Collapse

Version 11.0.0.1
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SACS® Collapse Release 11.0.0.1

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 PROGRAM FEATURES .................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 PROGRAM STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.1 Beam Elements ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2 Plate Elements ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 Tubular Connections ............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.4 Member Distributed Loading ................................................................................................ 7
1.3.5 Foundations .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.6 Solution Technique ............................................................................................................... 8
1.3.6.1 Foundation Solution ...................................................................................................... 8
1.3.7 Analysis Considerations ........................................................................................................ 8
1.3.7.1 Progressive Collapse Analysis ....................................................................................... 8
1.3.7.2 Ship Impact.................................................................................................................... 9
2 COLLAPSE MODELING AND INPUT ..................................................................................................... 12
2.1 MODELING REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 Analysis Type ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Load Combinations ............................................................................................................. 12
2.2 COLLAPSE ANALYSIS INPUT ......................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Collapse Analysis Options ................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1.1 Joint Flexibility............................................................................................................. 12
2.2.1.2 Member Local Buckling ............................................................................................... 12
2.2.1.3 Pile Plasticity ............................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1.4 Considering Skipped Elements Plastically ................................................................... 13
2.2.1.5 Tubular Connection Capacity Check ........................................................................... 13
2.2.1.6 Strain Hardening ......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1.7 Collapse Critical Displacement .................................................................................... 13
2.2.1.8 Creating a SACS Model File at Final Step .................................................................... 14
2.2.2 Analysis Parameters and Convergence Criteria .................................................................. 14
2.2.2.1 Number of Member Sub-Segments ............................................................................ 14
2.2.2.2 Member Iterations and Displacement Convergence .................................................. 14
2.2.2.3 Global Stiffness Iterations and Convergence .............................................................. 14
2.2.2.4 Continue if Maximum Number of Iterations Exceeded .............................................. 15
2.2.3 Output Reports ................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3.1 Joint Displacements .................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3.2 Selecting Joints for Displacement Report ................................................................... 15
2.2.3.3 Joint Reactions ............................................................................................................ 15
2.2.3.4 Member Internal Loads and Stresses.......................................................................... 15
2.2.3.5 Pilehead Reactions Report .......................................................................................... 15
2.2.3.6 Selecting Members for Internal Loads and Stress Report .......................................... 15
2.2.3.7 Selecting Plates for Reports ........................................................................................ 15
2.2.3.8 Excluding Elastic Members.......................................................................................... 16

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 2.2.3.9 Designating Minimum Plasticity.................................................................................. 16
2.2.3.10 Collapse Summary Report ........................................................................................... 16
2.2.3.11 Member Summary Report .......................................................................................... 16
2.2.4 Applying Load ...................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.1 Defining a Load Sequence ........................................................................................... 16
2.2.4.2 Load Sequences with More than Three Load Steps .................................................... 16
2.2.4.3 Using Load Combinations............................................................................................ 17
2.2.5 Tubular Connection Capacity Parameters .......................................................................... 17
2.2.5.1 Tubular Connection Capacity Options ........................................................................ 17
2.2.5.2 LRFD Resistance Factor Data ....................................................................................... 17
2.2.5.3 Norsok Resistance Factor Data ................................................................................... 17
2.2.6 Designating Elements as Elastic .......................................................................................... 17
2.2.6.1 Elastic Members .......................................................................................................... 17
2.2.6.2 Elastic Member Groups ............................................................................................... 18
2.2.6.3 Elastic Plates Elements ................................................................................................ 18
2.2.6.4 Elastic Plate Groups..................................................................................................... 18
2.2.7 Nonlinear Springs ................................................................................................................ 18
2.2.7.1 Nonlinear Spring Supports .......................................................................................... 18
2.2.7.2 Joint to Joint Nonlinear Springs .................................................................................. 18
2.2.8 MSL Joint Flexibility Formulation ........................................................................................ 18
2.2.8.1 Joint Flexibility............................................................................................................. 18
2.2.8.2 Joint Strength .............................................................................................................. 19
2.2.8.3 Fracture Criteria .......................................................................................................... 19
2.2.9 Joint Strength/Flexibility Selection ..................................................................................... 19
2.2.10 Material Properties ............................................................................................................. 20
3 TROUBLE SHOOTING .......................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 MODEL SINGULARITY .................................................................................................................. 22
3.2 DEBUGGING THE MODEL ............................................................................................................ 22
3.3 WARNING MESSAGES IN COLLAPSE............................................................................................ 22
3.3.1 Non-convergence of Piles ................................................................................................... 22
3.3.2 Maximum Allowable Displacement or Rotation ................................................................. 23
3.3.3 Non-convergence of a Load Increment .............................................................................. 23
3.3.4 Non-convergence of Members ........................................................................................... 24
4 COMMENTARY ................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 ENERGY PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.1 Discrete Systems ................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.1.1 Discrete System - Equilibrium ..................................................................................... 27
4.1.1.2 Discrete System - Unstable Equilibrium ...................................................................... 27
4.1.1.3 Discrete System - Nonlinear Problems ....................................................................... 27
4.1.2 Continuous Systems ............................................................................................................ 28
4.1.2.1 Continuous Systems - Equilibrium .............................................................................. 28
4.1.2.2 Continuous Systems - Unstable Equilibrium ............................................................... 28
4.1.2.3 Continuous Systems - Nonlinear Problems ................................................................. 29
4.2 NON-LINEAR PLASTIC FORCE APPROACH ................................................................................... 29

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 4.3 PLATE ELEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 30
4.4 BEAM ELEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 33
4.4.1 Nonlinear Strain Expressions .............................................................................................. 33
4.4.2 Nonlinear Problems ............................................................................................................ 34
4.5 CONNECTIONS............................................................................................................................. 36
4.5.1 Joint Flexibility..................................................................................................................... 36
4.5.2 Tubular Connection Capacity .............................................................................................. 37
5 FOUNDATION ..................................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 PILE REPRESENTATION ................................................................................................................ 38
5.2 SOIL REPRESENTATION ............................................................................................................... 38
6 SAMPLE PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................................ 39
6.1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 ................................................................................................................... 39
6.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 ................................................................................................................... 45
7 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 49
8 INPUT LINES ........................................................................................................................................ 51

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The SACS module Collapse is a large deflection, elasto-plastic, nonlinear finite element system for
structures. The program is fully integrated into the SACS suite of programs and uses the same input data
as that for a standard SACS IV/PSI analysis. No new modeling is required to conduct a full plastic collapse
analysis of a structure.

1.2 PROGRAM FEATURES

The Collapse program requires no special modeling and only minimal additional input specified in a
Collapse input file. Some of the main capabilities and features of the program are as follows:

 Linear and nonlinear material behavior.

 Nonlinear plastic pile/soil foundation including standard T-Z and P-Y data.

 Includes member global/local buckling including 8 or more hinge points per member.

 Accounts for segmented elements automatically.

 Includes tubular joint flexibility, joint plasticity and joint failure due to excess strain.

 Includes strain hardening and residual stress.

 Material properties default to perfectly elastic/perfectly plastic.

 User defined nonlinear spring support elements.

 Sequential load stacking capability with user controlled load incrementation, includes both
loading and unloading capabilities.

 Load cases may contain loading and/or specified displacements.

 Creates analysis results file that is read by Collapse View program which shows failure
progression and the gradual plastification and collapse mechanism graphically.

1.3 PROGRAM STRUCTURE

The basic procedure used by the Collapse program to perform the nonlinear analysis is as follows:

1.3.1 Beam Elements

Beam element stiffness is developed using second order effects with nonlinear material properties. Each
beam is automatically discretized by using sub-segments along the member length. Each length sub-
segment is additionally divided into sub-elements through the beam cross section to define the cross
section shape.

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The beam element is treated as a superelement whose stiffness is defined by the stiffnesses of its sub-
elements. While the intermediate nodes along the member are reduced for stiffness, the deflected
shape of the element is represented by all sub-segments.

Note: Beam elements designated as elastic elements are treated as a single element.

By default, non-segmented beam elements are divided into eight sub-segments along the length of the
element while segmented beam elements are divided into sub-segments according to the change in
cross section. The number of sub-elements per sub-segment is based on the element cross section type.
For tubular beams for example, each sub-segment is divided into 12 sub-elements around the
circumference. For other cross section shapes similar cross section representations are constructed.

For any stiffness iteration, each sub-element is checked for plasticity using a von Mises stress surface.
When the stresses in a sub-element exceed the material elastic limit, the sub-element is considered
plastic, thus allowing for gradual plastification of the beam cross section. When all sub-elements of a
particular sub-segment become plastic, a temporary hinge is formed at that sub-segment.

For beam elements, the stress history of each sub-element is monitored for plasticity, strain hardening
and unloading. The beam deflected shape is calculated at the member ends and along its length at each
sub-segment. Member elastic and plastic buckling is automatically calculated using the beam deflected
shape and the plasticity of the member sub-segments. Local tubular buckling is determined using the
total strain in the cross section and is treated as a permanent hinge after it develops.

1.3.2 Plate Elements

Plate elements are divided into 5 sub-layers through the thickness to allow for gradual plastification.
Plate elements are not divided into sub-elements along the surface length and width of the plate.

Each plate sub-layer may become plastic and plate buckling and snap through are included in the
solution. Because the stress history of each sub-layer is monitored, the plate element retains plastic
deformation and residual stress.

1.3.3 Tubular Connections

Tubular joint flexibility is accounted for by Fessler's empirical formulas. Tubular connection failure is
determined using a modified ultimate LRFD strength formulation while brace/chord connection
plasticity is determined using the Marshall and Gates strain criteria. The brace stiffness is removed from
the analysis when a connection fails based on ultimate strength. A permanent hinge is formed when the
Marshall & Gates strain criteria is exceeded.

1.3.4 Member Distributed Loading

Member distributed loads are treated as equivalent point loads acting at the end joints of the member
sub-segments. This allows for an accurate representation of distributed loading.

1.3.5 Foundations
The Collapse solution may include the effects of a nonlinear pile/soil foundation. Tubular pile elements
are segmented along the length and around the circumference and are treated in the same manner as
tubular members. Soil data is represented with standard T-Z and P-Y data in PSI format.

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1.3.6 Solution Technique
The solution process involves three levels of iteration. For any global load increment, a beam-column
solution is performed for each plastic member using the cross section sub-element details. The global
stiffness iteration is then performed including the effects of connection flexibility, plasticity and failure
and the foundation stiffness iteration includes the nonlinear pile/soil effects.

During any global solution iteration, the deflected shape of the structure is determined and compared to
the displacements of the previous solution iteration. If convergence is not achieved, the new global
displacements of the joints along with the beam internal and external loads are used to recalculate the
elemental stiffness matrices. The structural stiffness iteration is then repeated including the effects of
the foundation until the displacements meet the convergence tolerance.

1.3.6.1 Foundation Solution

The solution of the pile/soil foundation requires an iterative procedure. Initially, soil forces and stiffness
is calculated assuming deflections and rotations are zero along the full length of the pile. For the given
pilehead displacement, the pile deflections and rotations are then determined. New soil forces and
stiffness is calculated based on these new displacements and rotations.

Using the segment deflections and rotations, the program computes the pile segment internal loads
then calculates the pile segment plasticity. The resulting plastic forces are then applied to the pile
segment for the next iteration. This procedure is repeated until all of the deflections and rotations along
the pile length have converged.

At the final deflected position, the program calculates the pilehead stiffness matrix by incrementally
varying the pilehead deflections and rotations and computing the pilehead restraining forces and
moments. The resulting pilehead plastic forces are transformed into the global coordinates and added
to the global plastic force vector for the next global increment or iteration.

1.3.7 Analysis Considerations

The Collapse module is capable of handling most structural problems where plasticity may occur
through large deflections. Some obvious applications include Progressive Collapse Analysis, Ship Impact,
Dropped Object Studies and general Safety Case Studies. Some basic considerations in conducting such
analysis are outlined below:

1.3.7.1 Progressive Collapse Analysis

The 'Plastic Collapse' mode of assessment offers an improved design concept over linear ‘Elastic’ theory
for the analysis/re-analysis of structures. The basic concept of the Plastic Collapse Analysis is as follows:

The load is applied to the structure incrementally. The nodal displacements and element forces are
calculated for each load step and the stiffness matrix is updated. When the stress in a member reaches
the yield stress plasticity is introduced. The introduction of plasticity reduces the stiffness of the
structure and additional loads due to subsequent load increments will be redistributed to adjacent
members to the members that have gone plastic. This phenomenon (progressive collapse of members)
will continue until the structure as a whole will collapse or is ‘Pushed Over’.

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For large offshore structures the analysis can be highly CPU intensive since each element is subdivided
into eight sub segments and for tubular elements each sub-segment is further divided into 12 sub-
elements around the circumference. Collapse run time can be decreased by modeling parts of the
structure which have little or no contribution to the overall stiffness of the structure (such as boat
landings for example) as dummy structures. All elements contained in a dummy structure are removed
by the Seastate module and the loads on the dummy structure are transferred to the main structure
before the Collapse analysis is initiated.

Elements whose stiffness may be of significance to the overall behavior of the structure but which are
not structurally important (such as conductors and conductor guides, wishbone elements, topsides
elements ...etc.) should be kept elastic throughout the loading history.

Further cut backs in run time can be achieved by pre-combining loads wherever possible to cut down
the number of loads in a load sequence. Also, a structure undergoing a high level of nonlinear behavior
can result in an increasing number of iterations for the solution to converge. In such cases it is better to
reduce the step size than to increase the maximum iteration limit. Reducing the step size effectively
linearizes the problem and results in decrease in the number of iterations and therefore a decrease in
runtime.

1.3.7.2 Ship Impact

A ship impact scenario involves transference of ships kinetic energy into strain energy resulting from:

a. Local deformation of the impacted member due to denting and beam bending.

b. Global deformation of the entire structure.

c. Deformation of the ship structure.

Local deformation of the impacted member due to beam bending and the global deformation of the
structure is readily accounted for by Collapse. To account for localized denting it is recommended that
the impacted member is modeled using isotropic plate elements. The SACS module Precede has the
facility to generate a tubular finite element plate mesh for a given member. Alternatively, the local
denting energy of the impacted member may also be taken into account in accordance to either the
Ellinas or Furnes approaches outlined in the API RP2A-WSD code of practice by selecting the appropriate
option on the IMPACT input line.

NOTE the latter approach does not account for any geometric nonlinearities resulting from local
indentations.

A joint force, together with the total kinetic energy or the mass and velocity of the impacting object, can
be used to simulate an impact. Collapse allows for automatic unloading for post impact analysis.

Collapse View can be used to produce reports and plots of the energy absorbed by the structure and the
ship for both cases where a prescribed displacement or a prescribed force is used to model the impact
force. User defined ship indentation curves are available within Collapse together with DNV[1] force
displacement curves for a 5000 ton ship and a 1.5m and 10m diameter infinitely stiff cylindrical column

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similar to the ones shown below. Collapse View has ship indentation curves for 5000 ton ship and 1.5m
diameter column and assumes that no more energy is absorbed by the ship once the maximum ship
force has been exceeded.

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 DNV Force - Displacement Curves for a 5000 ton Ship and 1.5m Diameter Column

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2 COLLAPSE MODELING AND INPUT
The Collapse program requires a SACS model file and a Collapse input file. The model requires some
minor modeling considerations for the purpose of the nonlinear plastic analysis.

2.1 MODELING REQUIREMENTS

A standard SACS model may be used as the model input for the nonlinear analysis with the following
requirements:

2.1.1 Analysis Type

The ‘NL’ analysis type option must be specified in on the model OPTIONS line for standard nonlinear
plastic analysis. For nonlinear analysis including a nonlinear elasto-plastic foundation, the ‘NP’ analysis
option must be designated.

2.1.2 Load Combinations

All load cases which are specified as part of a load step in the nonlinear plastic collapse analysis must be
basic load conditions. However, because a load sequence may consist of numerous load conditions, any
combination of basic load cases can be applied sequentially as part of the load sequence.

Note: Load combinations are accounted for in the Collapse input file by a load sequence consisting of the
basic load cases that define the combination applied sequentially. Alternatively, load combinations may
be converted to basic load cases using the Seastate program prior to execution of the Collapse analysis.

2.2 COLLAPSE ANALYSIS INPUT

In addition to the model, the nonlinear plastic analysis requires a Collapse input file defining analysis
input data.

2.2.1 Collapse Analysis Options

Collapse analysis options are specified in columns 26-41 on the CLOPT line.

2.2.1.1 Joint Flexibility

The effects of tubular connection flexibility may be accounted for by specifying analysis option ‘JF’.

Alternatively, participants of the JIP ‘Assessment Criteria, Reliability and Reserve Strength of Tubular
Joints’ may access a formulation for connection flexibility that has been developed by MSL Engineering
Limited (UK). The formulation can be specified with analysis option ‘MF’ for mean level or ‘CF’ for
characteristic level on the input line MSLOPT in columns 8-9.

