1 s2.0 S1877042815053926 Main PDF

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 8

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406

QG*OREDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%XVLQHVVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH*&%666HSWHPEHU
%DOL,QGRQHVLD

9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\DQG,WV$SSOLFDWLRQVLQ(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ
<DNXS0RKG5DIHHD $ZDQJNR¶+DPGDQ$ZDQJ$UVKDGE$EGXO5LH]DO'LPF
+LVKDPXGGLQ6LULG0RKG-HIUL6DPDURRQH
a,b.c,d,e
Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

$EVWUDFW

7KLV SDSHU DUJXHG WKDW 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ FRXOG EH XVHG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI 9LVXDO $UWV 7KH UHVHDUFKHU
VXJJHVWHGWKDWYDULRXV9LVXDO$UWVFRPSRVLWLRQFRXOGEHHQJDJHGLQHQKDQFLQJWKHTXDOLW\RI9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\LPDJHVDQGEH
SDUWRIWKH(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ7KHGLVFXVVLRQZDVHVWDEOLVKHGIURPWKHELRJUDSK\RIWKHFXOWXUDOREMHFWRIPagan Melanau
bilum7KHQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHDQG9LVXDO$UWVZHUHREVHUYDEOHZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDFDGHPLFUHVHDUFK
DIWHUWKHDQDO\VLVSURFHVVZDVFODULILHG7KHDSSURDFKZDVHQOLJKWHQHGWKURXJKWKHYLVXDOVWXGLHVDQGSURGXFWLRQRIWZRSDLQWLQJV
LQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHHPSOR\HGPHWKRG
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRIWKHQG*&%66
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 2nd GCBSS-2015
Keywords:Bilum(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJKauO3DJDQ0HODQDX5HVHDUFK0HWKRGRORJ\9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KLV SDSHU UHIOHFWV XSRQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ PHWKRG LQ 6RFLDO 6FLHQFH DQG LWV XVH LQ
FUHDWLYH9LVXDO$UWVSURGXFWLRQQDPHO\DV(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ7KLVUHVHDUFKLVLPSRUWDQWWRVHHWKHFKDQFHVRI
FROODERUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIDFDGHPLFUHVHDUFK,WLQGLUHFWO\RSHQHGXSRSSRUWXQLWLHV
IRU ERWK DUHDV LQ H[SORULQJ QHZ NQRZOHGJH DQG LQWHJUDWHV WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV WKDW KDG SUHYLRXVO\ VHHQ GLIIHUHQW DQG
XQUHODWHGWRHDFKRWKHU3UHYLRXVO\WKHH[SODQDWLRQUHODWHGVRFLDOVFLHQFHVZHUHPRUHIRFXVRQZULWWHQWH[WIRUPDWV


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
(PDLOPU\DNXS#XQLPDVP\


1877-0428 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 2nd GCBSS-2015
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.052
400 Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406

DQGLPDJHVVXFKDVSKRWRJUDSK\DUHQRWXVHGHIIHFWLYHO\LQSURYLGLQJDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJIRUWKHHWKQRJUDSK\VWXG\
HYHQWKRXJKHWKQRJUDSK\LVULFKLQFXOWXUHDQGKHULWDJHWKDWFDQEHVKDUHGWKURXJKWKHYLVXDOSUHVHQWDWLRQ$FFRUGLQJ
WR%DOODQG6PLWK  QXPHURXVDQWKURSRORJLFDOVWXGLHVWKDWXVHSKRWRJUDSKLFPDWHULDOVDUHXQGHUDQDO\]HGDQG
WKHYLVXDOJHQHUDOO\VHUYLQJDVOLWWOHPRUHWKDQLOOXVWUDWLYHGHYLFHV7KLVWHQGHQF\KDVEHHQGHVFULEHGDVWKHVWDQGDUG
XVHRISKRWRJUDSK\RUDQ\RWKHUYLVXDOIRUPVDQGLWLVPRVWFOHDUO\VHHQLQWKRVHHWKQRJUDSKLHVLQZKLFKXVXDOO\DQ
H[WHQVLYHZULWWHQUHSRUWLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\VHYHUDOSKRWRJUDSKV+HUHWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHYLVXDOVDSSDUHQWO\RQO\WR
YLYLI\ WKH VHULRXV ZRUN RI HWKQRJUDSKLF DQDO\VLV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ WKH ZULWWHQ WH[W 0RVW RI WKH UHVHDUFK LQ VRFLDO
VFLHQFHDVVXPHVWKDWWDNLQJSKRWRJUDSKVRULPDJHLVRQO\RFFDVLRQDOO\DZD\RIGRLQJDQWKURSRORJ\DQGFRPPRQO\
QRWHQWHUWDLQHGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIGRLQJVHULRXVDQDO\VLVRIWKHLUSKRWRJUDSK

1.2 Theoretical Foundations

(YHQWKRXJKWKHSDLQWLQJFDQEHGHVFULEHGYLVXDOO\DVKXPDQEHLQJVEXWLWDOVRFDQEHH[SODLQHGDVDVXEMHFWLYH
SURFHVVHVSHFLDOO\RQGHHSO\SHUVRQDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDVKRZVRFLDODQWKURSRORJLVWORRNVLQWRKXPDQEHLQJDVDPHPEHU
RIDVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOJURXS %UD\ %UD\  DQG.RS\WRII  DUJXHVWKDWVRFLDODQWKURSRORJLVWVZHUH
FRQFHUQHGZLWKZKDWKDVFDOOHGWKLFNGHVFULSWLRQVWKDWKDGEHHQSRSXODUL]HGE\*HHUW]  ³7KLFNGHVFULSWLRQ´
LVDWHUPWRGHILQHWKHDWWHPSWWRLQWHUSUHWKXPDQEHKDYLRULQDZD\LQWHOOLJLEOHDQGPHDQLQJIXORXWVLGHLWVVRFLDODQG
FXOWXUDOFRQWH[WWKDWPHDQVWREHERWKVW\OLVKO\RXWZDUGO\DQGXQPLVWDNDEO\UHVRXQGLQJ*HHUW]GHVFULEHGWKDWGRLQJ
HWKQRJUDSK\LVOLNHWU\LQJWRUHDG LQWKHVHQVHRIFRQVWUXFWDUHDGLQJRI´ DPDQXVFULSW$VLQGLFDWHGE\WKLVWKHRU\
WKHUHVHDUFKHUWULHGWRORRNLQWRQHZDOWHUQDWLYHVRQKRZWRH[SORUHHWKQRJUDSK\HIIHFWLYHO\DV³WKLFNGHVFULSWLRQV´
DQGLILWLVSRVVLEOHWRSRUWUD\LWWKURXJK9LVXDO$UWVDVZHOO

