FLUID STATICS

PRESSURE AND DENSITY

1. Three non-miscible liquids are poured into a cylindrical container. The

amounts and mass densities of the liquids are 0.50 L, 2.60 g/cc; 0.25 L,
1.03 g/cc and 0.40 L, 0.80 g/cc. Find the total force on the bottom of the
container.

2. A person sucking hard on a thin tube can reduce the pressure in it to 90%
of atmospheric pressure. How high can the person suck water up the tube?

3. An octopus uses one sucker of diameter 2.86 cm on each of the 2 shells of a

clam in an attempt to pull the shells apart. Find the greatest force the
octopus can exert on a clamshell in saltwater 32.3 m deep.

VARIATION OF PRESSURE IN A FLUID AT REST

4. The sewer outlets of a house constructed on a slope are 8.16 m below

street level, find the minimum pressure differential that must be created by
the sewage pump to transfer waste of average density 926 kg/m3

5. According to the constant temperature model of the Earth’s atmosphere,

a) what is the pressure at an altitude of 5 km?
b) at what altitude is the pressure equal to 0.5 atm?

6. A simple U-tube contains mercury. When 11.2 cm of water is poured into

the right arm, how high does the mercury rise in the left arm from its initial
level?

7. Crew members attempt to escape from a damaged submarine 112 m

below the surface. How much force must they apply to a pop-out hatch,
which is 1.22 m by 0.59 m, to push it out?

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

8. A lever with a mechanical advantage of 6 is attached to the pump piston of

a hydraulic press. The area of the pump piston is 1.2 in2 and that of the
output piston is 18 in2. A) If the press is 75% efficient, find the force the
output piston exerts when a force of 30 lbs is applied to the pump lever. B)
If each stroke of the lever moves the pump piston 1 inch, how many
strokes are needed to move the output piston 8 inches?
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

9. An iron anchor weighs 600 lbs in air. How much force is needed to lift the
anchor when it is submerged in seawater?

10. A steel tank whose capacity is 200 liters has a mass of 36 kg.
A) Will it float in seawater when empty?
B) When filled with gasoline?

11. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force necessary to hold
a concrete cube 30 cm on each side in equilibrium and completely
submerged in a) mercury and b) in seawater. ( ρconcrete = 2.40 g/mL )

12. A block of wood floats in water with 2 inches projecting above the
water surface. When placed in glycerin of relative weight 1.26, the block
floats 3 inches above the liquid. Determine the weight density of the wood.

13. A sphere of buoyant, solid molded foam is immersed in seawater and

moored at the bottom. If the sphere’s radius is 14 inches and the mooring
line has a tension of 150 lbs, what is the mass density of the sphere?

14. A wooden pole (ρ = 0.65 g/mL), 9 cm X 9 cm X 5 m long, hangs

vertically from a rope in such a way that 3 m are submerged in freshwater,
What is the tension in the rope?

15. A 1-foot diameter hollow sphere is made of stainless steel (relative

weight = 7.85) with 0.16 inch wall thickness. How high will the sphere
float in seawater?

16. When a 5-lb weight is placed on the end of a floating 4 inches by 4

o
inches by 9 feet wooden beam, the beam tilts 1.50 with its upper corner
at the surface. What is the density of the wood?

17. A block of stainless steel will float at a freshwater-mercury interface.

What will be the ratio of the portion of the block in freshwater to its portion
in mercury?

18. A 25 N cylindrical bucket, 30 cm in diameter and 50 cm high,

contains oil (ρoil = 2.40 g/mL ) to a depth of 20 cm.
a) When placed in water, what will be the depth y to the bottom of
the bucket?
b) What is the maximum volume of oil the bucket can hold and still
float?
 19. When a 220-lb man stands in the center of a raft that is 10 feet on
the side, the water level is 1 inch below the top of the raft. How far can the
man move toward the center of one side of the raft before the water
surface becomes leveled with the top of the edge of the raft?

20. A plastic sphere floats in kerosene with 55% of its volume

submerged. This same sphere floats in sugar syrup with 38% of its volume
submerged. Determine the weight densities of the sugar syrup and of the
sphere.

FLUID DYNAMICS
FLOW RATE

21. A water hose 2.50 cm in diameter is used by a gardener to fill a 30-L

bucket. The gardener notes that it takes 1 minute to fill the bucket. A nozzle
with an opening of cross-sectional area of 0.5 cc is then attached to the
hose. The nozzle is held so that water is projected horizontally from a point
1.0 m above the ground. Over what horizontal distance can the water be
projected?

