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Vedic Civilization, Society and Politics

VEDIC CIVILIZATION

 Vedic literature is the most significant source of information about the Vedic civilization.

 The Vedic literature consists of three successive classes of literary creations, namely:

o Vedas

o Brahmanas

o Aranyakas and Upanishads

Vedas

 Veda means “knowledge”. The Vedas formed the earliest segment of Vedic literature.

 The Vedic literature had been evolved in the course of many centuries and was handed down from generation to
generation by the word of mouth.

 The Vedas are the collection of hymns, prayers, charms, litanies, and sacrificial formulae.

 Vedas are four in number, namely:

o Rig Veda – It is the oldest Veda. It is a collection of hymns.

o Samveda – it is a collection of songs, which are mostly taken from Rig Veda.

o Yajurveda – It is a collection of sacrificial formulae.

o Atharvanaveda – it is a collection of spells and charms.

Brahmanas

 The Brahmanas are prose texts. It describes about the meaning of Vedic hymns, their applications, and stories of their
origins in details. Besides, it also explains the details about rituals and philosophies.

Aranyakas & Upanishads

 Aranyakas and Upanishads exemplify philosophical meditations of the hermits and ascetics on soul, god, world, etc.
These are partly included in the Brahmanas or attached, and partly exist as separate works.

 They, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads are attached to one or the other of the four Vedas.

 Compositions of the hymns are credited to Hindu Rishis (monks) of divine origin.

 The Vedas are called ‘apaurusheya’ (not created by man) and ‘nitya’ (existing in all eternity) while the Rishis are known
as inspired seers who received the mantras from the Supreme deity.

Age of Rig Veda

 The origin of the earth goes back to about 4,600 million years and the origin of humans themselves goes back to about
4.2 million years (ago).

 Max Muller gives arbitrarily the date of composition of Rig Veda to be around 1,200 to 1,000 B.C.

 D. Whitney negated and criticized Muller for using totally arbitrary, unscientific, and un-academic method in assigning
the dates.

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 On the analogy of the language of Avesta, some scholars opined that the date of Rig Veda may be 1,000 B.C.

 Some of the Vedic gods namely Indra, Varuna, Mitra, and the two Nasatyas were mentioned in Boghaz-Koi (Asia Minor)
inscription of 1,400 B.C., which proves that Rig Veda must have come into existence much before the date described by
some of the foreigner scholars.

 The Boghaz-Koi inscription records a treaty between the Hittite and the Mitanni Kings and the gods (mentioned in the
above point) were cited as witnesses to this treaty. Even today, exactly in the same way, the oath is taken in the courts
and on an assumption of a public office (in the name of god).

 Bal Gangadhar Tilak, on astronomical grounds, dated Rig Veda to 6,000 B.C.

 Harmon Jacobi held that Vedic civilization flourished between 4,500 B.C. and 2,500 B.C. and the Samhitas were
composed in the latter half of the period.

 Famous Sanskritist, Winternitz felt that the Rig Veda was probably composed in the third millennium B.C.

 K. Mukerjee suggested that “on a modest computation, we should come to 2,500 B.C. as the time of Rig Veda”.

 C. Pande also favors a date of 3,000 B.C. or even earlier.

Rig Vedic Geography

 Rig Vedic people called themselves ‘Aryans’. They had detailed knowledge of the geographical area in which they lived.
Name and location and pattern of geographical features such as rivers and mountains mentioned in Rig-Veda suggest
location of the regions of the geographical area of their habitat.

 The Nadi-sukta hymn of the Rig Veda mentions 21 rivers, which include the Ganga in the east and the Kubha (Kabul) in
the west.

 The pattern of rivers is given in a definite order from the east to west i.e. from the Ganga in the east to the Kubul in the
west. The rivers like Yamuna, Saraswati, Sutlej, Ravi, Jhelum, and Indus are situated between Ganga and Kabul.

 The mountain namely the Himalayas and the Mujavant (as mentioned in the Veda) are located in the north.

 The Ocean i.e. ‘Samudra’ is mentioned in connection with rivers Sindhu and the river Saraswati had been falling into the
ocean. Ocean has been also mentioned in the context of foreign trade.

 The geography of Rig Vedic period covers present-day western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, the
whole of Pakistan, and the south of Afghanistan.

 The battle of ten kings, mentioned in the Rig Veda, gives names of ten kings who participated in a war against Sudas
who was Bharata king of Tritsus family. It illustrates that the territory known to Vedic people was divided into a number
of states-republics and monarchical (kingdoms).

 The battle was fought on the bank of Parushani (Ravi) river and Sudas emerged as victorious.

 ‘Bharatvarsha’ was the name used for the whole country. It was given by the most important people of the Rig Veda.
They were ‘Bharatas’ who were settled in the region between the rivers Saraswati and Yamuna.

 The Rig Veda also gives the location of other people, such as Purus in the region of Kurukshetra; the Tritsus east of Ravi;
the Alinas, the Pakhtas, the Bhalanas and the Sibis west of Indus (up to Kabul river) and so on.

VEDIC SOCIETY

Society

 Occupation of individuals was the basis of classification of a society in the Rig Vedic period.

 It was divided into four varnas, namely

o Brahmanas (teacher and priests);

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o Kshatriya (rulers and administrators);

o Vaisya (farmers, merchants, and bankers); and

o Sudra (artisan and laborers).

 There was complete freedom and mobility for the adoption of a profession.

 Trades and occupations did not assume a hereditary character in the society (till now).

Salient Features of Vedic Society

 The family was the smallest unit of a society. It was primarily monogamous and Patriarchal.

 Child marriage was not in fashion.

 There was freedom of choice in marriage.

 A widow could marry the younger brother of her deceased husband.

 The wife was a partner of the husband in all religious and social ceremonies.

 The father’s property was inherited by son.

 The daughter could inherit it only if she was the only child of her parents.

 Right to property was known in moveable things like cattle, horse, gold, and ornament and so also in immoveable
property like land and house.

Education

 The teacher was given great respect.

 The school was in the home of the teacher where he taught the particular sacred texts.

 The texts were in the first instance learnt by pupils repeating the words taught by their teacher.

 A great importance was attached to enunciation and pronunciation.

 Oral learning was the method of training.