1.3 Hypothesis

+ROPHV  LQKLVSUHVHQWDWLRQH[SODLQHGDERXWWKHUROHDVDSDLQWHUZDVQRWMXVWWRYLVXDOL]HDERXWKLVRUKHU


LGHDEXWDOVRWRWKLQNFUHDWHDQGZULWHLQIRUPRIYLVXDODUWV+HDUJXHVWKDW9LVXDO$UWVFDQEHDQDOWHUQDWLYHODQJXDJH
IRU QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ LQ WKHLU OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV ,Q WKLV PDQQHU WKH UHVHDUFKHU DFFHSWV WKDW WKHUH DUH SRVVLELOLWLHV WR
WUDQVIRUPWKHILQGLQJVRI6RFLDO6FLHQFHUHVHDUFKIURPWH[WIRUPDWLQWRWKH9LVXDO$UWVIRUP0RVWRIWKHWLPHZH
KDYHDWHQGHQF\WREHHDVLHUWRXQGHUVWDQGE\ORRNLQJDWLPDJHVWKDQUHDGLQJWH[W7KHUHIRUHWKHUHVHDUFKHUKDVD
K\SRWKHVLVWKDWWKH(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJIURP9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\PHWKRGZLOOKHOSXVWRDSSUHFLDWHDQGXQGHUVWDQG
PRUHDERXWHWKQRJUDSK\WKURXJKYLVXDOV0RUHRYHUWKHVHWZRDUHDVKDYHDW\SLFDOHSLVWHPRORJLFDOFRQWH[WVXFKDV
REVHUYDWLRQ DQG VHOIUHIOHFWLYH DQG WKHVH ZLOO LPSURYH DQWKURSRORJ\ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKURXJK WKH DFFXUDWHQHVV RI
REVHUYDWLRQDQGYLVXDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ$WWKHVDPHWLPHDYLVXDOUHVXOWIURP9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\PHWKRGFDQEHXVHG
DV D JRRG UHIHUHQFH LQ RUGHU WR PDNH DQ H[FHOOHQW (WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ 7KXV (WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ IURP WKLV
FRQWH[WLVDQRWKHUZD\RIUHDGLQJHWKQRJUDSK\DQGLQYROYHVH[SORULQJDUWDVDPHWKRGRIVHHLQJDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

1.4 Definition

9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ PHWKRG LV TXLWH VLPLODU ZLWK TXDOLWDWLYH GDWDFROOHFWLRQ WKDW LQFOXGHG VHPLVWUXFWXUHG NH\
LQIRUPDQWLQWHUYLHZVDXGLRYLVXDOUHFRUGVDQGIHHGEDFNVHVVLRQ+RZHYHULQ9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\WKHIXQGDPHQWDO
VWUXFWXUHRILQIRUPDWLRQDFFXPXODWLRQZLOOEHDXGLRYLVXDOGDWDVXFKDVYLGHRSKRWRJUDSK\VNHWFKHVDQGGUDZLQJ
2QHRIWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVWRLQYHVWLJDWHLIWKH9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\PHWKRGFDQEHPRGLILHGWRVXLW
WKH QDWXUH RI UHVHDUFK ZLWKLQ WKH 9LVXDO $UWV ILHOG 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ LV LQHYLWDEO\ FROODERUDWLYH DQG WR YDU\LQJ
H[WHQWV SDUWLFLSDWRU\ 7KH EDVLF LGHD RI 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ PHWKRG FRPHV IURP RXU DELOLW\ DV KXPDQV WR ORRN DW
SLFWXUHDQGEHILOOHGE\DOONLQGVRIWKRXJKWVHPRWLRQVDQGLGHDV,QVWXG\LQJFXOWXUDOREMHFWVDQGFXOWXUHDYDULHW\RI
SHRSOHFDQORRNDWWKHVDPHSKRWRDQGVHHDPXOWLIDFHWHGUHDOLW\LQERWKSLFWXUHV$FFRUGLQJWR%UD\  WKH
GLVFXVVLRQRQHWKQRJUDSK\PHWKRGLQUHVHDUFKXVXDOO\LQFOXGHVFXOWXUDOLPPHUVLRQSDUWLFLSDQWVREVHUYDWLRQRSHQ
HQGHGLQWHUYLHZVDQGVHOIUHIOHFWLYHVHOHFWLRQDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ7KXVWKHSURGXFWLRQRIHWKQRJUDSKLFSDLQWLQJZLOO
UHIOHFWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIHWKQRJUDSK\VWXG\EXWDWWKHVDPHWLPHZLOOIXOILOOWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI9LVXDO$UWVSULQFLSOH
Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406 401

