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Chapter 3

This document contains a list of figures for Chapter 3 of a document on a fuzzy intelligent controller for maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system. It lists 6 figures, providing the figure number, title, and page number for each. The figures are related to an 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverter with intelligent controller, Mamdani fuzzy inference system waveform representation, membership functions for inputs and outputs of a fuzzy logic MPPT controller, voltage-current and power-voltage characteristics, a block diagram of an MPPT system, and a typical VSC diagram.

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54 views9 pages

Chapter 3

This document contains a list of figures for Chapter 3 of a document on a fuzzy intelligent controller for maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system. It lists 6 figures, providing the figure number, title, and page number for each. The figures are related to an 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverter with intelligent controller, Mamdani fuzzy inference system waveform representation, membership functions for inputs and outputs of a fuzzy logic MPPT controller, voltage-current and power-voltage characteristics, a block diagram of an MPPT system, and a typical VSC diagram.

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jahanvi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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LIST OF FIGURES

SL No. NAME PGNo.

Figure 1 11 Levels Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with intelligent 38

controller

Figure 2 Waveform representation of Mamdani Fuzzy Inference 39

system

Figure 3 Membership functions for inputs (E, CE) and output (D) 40

In fuzzy logic controller based MPPT

Figure 4 Voltage –current and power – voltage characteristics 42

Figure 5 Block diagram of MPPT system 42

Figure 6 Typical VSC diagaram 43


CHAPTER 3

FUZZY INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER FOR THE MAXIMUM POWER POINT

TRACKING OF PHOTOVOLATIC SYSTEM

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the configuration and working of inverter,and fuzzy logic
controller for the maximum power point tracking of photovolatic system , It also
includes the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV module using
conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method and fuzzy logic controller. For
the performance analysis, the simulation of the PV module along with MPPT
controller is done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The voltage, current and
power transitions at varying irradiation and temperature conditions is observed
using conventional P&O and fuzzy logic based MPPT controllers. Finally the
percentage improvement in power tracking time by fuzzy logic controller against
the P&O controller has been evaluated.

3.2 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL (FLC)

FLC is a type of non linear mapping of vector input data into scalar output. The
specialty of FLC enables lot of possibilities that lead to lot of different mappings.
Basically it maps two input data into one output data. In this research work, FLC is
implemented to regulate the dc voltage magnitude of dc capacitor link by
adjusting the phase shift angle between system (grid) voltage and inverter output
voltage. Error (E) and Change of Error (CoE) are the two inputs given to FLC and
the Phase shift angle adjustment is the output. The numerical information is
converted into linguistic data by fuzzifier and given to FIS. The rules have been
incorporated according to the experience of the operator to track the reference
value by forcing error to zero value. The rules decide the linguistic variable at the
output and the defuzzifier converts that into numerical information.
3.3. INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER
In the standalone applications of photovoltaic power systems the required output
is always constant, so general embedded system based microcontrollers are used
for the purpose of controlling the inverters. During the grid connected
applications the output is continuously variable and is dependent on the load side
so a closed loop system with intelligent controller must be implemented for
continuous monitoring of the grid connected output and controlling the inverter
accordingly [15- 19]. Various intelligent controllers are Fuzzy Logic controllers,
Bayesian controllers, Neural network controllers, Hybrid (Neuro-fuzzy)
controllers. For continuously variable output with respect to fuzzy logic
controllers are the recommended intelligent controller. The simulation of fuzzy
logic controller is performed in MATLAB using the FIS Editor consisting of the
Mamdani fuzzy inference system. Two input parameters, grid voltage and PV
inverter voltage sensed from the operating system are provided as input to the

controller. Fuzzification and defuzzification are performed by the rules provided


by means of the membership functions using the rule editor. The controller itself
generates the nominal operating surface required for generating the output. Here
the output is the gate pulse to be provided for the operation of MOSFET in the 11
level cascaded H-bridge inverter [18 - 22]. The controlling of MOSFET in the
inverter affects the output from the inverter so the photovoltaic power system is
synchronized with the grid.

Figure 1: 11 Levels Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with intelligent controller


Figure 2 : 11 Level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with intelligent controller
3.5 Fuzzy logic Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking
Fuzzy logic control generally consists of three stages: fuzzification, rule base and
defuzzification. During fuzzification, numerical input variables are converted into
linguistic variable based on a membership function. For this MPPT, the inputs to
fuzzy logic controller are taken as a change in power w.r.t change in current E and
change in voltage error CE.Once E and CE are calculated and converted to the
linguistic variables, the fuzzy logic controller output, which is duty ratio D of the
power converter, can be looked up in a rule base table. The linguistic variables
assigned to D for the different combinations of E and CE is based on the
knowledge of the user. Here the rule base is prepared based on P&O algorithm. In
the defuzzification stage, the fuzzy logic controller output is converted from a
linguistic variable to a numerical variable still using a membership function.MPPT
fuzzy logic controllers have been shown to perform well under varying
atmospheric conditions. However, their effectiveness depends a lot on the
knowledge of the user or control engineer in choosing the right error
computation and coming up with the rule base table. The equations for error E
and change in error CE are given as follows:

Figure 3: Membership functions for inputs (E, CE) and output (D) in Fuzzy logic
controller based MPPT
3.4.1. Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller
Maximum Power Point tracking controller is basically used to operates the
Photovoltaic modules in a manner that allows the load connected with the PV
module to extract the maximum power which the PV module capable to produce
at a given atmospheric conditions.PV cells have a single operating point where the
values of the current and voltage of the cell result in a maximum power output.
With the varying atmospheric condition and because of the rotation of the earth
[4], the irradiation and temperature keeps on changing throughout the day. So it
is a big challenge to operate a PV module consistently on the maximum power
point and for which many MPPT algorithms have been developed [1]. The most
popular among the available MPPT techniques is Perturb and Observe (P&O)
method. This method is having its own merits and demerits. The aim of the
present work is to develop the simulink model of P&O MPPT controller and then
the fuzzy intelligent control has introduced on it to improve its overall
performance.