 Students were given intense training and learning to memorize and preserve the huge mass of Vedic literature.

Food & Drinks

 The important part of the diet was milk and its products like curd, butter, and ghee. Grains were cooked with milk
(kshira-pakamodanam).

 Chappati (bread) of wheat and barley was eaten mixed with ghee.

 People used to eat the meat of birds, wild animals (like boar, antelopes, and buffalo), and fish.

 The meat of animals such as sheep, goat, and buffalo etc., which were sacrificed on ceremonial occasions, was also
eaten.

 The cow was mentioned as aghnya i.e. not to be killed. The Vedas prescribe a penalty of death or expulsion from the
kingdom to those who kill or injure cows.

 Sura and Soma i.e. alcoholic drinks were also consumed, though their consumption had been condemned.

Economic Life

 Agriculture, cattle rearing, and trade and commerce were the main economic activity of the Rig Vedic people.

 People had domestic animals like cows, sheep, goats, asses, dogs, buffalos etc.
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 Oxen were used for ploughing and drawing carts and horses for drawing the chariots.

 The plough was drawn by the oxen at times in a team of six, eight, or even twelve.

 The grains were harvested with sickles.

 Manure was used for high yield; irrigation was also practiced.

 Excess of rains and drought is mentioned as damaging the crops.

 The grains are collectively called ‘Yava’ and ‘Dhanya.’

 Some other occupations were pottery-making, weaving, carpentry, metal working, leather-working, etc.

 Initially, copper was the only metal that was used and the general term ‘ayas’ had been used for this. In a later period,
terms like ‘lohit ayas’ and ‘syam ayas’ were used for copper and iron respectively.

 The trade and traders (vanik) were also known in the Rig Vedic era.

 The practices of exchange of goods (Barter Economy) were in trend. It has been found that ten cows were quoted as
the price for an image of Indra.

 The use of money can be traced in the mention of a gift of 100 nishkas.

 Money-lending was also popular. It is mentioned that an eighth or a sixteenth part of one being paid either as an
interest or part of the principle.

 The sea is mentioned in the context of trade and ocean wealth, like pearls, and shells.

VEDIC POLITICS
 Politics of Vedic India was well structured and organized.

Political Structure

 The political structure of Rig Vedic India can be studied in the following ascending order:

o The Family (Kula), the smallest unit.

o The Village (Grama)

o The Clan (Vis)

o The People (Jana)

o The Country (Rashtra)

 Kula (family) included all the people living under the same roof (griha).

 A collection of several families constitutes the grama (village) and its headman was called gramini.

 The collection of several grama (village) was called as the Vis and its head was called Vispati.

 Several Vis constituted a Jana as it is mentioned as Panchajanah, Yadva-janaha, and Bharata-janaha.

 The aggregation of all Jana constitutes Rashtra (country).

Administration

 The hereditary kings were the popular form of Government.

 The provision of a democratically elected king by the assembly of people Jana was also known.

 The Rashtra was small states ruled by a raja (king).

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 The bigger kingdoms were ruled by ‘samrat’ that reflects that they enjoyed a position of greater authority and dignity.

 The Raja administered justice with the assistance of Purohita and other officials.

 The Raja was offered bali, which was voluntary gift or tribute for his services. The bali was offered by his own people
and also from defeated people.

 The crimes were strongly dealt with by the administration. Major crimes were theft, burglary, robbery, and cattle
lifting.

 The important royal officials were:

o Purohita (chief priest and minister)

o Senani (army chief)

o Gramini (head of a village)

o Dutas (envoys)

o Spies (spy)

 Sabha and Samiti were two important assemblies mentioned in the Rig Veda. These assemblies were forms the
essential feature of the government.

 The Samiti was mainly dealt with the policy decisions and political business, included common people.

 The Sabha was a selected body of the Elders or Nobles and less political in character.

Vedic Religion & Philosophy

 Some gods had also been worshipped during the Rig Vedic period, which were the personified powers of
nature.

Categories of Gods

 The Vedic Gods were classified into three categories as:

o Terrestrial (Prithivisthana) e.g. Prithivi, Agni, Soma, Brihaspati, and Rivers.

o Aerial or intermediate (Antarikshasthana), Indra, Apam-napat, Rudra, Vayu-Vata, Prujanya, and Apah (water).

o Celestial (Dyusthana) e.g. Dyaus, Varuna, Mitra, Surya, Savitri, Pushan, Vishnu, the Adityas, Ushas, and the
Asvins.

 Indra and Varuna (the supreme cosmic and moral ruler) stand out in that order, pre-eminent above the rest.

 Agni and Soma were also popular deities. Agni was valued as the messenger between the earth and the heaven. Agni is
the only God who is regarded as present among all the categories of Gods.

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 Gods are described as born yet they are immortal. In appearance, they are humans, though sometimes they are
conceived as animals, e.g. Dyaus as a bull and Sun as a swift horse.

 In the sacrifice to the God, ordinary food of men such as milk, grain, flesh, etc. were offered and it becomes the food of
Gods.

 The gods normally used to be kind; but some of them also had unkind traits, like Rudra and Maruta.

 Splendor, strength, knowledge, possession, and truth are common attributes of all the deities.

 Gayatri Mantra is recited daily by the pious Hindus even today.

 The multiplicity of gods is due to the different designations that have been given to God.

 The ultimate unity of the universe is asserted as the creation of one God to whom different designations applied.

 The creation is deemed as the outcome of the sacrifice made by the Viratpurusha or of evolution from nonbeing
manifested in the form of water.

 It is mentioned that Hiranyagarbha arose from the great waters, pervading the universe, and thus created the waves
out of eternally pre-existing matter.

 The hymn devoted to Visvakarman tells us that the waters contained the floating world egg from which Visvakarman
arises; the first born in the universe, the creator, and maker of the world. It is now confirmed by science that life first
developed in water.