0HDQZKLOH WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH PHDQLQJ EHKLQG (WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ ZH PXVW ORRN LQWR GHILQLWLRQ RI
µHWKQRJUDSKLFDUW¶ILUVW$FFRUGLQJWR'XWWRQ  DQ\DUWRUDUWLIDFWFUHDWHGE\LQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHLVGHILQHGDV
µHWKQRJUDSKLFDUW¶7KHPRVWFRPPRQH[DPSOHVRIHWKQRJUDSKLFDUWDUHSDLQWLQJVPDVNVRUFDUYHGVFXOSWXUHVDQG
PDQ\RIZKLFKDUHVSLULWXDORUUHOLJLRXVLQQDWXUHµ(WKQRJUDSKLFDUW¶FRPPRQO\FDQEHVHHQDVDWULEDODUWDQGEHHQ
SURGXFHG EDVHG RQ WKHLU FXOWXUH EHOLHIULWXDO DQG KHULWDJH$FFRUGLQJWR %UD\   (WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ LV D
XQLTXHUHODWLRQVKLSFUHDWHGEHWZHHQWKHSDLQWHUDQGWKHPRGHOVRWKHZRUNRIDUWLVQRWVLPSO\DYLVXDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
EXWLWDPDVVHVRIWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIWKHSDLQWHUDQGWKHPRGHOZRUNLQJWRJHWKHUDQGJHWWLQJWRNQRZHDFKRWKHULQWKH
SURFHVV)RUWKLVVLWXDWLRQVKHORRNVWKHSDLQWHGSRUWUDLWVDVLQTXLULHVLQWRWKHFKDUDFWHUVSLULWXDOLW\DQGSV\FKRORJ\
RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO ,QKHU VWXG\ VKH VLPSO\ FHQWHUHG DURXQG D VRFLDO DQGFXOWXUDOJURXSEXWQRW VSHFLILFDOO\ RQ WKH
LQGLJHQRXVVWXG\
,QFRQWUDZLWK%UD\DQG'XWWRQWKLVSDSHUGHILQHGµ(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ¶DVDSDLQWLQJPDGHE\DSDLQWHUZKR
GHSLFWV WKH LPDJHV RI µHWKQRJUDSK\ DUW¶ DV D VXEMHFW PDWWHU DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH KH RU VKH DOVR GLG DQ LQGHSWK
HWKQRJUDSKLFVWXG\RIWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHU7KHVHZRUNVZLOOKLJKOLJKWWKHSDLQWHU
VXQGHUVWDQGLQJEDVHGXSRQWKHLUVWXG\
DQGUHVHDUFKRILQGLJHQRXVSHRSOHHVSHFLDOO\RQWKHZD\RIOLIHFXOWXUHULWXDOFXOWXUDOREMHFWHWF7KLVSDLQWLQJFDQ
EHXVHGDVDQRWKHUUHFRUGRUGRFXPHQWDWLRQRIHWKQLFVWXG\DQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHFDQEHSDUWRIFRQWHPSRUDU\VW\OHRI
FXOWXUDOKHULWDJH,QWKHPHDQWLPHWKHUHVHDUFKHUVKDUHVDVDPHYLHZDV%UD\WKDWSDLQWLQJVFDQEHDPHGLXPWRVHDUFK
WKHHVVHQFHRIDSHUVRQLQUHODWLRQWRKLVWRU\VRFLDOFXOWXUDODQGSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WDQGSK\VLFDODUHD,QDURXQGDERXW
ZD\DQDUWZRUNFDQEHXVHGDVDNLQGRISHUVSHFWLYHIURPWKHVRFLDODQWKURSRORJLVWDQGHWKQRJUDSKLFSHUVSHFWLYH
7KLVVWXG\IRFXVHGRQWKHGDWDFROOHFWHGIURPWKHFXOWXUDOREMHFWVRI3DJDQ0HODQDXHWKQLFQDPHO\DVbilum ZKLFK
LVHQGDQJHUHGQRZ BilumLVDOVRNQRZQDVdakanLQ0HODQDXFRPPXQLW\DQGWKLVFXOWXUDOREMHFWZLOOEHXVHGDVSDUW
RIDVXEMHFWPDWWHULQSURGXFLQJ(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJLQWKLVUHVHDUFKBilumLVXVHGDVDKHDOLQJWRROE\WKH3DJDQ
0HODQDXVRFLHW\$VLQGLFDWHGE\&KRQJ  bilumFRPPRQO\UHIHUVWRWKHFDUYLQJRIWKHVLFNQHVVLPDJHVRULGROV
PDGH IURP HLWKHU VDJR SLWK RU VRIW ZRRG 7KLV LQWULFDWHO\ FDUYHG REMHFWV IRXQG LQ YDULRXV IRUPV PDGH E\ WKH
ZRRGFDUYHUVDUHXVHGDVDNLQGRIPHGLXPWRFXUHWKHVLFNBilumDUHHLWKHUKDQGOHGE\‘bomoh’RUVKDPDQWRSHUIRUP
WKHVLFNQHVVKHDOLQJFHUHPRQ\ZKLFKLQFOXGHWKHDFWRIVSLWWLQJWKHPL[WXUHRIFKHZHGDUHFDQXWDQGEHWHOOHDYHVDQG
OLPHRQWRWKHbilumZKLOHDUWLFXODWLQJDVKRUWFKDQWNQRZQDVµYap¶:LWKRXWWKHµYap¶bilumLVDPHUHREMHFWVRUMXVW
DSLHFHRIFDUYLQJ,WLVWKH‘Yap’WKDWLQYRNHVWKHVSLULWXDOSRZHURIWKH bilumWRKHDORUGULYHDZD\WKHVSLULWVWKDW
FDXVHLOOQHVVWRDSHUVRQ+HQFHWKHVSLULWLVWKRXJKWWRKDYHOHIWWKHSDWLHQWDQGHQWHUHGLWVRZQLPDJH bilum $IWHU
WKUHHGD\VWKHbilumLVWDNHQHLWKHUWRWKHULYHUIRUHVWRUJUDYH\DUGZKHUHLWLVDFFRUGLQJO\UHOLQTXLVKHG
7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGGXULQJWKHKaul)HVWLYDOWRRNSODFHEHFDXVHWKLVLVDQHYHQWWKDWLVV\QRQ\PRXVZLWK
0HODQDXFRPPXQLW\Kaul)HVWLYDOLVFHOHEUDWHGSDUWLFXODUO\LQ0XNDKDQGLWVVXUURXQGLQJYLOODJHV$VLQGLFDWHGE\
0RUULV  KaulLVD0HODQDXDQQXDOFOHDQVLQJZKHQFXVWRPDULO\XQLQYLWHGVSLULWVDQGRWKHUEDGLQIOXHQFHV
ZHUHHVFRUWHGRXWRIWKHYLOODJHE\DIOHHWRIERDWVDQGFHUHPRQLDORIIHULQJVRIWUDGLWLRQDOIRRG&LJDUHWWHVDUHFDQXW
DQGEHWHOOHDIDOVRZHUHVHWRQWKHSeraheng WUDGLWLRQDOGHFRUDWHGSROH DWWKHULYHUPRXWK,WZDVFRPPHQGHGLQWKH
0HODQDXPRQWKVWDUWLQJIURPWKHPRQWKRIPemaleiWRPengejin HQGRI'HFHPEHUWRWKHHQGRI$SULO WRWKDQNWKH
Ipok VSLULWVRUJXDUGLDQV IRUDQDEXQGDQW\HDUSDVWDQGDUHTXHVWWR*RGIRUDGHFHQW\HDUDKHDG