2.2.1.2 Member Local Buckling

Local buckling of the member cross section may be considered by specifying analysis option ‘LB’ in one
of the analysis options fields. The criteria used for local buckling is specified on columns 52-53 as ‘MG’

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for Marshall & Gates lower limit of critical strain, ‘2U’ for API Bulletin 2U recommendations or ‘LR’ for
API ultimate strength code criteria.

2.2.1.3 Pile Plasticity

When executing a nonlinear plastic analysis including the pile/soil foundation, the pile elements material
properties may be treated as elastic or plastic. Enter ‘PP’ in one of the analysis option fields to use
plastic material properties for pile elements.

2.2.1.4 Considering Skipped Elements Plastically

By default, any element or element group designated in the model file to be skipped for post processing
purposes is considered as an elastic element (i.e. have elastic material properties for any step of the
nonlinear plastic analysis). Skipped elements may be considered to have plastic material properties by
specifying the analysis option ‘NS’.

Note: Skipped beam elements are designated in the model file by ‘SK’ in columns 20-21 on the MEMBER
line defining the member or by specifying member class ‘9’ in column 47 on the GRUP line defining the
group to which it is assigned. Skipped plates are designated by ‘SK’ in columns 31-32 on the PLATE line
defining it.

2.2.1.5 Tubular Connection Capacity Check

Joint strength check based upon API RP 2A-LRFD recommendations for tubular joints can be
implemented by specifying ‘JS’ in one of the analysis options field between columns 26-41. Alternatively,
‘ND’ may be specified at the same location in order to perform a joint check based upon the Norsok
standard for the design of steel structures.

Once the joint strength check criterion has been exceeded the connection is considered to have failed
and the brace stiffness is removed from the analysis.

Alternatively, participants of the JIP ‘Assessment Criteria, Reliability and Reserve Strength of Tubular
Joints’ may access the capacity check that has been developed by MSL Engineering Limited (UK). The
capacity check includes mean level and characteristic level options specified with analysis option ‘MS’ or
‘CS’, respectively, in columns 10-11 on the MSLOPT line.

2.2.1.6 Strain Hardening

After plasticity occurs in an element, the Collapse program has the ability to include the effects of strain
hardening. To consider the effects of strain hardening, enter the strain hardening ratio, defined as the
ratio of the slope of the plastic portion of the stress-strain curve to the slope of the elastic portion, in
columns 76-80.

2.2.1.7 Collapse Critical Displacement

The collapse critical displacement or the maximum deflection allowed before the structure is considered
to be collapsed or failed may be specified in columns 71-75.

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2.2.1.8 Creating a SACS Model File at Final Step
A SACS model file with joint coordinates that reflect the final displaced position of the joint may be
created by inputting ‘SF’ in columns 38-39 on the CLPOPT line.

2.2.2 Analysis Parameters and Convergence Criteria

Analysis parameters such as number of plastic member sub-segments and the maximum number of
iterations are specified in columns 11-19 on the CLPOPT line while analysis convergence criteria are
specified in columns 56-60.

2.2.2.1 Number of Member Sub-Segments

By default, members with plastic material properties are divided into eight sub-segments along the
member length. The number of sub-segments for members may be specified in columns 14-16.

Note: The sub-segment length is determined by dividing the total member length by the maximum
number of sub-segments designated. For segmented members, any sub-segment which has a change in
property is further divided into two constant property sub-segments at the point at which the section
property changes. Therefore, segmented members may have more sub-segments than the maximum
specified.

2.2.2.2 Member Iterations and Displacement Convergence

For any load increment, a beam-column solution is performed for each plastic member using the cross
section sub-element details. Member stiffness iterations continue until the displacements of member
sub-segment joints for two successive iterations meet the member displacement tolerance or until the
maximum number of member iterations has been met. The default number of member iterations is 20
and may be overridden in columns 17-19. The default member displacement tolerance is 0.01 inch or
0.01cm and may be overridden in columns 66-70.

Note: The maximum number of member iterations may be increased when member solution has not
converged.

2.2.2.3 Global Stiffness Iterations and Convergence

For any load increment, a beam-column solution is performed for each plastic member using the cross
section sub-element details. The global stiffness iteration is then performed including any effects of
connection flexibility and nonlinear pile/soil foundation effects. The deflected shape of the structure is
then determined and compared to the displacements of the previous global stiffness iteration. The
stiffness iterations are repeated until the displacements and rotations meet the displacement and
rotation convergence tolerances or the maximum number of iterations has been met.

By default, the maximum number of global stiffness iterations per load increment is 20 but may be
overridden in columns 11-13. The default displacement and rotation convergence tolerances are 0.01
inch or 0.01cm and 0.001 radians and may be overridden in columns 56-60 and 61-65, respectively.

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2.2.2.4 Continue if Maximum Number of Iterations Exceeded
By default, the nonlinear analysis is terminated when the maximum number of iterations is exceeded.
Specify the ‘CN’ analysis option in one of the analysis options fields, columns 26-41, to continue the
analysis even if the maximum number of iterations is exceeded.

2.2.3 Output Reports

Output reports including joint deflections, joint reactions, member internal loads and stresses, collapse
summary and member summary reports are available. Report data may generated based on the final
analysis results, each load increment or each iteration. Output report options may be specified on the
CLPRPT line in columns 8-31.

2.2.3.1 Joint Displacements

Joint displacements may be reported for the structure’s final position, for each load increment or for
each iteration by specifying ‘P0’, ‘P1’ or ‘P2’, respectively.

2.2.3.2 Selecting Joints for Displacement Report

By default, the displacements for each joint in the model is reported in the joint displacement report.
The user may designate the joints to be reported in the joint displacement report on the JTSEL line.
There is no limit to the number of joints that may be designated.

Note: If joints are designated using the JTSEL line, only joints specified are included in the joint
displacement report.

2.2.3.3 Joint Reactions

Joint reactions may be reported for the structure’s final position, for each load increment or for each
iteration by specifying ‘R0’, ‘R1’ or ‘R2’, respectively.

2.2.3.4 Member Internal Loads and Stresses

Member internal loads and stresses may be reported for the structure’s final position, for each load
increment or for each iteration by specifying ‘M0’, ‘M1’ or ‘M2’, respectively.

2.2.3.5 Pilehead Reactions Report

The pilehead reactions may be reported for the structure's final position, for each load increment or for
each iteration by specifying 'F0', 'F1' or 'F2' respectively in columns 26-27 on the CLPRPT input line.

2.2.3.6 Selecting Members for Internal Loads and Stress Report

By default, the internal loads and stresses will be reported for all members in the model which can be
quiet voluminous. To avoid large reports the user may select specific members to be reported by using
the MEMSEL line. There is no limit to the number of members that may be designated.

2.2.3.7 Selecting Plates for Reports

By default, reports will be produced for all plates. The user can request reports on specific plates by
using the PLTSEL line. There is no limit to the number of plates that may be selected.

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2.2.3.8 Excluding Elastic Members
Members whose properties remain elastic may be excluded from the internal loads and stress reports
by selecting the ‘MP’ option. The report will thus contain internal loads and stresses only for plastic
members.

2.2.3.9 Designating Minimum Plasticity

A minimum plasticity ratio for the member stress report may be specified in columns 32-36 on the
CLPRPT line. If a minimum plasticity ratio is specified, only members with sub-elements that have
plasticity ratios greater than the ratio specified are reported.

2.2.3.10 Collapse Summary Report

The Collapse solution summary report containing the load case, load factor, force summation, and
maximum displacement and rotation for each load increment may be obtained be specifying report
option ‘SM’.

2.2.3.11 Member Summary Report

Select the ‘MS’ option to obtain a plastic member summary report including the plasticity ratio and
member internal loading for each load increment.

2.2.4 Applying Load

Unlike standard linear analysis, the Collapse program analyzes a set of load cases applied step by step or
sequentially rather than simultaneously. The Collapse program allows for up to six load sequences to be
defined with each load sequence analyzed as an independent nonlinear analysis.

2.2.4.1 Defining a Load Sequence

A load sequences defines a set of load steps that will be applied in the sequence or order specified by
the user using LDSEQ lines. Enter the load sequence name in columns 7-10 of the first LDSEQ line
defining the sequence.

Each load sequence may contain from one to fifty load steps defined in columns 21-80 on the LDSEQ
line. A load step defines the basic load case to be applied, the number of increments over which to apply
the load case, the initial load case factor and the final load case factor. For any particular load step, the
magnitude of each load increment is constant and is determine by:
(𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Note: The order in which loading is applied in the sequence may have a significant effect on the analysis
results. For example, dead loading or self weight should be applied before any environmental loading.

2.2.4.2 Load Sequences with More than Three Load Steps

Multiple LDSEQ lines may be used to define load sequences consisting of more than three load steps.
For each subsequent LDSEQ line, leave the load sequence ID in columns 7-10 blank to designate that the

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load steps defined are a continuation of the current load sequence. Up to a total of seventeen LDSEQ
lines may be used to define up to fifty steps for any particular load sequence.

2.2.4.3 Using Load Combinations

Although only basic load cases may be specified as part of a load sequence, load combinations may be
analyzed by defining the basic load cases making up the combination, as part of the load sequence.
Unlike linear analysis, these basic load conditions are applied sequentially rather than simultaneously.

Alternatively, load combinations may be converted to basic load cases using the Seastate program prior
to execution of the Collapse analysis.

2.2.5 Tubular Connection Capacity Parameters

2.2.5.1 Tubular Connection Capacity Options
Joint strength options used for the tubular connection capacity check can be implemented through the
use of the JSOPT line. This line is optional in any collapse analysis. If this line is omitted then default
options will be used.

2.2.5.2 LRFD Resistance Factor Data

By default, the Collapse program will use the LRFD safety indices that are specified in the API RP 2A-
LRFD commentary as resistance factors. Alternative resistance factors can be implemented by the use of
the RSFAC input line.

2.2.5.3 Norsok Resistance Factor Data

Resistance factors may be used in conjunction with the Norsok joint strength check. Connection and
material resistance factors default to 1.0 and 1.15 respectively. Alternative resistance factors can be
specified by the use of the RSFAC input line.

2.2.6 Designating Elements as Elastic

By default, members and groups designated as skipped for post processing are treated as large
deflection elements with elastic material properties. Additionally, members or member groups may be
designated by the user as elastic elements using the MEMELA and GRPELA input lines, respectively.
Similarly, plate elements and plate groups can be designated as elastic elements using the PLTELA and
PGRELA input lines respectively.

Note: Designating elements to remain elastic can significantly reduce the run time for a collapse analysis.
Also, certain element types including wishbones, non-structural framing, i.e. framing representing risers,
boat landings, anodes, etc. and dummy framing should be treated as elastic elements for the purpose of
the nonlinear analysis.

2.2.6.1 Elastic Members

Specify the start and begin joints of any member that is to be considered as a large deflection elastic
element on the MEMELA input lines. As many MEMELA lines as required may be specified.

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2.2.6.2 Elastic Member Groups
Specify member groups to which all elements assigned are to be considered as large deflection elastic
elements on the GRPELA input line. As many GRPELA lines as required may be specified.

2.2.6.3 Elastic Plates Elements

Specify the plate ID’s of plate elements that are to be considered as large deflection elastic elements on
the PLTELA input lines. As many PLTELA lines as required may be specified.

2.2.6.4 Elastic Plate Groups

Specify plate group names that are to be considered as large deflection elastic elements on the PGRELA
input line. As many PGRELA lines as required may be specified.

2.2.7 Nonlinear Springs

The Collapse program supports nonlinear springs and nonlinear spring supports.

2.2.7.1 Nonlinear Spring Supports

A general nonlinear spring to ground element is available in Collapse. The spring elements have six
uncoupled degrees of freedom. The force deflection characteristics of the spring for each degree of
freedom are defined by discrete Force-Displacement points in the input line NLSPRG. Up to four points
may be used to define the spring Force-Displacement characteristics. As many NLSPRG input lines as
required may be specified.

2.2.7.2 Joint to Joint Nonlinear Springs

Nonlinear springs can be assigned between existing joints. The force deflection characteristics of the
spring for each degree of freedom are defined by discrete Force-Displacement points in the input line
NLSPJJ. As many points as required may be used to define the spring Force-Displacement characteristics.
As many NLSPJJ input lines as required may be specified.

2.2.8 MSL Joint Flexibility Formulation

Participants of the joint industry project ‘Assessment Criteria, Reliability and Reserve Strength of Tubular
Joints’ may access the joint flexibility formulation developed by MSL Engineering Limited (UK). Options
from the formulation may be accessed on the MSLOPT line.

Two levels of tubular connection capacity, ‘mean’ level and ‘characteristic’ level are included. The
‘mean’ level corresponds to a 50% probability of survival while the ‘characteristic’ level corresponds to a
95% probability of survival.

2.2.8.1 Joint Flexibility

The predicted effects of tubular connection flexibility may be accounted for by specifying analysis option
‘MF’ or ‘CF’ for mean or characteristic level, respectively, in columns 8-9.

By default, a convergence tolerance of 0.001 is assumed for joint distortion and rotation. The joint
distortion tolerance can be specified in columns 15-19. The joint rotation tolerance can be specified in
columns 20-24.

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2.2.8.2 Joint Strength
The predicted tubular connection strength at ‘mean’ level can be accounted for by specifying analysis
option ‘MS’ in columns 10-11. Alternatively, the connection strength may be assessed at the
characteristic level by specifying ‘CS’ in columns 10-11.

2.2.8.3 Fracture Criteria

The ductility limits for tension loaded joints may be accounted for by specifying analysis option ‘MT’ at
mean level, and ‘CT’ at characteristic level in columns 12-13.

2.2.9 Joint Strength/Flexibility Selection

Individual joints may be chosen for joint strength or joint flexibility analysis. The option used, either joint
strength ‘JS’ or joint flexibility ‘JF’, must be specified with CLPOPT analysis options. With the ‘JS’ option
specified on the CLPOPT line, a joint or group of joints may be chosen for joint strength analysis with the
JSSEL line. This means that all braces connected to the joints specified will be included or excluded from
the joint strength analysis. The line either includes or excludes the joints specified in columns 9-77 based
on the entry in column 7. Specifying ‘I’ in column 7 will mean that the joints named are included in the
joint strength analysis; specifying ‘X’ in column 7 will mean that all joints except those named are
included in the joint strength analysis.

In the same manner, joints may be chosen for joint flexibility analysis with the JFSEL line. With either
JSSEL or JFSEL, the include or exclude option is mutually exclusive. Therefore, if multiple lines are used
to include or exclude joints, each line must have the same option specified in column 7.

In the following example, joints 101 and 102 are excluded from joint flexibility analysis. All other joints
will be analyzed.

If the choice of a single joint for joint strength or joint flexibility analysis is not sufficiently restrictive, the
BSSEL and BFSEL allow the user to restrict strength or flexibility analysis to individual brace/chord
connections. The option used, either joint strength ‘JS’ or joint flexibility ‘JF’, must be specified with
CLPOPT analysis options. With the ‘JS’ option specified on the CLPOPT line, a brace/chord connection
joint may be chosen for joint strength analysis with the BSSEL line. The first brace member joints are
specified in columns 9-12 (begin joint) and columns 13-16 (end joint). The strength analysis will be
calculated at the brace/chord connection joint, which is either the begin joint or the end joint of the
brace member, and is specified in columns 17-20 for the first brace. Up to five braces may be specified
on the BSSEL line. As in the JSSEL line, brace/chord connections may be included or excluded from
strength analysis by specifying ‘I’ or ‘X’ in column 7.

Equivalently, joint flexibility for individual brace/chord connections is specified with the BFSEL line. With
either BSSEL or BFSEL, the include or exclude option is mutually exclusive. Therefore, if multiple lines are
used to include or exclude brace/chord connection joints, each line must have the same option specified
in column 7.
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In the following example, brace/chord connection joint 101 of brace member 101-401 is excluded from
brace strength analysis. All other brace/chord connections will be analyzed.

The resistance factor specified for a brace/chord connection may be modified using the RSFACO line.
This line allows the user to override joint resistance factor values specified on RSFAC lines. The line
specifies the brace member in columns 8-11 (begin joint) and columns 12-15 (end joint). The
brace/chord connection joint, which is either the begin joint or the end joint, is specified in columns 16-
19. The resistance factors (axial tension, axial compression, in-plane bending, out-of-plane bending,
yield stress) are specified in columns 21-45. Optionally, the connection type may be specified in column
47, with choices being ‘X’ (X or cross connection), ‘Y’ (T or Y connection), or ‘K’ (K brace connection). Any
of the resistance factors left unspecified or given the value 0.0 will be replaced by values specified for
the connection joint on previous RSFAC lines.

