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    Classification of Economic: DR S e e

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    kishan kumar
    This document discusses various schemes for classifying economic mineral deposits based on their origin and formation processes. It describes six important historical classification schemes from the early 20th century and their focus on factors like igneous/sedimentary origin, vein formation, residual or placer deposits. It highlights Bateman's proposed classification as the most useful for economic geology and mining, categorizing deposits based on their forming geological process like magmatic concentration, sublimation, contact metamorphism, hydrothermal processes, or sedimentation.

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    Classification of Economic: DR S e e

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    kishan kumar
    30 views2 pages
    This document discusses various schemes for classifying economic mineral deposits based on their origin and formation processes. It describes six important historical classification schemes from the early 20th century and their focus on factors like igneous/sedimentary origin, vein formation, residual or placer deposits. It highlights Bateman's proposed classification as the most useful for economic geology and mining, categorizing deposits based on their forming geological process like magmatic concentration, sublimation, contact metamorphism, hydrothermal processes, or sedimentation.

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    Dpt. 1a

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    This document discusses various schemes for classifying economic mineral deposits based on their origin and formation processes. It describes six important historical classification schemes from the early 20th century and their focus on factors like igneous/sedimentary origin, vein formation, residual or placer deposits. It highlights Bateman's proposed classification as the most useful for economic geology and mining, categorizing deposits based on their forming geological process like magmatic concentration, sublimation, contact metamorphism, hydrothermal processes, or sedimentation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views2 pages

    Classification of Economic: DR S e e

    Uploaded by

    kishan kumar
    This document discusses various schemes for classifying economic mineral deposits based on their origin and formation processes. It describes six important historical classification schemes from the early 20th century and their focus on factors like igneous/sedimentary origin, vein formation, residual or placer deposits. It highlights Bateman's proposed classification as the most useful for economic geology and mining, categorizing deposits based on their forming geological process like magmatic concentration, sublimation, contact metamorphism, hydrothermal processes, or sedimentation.

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    of 2

    Banaras Hindu University

    Departmen t o f Geology Centre o f Ad vanced Study, In s titute of Scie nce, Varana s i - 221005, Indi a

    Dr Di11 e\ h Po ndll, ( M. Sc Semest er- // · Or e Geology, Co urse No GLM-205, Th eo ry)

    Classification of Economic Ore Deposits


    ..;v, '1lM11,n of on, O~pos1 ts ,s an attempt to ,, rr,in gc rela ted s ubi ects in logical o rd e r o r seque nc e and thu s help
    clant} .1 d1vcr~c ,1sscmblage_ This 1s the cas e wi th classification of min e ra l depo sits . which co nsis t of s ubs tances that
    ·:ary grea tly in metal and mineral conten L and ,n form . size, mode of origin, and economi c va lues .
    S, H•ral ;,;"0 i::-,r.s Jttempte<l tc da...<.s,fy e<onom1c mmeral deposlt:s based upon ongin and genetic processes since the begin ning of
    : ·,u, · , 1•· o:r,:,,,-1 V.inou5, ,r.iporunt scheme of classiflcat1on are discussed as follows
    f~ci( I '1114]. (, J Bergt-at·Ste,zner ( !90 4]. f111J ln·mg (1908). (iv) Lmdgren ( 19 1 l ). (v) Schne1der hohn ( l 'l32) and (v1) Bateman's
    Prr !"'lsed C1.1 s1hc ,1:.. r;

    , 8<',_;..:·s Cu,s.s,t ... 3t.r r, { l qQ.;


    p, '!' 1'.'., A S/n~"'nict,,: I '.\ag·,auc Segregation. 2 Sedimentary ores
    B Ep• 6 eneuc I \"ems. 2 Ep1geneuc deposits not veins
    Ii V.,C'1nda,...,. A Re,:duJi B Placers

    Br- rgeat·Stelzr>er s ClaSS1ficat1cn l'104,


    •ll
    I Pl-o : r.-gf: ne A Syngf'neuc I With eruptive rocks, 2 With sedimentary rocks
    B £i;-1geneo-: C..w1tv fillin gs. 2 Replacements
    11 Sl-<r,n:lar. A Rt-s1dudl , B Placers

    ., ,,..,.,g·s Class1f.cat1or. I 908


    I B<:o~.x:h depos:ts A S:mger:e ,c l Igneous. 2. Sedi mentary
    B Ep1gene::ic 1 Ca~1ty fillings, 2 Rep lacements. 3. Contact-metamorph1c deposits
    II D1s1ntegrat10;; deposits A. Mechamcal, B Chemical

    r.•: ) Lindgren·s C1assHicauon (19 11) on the basis of temperatu re and pressure of formation of economic mineral deposits.
    I D~posits ;:,y ~l echamcal Processes
    II D{,p r ts h· ChemJCal Processes
    Prxr:,sses Tempe ra ture ( 0
    () Pre ssure
    -\ · "'. s..:rfacEc waters· I B·, react10ns. 2. Evapo ration 0-70 Medium to hi gh
    B In '1od1es of rocks
    I Concentrations of substances co ntained within rocks
    " By weathenng 0 -1 00 Medium
    ti By ground ·.,-ater 0- 100 Medium
    c By metam orphism 0-400 High
    2 By rnt roduceo substances
    a. Withou t igneous aco1.1ty 0- 100 Medium
    ra J By ascenoin g waters
    ' I J Ep,thermal deposits 50-200 Medium
    ( 2) Mesothermal deposits 200-500+ High
    (3) H}•drothermal deposits 500-600+ High+
    (b) By dtrect igneous emanatio ns
    I (a) Pyrometasomauc de posits 500-800 High+
    fb l Sublimates 100 -600 Low to medium
    I (. In magmas by differentiation
    I l MagmatJC deposits 700-1500 High+
    •. 2. Pegma tites 575+ I Hi gh+ I