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

22. A stream of water emerging from a faucet “necks down” as it falls.

2
The cross-sectional area of the upper stream is 1.20 cm and that of the
2
lower stream, 4.5 cm below, is 0.35 cm . At what rate does water flow
from the tap? At that rate, how long would it take to fill a 1 L capacity
pitcher?

23. Water is pumped steadily out of a flooded basement at a speed of

5.30 mps through the uniform hose of radius 9.70 mm. the hose passes
out through a window, 2.90 meters above the waterline. How much power
is supplied by the pump?

24. It takes 4.0 hrs for a farmer to irrigate a field using a 3.0 inch
diameter pipe. How long will it take to irrigate the same field with a 4.0-
inch diameter pipe?

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

25. A fully-filled open storage tower of height 32 m and diameter 3.0 m

supplies water to a house. A horizontal pipe at the base of the tower has a
diameter of 2.54 cm. To satisfy the needs of the home, the supply pipe
must be able to deliver water at a rate of 0.67 gal/s.

a. If water were flowing at the maximum rate, what would be the

pressure in the horizontal pipe?
 b. A smaller pipe, of diameter 1.27 cm supplies the second floor of
the house, a distance of 7.2 m above the ground level. What are
the flow speed and water pressure in this pipe?

26. The windows of an office building are 4.26 m by 5.26 m. On a

stormy day, air is blowing at 28.0 mps past a window on the 53rd floor.
Calculate the net force on the window. The density of air is 1.23 kg/m3.

TORICELLI’S PRINCIPLE

27. A boat strikes an underwater rock which punctures a hole 2.0 inches
in diameter in its hull, 5.0 ft below the waterline. At what rate, in gal/min,
does water enter the hull?

28. Water emerges from the 2.0 inch diameter nozzle of a hose at a rate
of 200 gal/min. Find the force with which the nozzle must be held.

29. Water stands at a depth H in a large open tank whose side walls are
vertical. A sniper accidentally made a hole in one of the walls at a depth h
below the water surface.
A) At what distance D from the foot of the wall does the
emerging
stream of water strikes the floor?
B) At what height above the bottom of the tank could a second
hole be made so that the stream emerging from it would
have the same range?

30. A jug contains 15 glasses of orange juice. When you open the tap at
the bottom, it takes 12.0 seconds to fill a glass with juice. If you leave the
tap open, how long will it take to fill the remaining 14 glasses and thus
empty the jug?

POISEUILLE’S PRINCIPLE

31. Castor oil, which has a density of 0.96 g/cc at room temperature, is
forced through a pipe of circular cross-section by a pump that maintains a
gauge pressure of 950 Pa. The pipe has a diameter of 2.6 cm and a length
of 65 cm. The castor oil emerging from the free end of the pipe at
atmospheric pressure was collected. After 1 ½ minutes, a total of 1.23 kg
has been collected. What is the coefficient of viscosity of the castor oil at
this temperature?

32. Suppose that over the period of years, the radius of an artery in a
person’s heart decreases by 40%. Calculate the ratio of the present flow
rate and the original flow rate if the pressure across the artery, its length
and the viscosity of the blood is unchanged.

-3
33. A glucose solution of viscosity 2.2 x 10 pascal-second and of
density 1.03 kg/L flows from elevated bag into a vein. The needle into the
vein has a radius of 0.30 mm and is 2.0 cm long. All other tubes leading to
 the needle have much larger radii, and viscous forces in them can be
ignored. The pressure in the vein is 1.0 kPa above atmospheric pressure.
A) Calculate the gauge pressure needed at the entrance of the needle to
maintain a flow rate of 0.10 mL/sec. B) to what elevation should the bag
containing the glucose be raised to maintain this pressure at the needle?

REYNOLDS NUMBER

34. Water at 20oC flows at 1.50 mps through a tube whose inside
diameter is 3 mm. If the coefficient of viscosity is 1.0 centipoise ( cp ),
find
a) the nature of flow and
b) the maximum volume for laminar flow in the tube.

35. Calculate the greatest speed at which blood, at 37oC, can flow
through an artery of diameter 3.80 mm if the flow is to remain laminar.