STEEL CONSTRUCTION AND METAL FRAMING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEMS - must include bracing members that * ARCHES - where the bent framing system is used for very large clear spans.
provide lateral support for main members as well as for other bracing > STEEL ARCHES
members.
> THREE-HINGED ARCHES
- WALL-BEARING FRAMING - the oldest and most common type of > FIXED ARCHES
framing; used to support ends of main structurual elements
carrying roof and floor loads. * RIGID FRAMES - where the stiffness afforded by beam-to-column connections is carefully
evaluated and counted on in the design to relieve some of the bending moment.
- SKELETON FRAMING - where all the gravity loading of the structure, > SINGLE BENT
including walls are supported by the steel framework. > CONTINUOUS FRAME
> TWO-HINGED
- LONG SPAN FRAMING - used for large industrial buildings, auditoriums,
gymnasiums, etc. where a much greater clear distance * HUNG-SPAN BEAMS - an arrangement of cantilever-suspension spans; economical and
between supports can be supplied by beam and column highly efficient.
framing.
FLOOR FRAMING AND ROOF SYSTEMS (DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS) - considers load-
* GIRDERS - where column loads from floors above must be carried carrying capacity, durability, fire resistance, dead weight, over-all depth, facility for installing power,
across the clear area. light, and telephones, facility for installing aid conditioning, sound transmission, appearance,
maintenance, and construction time.
* WELDED GIRDERS - offers the most opportunity for simple fabrication,
efficient use of material, and least weight.
STEEL FRAMING CONSTRUCTION- comprises of inner leaf wall panels of standard cold-formed
* TRUSSES - a more economical way of spanning long distances for both galvanised steel channel sections as structural support, with a lined inner face of vapour check
floor and roof construction. layer under plasterboard.
> PRATT, AND WARREN TRUSS - used as principal supporting members in floor
and roof framing; has a top chord used as drainage for flat roofs. ADVANTAGES: factory made (quality controlled), simple to assemble on site,
> VIERENDEEL TRUSS - also used principal supporting members in floor and dimensionaly stable, unaffected by moisture, does not burn, inedible by insects
roof framing; welded to extent possible development of rigidity.
> BOW STRING TRUSS - properly proportioned; stress in web members is DISADVANTAGES: possibility of corrosion if damaged, deforms at high
relatively small.
temperature, electricity conductor
> FINK, AND SCISSORS TRUSS - serve a similar function on the framing of
symmetrical roofs having a pronounced (/notable) pitch.
METAL DECKING - profile galvanised steel decking is a permanent formwork system for
TRUSS APPLICATIONS: constructionof composite floor slabs.
- Fink Truss provides a substantial roof slope.
- Scissor Truss is only used when the roof pitch is steep.
- Warren Truss is used where large, unobstructed floor space is required.
* LONG-SPAN JOISTS - light trusses that are closely spaced to support
floors and flat roofs.
ARCH. RAFFY CUEVA ALLI
prepared by: Hannah C. Edillo
CURTAIN WALL
- is an external, lightweight, non-load bearing wall; takes the following into - TEMPERED GLASS - is a strong break-resistant type of safety glass; shatters into small
consideration: thermal expansion and contraction, water diversion, granular pieces.
ventilation, thermal efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling, and
daylighting. - LAMINATED GLASS - is a sealed, double-pane glass unit with a vacuum or gas in the space
between the panes.
INSTALLATION TYPES:
- FLOAT GLASS - is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tim.
- WINDOW WALL - is a continuous curtian wall.
- TINTED / HEAT-ABSORBING GLASS - has colour added to the glass during manufacture to
add colour and light- or heat-absorbing capabilities.
- STRUCTURAL GLASS / BOLT-FIXED GLASS - is a series of glass
units held together with patches or bolted connections. - COATED GLASS - is a type of glass with a chemical film applied to one surface.
- ALUMINUM FRAMES - are extruded aluminum. * SOLAR-REFLECTIVE GLASS AND LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS - used for reflection, absorption,
and radiation of solar energy.
- STICK SYSTEMS - are installed piece-by-piece on site. * CERAMIC FRIT - used to create an opaque or spandrel glass.