/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ

'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWQXPHURXVUHIHUHQFHVZLWKUHVSHFWWRYLVXDOPHWKRGRORJ\FDQEHIRXQGIRUH[DPSOH5RVH
DQG DQG%DQNV  YHU\OLWWOHUHVHDUFKUHODWHGZLWKFRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\RI9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\DQG
(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJFDQEHUHIHUUHG+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDUHVHDUFKHUZKLFKWULHGWRORRNIRUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ
DQWKURSRORJ\DQGQDWXUDOLVWUHDOLVWSDLQWLQJVXFKDV'U=RH%UD\IURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HYDGD5HQR86$%DU\
DQG VXJJHVWHGWKDWYDULRXVWHFKQLTXHVLQQDWXUDOLVWSDLQWLQJDUHSDUDOOHOZLWKHWKQRJUDSK\¶VPHWKRGVRI
UHVHDUFKDQGE\GLVFXVVLQJWKHFRPPRQHSLVWHPRORJLFDODQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOFRQFHUQVRIWKHVHWZRDUHDV5HVHDUFKHUV
FRQFXUZLWKVRPHRIKHUSHUVSHFWLYHVEXWWKHUHDUHVRPHLVVXHVWKDWGLIIHUPDLQO\RQWKHIRFXVIURPWKHVWXG\DQG
WKLVUHVHDUFKLVPRUHHPSKDVLVRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRI6RFLDO6FLHQFHPHWKRGRORJ\DQGWKHSURFHVVRIFRPSRVLWLRQLQ
9LVXDO$UWVLQUHJDUGVWRLQGLJHQRXVVWXG\
402 Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406

7KLVUHVHDUFKZLOODOVRXVHWKHELRJUDSKLFDODSSURDFKHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQDQDO\]LQJWKHELRJUDSK\RIbilum0RVWRI
WKHUHIHUHQFHVDERXWWKLVFXOWXUDOREMHFWDUHIURP&KRQJ  DQG0RUULV DQG 0LFKHOO  
DUJXHGDVUHDOREMHFWVDUWLIDFWVFDUU\ZLWKWKHPVRFLDODQGKLVWRULFDOQDUUDWLYHVWKDWKDYHRFFDVLRQDOEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG
LQSRVLQJDQGH[DPLQLQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVUHODWHGWRKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQDQGVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQW$WWKHVDPHWLPH
WKH\KDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWRHYRNHDQGFDUU\ZLWKWKHPDXWRELRJUDSKLFDOQDUUDWLYHV%DVLFDOO\LQIRUPDWLRQUHODWHGWR
bilum ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG IURP WKH SRLQW RI 6RFLDO 6FLHQFH WKDW LQFOXGHV IXOO FXOWXUDO LPPHUVLRQ SDUWLFLSDQWV
REVHUYDWLRQRSHQHQGHGLQWHUYLHZVDQGVHOIUHIOHFWLYHVHOHFWLRQRULQWHUSUHWDWLRQ$OOWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQZLOOEHXVHGWR
VWUHQJWKHQWKHLGHDVRUFRQFHSWVEHKLQGWKHSURGXFWLRQRI(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJODWHU
'UDZQIURPWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDQGVXPPDUL]LQJZKDWLVNQRZQDVWKHUHVHDUFKLVVXHDVH[SODLQHGDERYHLWFDQ
EHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHDUHLQIRUPDWLRQJDSVRQKRZWROLQN6RFLDO6FLHQFHZLWK9LVXDO$UWV7KHUHIRUHWKLVSDSHU
ZLOO IRFXV RQ IRVWHULQJ DQ DSSURSULDWH PHWKRG RI 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ PHWKRG DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ DSSOLHG LQ WKH
(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJVRWKDWWKH\DUHDEOHWRYLVXDOL]HWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHWZRJHQUHV

0HWKRGRORJ\

7KLVUHVHDUFKVWDUWHGZLWKWKHFROOHFWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQDQGYLVXDOVHVSHFLDOO\SHUWDLQLQJWRWKHbilum,QDGGLWLRQ
WKHGDWDDERXWVRFLDOFXOWXUHDQGLWVEDFNJURXQGVWXG\ZHUHFROOHFWHGIURPLQWHUYLHZDQGREVHUYDWLRQ6LWHYLVLWVZHUH
PDGHWRVHYHUDOYLOODJHVLQ'DODWDQG0XNDKZKLFKDUHUHODWHGZLWKWKHULWXDODFWLYLWLHVRIbilumVXFKDV.J7HOLDQ
7HQJDK.J.OLG.J0HGRQJDQG.J3ODMDX7KHPDLQDFWLYLW\GXULQJWKHVWXG\ZDVWRLGHQWLI\WKHbilum¶VFDUYHU
WKDW VWLOO H[LVWV ZLWKLQ WKH DUHD DQG LQWHUYLHZLQJ WKH SURGXFWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV ZLWK WKH REMHFW DV ZHOO DV WKH ODWHVW
GHYHORSPHQWVUHODWHGWRWKHXVHbilumLQ3DJDQ0HODQDXFRPPXQLW\
%DVLFDOO\WKLVUHVHDUFKXVHGD9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\PHWKRGZKLFKLVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHUHVHDUFK
OLNHZKDW0DUJDUHW0HDGDQG*UHJRU\%DWHVRQKDYHGRQHLQWKHLUHWKQRJUDSKLFZRUNLQ%DOL -DFNQLV 
)RUUHIHUHQFHLQWKHLUERRNµ%DOLQHVH&KDUDFWHU$3KRWRJUDSKLF$QDO\VLV¶FRQWDLQVSKRWRJUDSKVZKLFKGHSLFW
DQHOHPHQWRI%DOLQHVH&XOWXUH'XHWRWKLVWKHUHVHDUFKHUEHOLHYHVUHVHDUFKUHODWHGWRHWKQRJUDSK\REMHFW¶VELRJUDSK\
DQGQDUUDWLYHFDQEHHQULFKHGWKURXJKWKHLQFOXVLRQRIYLVXDODQGWH[WLQDQDO\VLVSURFHVV,QWKLVVWXG\WKHUHVHDUFKHU
WRRNYLVXDOLQHWKQRJUDSK\WRDQRWKHUVWHSDKHDGDQGWULHVWRPRGLI\LWLQWRDQHZDSSURDFKLQ9LVXDO$UWV,QYLHZRI
WKHVWDWHPHQWVE\0LFKHOO  DQG.RS\WRII  DQGWKHODWHVWWHFKQRORJLHVRIYLVXDOUHFRUGLQJWKHUHVHDUFKRI
bilumZDVVWUXFWXUHGDQGWKHGDWDLVFROOHFWHGEDVHGRQVFKHPDWLFYLVXDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQVXFKDVYLGHRSKRWRJUDSK\
VNHWFKHVQRWHVREVHUYDWLRQDQGLQWHUYLHZ7KHZKROHLGHDVRIGRFXPHQWDWLRQZLOOEHEDVHGRQFRPSRVLWLRQDOWKHRU\
LQ9LVXDO$UWVDVGHVFULEHGLQ7DEOH

