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SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS
Vocabulary Review
Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Some terms may be used more than once.

band theory dopant microchip

depletion layer extrinsic semiconductors semiconductors
diode intrinsic semiconductors transistor
1. _________________________ ____ conduct current as a result of thermally freed electrons
and holes.
2. _________________________ ____ are produced by adding dopant atoms to a semiconductor.
3. _________________________ An electron donor or acceptor atom added to a semiconductor
is called a(n) ____.
4. _________________________ A(n) ____ consists of a p-type semiconductor joined with an
n-type semiconductor.
5. _________________________ The region around a diode junction that has neither holes nor
free electrons is the ____.
6. _________________________ An amplifier switch made of doped semiconducting material is
a(n) ____.
7. _________________________ The ____ of solids explains electric conduction in terms of
energy bands and forbidden gaps.
8. _________________________ A(n) ____ is an integrated circuit consisting of thousands of
transistors, diodes, resistors, and conductors, each less than
1 m across.
9. _________________________ Because very few electrons flow in them and they have no
filament, devices made from ____ operate with low power.
10. _________________________ Conduction in ____ is enhanced by doping pure crystals with
small amounts of other atoms.
11. _________________________ A ____ that emits light when a potential is applied can be used
as an optical device.
12. _________________________ A reverse-biased diode has a wide _____.

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1.
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SECTION 1 Conduction in Solids

In your textbook, read about the band theory of solids.
For each statement below, write true or rewrite the italicized part to make the statement true.
1. _________________________ Electric charges are easy to displace in conductors.
2. _________________________ When two atoms are brought close together, their electric fields do
not affect one another.
3. _________________________ Under most conditions, electrons in an atom occupy the lowest
possible energy levels.
4. _________________________ Forbidden energy regions have no energy levels available for
electrons.
5. _________________________ The band theory explains electric conduction in gases.
6. _________________________ In the presence of an electric field, electrons move from one
atom to the next, producing an electric current.
7. _________________________ If the temperature is decreased, the speeds of electrons
increase.
8. _________________________ The valence electrons of a semiconductor form a filled band, as
in an insulator, but the forbidden gap between the valence and
conduction bands is much smaller than in an insulator.
9. _________________________ In conductors, the valence band and the conduction band
overlap.
10. _________________________ The size of the forbidden gap between a full valence band and
the conduction band determines whether a solid is an insulator.
In your textbook, read about conductors and insulators.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. ____ is a very good conductor of electricity.

a. Silicon c. Germanium
b. Aluminum d. Gallium
12. A material that conducts electricity well tends to have ____.
a. no valence electrons c. completely filled bands
b. partially filled bands d. conduction and valence bands that are far apart
13. When an electric field is applied to a length of wire, there ____.
a. is random motion, but no overall drifting in one direction
b. is overall drifting in one direction, but no random motion
c. are both random motion and overall drifting in one direction
d. is neither random motion nor overall drifting in one direction
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14. How is conductivity related to resistivity?

a. The two are directly related.
b. The two are equal.
c. Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity.
d. Their relationship cannot be described in general terms.
15. What happens to the conductivity of metals as temperature increases?
a. It remains the same. c. It decreases.
b. It increases. d. It follows no general rule.
16. ____ is an insulator.
a. Copper c. Gold
b. Silicon d. Table salt
17. In an insulating material, ____.
a. the valence band is filled and the conduction band is empty
b. the valence band is empty and the conduction band is filled
c. both the valence band and the conduction band are empty
d. both the valence band and the conduction band are filled
18. What is the effect if a relatively small electric field is placed across an insulator?
a. No current is produced. c. A large current is produced.
b. A small current is produced. d. The insulator acts like a conductor.

In your textbook, read about semiconductors and doped semiconductors.

For each description on the left, write the letter of the matching item.
___________ 19. any pure semiconductor a. dopant
___________ 20. an element whose atoms have four valence electrons b. extrinsic semiconductor
c. hole
___________ 21. any donor or acceptor atom added to a semiconductor
d. intrinsic semiconductor
___________ 22. an empty energy level in the valence band
e. silicon
___________ 23. any semiconductor that conducts because of added dopants

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Write the term that correctly completes the statement.