* POLYESTER AND SILICONE FILMS AND PAINTS - used as other methods for creating
- UNIT PANEL SYSTEMS- is a series of prefabricated units. opaque glass.
- UNIT AND MULLION SYSTEM - is a semi-utilized system; is a hybrid of * SELF-CLEANING GLASS - is a glass with a photocatalytic coating that reacts with sunlight to
break down and dislodge organic dirt.
the stick and unit system.
* SHADOW BOX - creates the illusion of opacity.
- COLUMN COVER AND SPANDREL SYSTEM - makes the building
frame use column covers as sticks. KEEPING OUT AIR AND WATER (WEATHER TIGHTNESS):
- isolate curtain wall from building structure movement
- POINT LOADED STRUCTURAL GLAZING SYSTEM - where the
- isolate glass from curtain wall frame movement
vertical framing member can be comprised of stick, cable, or
another custom structure; where glass is supported by a - keep water away from edges of insulating or laminated glass
system of four-point brackets.
- wet seal for maximum water tightness
GLASS TYPES: - use backup flashing at the parameter
- ANNEALED GLASS - is the standard float glass; breaks into large
pieces.
ARCH. RAFFY CUEVA ALLI
prepared by: Hannah C. Edillo
METAL CLADDING
- refers to the application of one material over another to provide a skin or - STEEL WITH VARIOUS FINISHES - offers lower cost alternatives but needs protection
layer inded to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic against corrosion, generally by sacrificial zinc coating.
purposes.
* GALVANUME(ZINCCALUME - TM) - has a hot-dip zinc and aluminum coating; offers better
METAL CLADDING TYPES: corrosion resistance than just galvanised steel.
* SPRAYED SHEET METALS / COIL-COATED - where Fluorocarbons are considered to be the
- LAP-SEAM METAL PANELS - is typically ship-lapped with adjacent premier exterior architectural coatings.
panels.
- WEATHERING STEEL - has been used in cladding when in plate form.
- COMPOSITE METAL WALL PANELS - where two sheets of metal
adhered to a core material. - ZINC - is known for its high corrosion resistance.
* FOAMED-INSULATION CORE METAL WALL PANELS - have metal
facings with insulation. - TITANIUM - is popular but a costly metal; used by Frank Gehry for his Guggenheim Museum.
* LAMINATED-INSULATION CORE METAL WALL PANELS - have the
metal facings laminated to performed insulation boards. COMMON BACKUP WALL ELEMENTS:
* HONEYCOMB CORE METAL WALL PANELS - have metal facings - INSULATION - is set within the stud wall behind the metal panel cladding.
bonded to a honeycomb core.
- AIR AND MOISTURE BARRIER - where rainscreen and metal panel typically require a
- FLAT PLATE METAL WALL PANELS - for the panels, thick metal secondary air and moisture barrier system.
plates are bent to the desired profile. - METAL STUD FRAMING - is a fastening system.
- METAL-FACED COMPOSITE PANELS - consist of metal facings METAL CLADDING PERFORMANCE:
ashered to a thin thermoplastic core.
- THERMAL - where the amount of insulation placed in the cavity or within the backup wall
TYPES OF METALS USED IN CLADDING:
- MOISTURE PROTECTION - where watertight performance is critical
- ALUMINUM - is corrosion-resistant, and comes with a variety of finishes - ACOUSTICS - where sound insulation should be provided
in a wide range of colours.
- IMPACT RESISTANCE - since metal panels can be damaged/ dented, impact resistance
- STAINLESS STEEL - is long-lasting, and comes in a number of finishes, panels should be used
including high reflectivity, smooth, brushed, embossed, etc. - MATERIAL / FINISH DURABILITY - most durable finishes and materials : fluoropolymer,
powder, and anodized coatings; stainless steel, copper, aluminum panels
* TERNE-COATED STAINLESS STEEL (STC) - terne coating has an
appearance similar to lead. MAINTAINABILITY: sealant replacement usually ranges from 7 to over 20 year periods; periodic
cleaning at approximately 10 year intervals
ARCH. RAFFY CUEVA ALLI
prepared by: Hannah C. Edillo