7DEOH&RPSRVLWLRQ7HFKQLTXHV
&RPSRVLWLRQ 'HVFULSWLRQV
5XOHRI7KLUGV 3ODFHSRLQWVRILQWHUHVWRQLQWHUVHFWLRQVRIѿRIFRPSRVLWLRQ
/HDGLQJ/LQHV 8VHQDWXUDOOLQHVWROHDGWKHH\HLQWRWKHSLFWXUH
'LDJRQDOV 'LDJRQDOOLQHVWRFUHDWHDPRYHPHQW
)UDPLQJ 8VHQDWXUDOIUDPHVVXFKDVZLQGRZVRUGRRUV
)LJXUHWR*URXQG )LQGDFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQVXEMHFWDQGEDFNJURXQG
)LOOWKH)UDPH *HWFORVHWRWKHVXEMHFWV
&HQWHU'RPLQDQW(\H 3ODFHWKHGRPLQDQWH\HLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHSKRWRWRJLYHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWWKHH\HVIROORZWKHYLHZHU
3DWWHUQVDQG5HSHWLWLRQ 3DWWHUQVDUHDHVWKHWLFDOO\SOHDVLQJDQGWKHEHVWLVZKHQWKHSDWWHUQLVLQWHUUXSWHG

6\PPHWU\ 6\PPHWU\LVEDODQFHDQGSOHDVLQJWRWKHH\H

,Q WKH HDUO\ VWDJHVYLVXDO FRPSRVLWLRQ ZDV WDNHQ UDQGRPO\ RQ RFFDVLRQ DQGUHO\LQJ RQ WKH SKRWRJUDSKHU YLHZ
ZLWKRXWDQ\VSHFLILFLQVWUXFWLRQ,QWKLVJURXSWKHUHDUHILYHUHVHDUFKHUVLQYROYHGZLWKYLVXDODUWVEDFNJURXQG WZR
ILQHDUWLVWVWZRFLQHPDWRJUDSKHUVDQGRQHSKRWRJUDSKHU WKDWGLGWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQVEDVHGRQWKHLUSRLQWRIYLHZDQG
H[SHUWLVH'RFXPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVDQGGDWDFROOHFWLRQKDVJDWKHUHGPRUHWKDQSKRWRLPDJHVDQGRYHUKRXUV
Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406 403

RIYLGHRIRRWDJHDQGDXGLR,QDGGLWLRQGDWDLVOLNHZLVHJDWKHUHGWKURXJKLQWHUYLHZVREVHUYDWLRQVDQGVNHWFKHV1H[W
DOOLPDJHVZHUHDQDO\]HGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFRPSRVLWLRQWHFKQLTXHV WDEOH WRFKRRVHWKHEHVWFRPSRVLWLRQDQGLQWKH
PHDQWLPH WKH LGHDV RU FRQFHSWV DGGLWLRQDOO\ ZLOO EH H[SORUHG WKURXJK WKH ILQGLQJV GHULYHG IURP WKH HWKQRJUDSK\
VWXG\%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVIURPWKHVLWHYLVLWUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHGRFXPHQWHGVRPHRIWKHHYHQWVPDLQO\UHODWHGWRWKH
WUDGLWLRQVRIKaul)HVWLYDODQGbilumDFWLYLWLHV7KHLPDJHVZHUHFROOHFWHGDQGGLYLGHGDFFRUGLQJWRIRXUFDWHJRULHV
WKDWKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHYHQXHDQGDFWLYLWLHVDQGDUHOLVWHGDVIROORZV

L  Kaul)HVWLYDODQGbilumFDUYLQJDW.J7HOLDQ7HQJDKDQG0XNDK
LL  Kaul)HVWLYDODQGbilum FDUYLQJDW.J.OLG
LLL  Kaul)HVWLYDODW.J3ODMDX
LY  Kaul)HVWLYDODW.J0HGRQJ

)RUWKLVSDSHUWKHUHVHDUFKHUZLOOIRFXVRQbilumDQGLWVULWXDODFWLYLW\WKDWWRRNSODFHLQ.J7HOLDQ7HQJDKDQG
0XNDKRQO\%DVHGRQWKHVHLPDJHFROOHFWLRQVWKHUHVHDUFKHUWKHQILOWHUHGWKHLPDJHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHU
FRPSRVLWLRQOLJKWLQJQDUUDWLYHFRQFHSWRULGHD$OOWKLVFDWHJRULHVZLOOFRQWULEXWHWRWKHHQGSURGXFWRI(WKQRJUDSKLF
3DLQWLQJ