In the following example, brace/chord connection joint 201 of brace member 201-501 will have an in-
plane bending resistance factor of 3.81 and an out-of-plane resistance factor of 3.61. The values for the
axial tension, axial compression and yield stress resistance factors are the values specified earlier on
RSFAC lines for joint 201.

2.2.10 Material Properties

Detailed multilinear post yield stress-strain behavior for members can be specified using this option. If
this option is not selected, post-yield behavior remains linear and is governed by the strain hardening
ratio specified in the CLPOPT line. For this purpose a set of material models have to be defined and
different member groups can be assigned to each of these material models. MATGRP line is used to
assign a material model to several member groups. Plastic strain (defined as total strain minus yield
strain) and Stress factor (defined as actual stress divided by the yield stress) values beginning at the yield
point are entered in MATPRP PLAS lines to define the post-yield behavior of the material.

Note 1: This option is available only for member elements. This functionality will be extended to piles and
plate elements in future.

Note 2: The plastic strain values and the stress factor values should be in the monotonically increasing
order.

Note 3: Maximum of 50 different material models and maximum of 50 data points (1 strain-stress couple
=1 data point) in each material model are permitted.

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Note 4: For calculating the stress value corresponding to a plastic strain value greater than the maximum
value specified in the material model (beyond the last data point in the material model), the constant
strain hardening ratio specified in CLPOPT line will be used.

The following table shows a sample of how to calculate the Plastic Strain and Stress Factor values from
the actual stress-strain curve of a hypothetical material:

The following image shows how this data will be entered in the Collapse input file. The MATGRP lines
are used to assign MAT1 material model to 19 different member groups (G01 to G19). MATGRP lines are
immediately followed by a MATPRP HEAD line and a number of MATPRP PLAS lines to define the
material model MAT1. To add another material model, these set of lines should be repeated.

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3 TROUBLE SHOOTING
3.1 MODEL SINGULARITY
Model singularity is the common term used to describe problems within a stiffness matrix that may limit
the accuracy of a solution or prevent it entirely. In matrix theory, a structural model matrix must be
positive definite for it to be inverted. Some common problems for a matrix to be non-positive definite
are as follows:

1. Portion of structure or entire structure translating or rotating as a rigid body in space.

2. A joint connected to the structure is translating or rotating in space because a particular end
fixity for all members connecting to the joint is released.

3. Member or plate structural properties are zero for all elements connected to a joint so that
the joint is effectively unrestrained.

4. The structural stiffness is negative due to structural collapse through the occurrence of a
mechanism. This may occur due to insufficient strain hardening.

3.2 DEBUGGING THE MODEL

If the Collapse program detects a non-positive definite diagonal term in the stiffness matrix, the row of
the matrix where it occurred will be indicated. If the value is between zero and -0.0001 it will be reset to
1.0 and the row and column where it occurred will be nulled and solution will continue. If the diagonal
value is less than -0.0001 the program terminates execution and reports the critical joint degree of
freedom.

For instances where an unrestrained portion of the structure acts as a mechanism for a singularity to
occur, the last joint of the mechanism, in optimized order is reported. If the reported joint is indeed
unrestrained, the Interpreted Input Echo Report can be used to isolate the critical portion of the
structure. The interpreted Joint Data List portion of the report contains the joint degree of freedom and
matrix row location list in the following format:

1. The degree of freedom for each joint in the stiffness matrix as rotation X, Y and Z followed by
translation X, Y and Z.

2. For each joint, the beginning row number corresponding to the rotation X degree of freedom
is listed in the report. The row numbers corresponding to rotation Y, Z and translation X, Y and Z
are obtained by adding 1, 2, 3, 4 to the joint rotation X degree of freedom.

The critical row location is reported in the solution listing file.

3.3 WARNING MESSAGES IN COLLAPSE

3.3.1 Non-convergence of Piles
*** ERROR-MAX. ITERATIONS EXCEEDED AT PILE JOINT ‘joint name’

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This error message occurs when the procedure used to calculate the stiffness and plasticity of a pile has
failed to converge. The specific pile that has caused the problem is attached to the joint specified by
‘joint name’.

The determination of the stiffness and plasticity of a single pile requires the solution of a nonlinear
problem which may involve a number of iterations. The convergence of this procedure is governed by
the displacement convergence requirement, which is specified on the PSIOPT line of the PSI input file
that is used for the analysis.

The maximum number of iterations that are used to solve for each pile is 100. If convergence has not
taken place prior to the 100th pile iteration, then the error message (above) is displayed in the Collapse
listing file, and the pile solution process is terminated. Subsequently, two informational messages are
displayed containing data that are related to components of force and deflection at the pilehead.
*** FORCES - ******** …

*** DEFLECTIONS - ******** …

These messages do not contain useful information and it is recommended that they be ignored.

Two likely causes of pile non-convergence are:

1. A tight displacement convergence requirement.

2. Instability in the supported structure.

In the case of item 2, it is suggested that a run be made without piles in order to assess if the supported
structure is stable.

3.3.2 Maximum Allowable Displacement or Rotation

**** WARNING - EXCEEDED MAXIMUM ALLOWED DISPLACEMENT OR ROTATION

This warning message occurs on completion of a load increment if the deflection of any joint’s degree-
of-freedom exceeds a prescribed limit. For degrees-of-freedom that allow translation, the default
maximum deflection is 1000.0 in. (393.7 cm.). However, the user can specify a translational limit directly
by using the ‘Collapse Deflection’ field in columns 71-75 of the CLPOPT line. The deflection is specified in
units consistent with those of the SACS system configuration.

There is also a limit for rotational degrees of freedom, which is set to 2.0 radians. On detection of a
displacement or rotation having been exceeded, the following warning message is displayed and the
analysis is terminated.
**** WARNING - STRUCTURE COLLAPSED ********

3.3.3 Non-convergence of a Load Increment

**** WARNING - EXCEEDED MAXIMUM ITERATIONS OF ‘N’

Where ‘N’ is a user-specified value that represents the maximum number of iterations for a given load
increment.

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This warning message occurs if the maximum number of iterations has been exceeded for a given load
increment. The maximum number of iterations per increment should be specified by the user in
columns 11-13 of the CLPOPT line. If no user specification is made, then the maximum number defaults
to 20.

Collapse will attempt to use a sufficient number of iterations to achieve convergence for a given load
increment. However, if Collapse attempts to use a number of iterations that is greater than the
maximum, no further iterations are performed for the current load increment, and the analysis is
declared to be non-converged for that increment.

By default, if the number of iterations has been exceeded for a load increment, the analysis will
terminate and the warning message will be displayed in the Collapse listing file. However, if the user has
specified ‘CN’ in columns 28-29 on the CLPOPT line, the analysis will continue with the next load step
after the warning message has been displayed.

Non-convergence due to the requirement for a large number of iterations is often associated with, but
not limited to, the following circumstances:

1. One or more of the convergence tolerances on the CLPOPT line is tight.

2. A low strain hardening ratio.

3. A portion of the load step has approached an unstable region brought about by the failure of
an entity such as a joint or a member.

4. The effective incremental stiffness of an element is almost zero.

In the event of non-convergence of a load increment, it is suggested that the maximum number of
iterations be increased from 20 to 40. Increasing the maximum number of iterations beyond 40 does not
normally improve convergence.

3.3.4 Non-convergence of Members

*** WARNING - ELEMENTAL STIFFNESS FOR MEMBER ****-**** NOT CONVERGED

This warning message occurs when the procedure used to calculate the stiffness and plasticity of a
member has failed to converge. The message is only displayed if member warning messages have been
enabled by specifying ‘PW’ in columns 24-25 of the CLPRPT line.

The determination of the stiffness and plasticity of a single member requires the solution of a nonlinear
problem which may involve a number of iterations. The convergence of this procedure is governed by
the member deflection tolerance, which is specified in columns 66-70 of the CLPOPT line.

The maximum number of iterations that are used to solve for each member can be specified by the user
in columns 17-19 of the CLPOPT line. The default maximum number of member iterations is 20. If
convergence has not taken place prior to the maximum allowable member iteration, then the error
message (above) is displayed in the Collapse listing file, and the member solution process is terminated.
Subsequently, three informational messages are displayed containing data that are related to force and
convergence criteria.

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ERR =******** …

ALLOWABLE= ******** …

FAXIAL= ***** …

These messages do not contain useful information and it is recommended that they be ignored.

Likely causes of member non-convergence include:

1. A tight member deflection tolerance.

2. The maximum number of member iterations is too small.

3. The member has become very deformed.

4. Instability in the rest of the structure.

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4 COMMENTARY
4.1 ENERGY PRINCIPLES
The energy, or variational methods of structural mechanics constitute a powerful and widely used
approach. Forms of these methods have been tools for the analysis of engineering structures for more
than a century. The application of energy methods to the derivation of forces and displacements in a
structure was developed by Castiglino[1] in the 1870s. The application of complementary energy for the
analysis of nonlinear structures was developed by Engesser[1] in 1889. Since then a number of theorems
have been formulated on the bases of these developments. The following section discusses the basic
energy variational principles employed by the nonlinear Collapse program.

4.1.1 Discrete Systems

Consider a discrete system where the potential energy, V can be expressed as function of displacements
qi and loads Pi. If the system is subjected to a small variation in displacements δqi, so that its new
configuration is qi + δqi (assuming load Pi remains constant), the potential energy of the system in its
new configuration can be expressed via a Taylor’s series expansion as:

(1)

Equation (1) can be written in a simplified form as:

(2)

Where δT V is the total variation in the potential energy expressed by:

(3)

δV and δ2V are the first and second variations of the potential energies given by:

(4)

And

(5)

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4.1.1.1 Discrete System - Equilibrium
For a system to be in equilibrium, the potential energy is stationary with respect to displacements so
that for all admissible values of δqi, the first variation of the total potential energy is zero, i.e.:

(6)

Equation (6) yields n equilibrium equations for i= 1, n. If the system is considered to be in an equilibrium
configuration so that δV = 0, equation (2) may be rewritten as:

(7)

4.1.1.2 Discrete System - Unstable Equilibrium

If the system in its new configuration is in a state of stable equilibrium, then the total variation in
potential energy, δTV, is a minimum and the second variation δ2V is a quadratic form in dqi and is
positive definite for all admissible values of δqi. Unstable or critical conditions occur when δ2V changes
from positive definite to semi-positive definite indicating a possible transition from stable equilibrium to
unstable equilibrium.[2]

4.1.1.3 Discrete System - Nonlinear Problems

For nonlinear problems, the first variation of the potential energy, δV, yields n unknown nonlinear
equations in the displacement variables qi (i= 1,n).

If Δ denotes a small but finite increment in displacements and forces, then expanding the first variation
of the potential energy δV( Pi + ΔPi , qi + Δqi ) in a Taylor series about the (Pi , qi) configuration yields:

(8)

Rearranging equation (8) and retaining only first order terms in increments Δ yields:

(9)

If the system in configuration ( Pi + ΔPi , qi +Δqi ) is in equilibrium then:

(10)

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Substituting equation (10) into equation (9), rearranging the terms and ignoring higher order terms
yields the following equation:

(11)

Equation (11) provides a basis for an iterative procedure for the solution of nonlinear equilibrium
equations. If the second term, δV(Pi , qi), is set to zero, then equation (11) represents the incremental
equations of equilibrium.

4.1.2 Continuous Systems

The variational principles for discreet systems can be extended to continuous systems.[4] The loads Pi
and displacements qi in the discrete system can be assumed analogous to the externally applied loads
and nodal displacement coefficients which define the magnitude of displacements in continuous
systems.

4.1.2.1 Continuous Systems - Equilibrium

For a system comprising a deformable body acted upon by external forces Pi with the corresponding
displacements defined by ri, the first variation of the potential energy is zero when the system is in a
state of equilibrium. Assuming that the external forces remain constant, this can be represented by the
following equation: [4]

(12)

where the repeated suffices imply summation, σi represents the internal stresses, δεi represents the first
variation in the corresponding strains and the integration is over the volume of the body.

Noting that δ2V = δ ( δV ), the second variation of V is given by [4]:

(13)

4.1.2.2 Continuous Systems - Unstable Equilibrium

For stable equilibrium, the first variation corresponds to a minimum and is zero and the second variation
is positive definite for all variations in displacements. Unstable or critical conditions occur when δ2V
changes from positive definite to semi-positive definite.

Note: Because the second variation of any linear function vanishes, it is necessary to consider second
order strains and displacements to completely define equation (13).

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4.1.2.3 Continuous Systems - Nonlinear Problems
Assuming that σi and εi can be expressed as functions of displacement variables and ri can be expressed
as a linear function of displacement variables, equations (11) and (12) yield:

(14)

in which the prime implies the operation

(14a)

with respect to the applied load and displacement variables [5].

Equation (14) is analogous to equation (11) for a discrete system and provides a bases for an iterative
procedure for the analysis of nonlinear equilibrium equations. If the last two terms on the right hand
side of the equation are set to zero, equation (14) represents the incremental equations of equilibrium.

4.2 NON-LINEAR PLASTIC FORCE APPROACH

For an elasto-plastic problem, the strains can be represented in terms of the displacement variables in
matrix form as:

(15)

where εi is the total strain vector at a point and can be composed of the elastic strains εe,i and the plastic
strains εp,i so that:

(16)

Stresses σi which are only dependent upon elastic strains can be expressed as:

(17)

Noting that:

(18)

And substituting equations (16) - (18) into equation (14) gives:

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 (19)

Where

(20)

(21)

{Pa} is the applied load vector and {Pp} is the plastic load vector and {ΔPa} and {ΔPp} are the
corresponding load increment vectors.

Since the degree of plasticity incurred (and consequently the plastic load vector) is a function of the load
path, the solution of an elasto-plastic problem must be handled on an incremental basis given by
equation (19) which represents a set of linear simultaneous equations in the unknowns {Δq} and {ΔPp}.
The solution procedure involves the application of a linear load increment {ΔP}, and solving the
equations for the unknown increments. The improved approximations of q+Δq and P+ΔP are then used
as a starting point for the next improvement cycle. The procedure is continued until equilibrium is
satisfied, as evidenced by the vanishing of the last two terms on the right hand side of equation (19).

4.3 PLATE ELEMENTS

Thin plates are often used as structural components since they can sustain loads well in excess of their
elastic buckling load. The elastic buckling load of such elements has little or no effect on predicting the
failure load. At the onset of elastic buckling, the plate behavior becomes nonlinear and the collapse load
is normally associated with plastic failure. Elastic buckling may be precluded altogether for thick plated
structures where the collapse load is reached through the onset plastic failure. Therefore, when
analyzing such structures, it is necessary to include both geometric and material nonlinearities.

There are two main approaches to the elasto-plastic analysis of plates.[6] The first method, the Area
approach, is an approximate approach which assumes sudden plastification of the entire plate thickness
as soon as the extreme fiber stress reaches yield. The second approach allows for a gradual plastification
through the thickness of the plate by monitoring the stresses at various sub-layers through the plate
cross section.

The Collapse program utilizes the second approach where the plate is divided into 5 sub-layers through
its thickness as shown below.

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Geometric nonlinearities are included through the use of the second order membrane strain expressions
given below:[7]

(22)

(23)

(24)

Where εmx and εmy represent the membrane strains in the x and y directions, respectively, and γmxy
represents the membrane shear strain.

Bending strain is represented by the following expressions:

(25)

(26)

(27)

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Where εbx and εby are the bending strains in x and y directions, respectively, and γbxy is the bending strain
due to twisting.

For an isotropic elastic material, the stress vector {σ}T = {σx , σy , τxy} and can be related to the strains
through equation (17) as shown below:

(28)

The incremental form of equation (28) is given by:

(29)

Using the above expressions and utilizing equation (19), it is possible to conduct an elasto-plastic
analysis of plated structures. The stresses are monitored at each sub-layer through-out the loading
history. The von Mises-Hencky Yield Criterion[8] is used to determine the onset of plasticity at any sub-
layer using the following equation:

(30)

Which defines the yield surface as shown below:

When Ξ is greater than zero, the direction of the plastic strain vector is established by the plastic flow
rule according to the theory of plastic potential. Once the plastic strains are determined, the plastic
stresses become:

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 (31)

The plastic stress resultants are obtained by summing across the plate thickness as follows:

(32)

(33)

(34)

The plastic nodal force vector for the plate is determined once plate stress resultants are acquired. The
plastic nodal force vector is transformed into the global coordinates and added to the global plastic
force vector.

4.4 BEAM ELEMENTS

4.4.1 Nonlinear Strain Expressions
The complete nonlinear expressions[4] for the strains occurring in the tubular, wide flange, angles,
channels and tee cross section types is given by the following equation:

(35)

The first two terms in the above equation represent the bending strains including the interaction
between bending and twisting. The terms on the last line of the equation represent strains produced by
stretching of an element due to displacements u, v and w. The third or middle term in the expression
results from the restraint in warping. In practice, partial or no restraint in warping may exist and may
differ for various structural connection types. Because of this, it is difficult to quantify and hence is not
considered by the program. The second order strain in u can also be neglected in the above equation
since its contribution can be assumed to be small in comparison with other terms. This results in the
following strain expression:

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 (36)

The expression for shear strain due to St. Venant torsion [9] is given by the following expression:[4]

(37)

When considering the effects of St. Venant torsion on thin walled bars of open cross section, the section
can be considered to be composed of single or several disconnected rectangular strips.

