Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohan Roy
Radhanagore, Bengal, British India
Stapleton, Bristol, England, UK
Weight 56 kg
Religion Hinduism
Signature
humanitarian, who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society
under British rule. He is called the "Maker of Modern India" and also as "Father of Modern India". [1] He is also
regarded as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance". He, along with Dwarkanath Tagore and other Bengalis,
founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Indian socio-religious
reform movement during the Bengal Renaissance. His influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public
administration, and education, as well as religion. He is known for his efforts to abolish sati, the Hindu funeral
practice in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre, and child marriage.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
o 1.1 Early life and education (1772–1792)
o 1.5 Personal
2 Religious reforms
o 2.2 Educationist
o 2.3 Journalist
3 Museum
4 Cenotaph
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 References
Biography[edit]
Early life and education (1772–1792)[edit]
Roy was born in a Bengali Hindu family in Visnagar, Hooghly, Bengal (now West Bengal),May 22, 1772,[4] into
the Rarhi Brahmin caste of Sandilya Gotra (family name Bandyopadhyay).[5] His family background displayed
unusual religious diversity; his father Ramkanto Roy was a Vaishnavite, while his mother Tarinidevi was from
a Shaivite family. This was unusual for Vaishanavites did not commonly marry Shaivites at that time. Thus, one
parent wanted him to be a scholar, a sastrin, while the other wanted him to have a career dedicated to
the laukik, which was secular publicadministration.[6] He wandered around the Himalayas and went to Tibet.
During these overlapping periods[when?], Ram Mohan Roy acted as a political agitator and agent,[7] while being
employed by the East India Companyand simultaneously pursuing his vocation as a Pandit.
From 1803 to 1815, Rammohan served the East India Company's "Writing Service", commencing as private
clerk "munshi" to Thomas Woodforde, Registrar of the Appellate Court atMurshidabad,[10] whose distant
nephew, also a Magistrate, later made a living off the spurious Maha Nirvana Tantra under the
pseudonym Arthur Avalon. In 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy formed "Atmiya Sabhan", and spent many
years[when?] at Rangpur and elsewhere with Digby, where he renewed his contacts with Hariharananda. William
Carey had, by this time, settled at Seramporeand the trio renewed their association with one another. William
Carey was also aligned with the English Company, then headquartered at Fort William, and his religious and
political ambitions were increasingly intertwined.
The East India Company was taking money from India at a rate of three million pounds a year in 1838. Ram
Mohan Roy estimated how much money was being driven out of India and where it was headed towards. He
predicted that around half of the total revenue collected in India was sent out to England, leaving India to fill
taxes with the remaining money.[11]
One of the controversial issues that embittered the Bengali community was his stand on European settlement.
He and his followers joined the European mercantile community to push for abolition of restrictions on land
holdings by the Europeans in the mufassal. Even officials of East India Company in addition to a large section
of the Bengali community opposed that. At the end this motion was not approved. [13]
In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy travelled to England from the Khejuri Port, then the sea port of Bengal and is
currently in East Midnapore, West Bengal.[14] He was the first educated Indian to sail to England in 1830. [15] At
the time, Roy was an ambassador of the Mughal emperor Akbar II, who conferred on him the title of Raja to
lobby the British government for the welfare of India and to ensure that the Lord Bentick's regulation banning
the practice of sati was not overturned. Roy also visited France.
Roy died in Britain at Stapleton, Bristol, on 27 September 1833. The cause of his death was meningitis; he was
cremated in Arnos Vale Cemetery in southern Bristol.
At the annual Commemoration for Raja Rammohun Roy on 22 September 2013 at Arnos Vale Cemetery,
Bristol, England, a previously unknown but magnificent miniature ivory portrait bust of Raja Rammohun Roy by
the famous English nineteenth-century ivory carver, Benjamin Cheverton (1796-1876), was unveiled. The
commemoration marked the anniversary of the death of Rammohun Roy, in Bristol in September 1833. This
exceptionally rare and extremely important ivory bust is raised on a Rosso Antico-type marble plinth, the ivory,
including turned socle, 11 cm (4 21/64 inches) high; 18 cm (7 3/32 inches) high overall including marble
plinth.The best and most accurate three-dimensional likeness of Rammohun Roy in existence, this ivory bust
was made by the famous nineteenth-century ivory carver Benjamin Cheverton in London in 1832. It is based on
a bust of Rammohun Roy modelled from the life in London by the eminent sculptor George Clarke in 1832 and
carved in marble by him in 1833. Clarke is the only sculptor to whom Rammohun Roy gave sittings. By use of
his famous sculpture reducing machine, and with the sculptor’s agreement, Cheverton translated the exact
features of Clarke’s bust to this reduced–size ivory replica. Clarke’s bust of Rammohun Roy is un-located,
presumed lost, but a (damaged) plaster cast of it survives in India. [16]
Personal[edit]
Ram Mohan Roy was married two times before his teens . His third wife, Devi Uma, outlived him. [citation needed]
Roy's political background influenced his social and religious to reforms of Hinduism. He wrote: "The present
system of Hindus [sic] is not well calculated to promote their political interests…. It is necessary that some
change should take place in their religion, at least for the sake of their political advantage and social
comfort."[17]
Rammohan Roy's experience working with the British government taught him that Hindu traditions were often
not respected or thought as credible by Western standards; this affected his religious reforms. He wanted
to legitimize Hindu traditions to his European acquaintances by proving that "superstitious practices which
deform the Hindu [sic] religion have nothing to do with the pure spirit of its dictates! [sic]"[18] The "superstitious
practices" Rammohan Roy objected included sati, caste rigidity, polygamy and child marriages.[19]
Religious reforms[edit]
The religious reforms of Roy contained in beliefs of the Brahmo Samaj expounded by Rajnarayan
Basu[20] are: Brahmos believe that the fundamental doctrines of Brahmoism are at the basis of every religion,
followed by man; Brahmos believe in the existence of One Supreme God, and worship Him alone. Brahmos
believe that worship of Him needs no fixed place or time.
