorded tax
payments mostly survive, showing that roughly one in ten teenage males served an apprenticeship for which
they paid fees, and that the majority paid five to ten pounds to their master.[31]
In theory no wage had to be paid to an apprentice since the technical training was provided in return for the
labour given, and wages were illegal in some cities, such as London. However, it was usual to pay small sums
to apprentices, sometimes with which to buy, or instead of, new clothes. By the 18th century regular payments,
at least in the last two or three years of the apprentice's term, became usual and those who lived apart from
their masters were frequently paid a regular wage. This was sometimes called the "half-pay" system or
"colting", payments being made weekly or monthly to the apprentice or to his parents. In these cases, the
apprentice often went home from Saturday night to Monday morning. This was the norm in the 19th century but
this system had existed in some trades since the 16th century.[32]
In 1563, the Statute of Artificers and Apprentices was passed to regulate and protect the apprenticeship
system, forbidding anyone from practising a trade or craft without first serving a 7-year period as an apprentice
to a master[33] (though in practice Freemen's sons could negotiate shorter terms).[34]
From 1601, 'parish' apprenticeships under the Elizabethan Poor Law came to be used as a way of providing for
poor, illegitimate and orphaned children of both sexes alongside the regular system of skilled apprenticeships,
which tended to provide for boys from slightly more affluent backgrounds. These parish apprenticeships, which
could be created with the assent of two Justices of the Peace, supplied apprentices for occupations of lower
status such as farm labouring, brickmaking and menial household service.[28]
Nineteenth century

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Apprenticeship after general education[edit]

German journeymen during journeyman years in traditional costume

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