Objective Questions

1. Which among the following historians authored (C) Max-Mullar

the European Theory about the homeland of (D) B.G. Tilak
Aryans? Correct Answer: (C) Max-Mullar
(A) B.G. Tilak
5. Who argued that Mesopotamia was the original
(B) Max Muller
home of Aryans?
(C) W. Jones
(A) G. Childe
(D) D. Saraswati
(B) A.C. Das
Correct Answer: (C) W. Jones
(C) Penka
2. Who is of the opinion that Germany was Aryan’s (D) W. Jones
homeland? Correct Answer: (A) G. Childe
(A) Giles
6. Tibetan Theory of Aryan homeland is advocated
(B) Penka
by-
(C) Shroader
(A) D. Saraswati and Pargiter
(D) Mach
(B) Dayanand Saraswati and Nehring
Correct Answer: (B) Penka
(C) B.G. Tilak and Pargiter
3. According to Nehring, which among the following (D) B.G. Tilak and Shroader
was the homeland of the Aryan’s? Correct Answer: (A) D. Saraswati and Pargiter
(A) France
7. Bal Gangadhar Tilak advocated the-
(B) Germany
(A) European Theory of Aryan homeland
(C) Baltic Sea Coast
(B) Arctic Theory of homeland
(D) Steppes
(C) Indian homeland Theory
Correct Answer: (D) Steppes
(D) Central Asian Theory
4. Who advocated the theory that Central Asia was Correct Answer: (B) Arctic Theory of homeland
the original home of Aryan people?
8. Who believed that India was the original home of
(A) G. Childe
Aryans-
(B) E. Meyer
(A) AC Das, Tilak, and W Jones
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(B) AC. Das, G. N. Jha & Kala (D) Child Marriage

(C) Dayanand Saraswati and Kala Correct Answer: (D) Child Marriage
(D) G.N. Jha. Kala and D. Saraswati
16. How many references of river Ganga are there in
Correct Answer: (B) AC. Das, G. N. Jha & Kala
Rigveda?
9. The word ‘Veda’ has been derived from the word (A) One
‘Vid’. What is the meaning of this word? (B) Three
(A) God (C) Five
(B) Knowledge (D) Seven
(C) Wisdom Correct Answer: (A) One
(D) Religious
17. Who was the Great Lawmaker during the Rigvedic
Correct Answer: (B) Knowledge
Period?
10. What is the total number of Upanishads present (A) Chanakya
in India? (B) Banabhatta
(A) 108 (C) Kaipal
(B) 124 (D) Manu
(C) 148 Correct Answer: (D) Manu
(D) 169
18. How many references of river Yamuna are there
Correct Answer: (A) 108
in Rigveda?
11. What is the time bracket for the Rigvedic period? (A) One
(A) 2000 B.C.-1500 B.C. (B) Three
(B) 2500 B.C.-2000 B.C. (C) Five
(C) 1500 B.C. – 1000 B.C. (D) Seven
(D) 1000 B.C.-600 B.C. Correct Answer: (B) Three
Correct Answer: (C) 1500 B.C. – 1000 B.C.
19. The heartland of Rigvedic culture was-
12. Which among the following Veda contains the (A) Afghanistan
‘Purusha Sukta’ part? (B) Ganga-Yamuna Doab
(A) Rigveda (C) Rajasthan
(B) Samaveda (D) Sapta Saindhav
(C) Yajurveda Correct Answer: (D) Sapta Saindhav
(D) Atharvaveda
20. The ‘Sapta Saindhav region consists of-
Correct Answer: (A) Rigveda
(A) Swat Valley
13. Name the tax which was collected from the (B) The region of Indus and its Tributaries
common people by the Kings of the Vedic period. (C) Rajasthan
(A) Varman (D) Doab of North Indira
(B) Bali Correct Answer: (B) The region of Indus and its
(C) Kara Tributaries
(D) Vidatha
21. Which region was inhabited by Rigvedic Aryans?
Correct Answer: (B) Bali
(A) Swat Valley
14. What was the Government-form during the (B) Gujarat
Rigvedic period? (C) Awadh
(A) Republic (D) Vindhya region
(B) Democracy Correct Answer: (A) Swat Valley
(C) Monarchy
22. The ‘Gayatri Mantra’ contains in which one of the
(D) None of the above
following Vedas?
Correct Answer: (C) Monarchy
(A) Rigveda
15. Which of these following practices was not (B) Samaveda
known to the Rigvedic people? (C) Yajurveda
(A) Polygamy (D) Atharvaveda
(B) Purdah system Correct Answer: (A) Rigveda
(C) Polyandry

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23. Which among the following is the main (B) Beggar

cause behind the famous Rigvedic tribal (C) Goldsmith
war “Battle of Ten Kings” or ‘Dashradnya (D) Medico-man
Yuddha”? Correct Answer: (D) Medico-man
(A) Foreign Invasions
31. Ayas (3148) is the Rigvedic term for
(B) Cattle and Land disputes
(A) Gold
(C) Intrigues of the leaders
(B) Silver
(D) Showing supremacy
(C) Iron
Correct Answer: (B) Cattle and Land disputes
(D) Copper/bronze
24. Which river of Afghanistan has been referred to Correct Answer: (D) Copper/bronze
in the Rigveda?
32. How many Mantras does Rigveda contain?
(A) Gomati and Suvastu only
(A) 1020 Mantras
(B) Gomati and Kubha only
(B) 1021 Mantras
(C) Gomati, Suvastu & Khubha
(C) 1028 Mantras
(D) Gomati, Suvastu. Kubha and Knionu
(D) 1029 Mantras
Correct Answer: (D) Gomati, Suvastu. Kubha and
Correct Answer: (C) 1028 Mantras
Knionu
33. Rigveda has been organized into how many
25. Which of the following river is not mentioned in
Mandal?
Rigveda?
(A) 7 Mandal
(A) Sindhu
(B) 8 Mandal
(B) Ganga
(C) 9 Mandal
(C) Yamuna
(D) 10 Mandal
(D) Narmada
Correct Answer: (D) 10 Mandal
Correct Answer: (D) Narmada
34. ‘Nishka’ was an ornament in Vedic Period but
26. Which of the following river is mentioned in the
later it became-
Rigveda?
(A) Weapon
(A) Saryu
(B) Script
(B) Godavari
(C) Agricultural equipment
(C) Drishadvati
(D) Coin
(D) Chambal
Correct Answer: (D) Coin
Correct Answer: (C) Drishadvati
35. How many time Rigveda contains the word ‘Jan’?
27. Who was the founder of the ‘Yoga Society’?
(A) 250 times
(A) Gautam
(B) 275 times
(B) Patanjali
(C) 285 times
(C) Jamini
(D) 295 times
(D) Shankaracharya
Correct Answer: (B) 275 times
Correct Answer: (B) Patanjali
36. What was the family structure of the Rigvedic
28. Anas (317) is the term used in Rigveda for?
Aryans?
(A) Camel-Cart
(A) Matrilineal
(B) Buffalo-Cart
(B) Patriarchal
(C) Ox-Cart
(C) Matriarchal
(D) Metal
(D) Patrilineal
Correct Answer: (C) Ox-Cart
Correct Answer: (B) Patriarchal
29. ‘Pathikrit (Quintana) is the Rigvedic term for-
37. Which animal is declared ‘Aghanya’ in Rigveda?
(A) Fire God
(A) Horse
(B) Forest God
(B) Goat
(C) Air God
(C) Cow
(D) Water God
(D) Sheep
Correct Answer: (A) Fire God
Correct Answer: (C) Cow
30. Bhishaj’ (195) is the Rigvedic term for-
(A) Potter
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38. How many times word Janpad is mentioned in (C) Smriti