'DWD$QDO\VLV

7KLVSDSHUZLOOXWLOL]HWKHH[DPSOHRILPDJHVREWDLQHGIURPbilumDFWLYLWLHVGXULQJWKHODVWKaul)HVWLYDODW0XNDK
6HYHUDO SKRWRV DQG LPDJHV IURP WKLV RFFDVLRQ KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG DQG ZLOO EH DQDO\]HG LQ FRPSOLDQFH ZLWK WKH
FRPSRVLWLRQDQGFKLDURVFXURWKHRU\EHIRUHWKHLPDJHFDQEHILQDOL]HGWREHFRPHDSDLQWLQJ+HUHDUHDIHZLPDJHVRI
VXUYLYLQJ bilum¶V FDUYHU 0U <D %LQ *DODX RU NQRZQ DV 3DN <D IURP .J 6J 8G 0XNDK )LJXUH   7KLV LV D
FRPPRQVW\OHRISKRWRGRFXPHQWDWLRQLQHWKQRJUDSK\DQGFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHIRFXVLVRQO\WKHFDUYHU RUWKH
VXEMHFWPDWWHU ZLWKRXWDQ\VLJQLILFDQWFRQFHSWRIYLVXDODUWVWKHRU\0RVWRIWKHWLPHWKLVLVWKHVW\OHRILPDJHVWKDW
HWKQRJUDSKHUWRRNLQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHUHVHDUFKDQGLWGLGQRWVKRZDQ\FRQFHSWVRUQDUUDWLYHRWKHUWKDQZKDWLWKDG
GHPRQVWUDWHG)XQGDPHQWDOO\WKLVVRUWRILPDJHVVLPSO\PHWH[SHFWDWLRQVDVDVXSSRUWHURIZULWWHQWH[WDQGQHYHU
ORRNHGRYHUWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVWKDWLWFDQEULQJPRUHPHDQLQJLIZHORRNLWLQGLIIHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYH9LVXDOHWKQRJUDSK\
RSHQVDORWRIRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHSDLQWHUVWRH[SORUHWKHLULGHDV7KHUHVHDUFKHUZLOOH[SODLQRQHH[DPSOHRQKRZ
WKHVH SLFWXUHV FDQ JLYH DQRWKHU LPSUHVVLRQ IURP SDLQWHU SRLQW RI YLHZ UDWKHU WKDQ MXVW WR VKRZ WKH VXEMHFW PDWWHU
)LJXUH 


   
)LJ3DN<DSUHSDULQJKLVFDUYLQJWRROV)LJBilum¶V&DUYLQJ3URFHVV

7KH DQDO\VLV SURFHGXUHZDV GRQH LQ D IHZ VWDJHV ,Q OLJKW RIREVHUYDWLRQ DQG LPDJH VHOHFWLRQ WKH UHVHDUFKHU
GLYLGHGWKHLPDJHVLQWRVPDOOHUFDWHJRULHVDVVWDWHGLQWDEOH


404 Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406

7DEOH*URXSRILPDJHVDQGLWVFRQFHSW
*URXSRILPDJHV 5HODWHG&RQFHSW7KHPH
Bilum W\SHRIbilumDHVWKHWLFGHVLJQ
Bilum¶VFDUYHU IHHOLQJSDVVLRQHPRWLRQSRUWUDLW
5LWXDORIbilum VDFUHGULWXDOFXOWXUH
KauO)HVWLYDO ULWXDOFHUHPRQ\VRFLDODFWLYLW\HYHQW


,QWDEOHFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWVRPHUHODWHGFRQFHSWRUWKHPHVFDQEHFUHDWHGIURPYLVXDOREVHUYDWLRQDQGWKHUH
DUHSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHSURFHVVRIDQDO\VLVLQ6RFLDO6FLHQFH7\SHRIbilumWKHGHVLJQULWXDODFWLYLW\DQGWKHFHUHPRQ\
DUHVHYHUDODVSHFWVWKDWKDYHEHHQLGHQWLILHGWKURXJK6RFLDO6FLHQFHPHWKRGVXFKDVREVHUYDWLRQDQGLQWHUYLHZ7KDW
V
PHDQWWKHGLVFRYHULHVIURPWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHFDQEHXVHGWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHSDLQWLQJLWVHOIRUYLFH
YHUVD)RUWKLVSDSHUWKHUHVHDUFKHUZLOOXVHWKHFRQFHSWRIµ3DVVLRQ¶EDVHGRQbilum¶VFDUYHUDQGWZRVDPSOHVRI
(WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ ZLOO EH SURGXFHG WR GHSLFW WKLV FRQFHSW ,Q RUGHU WR FRQYH\ WKH FRQFHSW RI µ3DVVLRQ¶ WKH
UHVHDUFKHULQWHUHVWHGRQ3DN<D¶VKDQGJHVWXUHDQGKLVSRVWXUHZKLOHKHLVFDUYLQJWKHbilum )LJXUH 
7ZRLPDJHVKDYHEHHQFKRVHQEDVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVWKDWUHIHUVWRWKHFRQFHSWRI
3DVVLRQ
DQGGHVFULSWLRQVWKHUHRI
DUHH[SODLQHGDVLQWKHGUDZLQJDQDO\VLV )LJXUH 7KHSURPLQHQWYHLQVDQGKRZKHFDUYHVVKRZHQWKXVLDVPLQ3DN
<DZKHQGRLQJWKLVMREHYHQQRRQHHOVHLVZLOOLQJWRLQKHULWKLVOHJDF\7RVKRZWKLVLGHDWKHUHVHDUFKHUFKRVHDIHZ
LPDJHVRI3DN<D¶VKDQGZKHQKHLVFDUYLQJWKHQFURSSLQJWKHLPDJHDQGPDQLSXODWHVWKHFKLDURVFXURWRHQKDQFHWKH
YHLQVDQGKDQGVJHVWXUH7KHVHOHFWLRQSURFHVVDOVRORRNHGDWWKHRYHUDOOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHSLFWXUHDQGLWZLOOEH
HGLWHGLILPSRUWDQWWRIRUWLI\WKHFRQFHSW

 
)LJ+DQGJHVWXUHVWXG\)LJ'UDZLQJ$QDO\VLV


%DVLFDOO\RYHUDOOSURFHVVRIWKHDQDO\VLVFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVEHORZ
L &ROOHFWLQJLPDJHV
LL &DWHJRUL]HWKHLPDJHVE\WRSLFYHQXHHYHQW
LLL (DFKLPDJHVGLYLGHGE\VXEMHFWPDWWHUFRQFHSWLGHDRUQDUUDWLYH
LY ,PDJHVVHOHFWHGEDVHGRQ9LVXDO$UWWKHRULHV FRPSRVLWLRQFKLDURVFXURHWF 
Y ,PDJHHGLWLQJSURFHVV SKRWRHGLWLQJVRIWZDUHDQGRUVNHWFKHV 
YL 7UDQVIHUWKHLPDJHLQWR(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ

/DVWEXWQRWOHDVWWKHSURFHVVRIDQDO\VLVDOVRPXVWWDNHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRQWKHELRJUDSK\VWXG\RIWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHU
7KHUHVHDUFKHU LQWKLVFDVHDSDLQWHUDVZHOO DOVRGLGDORWRIVWXG\RQbilumDQGWKHFDUYHUIURPHWKQRJUDSKLFSRLQW
RIYLHZ+RZHYHUWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIbilumZLOOQRWEHH[SODLQHGLQGHWDLOVKHUHVLQFHWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHLVWRH[SODLQ
WKHSURFHVVRIWUDQVIRUPLQJWKH9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\LPDJHVLQWRDQ(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ

)LQGLQJV

$IWHU VDWLVILHG ZLWK WKH LPDJH¶V VHOHFWLRQ WKH UHVHDUFKHU WUDQVIRUPV WKH LPDJH RQWR WZR UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO RLO
Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406 405

SDLQWLQJVRQ¶[¶FDQYDV ILJXUH 7KHZKROHFRPSRVLWLRQZDVEDVHGRQµ5XOHRI7KLUGV¶DQGWKHOLJKWLQJDFFRUGLQJ


WRFKLDURVFXURWKHRU\LQRUGHUWRGUDPDWLFHIIHFWRQWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHU(YHQWKRXJKZHFDQVHHbilumDVSDUWRIWKH
VXEMHFWPDWWHUEXWWKHIRFXVLVPRUHWRZDUGVWKHKDQGHVSHFLDOO\RQWKHYHLQV+HUHWKHYHLQVZHUHGHSLFWHGLQFRQWUDVW
OLJKWDQGVKDGRZWRVKRZWKHFRQWUDVWDQGPHDQLQJRIµ3DVVLRQ¶,QGLUHFWO\WKLVDUWZRUNWULHVWRFRQYH\WKHKDUGVKLS
OLIHRIbilum¶VFDUYHUDQGVKRZWKHVWKHWLFRIbilumLPDJH
D E 

 
)LJ<DNXS0RKG5DIHH  Bilum¶V&DUYHU, D  Bilum¶V&DUYHU,, E 
2LOSDLQWRQ¶[¶&DQYDV

,QFRPSDULVRQVWXG\IURPWKLVUHVHDUFK9LVXDO$UWVZLOOJHWEHQHILWVLQWHUPVRILPDJHUHIHUHQFHVDQGVXEMHFW
PDWWHURUEDFNJURXQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ:KLOH6RFLDO6FLHQFHZLOOJHWEHQHILWVIURPWKHPRUHFUHDWLYHSHUVSHFWLYHLQ
SUHVHQWLQJ WKH ILQGLQJV  7R DGGUHVV D SRUWLRQ RI WKH DSSOLFDEOH LVVXHV JLYHQ WKH DGYDQFHPHQWV LQ HWKQRJUDSK\
GRFXPHQWDWLRQ DQG SUHVHQWDWLRQ LQ YLVXDO DUWV WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI (WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ YLD 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\
PHWKRGFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDQLQQRYDWLRQLQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHUDWKHUWKDQVLPSO\MXVWDPHGLXPIRUUHFRUGLQJVRFLDO
EHKDYLRULQ6RFLDO6FLHQFH(DFKDUHDHLWKHU6RFLDO6FLHQFHRU9LVXDO$UWVFDQEHQHILWHDFKRWKHU¶VDVGHVFULEHGLQ
WDEOH

7DEOH7KH5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\DQG(WKQRJUDSKLF3DLQWLQJ
)RU)URP 6RFLDO6FLHQFH 9LVXDO$UWV
,PDJH +DYHDYDULHW\RILPDJHVWRVXSSRUWWKHWUDGLWLRQDO +DYHDORWRILPDJHVIRU
TXDOLWDWLYHPHWKRG SDLQWLQJUHIHUHQFHV
6RFLDOHWKQRJUDSK\VWXG\ &UHDWLYHLPDJHVDQGLQGHSWKLQIRUPDWLRQEDVHGRQ &UHDWHHWKQRJUDSKLF
LQWHUYLHZREVHUYDWLRQDQGYLVXDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQ DZDUHQHVVDQGFRQFHSWXDO
IURPWKHVLWHYLVLWDQGLPDJHDQDO\VLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ
5HIHUHQFHV 0RUHSURSHUDQGFUHDWLYHLPDJHVDVSDUWRI ,WFDQEHDQDOWHUQDWLYHIRU
UHVHDUFKILQGLQJVDQGJLYHPRUHPHDQLQJIRU ORQJODVWLQJUHIHUHQFHVLQIRUP
IXWXUHUHIHUHQFHV RISDLQWLQJRURWKHUDUWZRUNV

&RQFOXVLRQ 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV

$V D FRQFOXVLRQ WKLV YLVXDO DQDO\VLV JLYHV D GHILQLWH VWUDWHJ\ IRU H[DPLQLQJ WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV EXLOW XS E\ WKH
V\QWDFWLFUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHSHRSOHVSODFHVDQGREMHFWVGHOLQHDWHGLQ9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\LPDJHV7KLVVLJQLILFDQFH
LVGHSLFWHGDVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDODVZHOODVFRRSHUDWLRQFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHDSSDUHQWWUXWKHVWLPDWLRQRISLFWXUHVDQG
FRPSRVLWLRQIRUH[DPSOHVLWXDWLQJSLFWXUHVDQGFRPSRVHGFRQWHQWLQDFHUWDLQZD\7KHUHIRUHWKLVSDSHUWULHGWR
ORRNLQWRPRUHVHULRXVUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHDQG9LVXDO$UWVLQIXWXUHXQGHUWDNLQJ$WWKHVDPHWLPH
LWVHPSKDVL]H6RFLDO6FLHQFHDQG9LVXDO$UWVWRFROODERUDWHDQGEHFRPLQJSDUWRIDFDGHPLFUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHV$Q
DVVHVVPHQWRIWKHSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWRIWKLVVWXG\DQGLWVILQGLQJVFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVIROORZV
406 Yakup Mohd Rafee et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015) 399 – 406