    f v) S(J-.neide rh ohn 's Classification (19 32) based o n geneti c processes


    /1. '.I Jgamuc rocks an d o re deposits
    fa ) !rtrus1ve magmatic
    I. Intrusi ve rocks and liq uid magmatic deposi ts
    1-11. Liquid magmatic-pneumatolytic
    II. Pne umatolyt,c: J. Pegmatite veins. 2. Pne umatolytic veins and impregnatio ns. 3. Contact pneumatolytic.
    11-111. Pneumatolyuc -hydrotherma l
    Ill. Hydrotherma l
    (b) Extru sive magmatic
    I. Extrusive -hydrothe rma l
    II. E:<halat1on
    8. Sedi mentary depos1tS: 1. Weathered wne (oxidation and enrichment); 2. Placers. 3. Residual ; 4 . Biochemical -inorgani c:
    5. Salts; 6. Fuels; 7. Descending groundwater deposits
    C. Metam o rphic depos its· 1. Therma l co ntact metamorphism ; 2. Metamo rphic roc ks ; 3. Metam o rphosed ore depo sits;
    4. Rarely forme d metamorphic deposits.

    There ,1re many llm1tation in the above classifi catio n sc hemes a nd m ost o f the ore forming processes are not included.

    Page 1
    Ban a ras Hindu Universi ty
    Depa rtm ent o f Geo logy, Ce ntre of Advanced Study, In sti tute of Scie nce, Varanasi - 22 1005 , In dia

    ( vi ) Bateman 's Proposed Classificatio n is a simp le scheme ba sed 0 11 genetic processes and most use ful for th e stud y o l
    economic geology and mining operato rs.
    Bate man s c assi fi1ca ti o n o min er a Id epos 1ts
    Geolo£ical Process T voe of Deposits Exam ples
    l Magmatic Concentration I. Early Magmatic:
    High T and P A. Disseminated Crysta ll ization Di amond deposits
    B. Seg rega tion Chromite deposits
    C. Inj ection Magn etite depo sits
    II. Late Magmatic.
    A. Resi du al Liquid Segregatio n Magn etite depos its
    B. Resi dual Liquid In jection Magnetit e, Pegmat ites
    C. Immiscib le Liquid Segregatio n PGM Sulphid e deposi ts
    D. Immiscibl e Li quid In jection Go ld , PGM deposits
    z Sublimation (Low T an d P) Sublim ates Sulphur
    3 Contact Metamorphi sm Co ntact Metaso matic Magnetite, Co pper, Go ld
    In t. Low high T and P
    4 Hy drot hermal Processes I. Cav ity Fi lli ng (Ope n Space Deposits)
    T and P conditions fro m low A. Fiss ure Vein s Go ld, Sil ver
    to high B. Shea r -zone deposits Go ld , Silver
    I. Telethermal C. Sto ckworl<s Go ld , Silver
    2 Epith ermal D. Ladd er Vein s Go ld , Silver
    3. Leptoth ermal E. Sa ddl e- r ee fs Gold , Sil ve r
    4. Meso th ermal F. Tension -crack Fillin gs Lea d and Zin c
    5. Hypothermal G. Breccia Fillings:
    6. Xenothermal (3+4+5) a. Vo lca ni c Go ld, Silver
    (1) Cavi ty filling b. Tectonic Zi nc
    c. Co ll apse Co pper, Go ld
    H. So lution Cav ity Fillin gs
    a. Caves and Chann els Lea d and Zi nc
    b. Gas Veins, Lead and Zin c
    I. Pore Spa ce Fillings Co pper
    1- Vesicula r Fillings Co pp er
    (2) Replacem ent II. Repla cement
    Lo w to high T and P A. Ma ss ive Copper
    8. Lod e Fissu r e Go l d
    C. Disse min ated Copper
    5 Sed imen tation ( Lo w T and P) Sedim enta ry Iron , Manganese, Phosp hate
    6 Bacteriogenic Bacteria l products or r edu ction Sulp hur i n sa lt dom es , Mn -nodul es
    7 Submarin e Exhalati ve Submarin e vo lca nic Mn -nod ul es, po ly m eta\lic sulfid es
    volcani sm
    Low to high T and P
    8 Evapor ation Evaporites:
    Low T and P A. Marine Gypsu m, Salt, Potash
    8. Lake Sodium Ca rbonate,
    C. Ground Water Chil e Nitrates
    9 A. Residual Concentration I. Re si dua l Deposits Iro n, M anga nese, Bau xite
    8. Mechan ica l Co ncentratio n I I. Place r Deposits:
    Lo w T and P A. Str ea m Go l d
    B. Beach Go ld
    C. Eluvia l Tin
    D. Eoli an Gold
    10 Surficial Oxida tion and Oxidized Superg ene Sulphid e Copper
    Supergene En richm ent
    Low T and P
    11 Metam orphi sm A. Metamorphos ed Depos its Copper , Lea d, Zinc
    Int. to high T and P B. Metamorphic Depo si ts Gr ap hite, Asbes to s, T alc,
    Soa pston e, Sill imanite.
    Ga rn et

    Reference Books:
    1. l ense, M.L. and Batem an, A.M. (1981): Economic Min er al Deposi ts, Jo hn Wil ey a nd Sons .

    *******
    Page 2

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