Rigveda? (D) Upanishads
(A) 1 Correct Answer: (C) Smriti
(B) 2
46. Which of the following God is mentioned in
(C) 3.
Rigveda?
(D) None
(A) Brahma
Correct Answer: (D) None
(B) Shiva
39. In Rigveda ‘Shudra’ word is mentioned – (C) Ram
(A) Once (D) Marut
(B) Twice Correct Answer: (D) Marut
(C) Thrice
47. Which of the Goddess is not mentioned in
(D) Four-Time
Rigveda?
Correct Answer: (A) Once
(A) Ila
40. How many time the word ‘Vaishya’ has been (B) Aditi
mentioned in the Rigveda? (C) Durga
(A) Once (D) Usha
(B) Twice Correct Answer: (C) Durga
(C) Thrice
48. Who is the non-Aryan God included in Aryan God
(D) Never
family?
Correct Answer: (A) Once
(A) Pushan
41. The Rigvedic culture was mainly based on- (B) Marut
(A) Agricultural (C) Tvashtri
(B) Industrial (D) Rudra
(C) Pastoral Correct Answer: (C) Tvashtri
(D) Commercial
49. Which of the following statement is correct?
Correct Answer: (C) Pastoral
(A) Rigvedic religion was dominated by Goddess
42. The Rigvedic Aryans had no knowledge of (B) Rigvedic Aryas worshipped in the temple
(A) Gold (C) Yagya was not practiced in the Rigvedic period
(B) Silver (D) Gayatri mantra was addressed to Savita
(C) Copper Correct Answer: (D) Gayatri mantra was addressed
(D) Iron to Savita
Correct Answer: (D) Iron
50. The three most popular gods of the Rigvedic
43. Which of the following is mentioned in Rigveda? period were-
(A) Iron (A) Indra, Varun, Rudra
(B) Cotton (B) Indra, Agni, Soma
(C) Yava (C) Indra, Agni, Varun
(D) None of these (D) Indra, Soma, Vayu
Correct Answer: (C) Yava Correct Answer: (C) Indra, Agni, Varun

44. Which of the following statement is incorrect? 51. The cultures that belonged to Rigvedic period
(A) Niyoga was an accepted practice in the were –
Rigvedic age (A) Painted ware culture
(B) Women could attend “Vidath’ meetings (B) Painted Gray Ware culture
(C) Sati Pratha was prevalent in the Rigvedic period (C) Painted ware and Painted Gray ware cultures
(D) Indra was the most prominent God of Rigvedic (D) None of these
period Correct Answer: (C) Painted ware and Painted
Correct Answer: (C) Sati Pratha was prevalent in Gray ware cultures
the Rigvedic period
52. Which of the following statements about Rigvedic
45. Which among the following Vedic Text contains culture is not correct?
the ‘Code of Conduct’ of the Vedic Society? (A) It was a patriarchal society
(A) Puranas (B) There was no caste division
(B) Vedas (C) Big cities existed on the banks of Sindhu
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(D) The river Ganga is mentioned 60. Name the Veda which is divided into two parts,
Correct Answer: (C) Big cities existed on the banks namely, ‘Shukla (White) and Krishna (Black).
of Sindhu (A) Rigveda
(B) Yajurveda
53. Who was the priest of ‘Bharat Jan’ during ‘Das
(C) Samaveda
Ragya Yuddha’?
(D) Atharvaveda
(A) Agastya
Correct Answer: (B) Yajurveda
(B) Bhardwaj
(C) Vashistha 61. ‘Upanishads’ are the books on which one of the
(D) Viswamitra following?
Correct Answer: (C) Vashistha (A) Philosophy
(B) Law
54. Which among the following was the Basic Unit of
(C) Religion
Vedic Society?
(D) Yoga
(A) Jana
Correct Answer: (C) Religion
(B) Vidath
(C) Parivar 62. What is the similarity between the Rigvedic and
(D) Sangh The Harappan Society?
Correct Answer: (C) Parivar (A) Female deities
(B) Urban Centres
55. Name the term used to denote the wooden
(C) Iron implements
plough by Rigvedic Aryans?
(D) Houses
(A) Ayas
Correct Answer: (D) Houses
(B) Langal
(C) Kulal 63. Which of the following was headed by the
(D) Yava ‘Vishwapatis’?
Correct Answer: (B) Langal (A) Group of villages
(B) Group of states
56. What is the term that donated a ‘a group of
(C) Group of countries
families’ in the Vedic Society?
(D) Group of farmers
(A) Vish
Correct Answer: (A) Group of villages
(B) Jana
(C) Grama 64. What is the name of the head of the ‘Kingdom’ in
(D) Gotra Vedic Society?
Correct Answer: (C) Grama (A) Raja
(B) Purus
57. What was the name of the leader of the Grama?
(C) Bharata
(A) Rajan
(D) Rajan
(B) Gramani
Correct Answer: (D) Rajan
(C) Vishwapati
(D) Bharata 65. ‘The Ninth Mandala’ in Rigveda Samhita, is
Correct Answer: (B) Gramani devoted to-
(A) Urvashi and The Heaven
58. What was the basic unit of a Political
(B) Gods related to plants and drugs
organization?
(C) ‘Soma’ and the God who is named after the
(A) Vish
drink
(B) Kula
(D) Narada
(C) Gotra
Correct Answer: (C) ‘Soma’ and the God who is
(D) Gramani
named after the drink
Correct Answer: (B) Kula
66. Which one of the following Veda is a musical
59. When did the existence of the iron come into the
Veda?
Vedic Society?
(A) Sama Veda
(A) 800 B.C
(B) Yajurveda
(B) 1000 B.C
(C) Atharvaveda
(C) 1600 B.C
(D) Rig Veda
(D) 2000 B.C
Correct Answer: (A) Sama Veda
Correct Answer: (B) 1000 B.C
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 Page 11 of 18