4.4.2 Nonlinear Problems

For a thin walled bar of open cross-section, the first variation of the total potential energy δV is given
by:[10]

(38)

where σx is the axial stress (tensile positive), δεx is the first variation of the axial strains, εxy is the shear
stress and δεxy is the first variation in the corresponding strain. The relationship between the stresses
and strains may be given by:

(39)

(40)

where E is the Young’s Modulus and G is the shear modulus.

Equation (14) provides a basis for an iterative procedure to the solution of nonlinear equations. For a
thin walled bar of open cross-section, equation (14) can be rewritten as:

(41)

Expressing stresses in terms of strains and utilizing the strain expressions in section 5.4.1 and integrating
over the volume of the bar, equation (41) can be written in matrix form as:

(42)

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Equation (42) represents a set of linear simultaneous equations in the unknowns displacement
increments {Δq} and load increments {ΔP} which is composed of the applied load vector {Pa} and the
plastic load vector {Pp}. The left side of equation (42) represents the incremental equations of
equilibrium and the right side represents the equilibrium equations which vanishes when the system is
in a state of equilibrium. Equation (42) can be solved iteratively.

To account for the inter-nodal large displacement nonlinearities, the member element is divided along
its length into sub-elements. The number of sub-elements is controlled by the user up to a maximum of
20, with a default of 8. This subdivision will allow the program to account for inter-nodal buckling as well
as predict the contribution of the inter-nodal large displacements on the surrounding structure. Each
member that is sub-divided essentially becomes a super-element to the structure. From the global
stiffness analysis, the member end deflections and rotations are known as well as any inter-nodal
loading.

This super-element is solved iteratively using the end deflections and rotations and the intermediate
loading until the internal deflections and rotations have converged. At each iteration, each sub-element
is checked for plasticity as follows

(a) The internal loads at each end of the sub-element is calculated.

(b) The sub-element cross-section is divided into sub-areas and the axial and shear stress is
calculated for each sub-area as shown below for wide flange and tubular cross-sections. Other
cross-sections are similar.

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 (c) For each sub-area, the plasticity is determined by calculating the amount of strain which
exceeds the von Mises-Hencky stress envelope. The plastic strain is retained for each subarea of
each sub-element through-out the loading sequence to facilitate the unloading of a sub-area if
required.

(d) If the local buckling is to be included, the strain is compared to the local buckling strain level
of the following:[11]

(43)

If this value is exceeded, a hinge is formed and the sub-element will have zero moment capacity.

(e) The plastic stresses are then used to compute self-equilibrating plastic forces on each sub-
element.

(f) These plastic forces are then used in the member iterative solution.

(g) After the final member iteration, the resulting end plastic forces are transformed into the
global coordinates and added to the global plastic force vector.

(h) The final member stiffness is calculated on the final deflected position of the sub-elements.

4.5 CONNECTIONS
4.5.1 Joint Flexibility
The Collapse program can optionally consider the flexibility of a connection which has a tubular chord.
The program utilizes equations for the connection flexibility as proposed by Fessler[12] which relate the
local axial, in-plane moment, and out-of-plane moment to the corresponding deflection and rotation of
the member ends. The following equations are used to calculate the local joint flexibility (LJF):

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 (44)

(45)

(46)

in which

(47)

where Dc and Tc are the chord diameter and thickness, respectively, Db is the brace diameter, q is the
angle between the brace and chord and E is the chord elastic modulus.

Note: The flexibility of a connection with a non-tubular brace is determined using an equivalent brace
diameter.

4.5.2 Tubular Connection Capacity

Collapse uses an ultimate limit state approach to check for tubular joint failure where chord and brace
capacities are calculated based on either the API RP 2A-LRFD or the Norsok recommendations. For the
API-LRFD standard, the connection capacity ratio is determined for the connection based on the
following equation:[13]

(48)

where the subscripts ipb and opb refer to in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending, respectively, PD is
the axial load in the brace member, Puj is the ultimate joint axial capacity, MD is the bending moment in
the brace member, Muj is the ultimate joint bending moment capacity and φj is the ultimate strength
resistance factor for tubular joints. For the Norsok standard, the connection capacity ratio is determined
for the connection based on the following inequality:[14]

(49)

When the joint capacity ratio determined from equation (48) or (49) exceeds 1.0, the connection is
considered to have failed. Once the connection has failed, the brace stiffness is removed from the
analysis.
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5 FOUNDATION
The effects of the nonlinear foundation including piles below the mud-line and the soil may be
accounted for in the plastic collapse analysis.

5.1 PILE REPRESENTATION

The piles are represented structurally as segmented members using a full 3-D finite element approach
including shear deformation as shown in the figure below:

The 3-D analysis allows the pile to deflect in any direction at any point down along the length of the pile.

5.2 SOIL REPRESENTATION

The axial soil representation can be either T-Z data where the soil resistance is a function of the axial
displacement or adhesion data where the axial load in the pile is removed at the rate of the soil
capacity. The T-Z approach would be preferred since the relative stiffness of the soil and the pile is
represented. The end bearing is also represented by either a load versus deflection (T-Z) or as a total
capacity. For the lateral soil data, the load versus deflection (P-Y) is used. Torsion of the pile is normally
represented by a torsional spring.

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6 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
This section presents some sample problems used to illustrate some of the features and capabilities of
the Collapse program module. Two sample problems are detailed:

1. The first sample problem is a simply supported beam used to demonstrate the elasto-plastic
behavior of the element.

2. The second sample problem is an environmental loading push over analysis of a frame type
structure.

6.1 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Sample Problem 1 illustrates an elasto-plastic beam analysis. This sample problem considers a simply
supported beam with a point load at midspan. The beam is restrained in the axial direction so that
membrane action is introduced at large deflections. The beam is of circular cross section and is modeled
as two elements as shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1

The Collapse model file for the simply supported beam follows:

The Collapse input file containing the Collapse analysis input data is shown below:

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SACS® Collapse Release 11.0.0.1

The following is a description of selected input used in the Collapse input file for the sample problem:

A. The collapse analysis options are specified on the line labeled CLPOPT as follows:

a. The maximum number of iterations per load increment is set to 80 in columns 12-13 and
the default number of member iterations is used (20 in columns 17-19).

b. The number of segments per member is set to the default value of 8 and the default
values for convergence criterion was used.

c. Strain hardening ratio of .002 was specified in columns 76-80.

B. The joint displacements, joint reactions and member stresses are reported at every load
increment as designated by ‘P1’, ‘M1’ and ‘R1’ on the CLPRPT input line.

C. The load sequence is input on the LDSEQ input line as follows:

a. Load case 1 is to be applied in 250 increments starting with a load factor of 0.0 and
ending with a load factor of 90.0

D. The end of input is designated by the input line labeled END.

Figure 2 below shows a color coded plastic interaction plot of the sample problem generated by
Collapse View, the interactive collapse view program.

Figure 2

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SACS® Collapse Release 11.0.0.1

Figure 3 shows a typical load displacement plot generated by Collapse View, the Collapse interactive
viewing program:

Figure 3

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Portions from the Collapse output file follow:

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 43

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 44

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6.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
This sample problem illustrates an elasto-plastic frame push-over analysis. It considers a two bay X-
braced plane frame shown below. The frame is initially loaded in-plane with vertical and horizontal point
loads P and H, respectively. A horizontal wave load acting on the structure is then incremented until
collapse occurs.

Figure 4

The Collapse load data from the model file for the X-braced frame is shown below.

The following is a description of selected input lines used in the load data:

A. Load condition 1 represents the application of two vertical joint loads at top of the frame.

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SACS® Collapse Release 11.0.0.1

 B. Load condition 2 represent the application of a lateral load at top of the frame.

C. Load condition 3 represents the application of a wave load to the structure.

The collapse input file containing the collapse analysis data is shown below.

The following is a description of input lines used in the Collapse input file:

A. Collapse analysis options were designated on the CLPOPT line as follows:

a. The maximum number of iterations per load increment is set to 80 while the maximum
number of member iterations is set to the default value of 20.

b. The number of segments per member is set to the default value of 8.

c. The analysis is to continue if the maximum number of iterations is exceeded as designated

by ‘CN’.

d. The effects of local buckling effects and joint flexibility are to be considered.

e. The default values for deflection tolerance, rotation tolerance and member deflection
tolerance are to be used.

f. The strain hardening ratio is set to 0.002 in columns 76-80.

B. Output reports consisting of joint deflections, member stresses and joint reactions for every
load increment as specified by ‘P1’, ‘M1’ and ‘R1’, respectively, on the CLPRPT line.

C. The first load sequence to be analyzed, named LSQ1, is defined on the first LDSEQ input line
as follows:

a. Load case 1 is to be applied in 5 increments starting with a load factor of 0.0 and ending
with a load factor of 1.0.

b. The second load step consists of load case 2 applied over 10 increments. Each increment
shall increase the load by a factor of 0.875 as defined by a starting factor of 0.0 and a final
load factor of 8.75.

Note: The load increment factor is determined as (final factor - start factor) / number of
increments or in this case (8.75 - 0.0) / 10 or 0.875.

c. The wave load, load case 3, is then applied over 90 increments up to a maximum load
factor of 50 as the final load step.

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 D. The second load sequence to be analyzed is defined on the second LDSEQ input line.

a. Load case 1 is to be applied in 5 increments starting with a load factor of 0.0 and ending
with a load factor of 2.0.

b. Load case 2 is applied over 10 increments up to a load factor of 8.75 as the second load
step.

c. Finally the wave load, load case 3, is applied over 90 increments up to a maximum load
factor of 50 as the final load step.

E. the GRPELA (or GRPDEL) input line specifies that the material for all elements assigned to
group HOR is to remain elastic throughout the analysis.

F. the END line designates the end of input data.

Figures 5 and 6 show color coded plastic interaction plots for load increments 53 and 54, respectively.

Note: The nonlinear plastic analysis results may be viewed in a 3D interactive graphical environment
using the Collapse View program.

Figure 5

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 Figure 6

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7 REFERENCES
[1] Rubinstein, M. F.
“Structural Systems - Statics, Dynamics, and Stability”
Prentice - Hall, Inc. 1970

[2] Langhaar, H. L.
“Energy Methods in Applied Mechanics”
Wiley, New York, 1962

[3] Thompson, J. M. T.
“Basic Principles in the General Theory of Elastic Stability”
Journal of Mech. Physics Solids, Vol. 11 pp. 13-21, 1963

[4] Roberts, T M
“Second Order Strains and Instability of Thin Walled Bars of Open Cross-Section”
Int. J Mech. Sci., Vol 23, pp 297-306, 1981

[5] Jhita, P.S.

“The Stability and Post-Buckling Behavior of Stiffened Plates in Compression”
PhD Thesis, College of Aeronautics, Cranfield Institute of Technology.

[6] Crisfield, M A
“Large deflection elasto-plastic buckling analysis of plates using finite elements”
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, 1973, Report LR 593

[7] Timoshenko, S P and Woinowsky-Krieger, S

“Theory of Plates and Shells”
McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, Ltd.

[8] Ugural, A C and Fenster, S K

“Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity”Elsevier, 1987

[9] Timoshenko, S P and Gere, J M

“Theory of Elastic Stability”
McGraw-Hill, NY

[10] Roberts, T M and Azizian, Z G

“Nonlinear analysis of thin walled bars of open cross-section”
Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 25, No. 8, pp 565-577, 1983

[11] Marshall, P W and Gates, W E and Anagnostopoulos, S

“Inelastic Dynamic Analysis of Tubular Offshore Structures”
OTC 2908, pp 235-246, 1977

[12] Fessler, H., Mockford, P.B. and Webster, J.J.

“Parametric Equations for the Flexibility Matrices of Single Brace Tubular Joints in Offshore Structures”
Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs, Part 2, 81, December 1986.

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[13] API RP 2A-LRFD
American Petroleum Institute, First Edition, July 1, 1993

[14] Norsok Standard N-004

“Design of Steel Structures”, Rev. 1, December 1998SAMPLE PROBLEMS

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 8 INPUT LINES

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 COLLAPSE ANALYSIS INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________ COLUMNS COMMENTARY ___________________________
(50-51) ENTER 'SF' TO CREATE SACS IV FILE WITH FINAL DEFLECTED SHAPE.
GENERAL THIS LINE IS REQUIRED IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS
USED TO SPECIFY THE OVERALL ANALYSIS PARAMETERS. (52-53) IF THE LOCAL BUCKLING OPTION 'LB' IS REQUESTED, ENTER THE
METHOD USED TO DETERMINE LOCAL BUCKLING CRITERIA AS:
(11-13) ENTER MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS FOR EACH LOADING 'MG' - MARSHALL GATES LOWER LIMIT OF CRITICAL STRAIN.
INCREMENT. '2U' - API BULLETIN 2U.
'LR' - API LRFD.
(14-16) ENTER THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF SEGMENTS THAT A MEMBER IS TO BE 'IS' - ISO 19902 SECTION 13.2.3.3.
DIVIDED FOR THE NONLINEAR MEMBER ANALYSIS. A NON-PRISMATIC
MEMBER MAY RESULT IN MORE THAN THIS NUMBER SINCE EACH SEGMENT (56-60) ENTER THE DEFLECTION TOLERANCE REQUIRED FOR CONVERGENCE OF
WILL BE LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO THE SECTION LENGTH. ANY LOAD INCREMENT.

(17-19) ENTER THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIVE LOOPS FOR EACH MEMBER (61-65) ENTER THE ROTATION TOLERANCE REQUIRED FOR CONVERGENCE OF ANY
ANALYSIS. LOAD INCREMENT.

(26-41) SELECT FROM THE FOLLOWING ANALYSIS OPTIONS: (66-70) ENTER THE CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE FOR THE MEMBERS.
'LB' - LOCAL BUCKLING EFFECTS INCLUDED.
'JF' - JOINT FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS INCLUDED. (71-75) ENTER THE MAXIMUM DEFLECTION ALLOWED BEFORE THE STRUCTURE IS
'FF' - JOINT FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS FROM SINGLE BRACE FORMULATION CONSIDERED COLLAPSED.

DUE TO FESSLER, MOCKFORD AND WEBSTER. (76-80) ENTER THE STRAIN HARDENING RATIO. THIS IS THE RATIO OF THE
'BF' - JOINT FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS FROM SINGLE BRACE FORMULATION SLOPE OF THE PLASTIC PORTION OF THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE TO
THE SLOPE OF THE ELASTIC PORTION.
DUE TO BUITRAGO, HEALY AND CHANG.
'NS' - SKIPPED MEMBERS NOT TREATED AS LINEAR.
'PP' - INCLUDE PILE PLASTICITY.
'CN' - CONTINUE IF MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS IS EXCEEDED.
'JS' - JOINT STRENGTH CHECK (API-LRFD).
'N1' - JOINT STRENGTH CHECK (NORSOK N-004 REV. 1).
'ND' - JOINT STRENGTH CHECK (NORSOK N-004 REV. 2).
'IS' - JOINT STRENGTH CHECK (ISO 19902)
'DY' - DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OPTION.
'ME' - ALL MEMBERS ELASTIC.
'PE' - ALL PLATES ELASTIC.
'EB' - ELASTIC BUCKLING MONITOR

ANALYSIS PARAMETERS ANALYSIS OPTIONS CONVERGENCE CRITERIA

CREATE LOCAL STRAIN

LINE MAXIMUM COLLAPSE
MAXIMUM MODEL BUCKLING HARDENING
LABEL NUMBER OF NUMBER OF MEMBER DEFLECTION
NUMBER OF FILE METHOD DEFLECTION ROTATION RATIO
ITERATIONS MEMBER 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH DEFLECTION
MEMBER TOLERANCE TOLERANCE
PER LOAD SEGMENTS TOLERANCE
ITERATIONS
INCREMENT

CLPOPT
1-- 6 11-->13 14-->16 17-->19 26--27 28--29 30--31 32--33 34--35 36--37 38--39 40--41 50--51 52--53 56<--60 61<--65 66<--70 71<--75 76<--80

DEFAULT 20 8 20 0.01 ENG 0.001 0.01 ENG 1000.0 ENG

ENGLISH IN RAD IN IN

METRIC CM RAD CM CM
 COLLAPSE ANALYSIS INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS USED TO SPECIFY ADDITIONAL OVERALL ANALYSIS

PARAMETERS.