3.4.2.Maximum Power Point Tracking


A maximum power point tracking algorithm is absolutely necessary to increase
the efficiency of the solar panel as it has been found that only 30-40% of energy
incident is converted into electrical energy. Due to the growing demand on
electricity, the limited stock and rising prices of conventional sources (such as coal
and petroleum, etc.), photovoltaic (PV) energy becomes a promising alternative
as it is omnipresent, freely available, environment friendly, and has less
operational and maintenance costs. Therefore, the demand of PV generation
systems seems to be increased for both standalone and grid-connected modes of
PV systems [22], [27]. Therefore, an efficient maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) technique is necessary that is expected to track the MPP at all
environmental conditions and then force the PV system to operate at that MPP
point. MPP refers to PV’s unique operating point delivering maximum power

giving highest efficiency of array. It varies with solar insolation and temperature &
needs to be monitored through tracking techniques. The operating characteristics
of a solar cell consist of two regions as represented in Fig 1, the current source
region and the voltage source region. In the current source region, the internal
impedance of the solar cell is high and this region is located on the left side of the
current-voltage curve. The voltage source region, where the internal impedance is
low, is located on the right side of the current-voltage curve. As per Maximum
Power Transfer Theorem, Maximum Power is delivered to load when source
internal impedance matches load impedance.

FIG 4: Voltage – current and power – voltage characteristics

For determining MPPT appropriate Tracker is introduced between PV system and


load. It is to be designed that gives good performance, fast response, and less
fluctuations. Since the efficiency of the PV is affected by the panel’s irradiance
and temperature which are stochastic and unpredictable. For this reason, it is not
possible to connect the load directly to the PV to obtain the maximum power, so
it is necessary to include a balance of system (BOS). Typically this BOS is a DC-DC
converter to adjust the properties of the load. This converter has the advantage
of managing the power delivered to the load. DC/DC converter is responsible for
transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. This acts as
adjustment to match impedance of source & load. MPPT is normally operated
with the use of a dc-dc converter (step up or step down). The location of the MPP
is not known, but can be located, either through calculation models or by search
algorithms. Fig 2 gives Block Diagram of MPPT System
FIG 5: Block diagram of MPPT system

3.5 A VSC-HVDC Fuzzy Controller for Improving the Stability of


AC/D Power System
Compared with traditional HVDC, voltage source converter based HVDC ，(VSC-
HVDC) has a series of advantages and adds fast control capability to power
transmission. There are dozens of VSC-HVDC project in operation worldwide for
different purpose, such as transporting power by wind, connecting asynchronous
power systems, deregulated electricity market manipulating, improving power
quality, feeding remote passive network and etc. Nowadays, VSC-HVDC has been
reported to have the ability to deal with power level as much as 300 kV, 1000MW,
which means that VSC-HVDC can be used in not only distribution system but also
transmission system. At the same time, with the development of VSC-HVDC
operation practice, a lot of research interests have been put on the study of
modeling, controller design and influence to the grid connected of VSC-HVDC.
There are three kinds of control strategy for VSC-HVDC. The three control strategy
deal with the different state of system. First is basic steady state control when
power system is normal. In [1], the approximately decoupled relationship
between the two controlling variables and the two controlled variables of VSC is
proposed. An inverse steady state model controller for VSC-HVDC system is
proposed. In [2], traditional proportional integral (PI) controllers of VSC-HVDC in
conventional a-b-c coordinates are proposed. In [3], an equivalent continuous-
time state space model of VSC-HVDC in the synchronous dq reference frame is
presented. The d- and q-axis of VSC model are decoupled using the feed forward
compensation method. In [12], an adaptive control strategy to improve dynamic
performances of VSC-HVDC systems is presented. The adaptive controller
considers parameters uncertainties, which was based on back stepping method.
Second is stability control when power system is interfered by some fault. Power
system stability is very important, especially for a large-scale system. In year
2003, a record number of total blackouts happened in North America as well as in
large portion of Europe, which affected 50million people and caused huge
economy losses. In [5,6] ,controller of VSC is considered to add the damping
ability of system Third is restore control or black start control when the power
system connecting the one terminal of VSC-HVDC is dead. In [7,8] ,some restore
operation by VSC-HVDC are researched Further study is needed to explore the
benefit the VSC-HVDC technology can bring to power system. Fuzzy logic control
strategy doesn’t depend on the detailed system model and is robust to different
operating conditions. In this paper a fuzzy logic controller is developed to damp
the oscillation of AC line parallel with VSC-HVDC transmission line.

Fig 6: Typical VSC diagram

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