5/23/2014

CS235/CS334– DATABASE TECHNOLOGY

• CA – 40%
– 3 TESTS
• EXAM – 60%
Introduction to
• www.LeChaamwe.weebly.com Databases
– Lecture Notes
– Undergraduate
– CS235 and CS334

File-based Systems File-based Processing

• File-based systems were an early
attempt to computerize the manual
filing system
• File-based Systems defn
– Collection of application programs that
perform
– services for the end users (e.g. reports).
– Each program defines and manages its
own data.

Limitations of File-based Approach Limitations of File-based Approach

• Separation and isolation of data • Data dependence
– Each program maintains its own set of
– File structure is defined in the
data.
program code.
– Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other • Incompatible file formats
programs. – Programs are written in different
• Duplication of data languages, and so cannot easily access
– Same data is held by different programs. each others files.
Wasted space and potentially different
values and/or different formats for the
same item

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Limitations of File-based Approach Database various definitions

• Fixed Queries/Proliferation of • DB:
application programs – Shared collection of logically related
data (and a description of this data),
– Programs are written to satisfy designed to meet the information needs
particular functions. of an organization.
– Any new requirement needs a new – System catalog (metadata) provides
program. description of data to enable program–
data independence.
• No control over access and manipulation
– Logically related data comprises
of data beyond that imposed by
entities, attributes, and relationships of
application programs an organization's information.

Database various definitions Database Management

• DBMS:
System (DBMS)
– A software system that enables users
to define, create, and maintain the
database and which provides controlled
access to this database.

Database architecture Objectives of Three-

• Three Level Architecture also Level Architecture
known as ANSI-SPARC
• All users should be able to access
architecture, named after the
same data.
committee that proposed it, the
• A user's view is immune to changes
American National Standard
made in other views.
Institute, Standards Planning
• Users should not need to know
And Requirements Committee. physical database storage details.

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Objectives of Three- ANSI-SPARC Architecture

Level Architecture
• DBA should be able to change
database storage structures without
affecting the users' views.
• Internal structure of database
should be unaffected by changes to
physical aspects of storage.
• DBA should be able to change
conceptual structure of database
without affecting all

ANSISPARC Architecture Data Independence and the

3 Levels of ANSISPARC
Architecture

Data Independence Data Independence

• Logical Data Independence • Physical Data Independence
– Refers to immunity of external schemas – Refers to immunity of conceptual
to changes in conceptual schema. schema to changes in the internal
– Conceptual schema changes (e.g. schema.
addition/removal of entities). – Internal schema changes (e.g. using
• Should not require changes to external different file organizations, storage
schema or rewrites of application programs. structures/devices).
– Should not require change to conceptual
or external schemas.

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Functions of a DBMS Functions of a DBMS

• Authorization Services.
• Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
• Support for Data Communication.
• A User-Accessible Catalog.
• Integrity Services.
• Transaction Support.
• Services to Promote Data
• Concurrency Control Services. Independence.
• Recovery Services. • Utility Services.

Advantages of DBMS Advantages of DBMS

• Control of data redundancy • Balanced conflicting requirements
• Data consistency • Improved data accessibility and
• More information from the same responsiveness
amount of data. • Increased productivity
• Sharing of data • Improved maintenance through data
• Improved data integrity independence
• Improved security • Increased concurrency
• Enforcement of standards • Improved backup and recovery
services
• Economy of scale

Disadvantages of DBMS Adv and Disadv of DBMS

• Complexity • For details of these advantages and
• Size disadvantages, read the attached
• Cost of DBMS copy on the website.
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure

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When a DBMS may be

Questions
unnecessary
• If the database and applications are
simple, well defined, and not
expected to change
• If there are stringent real-time
requirements that may not be met
because of DBMS overhead.
• If access to data by multiple users is
not required.