67. Who among the following was worshipped during (B) Yajurveda
Early Vedic Civilization? (C) Atharvaveda
(A) Varuna (D) All of the above
(B) Indra Correct Answer: (D) All of the above
(C) Surya
75. Who was the God of Sudras in the Later Vedic
(D) All the above
Period?
Correct Answer: (D) All the above
(A) Indra
68. Which of the following Vedas does not belong to (B) Rudra
the ‘Trio’ group? (C) Varuna
(A) Sama Veda (D) Pushan
(B) Yajurveda Correct Answer: (C) Varuna
(C) Atharvaveda
76. The later Vedic Age means the age of the
(D) Rig Veda
compilation of which of the following?
Correct Answer: (C) Atharvaveda
(a) Samhitas
69. Which among the following was worshipped by (b) Brahmanas
the Indus people? (c) Aranyakas
(A) Stones (d) All the above
(B) Trees Correct Answer: (d) All the above
(C) Animals
77. In which Veda, there is a mention of magic and
(D) All the above
charms?
Correct Answer: (D) All the above
(A) Rigveda
70. On the bank _________ river, the Dasaraja war (B) Yajurveda
took place? (C) Samveda
(A) Beas (D) Atharvaveda
(B) Satluj Correct Answer: (D) Atharvaveda
(C) Parusni (Ravi)
78. Which Veda contains Shukla and Krishna
(D) Sind
versions?
Correct Answer: (C) Parusni (Ravi)
(A) Rigveda
71. The treasurer of the Vedic Period was known as? (B) Yajurveda
(A) Sangrahita (C) Samveda
(B) Nagarika (D) Atharvaveda
(C) Adhyaksha Correct Answer: (B) Yajurveda
(D) Kurava
79. Which among the following is a lyrical Veda?
Correct Answer: (A) Sangrahita
(A) Rigveda
72. The tax collector of the Vedic Period was known (B)Yajurveda
as? (C) Samveda
(A) Bhandagara (D) Atharvaveda
(B) Bhagadugha Correct Answer: (C) Samveda
(C) Amatya
80. Which Veda is divided into two parts- prose and
(D) Aditya
poetry?
Correct Answer: (B) Bhagadugha
(A) Rigveda
73. Upanishads are also known as- (B) Yajurveda
(A) Asramas (C) Samveda
(B) Brahmanas (D) Atharvaveda
(C) Vedanta Correct Answer: (B) Yajurveda
(D) Aranyakas
81. Which three Vedas together is known as Trayi?
Correct Answer: (C) Vedanta
(A) Rig, Yajur, and Atharva
74. Which of the following Veda tells us about the (B) Yajur, Sam, and Atharva
development of Aryan Civilizations when they (C) Rig, Sam, and Atharva
had settled Ganga-Yamuna doab region- (D) Rig, Yajur, and Sam
(A) Sama Veda Correct Answer: (D) Rig, Yajur, and Sam
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 Page 12 of 18

82. In which of the following region, the Vedic Aryans (A) Nishka
first settled? (B) Krishnala
(A) Central India (C) Satamana
(B) Gangetic Doab (D) Gana
(C) Saptasindhu Correct Answer: (A) Nishka
(D) Kashmir and Punjab
90. Which of the following is also known as ‘Upa
Correct Answer: (C) Saptasindhu
Veda’?
83. In which Brahmana/Upanishad, The Mrityu (A) Shiksha
(death) theme appears first? (B) Jyotisha
(a) Aitareya Brahmana (C) Gandharva
(b) Satapatha Brahmana (D) Shilpa
(c) Chandogya Upanishad Correct Answer: (C) Gandharva
(d) Prasna Upanishad
91. In which part of the Veda/Upanishads, there is
Correct Answer: (b) Satapatha Brahmana
the mention of the division of the Vedic society
84. Who were the two highest ranked God in the into four classes?
Vedic civilization? (a) Yajurveda
(A) Agni and Savitri (b) Purusa-sukta of Rigveda
(B) Vishnu and Mitra (c) Upanishads
(C) Indra and Varuna (d) Shatapatha Brahmana
(D) Surya and Pushan Correct Answer: (b) Purusa-sukta of Rigveda
Correct Answer: (C) Indra and Varuna
92. What is the name of the Vedic God who was
85. How many gods were worshipped by the Aryans known as ‘a breaker of the forts’ and a ‘war god’?
in the Rig Vedic or Early Vedic period? (a) Indra
(A) 3 only (b) Yama
(B) 12 (c) Marut
(C) 24 (d) Varuna
(D) 33 Correct Answer: (a) Indra
Correct Answer: (D) 33
93. What is the name of the God known as Prajapati?
86. Which of the following work is Aranyaka? (A) Indra
(A) Yoga Vashishtha (B) Shiva
(B) Gheranda (C) Vishnu
(C) Shakhayan (D) Brahma
(D) Nighantu Correct Answer: (D) Brahma
Correct Answer: (C) Shakhayan
94. Along with the Later Vedic developments, name
87. What was the meaning of ‘Duhita’? the Vedic religion that developed.
(A) Brother (A) Hinduism
(B) Mother (b) Brahmanism
(C) Sister (c) Bhagavatism
(D) Father (d) Vedic Dharma
Correct Answer: (C) Sister Correct Answer: (b) Brahmanism