( 8-13) ENTER THE MEMBER ECCENTRICITY RATIO WHICH IS DEFINED AS:

ER = E * C / R**2 WHERE
E - ECCENTRICITY
C - DISTANCE FROM NEUTRAL AXIS TO EXTREME FIBER
R - RADIUS OF GYRATION

(15-20) ENTER MAXIMUM DUCTILITY ALLOWED FOR ANY MEMBER. ANY MEMBER
THAT EXCEEDS THIS LIMIT WILL BE TREATED AS FRACTURED.

MEMBER MAXIMUM
LINE
ECCENTRICITY DUCTILITY LEAVE BLANK
LABEL
RATIO ALLOWED

CLPOP2
1-- 6 8<--13 15<--20 21------------------80

DEFAULT 0.25

ENGLISH PERCENT

METRIC PERCENT
 MSL JOINT FLEXIBILITY OPTIONS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS REQUIRED TO SPECIFY PARAMETERS WHEN USING JOINT

FLEXIBILITY OPTIONS FROM MSL.

( 8- 9) SELECT THE FLEXIBILITY OPTION:

'MF' - MEAN LEVEL
'CF' - CHARACTERISTIC LEVEL

(10-11) SELECT THE STRENGTH CHECK OPTION:

'MS' - MEAN LEVEL
'CS' - CHARACTERISTIC LEVEL

(12-13) SELECT THE FRACTURE CHECK OPTION:

'MT' - MEAN LEVEL
'CT' - CHARACTERISTIC LEVEL

(15-19) ENTER THE JOINT DISTORTION TOLERANCE.

(20-24) ENTER THE JOINT ROTATION TOLERANCE.

TOLERANCES
LINE JOINT JOINT JOINT
LEAVE BLANK
LABEL FLEXIBILITY STRENGTH FRACTURE DISTORTION ROTATION
TOLERANCE TOLERANCE
MSLOPT
1-- 6 8-- 9 10--11 12--13 15<--19 20<--24 25<------80

DEFAULT 0.001 ENGL 0.001

ENGLISH IN RAD

METRIC CM RAD
 COLLAPSE ANALYSIS REPORT SELECTION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________ COLUMNS COMMENTARY ___________________________
(32-36) ENTER THE PLASTICITY RATIO FOR THE MEMBER STRESS REPORT. ONLY
GENERAL THIS LINE IS USED TO SPECIFY THE COLLAPSE OUTPUT REPORT THOSE MEMBER SEGMENTS THAT EXCEED THIS LEVEL WILL BE INCLUDED
SELECTIONS. IN THIS REPORT.

( 8-29) SELECT FROM THE FOLLOWING OUTPUT REPORT CHOICES: (38-42) ENTER THE PLASTICITY RATIO FOR THE PILE DETAIL REPORT. ONLY
JOINT DISPLACEMENT REPORT OPTION: THOSE PILE INCREMENTS THAT EXCEED THIS LEVEL WILL BE INCLUDED
'P0' - PRINT FINAL DEFLECTIONS ONLY (DEFAULT) IN THIS REPORT.
'P1' - PRINT EVERY LOAD INCREMENT
'P2' - PRINT EVERY LOOP AND EVERY LOAD INCREMENT (44-48) ENTER THE PLASTICITY RATIO FOR THE PLATE STRESS DETAIL REPORT.
JOINT REACTION REPORT OPTION: ONLY THOSE MEMBER SEGMENTS THAT EXCEED THIS LEVEL WILL BE
'R0' - PRINT FINAL REACTIONS (DEFAULT) INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT.
'R1' - PRINT REACTIONS AT EACH LOAD INCREMENT
'R2' - PRINT REACTIONS AT EACH LOOP (50-51) ENTER 'ES' TO PRODUCE A PLATE STRAIN REPORT. THE REPORT IS
MEMBER STRESSES AND INTERNAL LOADS REPORT OPTION: GENERATED WHENEVER A PLATE STRESS REPORT IS GENERATED.
'M0' - PRINT FINAL MEMBER STRESSES (DEFAULT)
'M1' - PRINT MEMBER STRESSES AT EACH LOAD INCREMENT (52-53) ENTER 'ER' TO PRODUCE A PLATE STRAIN RATE REPORT.
'M2' - PRINT MEMBER STRESSES AT EACH LOOP THE REPORT IS GENERATED AT THE END OF EACH LOAD INCREMENT.
'MP' - OPTION TO ONLY INCLUDE PLASTIC MEMBERS IN
MEMBER INTERNAL LOADS REPORT (54-55) ENTER 'PS' TO PRODUCE A PLATE PRINCIPAL STRAIN REPORT. THE
'SP' - PRINT MEMBER STRESSES AT EACH SUBAREA AROUND REPORT IS GENERATED WHENEVER A PLATE STRESS REPORT IS
THE CROSS SECTION
JOINT STRENGTH REPORT OPTION:
'J1' - PRINT JOINT STRENGTH AT EACH LOAD INCREMENT (56-57) ENTER 'PR' TO PRODUCE A PLATE PRINCIPAL STRAIN RATE REPORT.
'J2' - PRINT JOINT STRENGTH AT EACH LOOP THE REPORT IS GENERATED AT THE END OF EACH LOAD INCREMENT.
SUMMARY REPORT OPTION:
'SM' - COLLAPSE SUMMARY REPORT
'MS' - MEMBER SUMMARY REPORT OPTION
'PW' - OPTION TO PRINT MEMBER WARNING MESSAGES

(26-27) PILEHEAD REACTION REPORT OPTION:

'F0' - PRINT FINAL REACTIONS
'F1' - PRINT REACTIONS AT EACH LOAD INCREMENT
'F2' - PRINT REACTIONS AT EACH LOOP

(30-31) ENTER 'VM' FOR A VON MISES STRESS CHECK FOR PLATES DESIGNATED
AS ELASTIC.

OUTPUT SELECTIONS PLATE STRAIN REPORT SELECTIONS

MEMBER PILE PLATE
VON
DETAIL DETAIL DETAIL
LINE MISES
REPORT REPORT REPORT LEAVE BLANK
LABEL PLATE
PLASTIC PLASTIC PLASTIC
CHECK PRINCIPAL
RATIO RATIO RATIO STRAIN PRINCIPAL
1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH STRAIN STRAIN
RATE STRAIN
RATE

CLPRPT

1-- 6 8-- 9 10--11 12--13 14--15 16--17 18--19 20--21 22--23 24--25 26--27 28--29 30--31 32--36 38--42 44--48 50--51 52--53 54--55 56--57 58--80
 LOADING SEQUENCE INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS REQUIRED IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SPECIFY THE LOAD SEQUENCE. IN A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS,
THE ORDER IN WHICH LOADS ARE APPLIED CAN BE SIGNIFICANT. FOR
EXAMPLE, THE DEAD LOAD SHOULD BE APPLIED BEFORE ANY
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADING. AS MANY AS SIX LOAD SEQUENCES CAN BE
DEFINED. EACH OF THESE WILL BE ANALYZED AS INDEPENDENT
NONLINEAR ANALYSES. A TOTAL OF 50 LOAD PATHS ARE ALLOWED.

( 7-10) ENTER THE IDENTIFICATION OF THIS LOAD SEQUENCE. EACH LOAD

SEQUENCE MUST HAVE A NON-BLANK LOAD SEQUENCE IDENTIFIER. IF
THIS FIELD IS LEFT BLANK, THE LOAD PATHS ARE APPLIED TO THE
PREVIOUS LOAD SEQUENCE.

(21-24) ENTER THE SACS IV LOAD CASE NAME FOR THE FIRST LOAD TO BE
APPLIED.

(25-28) ENTER THE NUMBER OF INCREMENTS FOR THIS LOAD STEP. THIS IS
THE NUMBER OF STEPS FROM THE STARTING LOAD FACTOR TO THE
ENDING LOAD FACTOR. IF THE STARTING FACTOR IS GREATER THAN
ZERO, THEN AN ADDITIONAL LOAD STEP IS CREATED TO REACH THE
STARTING LOAD FACTOR POSITION.

(29-34) ENTER THE STARTING LOAD FACTOR. THIS FACTOR CAN BE USED TO
SKIP THE LINEAR PORTION ON THE ANALYSIS AND SAVE UNNECESSARY
RUN TIME.

(35-40) ENTER THE ENDING LOAD FACTOR. THIS FACTOR MUST BE GREATER
THAN OR EQUAL TO THE STARTING FACTOR.

(41-60) ENTER THE PARAMETERS FOR THE SECOND LOAD STEP.

(61-80) ENTER THE PARAMETERS FOR THE THIRD LOAD STEP.

NOTE: IF MORE THAN 3 LOAD STEPS ARE DESIRED, THEY MAY BE

ENTERED ON ADDITIONAL LDSEQ INPUT LINES LEAVING THE LOAD
SEQUENCE IDENTIFIER BLANK.

FIRST LOAD STEP SECOND LOAD STEP THIRD LOAD STEP

LOAD
LINE
SEQUENCE
LABEL LOAD LOAD LOAD
ID NUMBER OF STARTING ENDING NUMBER OF STARTING ENDING NUMBER OF STARTING ENDING
CASE CASE CASE
INCREMENTS FACTOR FACTOR INCREMENTS FACTOR FACTOR INCREMENTS FACTOR FACTOR
NAME NAME NAME
LDSEQ

1-- 5 7--10 21-->24 25-->28 29<--34 35<--40 41-->44 45-->48 49<--54 55<--60 61-->64 65-->68 69<--74 75<--80
 LOADING SEQUENCE INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE CAN BE USED IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. HOWEVER,
IT IS REQUIRED FOR ANY DYNAMIC COLLAPSE ANALYSIS. IT IS USED
TO SPECIFY THE LOAD STEPS IN A LOAD SEQUENCE AND ALSO THE
TIME DURATION FOR THE LOAD STEPS. IN A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS,
THE ORDER IN WHICH LOADS ARE APPLIED CAN BE SIGNIFICANT. FOR
EXAMPLE, THE DEAD LOAD SHOULD BE APPLIED BEFORE ANY
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADING. AS MANY AS SIX LOAD SEQUENCES CAN BE
DEFINED. EACH OF THESE WILL BE ANALYZED AS INDEPENDENT
NONLINEAR ANALYSES. A TOTAL OF 50 LOAD PATHS ARE ALLOWED.

( 7-10) ENTER THE IDENTIFICATION OF THIS LOAD SEQUENCE. EACH LOAD

SEQUENCE MUST HAVE A NON-BLANK LOAD SEQUENCE IDENTIFIER. IF
THIS FIELD IS LEFT BLANK, THE LOAD PATHS ARE APPLIED TO THE
PREVIOUS LOAD SEQUENCE.

(21-24) ENTER THE SACS IV LOAD CASE NAME FOR THE FIRST LOAD TO BE
APPLIED.

(25-29) ENTER THE NUMBER OF INCREMENTS FOR THIS LOAD STEP. THIS IS
THE NUMBER OF STEPS FROM THE STARTING LOAD FACTOR TO THE
ENDING LOAD FACTOR. IF THE STARTING FACTOR IS GREATER THAN
ZERO, THEN AN ADDITIONAL LOAD STEP IS CREATED TO REACH THE
STARTING LOAD FACTOR POSITION.

(30-36) ENTER THE STARTING LOAD FACTOR. THIS FACTOR CAN BE USED TO
SKIP THE LINEAR PORTION ON THE ANALYSIS AND SAVE UNNECESSARY
RUN TIME.

(37-43) ENTER THE ENDING LOAD FACTOR. THIS FACTOR MUST BE GREATER
THAN OR EQUAL TO THE STARTING FACTOR.

(44-50) ENTER THE TIME DURATION FOR THIS LOAD STEP. THIS IS REQUIRED
FOR A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS.

LOAD LOAD
LINE NUMBER OF STARTING ENDING
SEQUENCE CASE TIME DURATION LEAVE BLANK
LABEL INCREMENTS FACTOR FACTOR
ID NAME

LDAPL

1-- 5 7--10 21-->24 25-->29 30<--36 37<--43 44<--50 51------80

 SHIP IMPACT ENERGY
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE SPECIFIES THE TOTAL IMPACT ENERGY IN A SHIP IMPACT.
IT PROVIDES A MEANS FOR THE USER TO SPECIFY SHIP VELOCITY AND
MASS WITH THE PROGRAM COMPUTING IMPACT ENERGY.

( 8-15) ENTER THE SHIP MASS M.

(17-22) ENTER THE ADDED MASS COEFFICIENT C. SHIP KINETIC ENERGY IS

CALCULATED WITH THE FORMULA Ek = 1/2*C*M*V^2.

(24-29) ENTER THE SHIP VELOCITY V.

ADDED
LINE SHIP SHIP
MASS LEAVE BLANK
LABEL MASS VELOCITY
COEFFICIENT

ENERGY
1-- 6 8<--15 17<--22 24<--29 30----80

DEFAULT

ENGLISH TON FT/S

METRIC TONNE M/S

 IMPACT LOAD CASE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________ COLUMNS COMMENTARY ___________________________
(38-38) DENT ENERGY FORMULA:
GENERAL THIS LINE SPECIFIES THE POSITION AND THE TOTAL IMPACT ENERGY 'BLANK' - NO DENTED MEMBER
TO BE ABSORBED IN AN IMPACT EVENT. ONE IMPACT LINE IS ANALYZED 'F' - FURNES FORMULA (API C18.9.2-2)
PER COLLAPSE EXECUTION. 'E' - ELLINAS FORMULA (API C18.9.2-7)

( 8-11) ENTER THE IMPACT LOAD CASE NAME IN THE MODEL USED TO DEFINE (40-43) ENTER JOINT 'A' OF DENTED MEMBER.
THE PERSETS FOR ENERGY CALCULATIONS.
(45-48) ENTER JOINT 'B' OF DENTED MEMBER.
(13-16) ENTER THE IMPACT JOINT NAME. ENERGY FOR THIS LOAD CASE WILL
BE TRANSFERRED TO THE STRUCTURE THROUGH THIS JOINT. LEAVE (50-52) ENTER 'ALL' TO SPECIFY THAT ALL LOADED JOINTS IN THE IMPACT
BLANK IF ALL LOADED JOINTS IN THE IMPACT LOAD CONDITION ARE LOAD CONDITION WILL BE USED FOR THE MONITORING OF STRUCTRUAL
TO BE USED FOR THE MONITORING OF STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION ENERGY. DEFORMATION ENERGY.

(56-61) ENTER A LIMIT FOR THE B RATIO, WHERE B = BRACE OD / DENT DEPTH.
(18-25) ENTER THE TOTAL IMPACT ENERGY TO BE ABSORBED. IF LEFT BLANK THE MEMBER INDENTATION ENERGY ABSORPTION WILL BE LIMITED BY
THE TOTAL IMPACT ENERGY WILL BE CALCULATED USING THE 'ENERGY' THE INDENTATION ENERGY CALCULATED FROM THIS VALUE OF B.
LINE.
(63-68) ENTER A LIMIT FOR THE PERCENTAGE OF THE KINETIC ENERGY OF
(27-30) ENTER THE SHIP INDENTATION CURVE NAME. THERE ARE FIVE IMPACT THAT IS TO BE ABSORBED AS MEMBER
STANDARD NAMES WHICH MAY BE ENTERED: INDENTATION ENERGY.
'DNV1' - BOW IMPACT FROM DNV TN A 202.
'DNV2' - BROAD SIDE IMPACT (D=1.5M) FROM DNV TN A 202.
'DNV3' - BROAD SIDE IMPACT (D=10.M) FROM DNV TN A 202.
'DNV4' - STERN IMPACT (D=1.5M) FROM DNV TN A 202.
'DNV5' - STERN IMPACT (D=10.M) FROM DNV TN A 202.

USER-SPECIFIED SHIP INDENTATION CURVES MAY BE SUPPLIED WITH

THE 'SHPIND' LINE SET. LEAVING THIS FIELD BLANK MEANS THAT
THE TOTAL ABSORBED ENERGY WILL BE DUE TO STRUCTURAL
DEFORMATION ALONE.

(32-33) ENTER 'EX' TO EXCLUDE AUTOMATIC UNLOADING AFTER IMPACT.

AUTOMATIC UNLOADING IS INCLUDED BY DEFAULT.

MEMBER DENT
IMPACT IMPACT IMPACT SHIP EXCLUDE MEMBER DENTED MEMBER ALL
LINE ENERGY LIMIT LEAVE
LOAD JOINT ENERGY INDENTATION AUTOMATIC DENT LOADS
LABEL BLANK
CASE NAME ABSORBED CURVE NAME UNLOADING OPTION SPECIFIER
JOINT A JOINT B B %

IMPACT
1-- 6 8-->11 13-->16 18<--25 27-->30 32<--33 38 40-->43 45-->48 50--52 56<--61 63<--68 69--80

DEFAULT NONE NONE

ENGLISH KIP-FT

METRIC MJ
 SHIP INDENTATION CURVE INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS OPTIONAL LINE SET IS USED TO DEFINE A SHIP INDENTATION

CURVE. THE SHIP INDENTATION CURVE IS REFERENCED BY THE
'IMPACT' LINE. FOR SHIP INDENTATION CURVES WITH MANY
FORCE/INDENTATION PAIRS, THIS LINE IS REPEATED WITHOUT THE
INDENTATION CURVE NAME UNTIL THE CURVE DEFINITION IS COMPLETE.