Roy's political background influenced his social and religious to reforms of Hinduism. He wrote: "The present
system of Hindus [sic] is not well calculated to promote their political interests…. It is necessary that some
change should take place in their religion, at least for the sake of their political advantage and social
comfort."[17]
Rammohan Roy's experience working with the British government taught him that Hindu traditions were often
not respected or thought as credible by Western standards; this affected his religious reforms. He wanted
to legitimize Hindu traditions to his European acquaintances by proving that "superstitious practices which
deform the Hindu [sic] religion have nothing to do with the pure spirit of its dictates! [sic]"[21] The "superstitious
practices" Rammohan Roy objected included sati, caste rigidity, polygamy and child marriages.[19] These
practices were often the reasons British officials claimed moral superiority over the Indian nation. Ram Mohan
Roy's ideas of religion sought to create a fair and just society by implementing humanitarian practices similar to
Christian ideals and thus legitimize Hinduism in the modern world.
Educationist[edit]
Roy believed education to be an implement for social reform. In 1817, in collaboration with David Hare, he set
up the Hindu College at Calcutta. In 1822, Roy founded the Anglo-Hindu school, followed four years later by
the Vedanta College, where he insisted that his teachings of monotheistic doctrines be incorporated with
"modern, western curriculum"; Vedanta College offered courses as a synthesis of Western and Indian learning.
[22]
In 1830, he helped Alexander Duff in establishing the General Assembly's Institution, by providing him the
venue vacated by Brahma Sabha and getting the first batch of students. Roy supported induction of western
learning into Indian education. He advocated the study of English, science, western medicine and technology.
He spent his money on a college to promote these studies.
Journalist[edit]
Roy published magazines in English, Hindi, Persian, and Bengali. He published Brahmonical Magazine in
English in 1821. One notable magazine of his was the Sambad Kaumudi, published in 1821. In 1822, Ram
Mohan published Mirat-ul-Akbar in Persian language.
Brahmonical Magazine ceased to exist after publication of few [weasel words] issues. But Sambad Kaumudi, a news
weekly, covered topics such as freedom of press, induction of Indians into high ranks of service and separation
of the executive and judiciary. Sambad Kaumudi became bi-weekly in January 1830 and continued for 33
years.
He published newspaper to register his protest against the introduction of Press Ordinance of 1823. The
ordinance stated that a license from the Governor General in council would be mandatory to publish any
newspaper. When the English Company censored the press, Rammohan composed two memorials against
this in 1829 and 1830 respectively. Being an activist, he steadily opposed social atrocities like Sati and child
marriage.
Museum[edit]
A museum, on the life and times of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, stands on Raja Ram Mohan Sarani (Amherst
Street), Calcutta, India, in a mansion built by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. The museum is elaborate, very well
documented (in English and Bengali), and well illuminated. Lack of air-conditioning in the Exhibition Halls make
a summer visit avoidable. The museum is on the west flank of Amherst Street, very close to the junction of
Amherst and Sookea Streets.
Cenotaph[edit]
The epitaph for Ram Mohan Roy on his cenotaph mentions his full name as Raja Rammohun Roy Bahadoor,
apparently, Rajaand Roy Bahadoor being titles of honor
The tomb was built by Dwarkanath Tagore in 1843, 10 years after Rammohan Roy's death in Bristol on 27 Sep
1833; it is located in the Arnos Vale Cemetery on the outskirts of Bristol. In 1845 Dwarkanath Tagore arranged
for Rammohan's remains to be returned to India through Roy's nephew, who had accompanied Dwarkanath for
this purpose to Britain. Rammohan's relics were cremated near Kolkata on 28 February 1846 by his family. [23]
In September 2006 representatives of the Indian High Commission and the mayor of Kolkata came to Bristol to
mark the anniversary of Ram Mohan Roy's death. During the ceremony Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women
sang Sanskrit prayers of thanks.[24] Following this visit the Mayor of Kolkata,Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya,
decided to raise funds to restore the cenotaph, and in June 2007 businessman Aditya Poddar donated £50,000
towards the restoration.[25] In June 2008 the Arnos Vale restorers confirmed that they could not locate Roy's
remains at the site after searching for it by digging. Thebrahmosamaj.net stated, "To everyone`s surprise the
coffin was not to be seen under the chattri." [26]
Further reading[edit]
Ram Mohan Roy, The English Works of Raja Rammohun Roy (1906)
Adi Dharm
Brahmo
Brahmoism
Brahmo Samaj
jiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?
n_id=190655;http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130929/jsp/calcutta/story_17
401612.jsp#.UkdYTIbUnz5;http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130929/jsp/7d
ays/17404049.jsp
17. ^ Jump up to:a b Gauri Shankar Bhatt, "Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and the
Church-Sect Typology" Review of Religions Research. 10. (1968): 24
2009.
23. Jump up^ page 129-131. Vol. 2: History of the Adi Brahmo Samaj, 1898
(1st edition) publ. by Adi Brahmo Samaj Press, Calcutta
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Bengal Renaissance
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WorldCat
VIAF: 14841412
Authority
LCCN: n80060443
control
GND: 119017725
Categories:
1772 births
1833 deaths
Brahmos
Contemporary Indian philosophers
Deaths from meningitis
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Hindu reformers
Indian reformers
People from Hooghly district
People from Kolkata
People associated with the Bengal Renaissance
Rai Bahadurs
Bengali Hindus
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