88. What was the meaning of ‘Niyog’? 95. In which Veda/Upanishad, ‘The Story of Videh
(A) Have a child from a person other than husband Madhav’ has been narrated?
(B) From sister’s husband (A) Atharvaveda
(C) From brother in law (B) Satpath Brahman
(D) From a priest (C) Aitereya Brahman
Correct Answer: (A) Have a child from a person (D) Chandogya Upanishad
other than husband Correct Answer: (B) Satpath Brahman

89. Which of the following were used by the later 96. “Ratnahveenshi’ Samskar is part of which of the
Vedic people as media of exchange in trade and following yagya?
commerce though they did not represent coins as (A) Asvamedha Yogya
such? (B) Purushmedha Yagya
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 Page 13 of 18

(C) Raysuya Yagya (A) Rig Veda

(D) Vajpeya Yagya (B) Mandookya Upanishad
Correct Answer: (C) Raysuya Yagya (C) Satpath Brahman
(D) Arthashastra
97. Which yagya was performed at the time of King’s
Correct Answer: (C) Satpath Brahman
coronation?
(A) Rajsuya 104. Name the wood that was used to make plough.
(B) Asvamedha (A) Khadir
(C) Vajpeya (B) Udumbar
(D) None of the three (C) Khadir and Udumbar
Correct Answer: (A) Rajsuya (D) None of the two
Correct Answer: (C) Khadir and Udumbar
98. Which of the following Vedas contains Purush
Sukta which mentions the four varnas for the first 105. The legend of Vishwakarma Bhagwan’ speaks
time? about which of the following?
(A) In Rigveda (A) Eastward march of Aryans
(B) In Samveda (B) Founding of cities
(C) In Yajurveda (C) Land being given in Dakshina
(D) In Atharvaveda (D) War with non-Aryans
Correct Answer: (A) In Rigveda Correct Answer: (C) Land being given in Dakshina

99. Name the two popular Assemblies of the Vedic 106. Who was referred to as ‘Grahpati’ in the Later
period. Vedic Literature?
(A) Sabha and Mahasabha (A) Head of household
(B) Mahasabha and Ganasabha (B) Head of Panchayat
(C) Sabha and Samiti (C) A state officer
(D) Ur and Kula (D) None of the three
Correct Answer: (C) Sabha and Samiti Correct Answer: (A) Head of household

100. Which of the following statement is not correct? 107. Which among the following were the two major
(A) Later Vedic Aryans knew about sea-voyage cities of the Later Vedic age?
(B) Later Vedic Aryans had penetrated in Bihar (A) Hastinapur and Ayodhya
(C) Later Vedic Aryans had reached up to (B) Kosala and Ayodhya
Vindhayas (C) Kosala and Kosambi
(D) ‘Sapta Saindhav’ was center of later Vedic (D) Hastinapur and Kosambi
culture Correct Answer: (D) Hastinapur and Kosambi
Correct Answer: (D) ‘Sapta Saindhav’ was center of
108. Which was the most prominent ‘Jan’ of the Later
later Vedic culture
Vedic Age?
101. Of which ‘Brahman’ work have one complete (A) Kuru
section describing the agricultural operations? (B) Bharat
(A) Jaiminiya (C) Yadu
(B) Aitereya (D) Puru
(C) Satpath Correct Answer: (A) Kuru
(D) Panchvimsh
109. What was the name of the bellows in Later Vedic
Correct Answer: (C) Satpath
Age?
102. In which of the following text mentions a ritual (A) Dhmatra
which is related to river water being taken to (B) Karmar
different channels? (C) Kulal
(A) Satpath Brahma (D) Bhastra
(B) Atharvaveda Correct Answer: (D) Bhastra
(C) Kath Upanishad
110. Who were known as the ‘Dhmatra’ of later Vedic
(D) Yajur Veda
age?
Correct Answer: (B) Atharvaveda
(A) Potter
103. Where was the first reference to money lending (B) Bellows
was found? (C) Smith
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 Page 14 of 18

(D) Smelters Correct Answer: (D) He stayed at home and was

Correct Answer: (D) Smelters tutored by Acharyas

111. What is not correct about later Vedic age? 118. What was the name of the person who assisted
(A) They had knowledge of iron the king in dice-game in Later Vedic Period?
(B) They did not know about glass manufacturing (A) Akshavaap
(C) Agriculture was the main occupation (B) Kshata
(D) Kingship was becoming hereditary (C) Kulala
Correct Answer: (B) They did not know about (D) None of the three
glass manufacturing Correct Answer: (A) Akshavaap

112. What was sacrificed in Vratya Stoma Yagya? 119. What was the name of the Chief Queen of a
(A) Horse King in Later Vedic Period?
(B) Goat (A) Maharani
(C) Ox (B) Mahishi
(D) Human-being (C) Vāvāta
Correct Answer: (D) Human-being (D) Viri Vranti
Correct Answer: (B) Mahishi
113. A woman who could not give birth to a child was
known as__________ in the Later Vedic Period. 120. Which of the following assembly did not exist in
(A) Vanjha later Vedic age?
(B) Nipooti (A) Sabha
(C) Virivranti (B) Samiti
(D) Shattantu (C) Vidath
Correct Answer: (C) Virivranti (D) None of the three
Correct Answer: (C) Vidath
114. What was the age bracket for Vanprastha
Ashram? 121. ‘Sabha’ and ‘Samiti’ are described as two
(A) Up to 25 yrs daughters of Prajapati in which of the following?
(B) 25-50 yrs (A) Satpath Brahman
(C) 50-75 yrs (B) Samveda
(D) 75-100 yrs (C) Atharvaveda
Correct Answer: (C) 50-75 yrs (D) Aitreya Brahman
Correct Answer: (C) Atharvaveda
115. In which Ashram a person completely broke
relations with society and lived the life of an 122. Which Samhita refers to Sabha as ‘Gramya Vadin’
ascetic? court?
(A) Brahmacharya (A) Kathak Samhita
(B) Grihastha (B) Atharva Samhita
(C) Vanaprastha (C) Maitrayani Samhita
(D) Sanyas (D) Taittriya Samhita
Correct Answer: (D) Sanyas Correct Answer: (C) Maitrayani Samhita