( 8-11) ENTER THE INDENTATION CURVE IDENTIFIER ON THE FIRST LINE OF A

'SHPIND' LINE SET.

(13-18) ENTER THE SHIP FORCE.

(20-24) ENTER THE SHIP INDENTATION. SUBSEQUENT FORCE/INDENTATION

PAIRS ARE ENTERED SIMILARLY. A BLANK FORCE/INDENTATION PAIR
IS SKIPPED.

INDENTATION
LINE SHIP SHIP SHIP SHIP SHIP
CURVE FORCE FORCE FORCE FORCE FORCE
LABEL INDENTATION INDENTATION INDENTATION INDENTATION INDENTATION
NAME

SHPIND
1-- 6 8-->11 13<--18 20<--24 26<--31 33<--37 39<--44 46<--50 52<--57 59<--63 65<--70 72<--77

DEFAULT

ENGLISH KIP FT KIP FT KIP FT KIP FT KIP FT

METRIC(KN) MN M MN M MN M MN M MN M

METRIC(KG) TONNE M TONNE M TONNE M TONNE M TONNE M

 JOINT SELECTION INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SELECT JOINTS FOR DEFLECTION PRINT. IF OMITTED, THEN
ALL JOINTS ARE SELECTED BY DEFAULT.

(12-80) ENTER THE JOINT NAMES OF JOINTS SELECTED FOR OUTPUT

DEFLECTION PRINT. USE AS MANY OF THESE INPUT LINES AS DESIRED.

JOINT SELECTIONS FOR DEFLECTION PRINT

LINE
LABEL 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH 12TH 13TH 14TH
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
JTSEL

1-- 5 12-->15 17-->20 22-->25 27-->30 32-->35 37-->40 42-->45 47-->50 52-->55 57-->60 62-->65 67-->70 72-->75 77-->80
 MEMBER SELECTION INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SELECT MEMBERS FOR OUTPUT PRINT. IF OMITTED, THEN
ALL MEMBERS ARE SELECTED BY DEFAULT.

(12-80) ENTER THE CONNECTING JOINT NAMES OF MEMBERS SELECTED FOR

OUTPUT PRINT. USE AS MANY OF THESE INPUT LINES AS DESIRED.

MEMBER SELECTIONS FOR OUTPUT REPORTS

LINE
1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER 7TH MEMBER
LABEL
1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
MEMSEL

1-- 6 12-->15 17-->20 22-->25 27-->30 32-->35 37-->40 42-->45 47-->50 52-->55 57-->60 62-->65 67-->70 72-->75 77-->80
 PLATE SELECTION INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SELECT PLATES FOR OUTPUT PRINT. IF OMITTED, THEN ALL
PLATES ARE SELECTED BY DEFAULT.

(12-80) ENTER THE PLATE IDENTIFIERS OF PLATES SELECTED FOR OUTPUT

PRINT. USE AS MANY OF THESE INPUT LINES AS DESIRED.

PLATE SELECTIONS FOR OUTPUT REPORTS

LINE
LABEL 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH 12TH 13TH 14TH
PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE
PLTSEL

1-- 6 12-->15 17-->20 22-->25 27-->30 32-->35 37-->40 42-->45 47-->50 52-->55 57-->60 62-->65 67-->70 72-->75 77-->80
 GROUTED MEMBER YIELD STRESS MODIFICATION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SPECIFY THE YIELD STRESS FOR GROUTED TUBULAR MEMBERS.
THE LINE MAY BE APPLIED ONLY TO CROSS SECTIONS WITH THE 'TUB'
TYPE WHICH HAVE A SPECIFIED INNER TUBE. IF APPLIED TO MEMBERS
WITHOUT THE 'TUB' CROSS SECTION TYPE, OR TO MEMBERS WITH THE
'TUB' CROSS SECTION TYPE BUT WITHOUT AN INNER TUBE, THIS LINE
IS IGNORED.

( 8-12) ENTER THE YIELD STRESS. THIS YIELD STRESS IS APPLIED ONLY TO
THE INNER (GROUTED) TUBE OF THE 'TUB' CROSS SECTION.

(14-72) ENTER THE CONNECTING JOINT NAMES OF UP TO SIX GROUTED TUBULAR

MEMBERS SELECTED FOR GROUTED YIELD STRESS MODIFICATION. USE
AS MANY 'GRMSEL' INPUT LINES AS REQUIRED.

GROUTED MEMBER SELECTION FOR YIELD STRESS MODIFICATION

LINE YIELD
1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LABEL STRESS
1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
GRMSEL
1-- 6 8<--12 14-->17 19-->22 24-->27 29-->32 34-->37 39-->42 44-->47 49-->52 54-->57 59-->62 64-->67 69-->72

DEFAULT

ENGLISH KSI

METRIC(KN) KN/SQ.CM

METRIC(KG) KG/SQ.CM
 ELASTIC PLATE GROUP SELECTION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO DESIGNATE PLATES AS ELASTIC.

(12-79) ENTER THE PLATE GROUP IDENTIFIERS OF PLATES SELECTED AS

ELASTIC. USE AS MANY OF THESE INPUT LINES AS DESIRED.

ELASTIC PLATE GROUP SELECTIONS

LINE
LABEL 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH 12TH 13TH 14TH
GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
PGRELA

1-- 6 12-->14 17-->19 22-->24 27-->29 32-->34 37-->39 42-->44 47-->49 52-->54 57-->59 62-->64 67-->69 72-->74 77-->79
 ELASTIC PLATE SELECTION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO DESIGNATE PLATES AS ELASTIC.

(12-80) ENTER THE PLATE IDENTIFIERS OF PLATES SELECTED AS ELASTIC.

USE AS MANY OF THESE INPUT LINES AS DESIRED.

ELASTIC PLATE SELECTIONS

LINE
LABEL 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH 12TH 13TH 14TH
PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE
PLTELA

1-- 6 12-->15 17-->20 22-->25 27-->30 32-->35 37-->40 42-->45 47-->50 52-->55 57-->60 62-->65 67-->70 72-->75 77-->80
 JOINT STRENGTH OPTION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SPECIFY JOINT STRENGTH OPTIONS. IF OMITTED, THEN
DEFAULT OPTIONS WILL BE USED.

( 11 ) IF THE BRACE LOADS ARE TO BE BACKED OFF TO THE CHORD OUTER

SURFACE, ENTER 'R' HERE. OTHERWISE, THE PROGRAM WILL USE THE
BRACE END FORCES.

(12-17) ENTER THE MINIMUM GAP ALLOWED FOR THE JOINT STRENGTH ANALYSIS.

(18-23) ENTER THE MAXIMUM GAP ALLOWED FOR THE JOINT STRENGTH ANALYSIS.

( 25 ) USE EFFECTIVE THICKNESS FOR GROUTED ELEMENTS. ENTER '1' FOR

EFF THICK BASED ON THE COMPOSITE SECTION MOMENT OF INERTIA OR
'2' FOR EFF THICK BASED ON MOMENT OF INERTIAS OF THE TWO WALLS.

(26-30) ENTER THE EFFECTIVE THICKNESS LIMIT EXPRESSED AS A FACTOR OF

THE WALL THICKNESS OF THE LARGER (OUTSIDE) TUBE.

(31-35) ENTER THE UNITY CHECK LOWER LIMIT. ONLY JOINTS WITH STRENGTH
UNITY CHECK RATIOS ABOVE THIS VALUE WILL BE REPORTED.

( 37 ) PERFORM THE ISO 19902 JOINT STRENGTH CHECK USING

BRACE UTILIZATION. ENTER
'U' TO ASSUME A BRACE UTILIZATION OF UNITY, ENTER A 'B' TO
CALCULATE THE BRACE-END UTILIZATION USING ISO 19902 EQUATIONS
13.3-2 AND 13.3-8.

EFFECTIVE
EFFECTIVE PRINT BRACE
LINE RELIEF MINIMUM MAXIMUM THICKNESS
THICKNESS UC UTILIZATION LEAVE BLANK
LABEL OPTION GAP GAP LIMIT
OPTION LEVEL OPTION
RATIO

JSOPT
1-- 5 11 12<--17 18<--23 25 26<--30 31--35 37 38--80

DEFAULT -100.0 ENGL +1000.0 ENGL 1.75

ENGLISH IN IN

METRIC CM CM
 JOINT STRENGTH JOINT SELECTION LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE ALLOWS THE USER TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE JOINTS WHEN
CONSIDERING JOINT STRENGTH. ALL BRACES CONNECTED TO THE
SPECIFIED JOINTS ARE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED PROVIDED ONE OF THE
JOINT STRENGTH OPTIONS IS SPECIFIED ON THE CLPOPT LINE. THIS
LINE IS IGNORED IF NO STRENGTH OPTION IS SPECIFIED ON THE
CLPOPT LINE.

( 1- 5) ENTER 'JSSEL'.

( 7 ) ENTER 'I' TO INCLUDE OR 'X' TO EXCLUDE THE JOINTS SPECIFIED.

NOTE: THE INCLUDE AND EXCLUDE OPTIONS ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND
CANNOT BE USED TOGETHER. ALL JOINTS SPECIFIED ON JSSEL LINES
MUST BE EITHER INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

( 9-12) ENTER THE NAME OF THE FIRST JOINT TO BE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

(14-77) ENTER ADDITIONAL JOINTS TO BE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

JOINT NAMES
INCLUDE
LINE
OR
LABEL
EXCLUDE 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH 12TH 13TH 14TH
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT

JSSEL

1-- 5 7 9-->12 14-->17 19-->22 24-->27 29-->32 34-->37 39-->42 44-->47 49-->52 54-->57 59-->62 64-->67 69-->72 74-->77
 JOINT STRENGTH BRACE SELECTION LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE ALLOWS THE USER TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE BRACES WHEN
CONSIDERING JOINT STRENGTH. ONLY THE BRACE AND BRACE SIDE
SPECIFIED ARE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED PROVIDED ONE OF THE JOINT
STRENGTH OPTIONS IS SPECIFIED ON THE CLPOPT LINE. THIS LINE
IS IGNORED IF NO STRENGTH OPTION IS SPECIFIED.

( 1- 5) ENTER 'BSSEL'.

( 7 ) ENTER 'I' TO INCLUDE OR 'X' TO EXCLUDE THE BRACES SPECIFIED.

NOTE: THE INCLUDE AND EXCLUDE OPTIONS ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND
CANNOT BE USED TOGETHER. ALL BRACES SPECIFIED ON BSSEL LINES
MUST BE EITHER INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

( 9-12) ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT OF THE FIRST BRACE TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE.

(13-16) ENTER THE END JOINT OF THE FIRST BRACE TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE.

(17-20) ENTER THE JOINT DESIGNATING THE BRACE CONNECTION TO INCLUDE

OR EXCLUDE. ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT TO CONSIDER THE CONNECTION
AT THE START OF THE BRACE OR THE END JOINT TO CONSIDER THE
CONNECTION AT THE END OF THE BRACE.

(22-72) ENTER ADDITIONAL BRACES TO BE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

1ST BRACE 2ND BRACE 3RD BRACE 4TH BRACE 5TH BRACE
INCLUDE
LINE
OR
LABEL
EXCLUDE BEGIN END BEGIN END BEGIN END BEGIN END BEGIN END
CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT

BSSEL

1-- 5 7 9-->12 13-->16 17-->20 22-->25 26-->29 30-->33 35-->38 39-->42 43-->46 48-->51 52-->55 56-->59 61-->64 65-->68 69-->72
 JOINT FLEXIBILITY JOINT SELECTION LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE ALLOWS THE USER TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE JOINTS WHEN
CONSIDERING JOINT FLEXIBILITY. ALL BRACES CONNECTED TO THE
SPECIFIED JOINTS ARE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED PROVIDED ONE OF THE
JOINT FLEXIBILITY OPTIONS IS SPECIFIED ON THE CLPOPT LINE.
THIS LINE IS IGNORED IF NO FLEXIBILITY OPTION IS SPECIFIED ON
THE CLPOPT LINE.

( 1- 5) ENTER 'JFSEL'.

( 7 ) ENTER 'I' TO INCLUDE OR 'X' TO EXCLUDE THE JOINTS SPECIFIED.

NOTE: THE INCLUDE AND EXCLUDE OPTIONS ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND
CANNOT BE USED TOGETHER. ALL JOINTS SPECIFIED ON JFSEL LINES
MUST BE EITHER INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

( 9-12) ENTER THE NAME OF THE FIRST JOINT TO BE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

(14-77) ENTER ADDITIONAL JOINTS TO BE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

JOINT NAMES
INCLUDE
LINE
OR
LABEL
EXCLUDE 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH 7TH 8TH 9TH 10TH 11TH 12TH 13TH 14TH
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT

JFSEL

1-- 5 7 9-->12 14-->17 19-->22 24-->27 29-->32 34-->37 39-->42 44-->47 49-->52 54-->57 59-->62 64-->67 69-->72 74-->77
 JOINT FLEXIBILITY BRACE SELECTION LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE ALLOWS THE USER TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE BRACES WHEN
CONSIDERING JOINT FLEXIBILITY. ONLY THE BRACE AND BRACE SIDE
SPECIFIED ARE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED PROVIDED ONE OF THE JOINT
FLEXIBILITY OPTIONS IS SPECIFIED ON THE CLPOPT LINE. THIS
LINE IS IGNORED IF NO FLEXIBILITY OPTION IS SPECIFIED.

( 1- 5) ENTER 'BFSEL'.

( 7 ) ENTER 'I' TO INCLUDE OR 'X' TO EXCLUDE THE BRACES SPECIFIED.

NOTE: THE INCLUDE AND EXCLUDE OPTIONS ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND
CANNOT BE USED TOGETHER. ALL BRACES SPECIFIED ON BFSEL LINES
MUST BE EITHER INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

( 9-12) ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT OF THE FIRST BRACE TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE.

(13-16) ENTER THE END JOINT OF THE FIRST BRACE TO INCLUDE OR EXCLUDE.

(17-20) ENTER THE JOINT DESIGNATING THE BRACE CONNECTION TO INCLUDE

OR EXCLUDE. ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT TO CONSIDER THE CONNECTION
AT THE START OF THE BRACE OR THE END JOINT TO CONSIDER THE
CONNECTION AT THE END OF THE BRACE.

(22-72) ENTER ADDITIONAL BRACES TO BE INCLUDED OR EXCLUDED.

1ST BRACE 2ND BRACE 3RD BRACE 4TH BRACE 5TH BRACE
INCLUDE
LINE
OR
LABEL
EXCLUDE BEGIN END BEGIN END BEGIN END BEGIN END BEGIN END
CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION CONNECTION
JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT

BFSEL

1-- 5 7 9-->12 13-->16 17-->20 22-->25 26-->29 30-->33 35-->38 39-->42 43-->46 48-->51 52-->55 56-->59 61-->64 65-->68 69-->72
 ISO 19902 RESISTANCE FACTOR DATA
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS DATA ENABLES THE USER TO OVERRIDE THE

RESISTANCE FACTORS SPECIFIED IN THE ISO 19902 STANDARD FOR
STRENGTH OF TUBULAR JOINTS, NAMELY THE TUBULAR JOINT PARTIAL
RESISTANCE FACTOR, THE YIELD STRENGH PARTIAL RESISANCE
FACTOR AND THE EXTRA PARTIAL RESISTANCE FACTOR.
FURTHERMORE, CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS MAY BE SPECIFIED,
THE DEFAULT VALUES FOR WHICH ARE 1.0.

( 6-25) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR T AND Y TYPE

JOINTS. IF ANY ITEM IS ENTERED AS ZERO OR LEFT BLANK, THEN
ITS DEFAULT VALUE WILL BE USED.

(26-45) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR X TYPE JOINTS.

(46-65) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR K TYPE JOINTS.

(66-70) ENTER THE PARTIAL RESISTANCE FACTOR FOR TUBULAR JOINTS.

(71-75) ENTER THE PARTIAL RESISTANCE FACTOR FOR YIELD STRENGTH.

(76-80) ENTER THE EXTRA PARTIAL RESISTANCE FACTOR.

T & Y JOINTS X JOINTS K JOINTS

TUBULAR YIELD EXTRA
LINE
JOINT STRENGTH PARTIAL
LABEL
AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE RES. FAC RES. FAC RES. FAC
TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND.