Dopants provide extra (24) __________________ or extra negatively charged

(25) __________________ to a semiconductor. If an atom with five valence electrons replaces
an atom with four valence electrons, one electron is unneeded for (26) __________________.
The extra electron serves as a(n) (27) __________________ electron. Adding a small
amount of (28) __________________ to the electron moves it into the
(29) __________________ band. The resulting conductor is a(n)
(30) __________________ semiconductor; it carries electricity by means of particles that have
a(n) (31) __________________ charge. If an atom with three valence electrons replaces an
atom with four valence electrons, an extra (32) __________________ forms. The atoms can
accept electrons and can be used as a(n) (33) __________________ semiconductor. In either
type of semiconductor, the net charge on the semiconductor is (34) __________________. As
temperature increases, the electric conductivity of semiconductors (35) __________________
and their resistivity (36) __________________. This also happens to the electric conductivity
of certain semiconductors when (37) __________________ intensity increases upon them.
Arsenic, with five valence electrons, is an example of a(n) (38) __________________ atom.
Gallium, with three valence electrons, is an example of a(n) (39) __________________ atom.

Complete each statement by writing the correct term in the blank provided.

40. __________________ can be used in rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC.

41. A __________________ can act as an amplifier to convert a weak signal into a much
stronger one.
42. Diodes that emit __________________ when a potential is applied are used in optical devices.
43. Conductivity of __________________ increases with increasing temperature or illumination,
making them useful as thermometers or lightmeters.

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SECTION 2 Electronic Devices

In your textbook, read about diodes.
The figures below show a diode used with two kinds of biasing. Refer to the figures to answer questions 1–7.

1. What function does the battery serve?

____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the direction of conventional current in each figure—clockwise or counterclockwise?
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which way are electrons flowing in each figure?
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. How do p-type and n-type semiconductors differ?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What kind of biasing does each diode have? How can you tell?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Compare the depletion layer in the two diodes.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Compare the current through the two diodes. Which is a conductor, and which is a large resistor?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

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In your textbook, read about transistors.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

8. Transistors are used mainly as ____.

a. resistors c. rectifiers
b. current amplifiers d. insulators
9. How many layers of semiconductor are in a simple junction transistor?
a. one c. three
b. two d. four
10. What type of transistor has a center that is an n-type semiconductor?
a. n-transistor c. npn-transistor
b. p-transistor d. pnp-transistor
11. In an npn-transistor, conventional current passes from the ____.
a. base to the emitter c. diode to the collector
b. emitter to the base d. rectifier to the collector
12. In an npn-transistor, electrons flow from the ____.
a. emitter to the base to the collector
b. collector to the base to the emitter
c. base to the collector to the emitter
d. base to the emitter to the collector
13. What carries charge in a pnp-transistor?
a. electrons c. protons
b. holes d. nothing
14. Current through the collector is ____ than current through the base.
a. a little smaller c. much smaller
b. a little larger d. much larger
15. A ____ is an integrated circuit that has thousands of transistors, diodes, resistors, and
conductors—each less than one micrometer across.
a. dopant c. microchip
b. silicon crystal d. pn-junction
16. A microchip begins as a very pure crystal of ____.
a. arsenic c. silicon
b. diamond d. halite

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Study Guide  Teacher Support
SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS 15. c

All numerical answers have been rounded to 16. d

the correct number of significant figures. 17. a
Vocabulary Review 18. a
1. intrinsic semiconductors 19. d
2. extrinsic semiconductors 20. e
3. dopant 21. a
4. diode 22. c
5. depletion layer 23. b
6. transistor 24. holes
7. band theory 25. electrons
8. microchip 26. bonding
9. semiconductors 27. donor
10. semiconductors 28. energy
11. diode 29. conduction
12. depletion layer 30. n-type
31. negative
SECTION 1 Conduction in Solids
32. hole
1. true
33. p-type
2. affect
34. zero
3. true
35. increases
4. true
36. decreases
5. solids
37. light
6. true
38. donor
7. increased
39. acceptor
8. true
40. Diodes
9. true
41. transistor
10. true
42. light
11. b
43. semiconductors
12. b
13. c
14. c

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Study Guide  Teacher Support
SECTION 2  Electronic Devices 7. Current easily passes through A, but not
much passes through B. A is a conductor;
1. It provides electrons and maintains a B is a large resistor.
potential difference.
8. b
2. The direction of conventional current is
counterclockwise in A and clockwise in B. 9. c

3. Electrons flow clockwise in A and 10. d

counterclockwise in B. 11. a
4. A p-type semiconductor conducts by 12. a
means of holes; an n-type semiconductor
conducts by means of electrons. 13. b

5. A is forward-biased; the plus sign is on the 14. d

p-side and the minus sign is on the n-side.
15. c
B is reverse-biased; the plus sign is on the
n-side and the minus sign is on the p-side. 16. c
6. The depletion layer is wide in B. It does
not exist in A.

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