116. What of the following is correct about Grihastha 123. Women participation in ‘Samiti’ is mentioned in
Ashram? which of the following texts?
(A) A person devoted himself to learning (A) Samveda
(B) A person rendered voluntary social service (B) Atharvaveda
(C) A person enjoyed family life (C) Gopath Brahman
(D) A person served in the army (D) Satpath Brahman
Correct Answer: (C) A person enjoyed family life Correct Answer: (B) Atharvaveda

117. What is not correct about Brahmacharya Ashram? 124. King’s attendance in Samiti’ is referred to in
(A) It was the first stage of a person’s life which of the following texts?
(B) It lasted up to the age of twenty-five (A) Ken Upanishad
(C) The person lived a life of celibacy (B) Kath Upanishad
(D) He stayed at home and was tutored by (C) Chhandogya Upanishad
Acharyas (D) Mandookya Upanishad
Correct Answer: (C) Chhandogya Upanishad
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 Page 15 of 18

125. Name the text where King Som is invoked to help (D) Greeks
Samiti members in reaching consensus. Correct Answer: (A) Hittites
(A) Kath Upanishad
132. Which one of the following deals with the
(B) Atharva Veda
doctrine of the transmigration of the soul in a
(C) Ken Upanishad
systematic manner for the first time?
(D) Samveda
(A) Aitareya Upanishad
Correct Answer: (B) Atharva Veda
(B) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
126. ‘Ye Sangrama Samitayah’- Which of the following (C) Chandogya Upanishad
Vedas contain these lines? (D) Kena Upanishad
(A) Rig Veda Correct Answer: (B) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
(B) Yajur Veda
133. What difficulty is being faced by historians to
(C) Sam Vedav
comment on the Aryan expansion in India?
(D) Atharva Veda
(A) The paucity of archaeological remains
Correct Answer: (D) Atharva Veda
(B) Lack of literary evidence
127. Where the contract theory of the origin of (C) Lack of numismatic evidence to corroborate
kingship is found? (D) Inaccessibility of the places of their habitation
(A) Satpath and Aitreya Brahaman Correct Answer:
(B) Satpath and Gopath Brahaman
134. How many times the word ‘Gan’ appears in
(C) Gopath and Taittriya Brahaman
Atharva Veda?
(D) Aitreya and Taittriya Brahman
(A) 8 times
Correct Answer: (D) Aitreya and Taittriya Brahman
(B) 9 times
128. In which Brahman Som is mentioned as (C) 10 times
‘Rajadhiraj’ whose Court was attended by (D) 11 times
numerous nobles? Correct Answer: (B) 9 times
(A) Gopath Brahaman
135. In which text ‘Marut’ is mentioned as ‘Gan’?
(B) Satpath Brahaman
(A) Chhandogya Upanishad
(C) Aitreya Brahaman
(B) Jaiminiya Brahman
(D) Taittriya Brahaman
(C) Satpath Brahman
Correct Answer: (B) Satpath Brahaman
(D) Gopath Brahman
129. Which of the following varnas was the most Correct Answer: (C) Satpath Brahman
numerous one comprising the common people in
136. The word ‘Parivrakti’ was used to refer to which
the Vedic period?
of the following in The Later Vedic Period?
(A) Sudras
(A) Beloved queen
(B) Vaishyas
(B) Chief queen
(C) Kshatriyas
(C) Discarded queen
(D) Brahmins
(D) Youngest queen
Correct Answer: (B) Vaishyas
Correct Answer: (C) Discarded queen
130. The belief in the passage of the human soul from
137. ‘Havi’ for God ‘Agni’ was offered during ‘Ratanah
life to life is contained in which part of the Vedic
Veeshi” Samskar at the residence of-
literature?
(A) Purohit
(A) Samhitas
(B) Bhagdugh
(B) Brahmanas
(C) Soot
(C) Aranyakas
(D) Senani
(D) Upanishads
Correct Answer: (D) Senani
Correct Answer: (D) Upanishads
138. In Ratanahveenshi Samskar, who was offered the
131. Which one of the following is the oldest known
Havi at Mahishi’s residence?
group of the Aryans?
(A) Indra
(A) Hittites
(B) Pooshan
(B) Mitanis
(C) Aditi
(C) Kassites
(D) Varun
Correct Answer: (C) Aditi
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 Page 16 of 18

139. Which of the following samskars were part of 146. How many bulls were sacrificed in Asvamedha
coronation ceremony? Yagya?
(A) Goharan (Driving the cows away) (A) 400 Bulls
(B) Game of dice (B) 500 Bulls
(C) Chariot race (C) 600 Bulls
(D) All of the three (D) 700 Bulls
Correct Answer: (D) All of the three Correct Answer: (C) 600 Bulls

140. Chariot race Samskar was the part of which of the 147. In which yagya, 21 sterile cows were sacrificed?
following yagya? (A) Asvamedha
(A) Asvamegha (B) Rajsuya
(B) Rajsuya (C) Purushmedha
(C) Vajpeya (D) Vratya Stoma
(D) None of these Correct Answer: (A) Asvamedha
Correct Answer: (C) Vajpeya
148. Which of the following statement is not correct?
141. How many contestants participated in Chariot (A) The system of education was oral
race Samskar? (B) The female education was in vogue
(A) Sixteen (C) Education was open to all Varna
(B) Seventeen (D) Education was obtained in Brahmacharya
(C) Eighteen Ashram
(D) Twenty Correct Answer: (C) Education was open to all
Correct Answer: (B) Seventeen Varna

