Single Phase Induction Motor Classification Based On Starting Method
Single Phase Induction Motor Classification Based On Starting Method
Q: How can you distinguish between the main and auxiliary windings of a single phase split
phase induction motor by examining them without using instruments?
Answer: Main windings will be large in diameter and have less number of turns in order to
𝑙
have less resistance (𝑅𝑎 = 𝜌 ) and more inductance, where as auxiliary windings will be
𝐴𝑎
smaller in diameter comparing the main winding and have large number of turns to have
large resistance and less inductance [1].
Single – Phase Induction Motor Applications
➢ Consequently, the currents flowing in the two windings have reasonable phase difference
( Why?) (25° to 30°) as shown in the phasor diagram. This shifting in current is necessary
for starting torque.
1. When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main
winding carries current Im while the starting winding carries current Is.
2. Since the main winding is made highly inductive where as the starting winding is
highly resistive, the currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase angle of (25° - 30)°.
Consequently, The starting torque is given by the following formula;
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑘 ∗ 𝐼𝑚 ∗ 𝐼𝑎 sin(𝜙)
Where, k is a constant whose magnitude depends upon the design of the motor.
➢ When the motor reaches about (70 – 80) % of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal
switch opens the circuit of the starting winding. The motor then operates as a single-
phase I.M and continues to accelerate till it reaches the full load speed. The full load
speed of the motor is below the synchronous speed and depends upon the load on the
motor.
Explain the Split – Phase I.M Characteristics?
1. The starting characteristics of a capacitor-start I.M are better than those of a split-phase
I.M, both machines possess the same running characteristics because the main windings
are identical.
2. The phase angle between the two currents is about 80° compared to about 25° in a split-
phase IM. Consequently, for the same starting torque, the current in the starting winding
is only about half that in a split-phase motor. Therefore, the starting winding of a
capacitor start I.M heats up less quickly and is well suited to applications involving either
frequent or prolonged starting periods.
3. Capacitor-start I.M are used where high starting torque is required and the starting
period may be longer.
Applications:
(a) Compressors (b) Large fans (c) Water pumps (d) Generally, high inertia loads
The power rating of such motors lies between 120 W and (5-7) kW.
Principle of Operating
3- Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor
➢This motor is identical to a capacitor-start I.M except that starting winding is not opened
after starting, so that both the windings remain connected to the supply when running as well
as at starting periods. Two design options are generally used [1]
(i) first design, a single capacitor C is used for starting and running. This design eliminates the
need of a centrifugal switch and at the same time improves the power factor and
efficiency of the motor.
(ii) second design, two capacitors C1 and C2 are used in the starting winding as shown below:
➢The smaller capacitor C1 required for optimum running conditions is permanently connected
in series with the starting winding. The much larger capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with
C1 for optimum starting and remains in the circuit during starting. The starting capacitor C2 is
disconnected when the motor tends 80 % of synchronous speed. The motor then runs as
single-phase I.M.
What is the Characteristics of Capacitor start – capacitor run induction motor?
Motor configuration
Torque / speed characteristics Circuit diagram
Motor Characteristics:
(i) The starting winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect 2-phase operation at
any load. The motor then produces a constant torque and not a pulsating torque as in other
types of single-phase motors.
(ii) Because of constant torque, the motor is vibration free and it can be used in: (a) healthy
hospitals (b) studios and (c) other places where silence factor is important index.
Academic Example No.1
A 250Watt, 230V, 50Hz capacitor start I.M has the following impedances at standstill.
Main winding, 𝒁𝒎 = 𝟕 + 𝒋𝟓Ω. Auxiliary winding, 𝒁𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝒋𝟓 Ω.
Find the capacitor value be connected in series with the auxiliary windings to attain theoretical maximum starting
torque. Draw the circuit and phasor diagram for this type of machine.
Solution: Let us consider Xc the capacitive reactance to be connected with auxiliary winding at starting portion,
. .. 𝑍𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗 𝑋𝑎 − 𝑋𝑐 = 11.5 + 𝑗 (5 − 𝑋𝑐 ) Ω
𝑍𝑚 = 𝑅𝑚 + 𝑗 𝑋𝑚 = 7 + 𝑗5 = 8.6023 Ω
Now, the current components Ia and Im must have a phase shift difference of 90o. Im will lag the voltage by 35.5376o hence
Ia must lead the voltage by (90o- 35.5376o ) i.e. 53.4624o .
The auxiliary phase angle of Za is,
−1
Φ𝑎 = tan ((5 − 𝑋𝑐 )/11.5) = − 53.4624𝑜
This leads, the phase angle must be negative, hence taken as
) =
tan(−53.4624𝑜 (5 − 𝑋𝑐 )/11.5
−1.34956 = (5 − 𝑋𝑐 )/11.5
. .. 𝑋𝑐 = 20.52 Ω = 1/(2𝜋𝑓𝐶)
. .. 𝐶 = 1/(2𝜋 𝑥 50 𝑥 20.52) = 155.1217 𝜇𝑓
Academic Example No.2
Academic Example No.3
4 - Shaded-Pole Induction Motor
➢ The shaded-pole I.M is very popular for small scale ratings below 0.05 H.P. (~ 40 W) because of its
extremely simple construction and cheap.
➢It has salient poles on the stator excited (energized) by a single-phase supply and a squirrel cage rotor as
shown in figures below.
➢A portion of each pole is surrounded by a short-circuited turn called shading coil ( or shading ring ). [1]
What is the Principle of Operation for Shaded Pole I. M?
➢ The main winding produces a pulsating flux that links with the squirrel cage rotor.
➢ This flux induces a voltage in the shorted winding and absence of centrifugal switch
➢ The induced voltage produces a current in the shorted winding.
➢ This current in the shaded pole generates a flux that opposes in direction to the main flux.
➢ The resultant flux in the un-shaded ( main windings) and shaded parts of the pole will be unequal.
➢ These two fluxes generate an unbalanced rotating field. The field amplitude changes as motor rotates.
➢ This rotating field produces an induced torque, which starts the motor in the direction of the shaded pole.
➢ It may be seen that the motor is self-starting unlike a single-winding, single-phase I.Ms.
1. The features of this motor are extremely simple construction and absence of centrifugal switch.
2. The starting torque is small, but sufficient for fans and other household equipment that needs a small
starting torque.
3. The motor efficiency is poor, but low cost.
4. Since small starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these motors are only suitable for
low power applications e.g., to drive:
Applications : (a) small and desk fans (b) toys (c) hair driers.
References:
[1] https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/single-phase-induction-motor/
[2] COLLINS, E.R., PUTTGEN, H.B., and SYLE, W.E.'Single-Phase Induction Motor Adjustable Speed Drive: Drive Phase Angle Control Of the
Auxiliary Winding Supply'. IEEE® Industrial Application Society annual meeting conference records, pp.246-252