L ,WV FRQWULEXWLRQ WR NQRZOHGJH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ +LJKOLJKW QHZ PHWKRGV LQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI (WKQRJUDSKLF
3DLQWLQJEDVHGRQWKHPHWKRGRI9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\
LL ,WVFRQWULEXWLRQWRSUDFWLFHDQGDSSOLFDWLRQ2SHQXSDQRSSRUWXQLW\DQGSURSRVHQHZDOWHUQDWLYHVLQWHUPVRI
SUDFWLFHGEDVHGUHVHDUFK
LLL ,WVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK2SHQDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHVDQG
9LVXDO$UWV
2YHUDOO WKHUHVXOW REWDLQHG WKURXJK WKLVUHVHDUFK LVVWLOO LQLWV LQIDQF\ DQG FDQEH LPSURYHG LQ WKH IXWXUH 7KH
PHWKRG IRU PRGLI\LQJ WKH UHVXOW RI 9LVXDO (WKQRJUDSK\ WR (WKQRJUDSKLF 3DLQWLQJ PD\ YDU\ EDVHG RQ WKH LPDJH¶V
FDWHJRU\RUWKHFRQFHSWWKDWZDQWVWREHFRQYH\HG+RZHYHUEDVHGRQWKHGLVFRYHULHVZHFDQGLVWLQJXLVKWKDWWKH
PHWKRGRORJ\XWLOL]HGKHUHFRXOGEURDGHQWKH9LVXDO(WKQRJUDSK\LQWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHVWRDQRWKHUDSSURDFKLQWKH
9LVXDO$UWV,QIDFWWKLVDSSURDFKLVDOVRFDSDEOHRIEULQJLQJWKHSXEOLFWRXQGHUVWDQGEHWWHURQWKHLVVXHVHVSHFLDOO\
DERXWFXOWXUHDQGKHULWDJHWKURXJKYLVXDODUW7KLVLVSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHPHDQLQJRIHWKQRJUDSK\PHWKRGDVVWDWHGE\
.DW] S +HDVVHUWHGWKDWWKLVPHWKRGLVDVSHFLILFVWUDWXPRIWKHVRFLDOZRUOGE\WHOOLQJWKHDFFRXQWRIKRZ
SHRSOHWKURXJKFRPPXQLW\DQGE\VXJJHVWLRQGHSHQGHQWEHKDYLRUPDNHWKHSURJUHVVLQJFKDUDFWHURISDUWLFXODUVRFLDO
SODFHVDQGSUDFWLFHV0HDQZKLOHWKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJDOVRZLOOKHOSWKHSDLQWHUWRH[SODLQPRUHHIIHFWLYHO\DERXWbilum
DQGLWVFRQFHSWEHKLQGWKHSDLQWLQJ7KHUHVHDUFKHUDGGLWLRQDOO\ILQGWKDWWKHPRVWFULWLFDOFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHUHVXOW
RIWKLVUHVHDUFKDUHWKHERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHDQG9LVXDO$UWVLVEOXUUHGDQGWKHFROODERUDWLRQFDQ
EHFRPHDVLPSRUWDQWDVWKHZULWWHQWH[W7RFRQFOXGHLWLVKRSHGRIWKLVSDSHUSURYLGHVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUDOOWRVHH
WKHSRVVLELOLWLHVWKDWFRXOGEHH[SORUHGLQGHYHORSLQJVFKRODUO\UHVHDUFKHVSHFLDOO\LQEULGJLQJWKH6RFLDO6FLHQFHDQG
9LVXDO$UWV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVGRQHXQGHU)5*6UHVHDUFKJUDQW>)5*666,    @VXSSRUWHGE\0LQLVWU\RI


(GXFDWLRQ0DOD\VLD 02( DQG8QLYHUVLWL0DOD\VLD6DUDZDN 81,0$6 7KHUHVHDUFKHUVDOVRWKDQNWKHRIILFHUIURP
Majlis Adat Istiadat Sarawak0U+DWELQ+RNODLDQGFRPPXQLW\RI'DODWDQG0XNDKDUHDZKRSURYLGHGLQVLJKWDQG
H[SHUWLVHWKDWJUHDWO\DVVLVWHGWKHUHVHDUFK

5HIHUHQFHV

%DQNV0  Visual Methods in Social Research/RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG


%DOO0 6PLWK*  Analyzing Visual Data (Qualitative Research Methods).&DOLIRUQLD6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV,QF
%UD\=  Ethnographic Approaches. Approaches and Methodology in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective'RQDWHOODGHOOD3RUWDDQG
0LFKDHO.HDWLQJ HGV &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%UD\=  Anthropology-Ethnography and Naturalistic-Realist Painting: Parallels in Ways of Seeing and Understanding the World7KH
5HSUHVHQWDWLRQDO$UW&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJV&DOLIRUQLD/XWKHUDQ8QLYHUVLW\7KRXVDQG2DNV
%UD\ =   Creativity and the Ethnographic Process in Naturalist-Realist Painting &UHDWLYH 3URFHVVHV LQ $UW  3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ROORTXLXP$QD5LWD)HUUHLUD $QD1RODVFR HGV )DFXOW\RI)LQH$UWVRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI/LVERQ
&KRQJ&6  Traditional Melanau Woodcarving (Bilum) In Dalat, Sarawak.XDOD/XPSXU3DQWDV6HW6GQ%KG
'XWWRQ'  7ULEDO$UW,Q0LFKDHO.HOO\ HGLWRU Encyclopedia of Aesthetics1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
*HHUW]&  The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays1HZ<RUN%DVLF%RRNV,QF3XEOLVKHUV
+ROPHV-  7KLQNLQJ&UHDWLQJ:ULWLQJLQWKH9LVXDO$UWV$UWEDVHG5HVHDUFK6HPLQDU'HZDQ6UL7DQMRQJ8QLYHUVLWL3HQGLGLNDQ6XOWDQ
,GULV
.DW]-  (WKQRJUDSK\¶V:DUUDQWVSociological Methods & Research  
.RS\WRII ,   7KH &XOWXUDO %LRJUDSK\ RI 7KLQJV &RPPRGLWL]DWLRQ DV 3URFHVV 7KH 6RFLDO /LIH RI 7KLQJV Commodities in Cultural
Perspective(GLWHGE\$SSDGXUDL$&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0LFKHOO&  Doing Visual Research6$*(3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG/RQGRQ
0RUULV+6  7KH2\D0HODQDX.XFKLQJ0DOD\VLDQ+LVWRULFDO6RFLHW\ 6DUDZDN%UDQFK 
0RUULV+6  7KH2\D0HODQDX7UDGLWLRQDO5LWXDODQG%HOLHI:LWK$&DWDORJXH2I%LOXP&DUYLQJVThe Sarawak Museum Journal9ROXPH
,VVXH
0RUULV+0HODQDX  Encyclopedia of World Cultures(QF\FORSHGLDFRP
5RVH*  Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials/RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG
5RVH*  Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials/RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG

You might also like