9/7/2008

Chapter
p 2
Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Dalton’s Postulates: Atomic Theory

1. An element is composed of small particles
called atoms.

2. The atoms of an element are identical and

share the same chemical properties.

3. No atom of an element is changed into an

atom of another element by a chemical
reaction. Atoms are not created or destroyed
in chemical reactions.

4. Compounds are formed when atoms of two or

more elements combine.

Laws of Chemistry
• Law of conservation of mass (postulate 3)
no detectable change in mass occurs in an
ordinary chemical reaction.

• Law of constant composition (postulate 4)

a compound
d contains
t i the
th same element
l t in
i the
th
same proportions by mass.

• Law of multiple proportions the masses of

one element that combine with a fixed mass of
the second element are in a ratio of small
whole numbers.

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Atoms and Subatomic Particles

• Atom – smallest particle of an element
that retains the chemical properties of that
element.

• Subatomic particles – positively and

negatively charged particles that make up
an atom.

– Particles with the same charge repel one

another.

– Particles with unlike charges are attracted

to one another.

Discovery of Electrons
• Thomson 1897 – stream of
negatively charge particles in
cathode rays
Cathode ray tube
The name "electron" comes from the
Greek word for amber, ήλεκτρον.

Cathode Anode

Mass-to-charge ratio of e-

• Cathode rays are generated and then deflected through

magnetic and electrical fields

• Mass-to-charge ratio determine by modifying magnetic

and electrical fields

• Mass-to-charge ratio is 1.76 x 108 coulombs/g

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Mass of e-
• Millikan Oil Drop Experiment, 1909

e- mass = 1.60x10-19 C
1.76x108 C/g
=9 10x10-28 g
9.10x10

Radioactivity
• Definition - spontaneous emission of
radiation by an atom.

• Radiation Types (Rutherford’s contribution)

α-particles, β-particles, γ-rays

α and β-particles bent by an electrical field

towards charged plates, γ-rays are unaffected

The Atom
• Plum pudding model (Thompson)

Positive sphere of
matter with
negative electrons
imbedded in it

Electrons have a
small mass;
therefore, they are
a small fraction of
atom’s size

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Atom Nucleus
• Rutherford’s scattering experiment

A few α−particles
scattered at large
angles,
l so atoms
t mustt
contain heavy positively
charged nuclei

1911

A New Model
• Rutherford postulated a very small, dense
nucleus with the electrons around the
outside of the atom.

• Most of the volume of the atom is empty

py
space.

• Additional positive (Rutherford) and

neutral (Chadwick) particles in the nucleus
discovered later.

Subatomic Particles
• Protons and electrons are the only particles
that have a charge.

• Protons and neutrons have essentially the

same mass.

• The mass of an electron is so small we ignore

it.

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Atom Structure
• Atoms have an equal number of protons
and electrons – no net charge (#
electrons = # protons)

• Nucleus filled with p

protons and neutrons

• Electrons fill the rest of the atom

• Electrons are attracted to protons in the

nucleus.
+ - 1.602x10-19 C

Element Symbols
Mass Number
(# protons + # neutrons)

12 A
6 C Z X
Atomic
i Number
b
(# protons or # electrons)

The atomic number (Z), # protons, doesn’t change for a

given element.

The mass of an atom (A) in atomic mass units (amu) is

the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.

Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element with different
masses.

• Isotopes have different numbers of

neutrons.

11 12 13 14
6C 6C 6C 6C
# neutrons = Mass number – atomic number
# neutrons = 11-6 = 5

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Atomic Masses
• Atomic mass unit (amu)

• 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g

• 1 g = 6.02214 x 1023 amu

Periodic Table

Elements are
arranged in
order of atomic
number.

Elements are
grouped
according to
similar
properties
(shading).

Metals, Metalloids, Nonmetals

Periodic Table Groups

• 5 Groups

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Building Blocks of Elements &

Compounds
• Molecules
- Molecular compounds are composed of
molecules and almost always contain
only nonmetals.

• Ions
- Ionic compounds (such as NaCl) are
generally formed between metals and
nonmetals.

Diatomic Molecules
• These seven elements occur
naturally as molecules containing
two atoms.

• Diatomic molecules – H2, N2, O2,

F2, Cl2, I2, and Br2

Molecules
• Structural formulas – illustrate bonding
pattern in the molecule.

• Molecular formula gives the exact number of

atoms of each element in a compound.
– The subscript to the right of the symbol of an
element tells the number of atoms of that element in
one molecule of the compound.

• Empirical (simplest) formula gives the

lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each
element in a compound.

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Ions

• When atoms lose or gain electrons, they

become ions.
– Cations (+) on left side of the periodic
chart.
– Anions (-) on the right side of the periodic
chart.

Ion Types
• Monoatomic ions - derived from
a single atom by the loss or gain of
electrons
– Na+, Cl-

• Polyatomic ions – ions that

contain more than one atom
– OH-, NH4+

Cations to Know

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Anions to Know

Oxoanions
• Polyatomic anions containing one
or more oxygen atoms
Nitrogen Sulfur Chlorine
ClO4-
perchlorate
hl t

NO3- SO42- ClO3-

nitrate sulfate chlorate

NO2- SO32- ClO2-

nitrite sulfite chlorite

ClO-
hypochlorite