142. After the conclusion of which yagya king was 149. Who was called “Rashtragopa” in later Vedic age?
addressed in following words? “You are for (A) King
agriculture, you are for peaceful residence, you (B) Indra
are for wealth, you are for spendthriftness.” (C) Army-Chief
(A) Rajsuya (D) Purohit
(B) Purushmegh Correct Answer: (D) Purohit
(C) Asvamedha
150. With which sacrifice (Yagya) was Agnihotra
(D) Vajpeya
equated in Later Vedic Age?
Correct Answer: (D) Vajpeya
(A) Rajsuya
143. Which Upanishad says “Penance (619) is (B) Vajpeya
Brahma”? (C) Ashvamedha
(A) Taittriya (D) None of these
(B) Satpath Correct Answer: (C) Ashvamedha
(C) Aitreya
151. Which of the following statement about
(D) Jaiminiya
Upanishad is not correct?
Correct Answer: (A) Taittriya
(A) They are mostly the work of Kshatriyas
144. Which text refers to ‘Penance (99)’ as a source of (B) They deal with philosophical speculation
knowledge? (C) They lay down the rituals related to sacrifice
(A) Maitrayani Samhita (D) The name of Yagyavalkya is not mentioned in
(B) Kath Upanishad any Upanishad
(C) Atharva Veda Correct Answer: (D) The name of Yagyavalkya is
(D) Gopath Brahman not mentioned in any Upanishad
Correct Answer: (A) Maitrayani Samhita
152. The prominent kings mentioned in Later Vedic
145. For how long “Asvamedha’ Yagya was literature are?
performed? (A) Bahik and Pratipya
(A) Two days (B) Pratipya and Parikshit
(B) Three days (C) Parikshit and Janamejaya
(C) Four days (D) Bahik, Pratipya, Parikshit, and Janamejaya
(D) Five days Correct Answer: (D) Bahik, Pratipya, Parikshit, and
Correct Answer: (B) Three days Janamejaya

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 Page 17 of 18

153. ‘Krishna Ayas‘ of Later Vedic Literature means: (B) Actor

(A) People of Black Skin (C) Barber
(B) Lord Krishna (D) Hunter
(C) Black Wood Correct Answer: (B) Actor
(D) Iron
161. Which of the following statements is correct?
Correct Answer: (D) Iron
(A) Rajsuya yagya was performed when crown-
154. “Ayas” of Later Vedic Literature means: prince was born
(A) Copper (B) A horse and six hundred bulls were sacrificed in
(B) Silver Vajpeya уagya
(C) Black Wood (C) A consecrated horse was set free to roam for a
(D) Iron year in Asvamedha yagya
Correct Answer: (A) Copper (D) Vajpeya yagya lasted for seven days
Correct Answer: (C) A consecrated horse was set
155. In Which Upanishad, ‘grain is Brahma’ (31E ) has
free to roam for a year in Asvamedha yagya
been mentioned?
(A) Taittriya Upanishad 162. About the Upanishads which statement is not
(B) Aitreya Upanishad correct?
(C) Kaushitiki Upanishad (A) Most of the Upanishads are supposed to be
(D) Chhandogya Upanishad work of Kshatriyas
Correct Answer: (A) Taittriya Upanishad (B) Upanishads thoughts centers around the idea
of migration of the soul
156. The word ‘Vanijya’ has been mentioned in which
(C) The universe is looked upon as the creation of
Brahman?
the World Soul
(A) Taittriya Brahman
(D) Upanishads defended animal sacrifice in Yagya
(B) Satpath Brahman
Correct Answer: (D) Upanishads defended animal
(C) Gopath Brahman
sacrifice in Yagya
(D) Aitreya Brahman
Correct Answer: (A) Taittriya Brahman 163. Which of the following is not a feature of later
Vedic society?
157. What did ‘Palagali’ referred to in the Later Vedic
(A) Use of Iron
Age?
(B) Use of Black and red ware
(A) The first wife
(C) Use of ochre-colored pottery
(B) The divorced wife
(D) Use of Devnagri script
(C) Wife belonging to same Varna
Correct Answer: (D) Use of Devnagri script
(D) A Shudra wife
Correct Answer: (B) The divorced wife 164. Which work declares that daughter is the cause of
all sorrows?
158. Who was known as ‘Trapu’ in the Later Vedic
(A) Satpath
Age?
(B) Aitreya
(A) Tin
(C) Taittriya
(B) Iron
(D) Maitrayani
(C) Copper
Correct Answer: (B) Aitreya
(D) Coin
Correct Answer: (A) Tin 165. Where do we find the Yagvalkya-Gargi dialogue?
(A) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
159. Who was known as ‘Govikartan’ in the Later
(B) Atharva Veda
Vedic Age?
(C) Chhandogya Upanishad
(A) Superintendent of the royal family
(D) Gopath Brahman
(B) Tax Supervisor
Correct Answer: (A) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
(C) Agriculture Supervisor
(D) An officer accompanying king on a hunting 166. In which text a woman is looked upon as one of
Correct Answer: (D) An officer accompanying king three main evils?
on a hunting (A) Atharva Veda
(B) Satpath Brahman
160. In later Vedic age, the word ‘Sailoosh’ was used
(C) Taittriya Samhita
for
(A) Actress
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 Page 18 of 18

(D) Maitrayani Samhita (B) Janapadas

Correct Answer: (D) Maitrayani Samhita (C) Samrajyas
(D) Maha Rajya
167. Which Veda declares ‘Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha
Correct Answer: (A) Shodasa Mahajanapada
Badanti?
(A) Rig Veda 172. Upanishads are also known as-
(B) Sam Veda (A) Asramas
(C) Yajur Veda (B) Brahmanas
(D) Atharva Veda (C) Vedanta
Correct Answer: (A) Rig Veda (D) Aryankas
Correct Answer: (C) Vedanta
168. Who was the God of Shudras in the Later Vedic
Period? 173. Name the most famous God during the Later
(A) Indra Vedic Period.
(B) Rudra (A) Prajapati
(C) Varuna (B) Indra
(D) Pushan (C) Agni
Correct Answer: (D) Pushan (D) Varuna
Correct Answer: (A) Prajapati
169. The ‘Tax Collector’ of the Later Vedic Period was
known as? 174. Where do we get the first reference to
(A) Bhandagara ‘Upanayana’?
(B) Bhagadugha (A) Satpath Brahmana
(C) Amatya (B) Vayupurana
(D) Aditya (C) Vishnupurana
Correct Answer: (B) Bhagadugha (D) Matsyapurana
Correct Answer: (A) Satpath Brahmana
170. The ‘Treasurer’ of the Later Vedic Period was
known as? 175. Which of the following was the oldest tribal
(A) Sangrahita assembly?
(B) Nagarika (A) Samiti
(C) Adhyaksha (B) Vidata
(D) Kuravan (C) Sabha
Correct Answer: (A) Sangrahita (D) Gana
Correct Answer: (B) Vidata
171. Name the 16 kingdoms established by the Aryans.
(A) Shodasa Mahajanapada

Upcoming: Study Notes and MCQ on THE ARYAN INVASION

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