RSFAC
1-- 5 6<--10 11<--15 16<--20 21<--25 26<--30 31<--35 36<--40 41<--45 46<--50 51<--55 56<--60 61<--65 66<--70 71<--75 76<--80

DEFAULT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.05 1.05 1.17

 LRFD RESISTANCE FACTOR DATA
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS DATA ENABLES THE USER TO OVERRIDE THE LRFD RESISTANCE
FACTORS AS SPECIFIED IN THE API RP 2A-LRFD. THE DEFAULT
VALUES ARE AS SPECIFIED IN THE COMMENTARY SECTION AS BETA
FACTORS.

( 6-25) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR T AND Y TYPE

JOINTS. IF ANY ITEM IS ENTERED AS ZERO OR LEFT BLANK, THEN
ITS DEFAULT VALUE WILL BE USED.

(26-45) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR X TYPE JOINTS.

(46-65) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR K TYPE JOINTS.

(66-70) ENTER THE YIELD STRESS RESISTANCE FACTOR.

T & Y JOINTS X JOINTS K JOINTS YIELD

LINE STRESS LEAVE
LABEL AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE RESISTANCE BLANK
TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. FACTOR

RSFAC
1-- 5 6<--10 11<--15 16<--20 21<--25 26<--30 31<--35 36<--40 41<--45 46<--50 51<--55 56<--60 61<--65 66<--70 71--80

DEFAULT 2.11 2.57 2.81 2.61 2.11 2.57 2.81 2.61 2.51 2.51 2.81 2.61 1
 NORSOK RESISTANCE FACTOR DATA
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS DATA ENABLES THE USER TO OVERRIDE THE MATERIAL

RESISTANCE FACTOR AS SPECIFIED IN THE NORSOK JOINT STRENGTH
STANDARD. THE DEFAULT VALUE IS 1.15. FURTHERMORE, CONNECTION
RESISTANCE FACTORS MAY BE SPECIFIED, THE DEFAULT VALUES FOR
WHICH ARE 1.0.

( 6-25) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR T AND Y TYPE

JOINTS. IF ANY ITEM IS ENTERED AS ZERO OR LEFT BLANK, THEN
ITS DEFAULT VALUE WILL BE USED.

(26-45) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR X TYPE JOINTS.

(46-65) ENTER THE CONNECTION RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR K TYPE JOINTS.

(66-70) ENTER THE MATERIAL RESISTANCE FACTOR.

T & Y JOINTS X JOINTS K JOINTS MATERIAL

LINE LEAVE
RESISTANCE
LABEL AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE AXIAL AXIAL IN-PL OUT-OF-PLANE BLANK
FACTOR
TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND.
RSFAC
1-- 5 6<--10 11<--15 16<--20 21<--25 26<--30 31<--35 36<--40 41<--45 46<--50 51<--55 56<--60 61<--65 66<--70 71--80

DEFAULT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.15
 BRACE RESISTANCE FACTOR OVERRIDE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS DATA ENABLES THE USER TO OVERRIDE THE LRFD RESISTANCE
FACTORS AS SPECIFIED IN THE API RP 2A-LRFD FOR AN INDIVIDUAL
BRACE. OVERRIDES SPECIFIED ON THE 'RSFACO' LINE REPLACE ANY
RESISTANCE FACTOR OVERRIDES SPECIFIED ON THE 'RSFAC' LINE FOR
THE BRACE END SPECIFIED. IF ANY FACTOR IS ENTERED AS ZERO OR
LEFT BLANK, THEN THE VALUE ENTERED ON THE 'RSFAC' LINE IS USED.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'RSFACO'

( 8-11) ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT OF THE BRACE TO WHICH THE OVERRIDES
APPLY.

(12-15) ENTER THE END JOINT OF THE BRACE TO WHICH THESE OVERRIDES
APPLY.

(16-19) ENTER THE JOINT DESIGNATING THE BRACE CONNECTION TO WHICH

THESE OVERRIDES APPLY. ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT TO CONSIDER THE
CONNECTION AT THE START OF THE BRACE OR THE END JOINT TO
CONSIDER THE CONNECTION AT THE END OF THE BRACE.

(21-25) ENTER THE AXIAL TENSION RESISTANCE FACTOR.

(26-30) ENTER THE AXIAL COMPRESSION RESISTANCE FACTOR.

(31-35) ENTER THE IN-PLANE BENDING RESISTANCE FACTOR.

(36-40) ENTER THE OUT-OF-PLANE BENDING RESISTANCE FACTOR.

(41-45) ENTER THE YIELD STRENGTH RESISTANCE FACTOR.

( 47 ) OPTIONALLY SPECIFY THE CONNECTION TYPE TO WHICH THE OVERRIDE

FACTORS APPLY AS FOLLOWS:
'X' - X OR CROSS CONNECTION
'Y' - T & Y CONNECTION
'K' - K BRACE CONNECTION

BRACE RESISTANCE FACTOR OVERRIDES

LINE CONNECTION LEAVE
LABEL BEGIN END AXIAL AXIAL IN-PLANE OUT-OF-PLANE YIELD TYPE BLANK
CONNECTION
JOINT JOINT TENS. COMP. BEND. BEND. STRESS
RSFACO

1-- 6 8-->11 12-->15 16-->19 21--25 26--30 31--35 36--40 41--45 47 48--80
 YIELD STRESS FACTOR
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS DATA ENABLES THE USER TO MODIFY THE YIELD STRESS OF ALL
ENTITIES BY SPECIFYING A YIELD STRESS FACTOR. WITH THIS LINE,
THE MODIFIED YIELD STRESS USED BY COLLAPSE IS THE YIELD
STRESS SPECIFIED IN THE SACS IV MODEL MULTIPLIED BY THIS
FACTOR. THIS IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN PROVIDING THE MEANS OF
SUPPLYING A DYNAMIC INCREASE FACTOR IN BLAST ANALYSIS.

( 8-13) ENTER THE YIELD STRESS FACTOR.

YIELD
LINE LEAVE
STRESS
LABEL BLANK
FACTOR

YSFACT
1-- 6 8<--13 14----------------80

DEFAULT 1
 YIELD STRESS UNIVERSAL OVERRIDE LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE 'YSUOVR' LINE IS USED TO REPLACE ALL INSTANCES OF A SACS

IV MODEL YIELD STRESS WITH THE SAME VALUE. THIS LINE IS
OVERRIDDEN BY THE 'YSMGOV' AND 'YSUMOD' LINES.

( 8-13) ENTER THE YIELD STRESS VALUE.

LINE REPLACEMENT LEAVE

LABEL YIELD STRESS BLANK

YSUOVR
1-- 6 8<--13 14----------------80

DEFAULT

ENGLISH KSI

METRIC(KN) KN/SQ.CM

METRIC(KG) KG/SQ.CM
 YIELD STRESS MODIFICATION LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE 'YSUMOD' LINE IS USED TO REPLACE A SINGLE SACS IV MODEL

YIELD STRESS VALUE WITH A NEW VALUE. THIS LINE IS OVERRIDDEN
BY THE 'YSMGOV' LINE.

( 8-13) ENTER THE FIRST YIELD STRESS VALUE TO BE REPLACED FROM THE
SACS IV MODEL.

(14-19) ENTER THE COLLAPSE YIELD STRESS VALUE TO REPLACE THE SACS IV
MODEL VALUE FROM COLUMNS 8-13.

(20-25) ENTER THE SECOND YIELD STRESS VALUE TO BE REPLACED FROM THE
SACS IV MODEL.

(26-31) ENTER THE COLLAPSE YIELD STRESS VALUE TO REPLACE THE SACS IV
MODEL VALUE FROM COLUMNS 20-25.

(32-37) ENTER THE THIRD YIELD STRESS VALUE TO BE REPLACED FROM THE
SACS IV MODEL.

(38-43) ENTER THE COLLAPSE YIELD STRESS VALUE TO REPLACE THE SACS IV
MODEL VALUE FROM COLUMNS 32-37.

(44-49) ENTER THE FOURTH YIELD STRESS VALUE TO BE REPLACED FROM THE
SACS IV MODEL.

(50-55) ENTER THE COLLAPSE YIELD STRESS VALUE TO REPLACE THE SACS IV
MODEL VALUE FROM COLUMNS 44-49.

(56-61) ENTER THE FIFTH YIELD STRESS VALUE TO BE REPLACED FROM THE
SACS IV MODEL.

(62-67) ENTER THE COLLAPSE YIELD STRESS VALUE TO REPLACE THE SACS IV
MODEL VALUE FROM COLUMNS 56-61.

FIRST NEW SECOND NEW THIRD NEW FOURTH NEW FIFTH NEW
LINE SACS COLLAPSE SACS COLLAPSE SACS COLLAPSE SACS COLLAPSE SACS COLLAPSE
LABEL YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD YIELD
STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS STRESS

YSUMOD
1-- 6 8<--13 14<--19 20<--25 26<--31 32<--37 38<--43 44<--49 50<--55 56<--61 62<--67

DEFAULT

ENGLISH KSI KSI KSI KSI KSI KSI KSI KSI KSI KSI

METRIC(KN) KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM KN/SQ.CM

METRIC(KG) KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM KG/SQ.CM
 YIELD STRESS MEMBER GROUP OVERRIDE LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE 'YSMGOV' LINE IS USED TO OVERRIDE THE SACS IV MODEL YIELD
STRESS FOR SPECIFIED MEMBER GROUPS. UP TO 15 MEMBER GROUPS
MAY BE OVERRIDDEN ON ONE LINE.

( 8-13) ENTER THE REPLACEMENT YIELD STRESS. ALL MEMBER GROUPS

SPECIFIED WILL HAVE THEIR YIELD STRESS VALUES IN COLLAPSE SET
EQUAL TO THIS VALUE.

(15-73) ENTER MEMBER GROUPS.

MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS

REPLACE-
LINE MENT
LABEL YIELD
STRESS GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

YSMGOV
1-- 6 8<--13 15--17 19--21 23--25 27--29 31--33 35--37 39--41 43--45 47--49 51--53 55--57 59--61 63--65 67--69 71--73

DEFAULT

ENGLISH KSI

METRIC(KN) KN/SQ.CM

METRIC(KG) KG/SQ.CM
 ELASTIC MEMBER GROUPS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ELASTIC LARGE

DEFLECTION ELEMENTS WITH NO PLASTIC OR BUCKLING EFFECTS
INCLUDED. THIS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE TIME REQUIRED TO
PERFORM AN ANALYSIS.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'GRPELA'.

(16-18) ENTER THE FIRST GROUP IDENTIFIER. THIS IDENTIFIER MUST

CORRESPOND TO A GROUP IDENTIFIER ON A SACS IV 'GRUP' LINE.

(20-74) THE REMAINING GROUP IDENTIFIER FIELDS ARE SIMILAR.

ANY NUMBER OF 'GRPELA' INPUT LINES CAN BE SPECIFIED.

MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS

LINE
LABEL GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

GRPELA

1-- 6 16--18 20--22 24--26 28--30 32--34 36--38 40--42 44--46 48--50 52--54 56--58 60--62 64--66 68--70 72--74
 ELASTIC MEMBER INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ELASTIC LARGE

DEFLECTION ELEMENTS WITH NO PLASTIC OR BUCKLING EFFECTS
INCLUDED. THIS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE RUN TIME REQUIRED
TO PERFORM AN ANALYSIS.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MEMELA' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 9-12) ENTER JOINT 1 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(14-17) ENTER JOINT 2 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(20-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. SIX MEMBERS CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS.

1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LINE
LABEL JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
MEMELA

1-- 6 9-->12 14-->17 20-->23 25-->28 31-->34 36-->39 42-->45 47-->50 53-->56 58-->61 64-->67 69-->72
 SKIPPED MEMBER LOCAL BUCKLING INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ELASTO-PLASTIC

LARGE DEFLECTION ELEMENTS WITH NO LOCAL BUCKLING EFFECTS
INCLUDED. ANY LOCAL BUCKLING CHECK SPECIFIED UNDER THE 'LB'
OPTION WILL BE SKIPPED FOR THESE MEMBERS.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MEMSKP' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 9-12) ENTER JOINT 1 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(14-17) ENTER JOINT 2 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(20-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. SIX MEMBERS CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS.

1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LINE
LABEL JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
MEMSKP

1-- 6 9-->12 14-->17 20-->23 25-->28 31-->34 36-->39 42-->45 47-->50 53-->56 58-->61 64-->67 69-->72
 SKIPPED LOCAL BUCKLING FOR MEMBER GROUPS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ELASTO-PLASTIC

LARGE DEFLECTION ELEMENTS WITH NO LOCAL BUCKLING EFFECTS
INCLUDED. ANY LOCAL BUCKLING CHECK SPECIFIED UNDER THE 'LB'
OPTION WILL BE SKIPPED FOR MEMBERS FROM THESE GROUPS.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'GRPSKP'.

(16-18) ENTER THE FIRST GROUP IDENTIFIER. THIS IDENTIFIER MUST

CORRESPOND TO A GROUP IDENTIFIER ON A SACS IV 'GRUP' LINE.

(20-74) THE REMAINING GROUP IDENTIFIER FIELDS ARE SIMILAR.

ANY NUMBER OF 'GRPSKP' INPUT LINES CAN BE SPECIFIED.

MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS

LINE
LABEL GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

GRPSKP

1-- 6 16--18 20--22 24--26 28--30 32--34 36--38 40--42 44--46 48--50 52--54 56--58 60--62 64--66 68--70 72--74
 MEMBER REMOVAL
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS ARE TO BE REMOVED FROM THE ANALYSIS

ON COMPLETION OF A SPECIFIED LOAD INCREMENT. FOR ALL SUBSEQUENT
INCREMENTS, EACH SPECIFIED
MEMBER IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED TO BE PART OF THE STUCTURE.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MEMREM' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 8-12) LOAD INCREMENT AT WHICH THE MEMBER IS TO BE REMOVED.

(14-17) ENTER JOINT 1 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(19-22) ENTER JOINT 2 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(24-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. SIX MEMBERS CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS.

LOAD 1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LINE
LABEL JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
INCREMENT
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
MEMREM

1-- 6 8-->12 14-->17 19-->22 24-->27 29-->32 34-->37 39-->42 44-->47 49-->52 54-->57 59-->62 64-->67 69-->72
 DUCTILITY LIMIT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL MEMBER
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS ARE TO BE REMOVED FROM THE

ANALYSIS WHEN THE SPECIFIED TENSILE DUCTILITY LIMIT HAS
BEEN REACHED.
FOR ALL SUBSEQUENT INCREMENTS, EACH SPECIFIED
MEMBER IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED TO BE PART OF THE STUCTURE.
THE DUCILITY LIMIT IS EXPRESSED AS A PRECENTAGE. THE INDIVIDUAL
MEMBER DUCTILITY LIMIT OVERRIDES THE GLOBAL MEMBER DUCTILITY
LIMIT THAT IS SPECIFIED ON THE CLPOP2 LINE.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MEMDUC' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 8-12) PERCENTAGE OF DUCTILITY AT WHICH THE MEMBER IS TO BE REMOVED.

(14-17) ENTER JOINT 1 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(19-22) ENTER JOINT 2 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(24-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. SIX MEMBERS CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS.

DUCTILITY 1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LINE
LABEL LIMIT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
(%) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
MEMDUC

1-- 6 8-->12 14-->17 19-->22 24-->27 29-->32 34-->37 39-->42 44-->47 49-->52 54-->57 59-->62 64-->67 69-->72
 ELASTIC MEMBER INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ELASTIC LARGE

DEFLECTION ELEMENTS WITH NO PLASTIC OR BUCKLING EFFECTS
INCLUDED. THIS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE RUN TIME REQUIRED
TO PERFORM AN ANALYSIS.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MEMDEL' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 9-12) ENTER JOINT 1 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(14-17) ENTER JOINT 2 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(20-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. SIX MEMBERS CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS.

1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LINE
LABEL JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
MEMDEL

1-- 6 9-->12 14-->17 20-->23 25-->28 31-->34 36-->39 42-->45 47-->50 53-->56 58-->61 64-->67 69-->72
 ELASTIC MEMBER GROUPS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AS ELASTIC LARGE

DEFLECTION ELEMENTS WITH NO PLASTIC OR BUCKLING EFFECTS
INCLUDED. THIS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE TIME REQUIRED TO
PERFORM AN ANALYSIS.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'GRPDEL'.

(16-18) ENTER THE FIRST GROUP IDENTIFIER. THIS IDENTIFIER MUST

CORRESPOND TO A GROUP IDENTIFIER ON A SACS IV 'GRUP' LINE.

(20-74) THE REMAINING GROUP IDENTIFIER FIELDS ARE SIMILAR.

ANY NUMBER OF 'GRPDEL' INPUT LINES CAN BE SPECIFIED.

MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS

LINE
LABEL GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

GRPDEL

1-- 6 16--18 20--22 24--26 28--30 32--34 36--38 40--42 44--46 48--50 52--54 56--58 60--62 64--66 68--70 72--74
 MEMBER SUBSEGMENT SPECIFICATION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE FOLLOWING MEMBERS ARE TO BE DIVIDED INTO A SPECIFIED

NUMBER OF SUBSEGMENTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF AN ELASTO-PLASTIC
ANALYSIS. THIS NUMBER OVERRIDES THE DEFAULT
SETTING FOR THE NUMBER OF SUBSEGMENTS FROM COLUMNS 14-16
OF THE CLPOPT LINE, AS WELL AS SUBSEGMENT OVERRIDES THAT
ARE SPECIFIED USING THE GRPSEG LINE.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MEMSEG' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 8- 9) THE NUMBER OF SUBSEGMENTS TO BE USED FOR EACH MEMBER ON THE

INPUT LINE.

(14-17) ENTER JOINT 1 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(19-22) ENTER JOINT 2 FOR THE FIRST MEMBER.

(24-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS. SIX MEMBERS CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBERS.

NUMBER OF 1ST MEMBER 2ND MEMBER 3RD MEMBER 4TH MEMBER 5TH MEMBER 6TH MEMBER
LINE
LABEL JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT JOINT
SUBSEGMENTS
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
MEMSEG

1-- 6 8--> 9 14-->17 19-->22 24-->27 29-->32 34-->37 39-->42 44-->47 49-->52 54-->57 59-->62 64-->67 69-->72
 MEMBER GROUP SUBSEGMENT SPECIFICATION
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THE FOLLOWING MEMBER GROUPS CONTAIN MEMBERS THAT ARE TO BE

DIVIDED INTO A SPECIFIED
NUMBER OF SUBSEGMENTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF AN ELASTO-PLASTIC
ANALYSIS. THIS NUMBER OVERRIDES THE DEFAULT
SETTING FOR THE NUMBER OF SUBSEGMENTS FROM COLUMNS 14-16
OF THE CLPOPT LINE.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'GRPSEG' ON ALL INPUT LINES IN THIS SET.

( 8- 9) THE NUMBER OF SUBSEGMENTS TO BE USED FOR EACH MEMBER THAT

IS CONTAINED BY A MEMBER GROUP ON THE INPUT LINE.

(14-16) ENTER MEMBER GROUP NAME.

(18-72) REPEAT FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBER GROUPS. FIFTEEN MEMBER GROUPS

CAN BE INPUT PER
LINE. REPEAT AS REQUIRED FOR ADDITIONAL MEMBER GROUPS.

NO. OF MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS

LINE
LABEL GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
SUBSEGS ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

GRPSEG

1-- 6 8--> 9 14--16 18--20 22--24 26--28 30--32 34--36 38--40 42--44 46--48 50--52 54--56 58--60 62--64 66--68 70--72
 NONLINEAR SPRING INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SPECIFY NONLINEAR SUPPORTS. ANY NUMBER OF NONLINEAR
SUPPORTS CAN BE USED.

( 8-11) ENTER THE JOINT NAME WHERE THE SUPPORT IS LOCATED.

(13-14) ENTER THE DEGREE OF FREEDOM FOR THIS CONSTRAINT FROM THE
FOLLOWING:
'DX' - DEFLECTION IN GLOBAL X-DIRECTION
'DY' - DEFLECTION IN GLOBAL Y-DIRECTION
'DZ' - DEFLECTION IN GLOBAL Z-DIRECTION
'RX' - ROTATION ABOUT GLOBAL X-AXIS
'RY' - ROTATION ABOUT GLOBAL Y-AXIS
'RZ' - ROTATION ABOUT GLOBAL Z-AXIS

(15-78) ENTER THE FORCE-DEFLECTION OR MOMENT-ROTATION PAIRS OF VALUES

IN ORDER OF INCREASING DEFLECTION/ROTATION USING THE UNITS
BELOW:

* TYPE * ** ENGLISH ** ** METRIC-KN ** ** METRIC-KG **

FORCE KIP KN KG
MOMENT KIP-FT KN-M KG-M
DEFLECTION IN CM CM
ROTATION RADIANS RADIANS RADIANS

ANY NUMBER OF POINTS CAN BE ENTERED BY REPEATING THIS DATA,

LEAVING THE JOINT NAME BLANK ON SUBSEQUENT LINES.

1ST POINT 2ND POINT 3RD POINT 4TH POINT

DEGREE
LINE JOINT
OF
LABEL NAME FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION
FREEDOM
OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR
MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION
NLSPRG

1-- 6 8-->11 13--14 15<--22 23<--30 31<--38 39<--46 47<--54 55<--62 63<--70 71<--78
 JOINT TO JOINT NONLINEAR SPRING INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SPECIFY NONLINEAR SPRINGS BETWEEN JOINTS. ANY NUMBER
OF NONLINEAR SPRINGS CAN BE USED.

( 8-11) ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT OF THE SPRING.

(12-15) ENTER THE END JOINT OF THE SPRING.

(18-19) ENTER THE DEGREE OF FREEDOM FOR THIS CONSTRAINT FROM THE
FOLLOWING:
'DX' - DEFLECTION IN LOCAL X-DIRECTION
'DY' - DEFLECTION IN LOCAL Y-DIRECTION
'DZ' - DEFLECTION IN LOCAL Z-DIRECTION
'RX' - ROTATION ABOUT LOCAL X-AXIS
'RY' - ROTATION ABOUT LOCAL Y-AXIS
'RZ' - ROTATION ABOUT LOCAL Z-AXIS
NOTE THAT LOCAL COORDINATES ARE DEFINED IN THE SAME MANNER AS
FOR MEMBERS.

(25-80) ENTER THE FORCE-DEFLECTION OR MOMENT-ROTATION PAIRS OF VALUES

IN ORDER OF INCREASING DEFLECTION/ROTATION USING THE UNITS
BELOW:

* TYPE * ** ENGLISH ** ** METRIC-KN ** ** METRIC-KG **

FORCE KIP KN KG
MOMENT KIP-FT KN-M KG-M
DEFLECTION IN CM CM
ROTATION RADIANS RADIANS RADIANS

ANY NUMBER OF POINTS CAN BE ENTERED BY REPEATING THIS DATA,

LEAVING THE JOINTS BLANK ON SUBSEQUENT LINES.

1ST POINT 2ND POINT 3RD POINT 4TH POINT

DEGREE
LINE BEGIN END
OF
LABEL JOINT JOINT FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION
FREEDOM
OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR
MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION
NLSPJJ

1-- 6 8-->11 12-->15 18--19 25<--31 32<--38 39<--45 46<--52 53<--59 60<--66 67<--73 74<--80
 COROTATIONAL NONLINEAR AXIAL SPRING INPUT
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO SPECIFY A COROTATIONAL AXIAL NONLINEAR SPRING
BETWEEN JOINTS. ANY NUMBER
OF NONLINEAR AXIAL SPRINGS CAN BE USED.

( 8-11) ENTER THE BEGIN JOINT OF THE SPRING.

(12-15) ENTER THE END JOINT OF THE SPRING.

NOTE THAT LOCAL COORDINATES ARE DEFINED

USING THE UPDATED CO-ORDINATES. THIS IS IN CONTRAST TO
TRADITIONAL NONLINEAR SPRINGS, WHICH HAVE LOCAL CO-ORDINATES
DEFINED USING THE UNDEFORMED STATE OF THE STRUCTURE.

(25-80) ENTER THE FORCE-DEFLECTION OR MOMENT-ROTATION PAIRS OF VALUES

IN ORDER OF INCREASING DEFLECTION/ROTATION USING THE UNITS
BELOW:

* TYPE * ** ENGLISH ** ** METRIC-KN ** ** METRIC-KG **

FORCE KIP KN KG
MOMENT KIP-FT KN-M KG-M
DEFLECTION IN CM CM
ROTATION RADIANS RADIANS RADIANS

ANY NUMBER OF POINTS CAN BE ENTERED BY REPEATING THIS DATA,

LEAVING THE JOINTS BLANK ON SUBSEQUENT LINES.

1ST POINT 2ND POINT 3RD POINT 4TH POINT

LINE BEGIN END
LABEL JOINT JOINT FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION FORCE DEFLECTION
OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR
MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION MOMENT ROTATION

NLSPST

1-- 6 8-->11 12-->15 25<--31 32<--38 39<--45 46<--52 53<--59 60<--66 67<--73 74<--80
 MATERIAL MODEL ASSIGNMENT TO MEMBER GROUPS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS OPTIONAL IN ANY COLLAPSE ANALYSIS RUN. IT IS

USED TO ASSIGN A MATERIAL MODEL (POST-YILED STRESS-STRAIN
BEHAVIOR) TO DIFFERENT MEMBER GROUPS AVAILABLE IN SACS INPUT
FILE. IF A MEMBER IS NOT ASSIGNED ANY MATERIAL MODEL, IT
WILL HAVE A CONSTANT STRAIN-HARDEDNING RATIO AS DEFINED IN
THE 'CLPOPT' LINE.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MATGRP'.

( 8-11) ENTER THE MATERIAL MODEL NAME. MAXIMUM 50 MATERIAL MODELS

CAN BE DEFINED IN A COLLAPSE INPUT FILE.

(13-15) ENTER 'ALL' IF ALL THE MEMBERS ARE

TO BE ASSIGNED THIS MATERIAL MODEL. ONLY THE FIRST 'ALL'
ASSIGNMENT WILL BE CONSIDERED. ALL OTHER MATERIAL
MODEL ASSIGNMENTS WILL BE IGNORED.

(17-75) ENTER MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS. MAXIMUM OF 15 MEMBER GROUPS

CAN BE SPECIFIED IN A LINE. REPEAT THE 'MATGRP' CARD
FOR ASSIGNING MORE MEMBER GROUPS TO THE SAME MATERIAL MODEL.

'MATGRP' CARDS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY 'MATPRP HEAD' AND 'MATPRP

PLAS' CARDS, WHICH ARE USED TO DEFINE THE MATERIAL MODEL.

MEMBER GROUP IDENTIFIERS

MATERIAL
LINE SELECT
MODEL GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP
LABEL 'ALL'
NAME ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

MATGRP

1-- 6 8-->11 13--15 17--19 21--23 25--27 29--31 33--35 37--39 41--43 45--47 49--51 53--55 57--59 61--63 65--67 69--71 73--75
 MATERIAL PROPERTY HEADER LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL USE THIS LINE TO START MATERIAL MODEL DEFINITION. THIS LINE MUST BE FOLLOWED BY 'MATPRP PLAS' LINE(S).

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MATPRP'.

( 8-11) ENTER 'HEAD'.

(13-16) ENTER THE NAME OF MATERIAL MODEL. IT SHOUDL BE SAME AS

THE ONE SPECIFIED IN THE PRECEDING 'MATGRP' LINE.

(17-80) SHOULD BE LEFT BLANK.

THIS LINE MUST BE FOLLOWED BY 'MATPRP PLAS' LINE(S) TO DEFINE

THE POST YIELD BEHAVIOR FOR THIS MATERIAL MODEL.

MATERIAL
LINE HEAD
MODEL
LABEL LABEL
NAME

MATPRP HEAD

1-- 6 8--11 13--16 17------------------80

 PLASTIC STRESS-STRAIN INPUT LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE IS USED TO INPUT THE POST YIELD PLASTIC STRAIN -
STRESS FACTOR DATA FOR MATERIAL MODELS SPECIFIED USING
'MATGRP' LINES. THE FIRST DATA POINT IN THE FIRST
'MATPRP PLAS' CARD REPRESENTS THE YILED POINT AND MUST BE
ENTERED AS (0.0, 1.0). THE PLASTIC STRAIN AND THE STRESS
FACTOR VALUES MUST INCREASE MONOTONICALLY THEREAFTER.

FOR VALUES OF PLASTIC STRAIN GREATER THAN THE LARGEST

SPECIFIED VALUE, THE VALUE OF STRESS FACTOR IS CALCULATED
USING THE DEFAULT STRAIN HARDENING RATIO SPECIFIED IN THE
CLPOPT LINE.

( 1- 6) ENTER 'MATPRP'.

( 8-11) ENTER 'PLAS'.

(13-72) ENTER PLASTIC STRAIN AND STRESS FACTOR VALUES FOR EACH
DATA POINT.
PLASTIC STRAIN IS EQUAL TO (MECHANICAL STRAIN - YIELD STRAIN).
STRESS FACTOR IS EQUAL TO (TOTAL STRESS / YIELD STRESS).

THIS LINE MAY BE REPEATED AS NECESSARY. MAXIMUM 50 DATA POINTS

ARE ALLOWED FOR EACH MATERIAL MODEL.

PLASTIC STRAIN - STRESS CURVE

LINE LINE 1ST POINT

2ND POINT 3RD POINT 4TH POINT 5TH POINT
LABEL TYPE (YIELD)
PLASTIC STRESS PLASTIC STRESS PLASTIC STRESS PLASTIC STRESS PLASTIC STRESS
STRAIN FACTOR STRAIN FACTOR STRAIN FACTOR STRAIN FACTOR STRAIN FACTOR
MATPRP PLAS

1-- 6 8--11 13<--18 19<--24 25<--30 31<--36 37<--42 43<--48 49<--54 55<--60 61<--66 67<--72

DEFAULT
 END LINE
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL THIS LINE SIGNIFIES THE END OF THE COLLAPSE INPUT AND IS THE
LAST LINE OF THE COLLAPSE INPUT.

LINE
LEAVE BLANK
LABEL
END

1-- 3 4------------------------80
 ARC LENGTH OPTIONS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL USE THIS LINE TO SPECIFY VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR USE WITH
ARC-LENGTH ITERATIONS.

( 8-10) ENTER THE TYPE OF ARC-LENGTH ITERATIONS. BY DEFAULT,

CYLINDRICAL ARC-LENGTH ITERATIONS ARE EMPLOYED. IN THIS
INSTANCE, ONLY THE DEFLECTION INCREMENTS ARE USED IN ORDER
TO DETERMINE THE ARC-LENGTH. IF FORCE INCREMENTS ARE TO
BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, THE SPHERICAL FORMULATION SHOULD BE
SPECIFIED.

(12-18) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ARC-LENGTH ITERATIONS TO BE USED BEFORE

THE ANALYSIS IS TERMINATED.

(20-22) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ARC-LENGTH SUB-INCREMENTATION LEVELS TO BE

USED BEFORE THE ANALYSIS IS TERMINATED. IF AN ARC-LENGTH
ITERATION FAILS TOP CONVERGE, THEN THE TARGET ARC-LENGTH IS
HALVED AND ANOTHER ATTEMPT IS MADE TO CALCULATE THE NEXT
LOAD FACTOR. THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SUB-INCREMENTATION LEVELS
DETERMINES HOW MANY TIMES THIS REFINEMENT TAKES PLACE BEFORE
THE ANALYSIS STOPS.

ARC-LENGTH MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

LINE
FORMULATION NUMBER OF SUB-INCREMENTATION LEAVE BLANK
LABEL
TYPE ITERATIONS LEVEL

ARCLEN
1-- 6 8<--10 12<--18 20<--22 30----80

DEFAULT 'CYL' 10000 10

 AUTOMATIC SUB-INCREMENTATION OPTIONS
COLUMNS COMMENTARY __________________________

GENERAL USE THIS LINE TO SPECIFY VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR USE WITH
THE OPTION TO APPLY AUTOMATIC SUB-INCREMENTATION.

( 8-9) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SUB-INCREMENTATION LEVELS TO BE

USED BEFORE THE ANALYSIS IS TERMINATED. IF CONVERGENCE IS
NOT ACHIEVED FOR A GIVEN LOAD INCREMENT, THEN THE INCREMENTAL
LOAD FACTOR IS HALVED AND ANOTHER ATTEMPT IS MADE TO ANALYZE
THE SYSTEM AT A REDUCED LOAD FACTOR. THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
SUB-INCREMENTATION LEVELS DETERMINES HOW MANY TIMES THIS
REFINEMENT TAKES PLACE BEFORE
THE ANALYSIS STOPS.

(11-12) MAXIMUM ACCELERATION THRESHOLD. IF SUB-INCREMENTATION HAS

BEEN ACTIVATED AND CONVERGENCE HAS BEEN ACHIEVED FOR A
CERTAIN NUMBER OF LOAD INCREMENTS AFTER THE INITIAL
NON-CONVERGENCE, THEN THE INCREMENTAL LOAD FACTOR IS
DOUBLED. THE MAXIMUM ACCELERATION THRESHOLD SPECIFIES THE
NUMBER OF LOAD INCREMENTS THAT CONVERGE AT THE LOWER
LOAD FACTOR INCREMENT BEFORE THE ANALYSIS PROCEDES WITH
A LARGER LOAD FACTOR INCREMENT.

MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
LINE
SUB-INCREMENTATION ACCELERATION LEAVE BLANK
LABEL
LEVEL THRESHOLD

SUBINC
1-- 6 8<-- 9 11<--12 13------80

DEFAULT 10 4