Pure Math

Topic: Trigonometric functions

Student’s name: _____________________ Date: _____________
Class: _____________

I. The six circular functions.

The circle functions: Suppose θ is an angle plotted in standard position and
A(x , y) is the point on the terminal side of θ which lies on the unit circle. The
circle functions are defined as follows:

 The sine of θ , denoted sin θ, is defined by sin θ= y .

 The cosine of θ , denoted cos θ , is defined by cos θ=x .
y
 The tangent of θ , denoted by tanθ=¿ x , provided x ≠ 0 .

1
 The cosecant of θ , denoted by csc θ=¿ y , provided y ≠ 0.

1
 The secant of θ , denoted by sec θ=¿ x , provided x ≠ 0 .

x
 The cotangent of θ , denoted by cot θ=¿ y , provided y ≠ 0.

These above definitions follows the theorem of reciprocal and quotient identities:
y sinθ
 tanθ=¿ ¿ x = cos θ , provided cos θ ≠ 0; if cos θ=0 then tanθ is undefined.

y cos θ
 cot θ=¿ ¿ x = sinθ , provided sin θ ≠ 0; if sin θ=0 then cot θ is undefined.

1 1
 sec θ=¿ ¿ x = cos θ , provided cos θ ≠ 0; if cos θ=0 then sec θ is undefined.

y 1
 csc θ=¿ ¿ x = sin θ , provided sin θ ≠ 0; if sin θ=0 then csc θ is undefined.

 Tangent and Cotangent values of common angles:

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II. Trigonometric identities and formulas.

1. The even/odd identities.
For all applicable angle θ ,
 sin (−θ ) =−sin θ  cos (−θ )=cos θ  tan (−θ )=−tanθ
 csc (−θ ) =−csc θ  sec (−θ )=sec θ  cot (−θ ) =−cot θ
2. Sum and difference identities.
a) For sine,cosine and tangent function.
 cos ( α ± β )=cos(α )× cos(β )∓sin (α )× sin( β )
 sin ( α ± β )=sin( α )× cos( β) ±sin (β)×cos (α )
tan ( α ) ± tan ( β )
 tan ( α ± β )=¿
1∓ tan ( α ) × tan ( β )
b) Cofunction identites.

 sin( π2 −θ )=cos θ  sec ( π2 −θ )=csc θ  tan ( π2 −θ )=cot θ

π π π
 cos ( −θ ) =sin θ  csc ( −θ )=sec θ  cot ( −θ )=tan θ
2 2 2

3. Double angle identities.

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Using the sum identities, in the case where α =β , we let θ=α =β to attain the
double angle identities in the following theorem:
For all applicable angles θ ,
cos 2 ( θ )−sin2 ( θ )
 sin ( 2 θ )=2 sin(θ)cos(θ) 
{
cos ( 2 θ )= 2 cos 2 ( θ ) −1
1−2 sin2 ( θ )
 tan ( 2 θ )=
2 tan(θ)
1−tan 2 ( θ )

4. Power reduction and half angle formulas

The double angle identities allowed us to write cos ( 2 θ ) as powers of sine
and/or cosine. In calculus, we have occation to do the reserve, that is,
reduce the power of sine and cosine.
For all angles θ ,
1−cos(2 θ) 1+ cos(2 θ)
 sin2 (θ)=  cos 2 (θ)=
2 2

We can apply the power reduction formula to cos

2
( θ2 ) to obtain a half angle
formula for sine, cosine and tangent:
For all applicable angles θ ,

 sin ( θ2 )=± √ 1−cos2 ( θ )  cos ( θ2 )=± √ 1+cos2 (θ )  tan ( θ2 )=± √ 1−cos (θ)
1+ cos ( θ )
where the choice of ± dpends on the quadrant in which the termianl side of
θ
lies.
2
5. Product to sum and sum to product.
The Product to Sum identities are easily verified by expanding each of RHS
in arccordance with Sum and Difference idntities.
For all angles α and β ,
1
 sin ( α ) sin ( β )=
2
[ cos ( α−β ) −cos ( α + β ) ]
1
 cos (α )cos ( β )=
2
[ cos ( α −β ) +cos ( α + β ) ]

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1
 sin( α )cos ( β )=
2
[ sin ( α −β ) +sin ( α + β ) ]

Realate to the Product to Sum formulas are the Sum to Product formulas.
For all angles α and β ,
 ( α ±2 β )cos ( α ∓2 β )
sin ( α ) ± sin ( β )=2 sin

α+β α−β
cos ( α ) +cos ( β )=2 cos (
2 )
cos (
2 )


α+β α −β
cos ( α )−cos ( β )=−2 sin (
2 ) ( 2 )
 sin

Example 1: Simplify the following trigonometric expressions:

sin 4 x−cos 4 x sec x sin 2 x
a. cot x sin x b. c.
sin 2 x−cos 2 x 1+ sec x
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Example 2: Prove the following trigonometric identities:
a. cos 2 θ+3 sin 2 θ=3−2 cos 2 θ . b. sec 2 θ−sin2 θ=tan 2 θ+ cos2 θ.
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Simplify trigonometric expressions:

a. tan3 x csc 3 x . b. sec x cos x−cos 2 x . c. cos y [ tan 2 y−sec 2 y ]
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Simplify trigonometric expressions:

a. sin x +sin x cot 2 x . b. tan 4 x+ 2 tan2 x +1.
π
c. √ 4−4 sin2 x for ≤ x≤ π.
2
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Prove trigonometric equalities:

a. ( 1−sin x ) ( 1+ csc x )=cos x cot x . b. cot 2 x+ tan x=csc 2 x .
2 2 2 2
c. tan x−sin x=tan x sin x .
d. sin 3 x+ cos 3 x=( cos x−sin x ) (1+ 4 cos x sin x ) .
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Show that that value of A and B are equal for all values of angle θ , given that:
1 1 1−sin (2θ)
A=¿
2
tanθ−¿
2 and B=¿
sin(2 θ)−cos ( 2 θ )−1
.
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Show your working to prove the equality:

1+cot x tan x+1
=
1−cot x tan x−1
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a. Prove the identity sin 2 x tan x=1−cos 2 x.

b. Use the identity in the part a to calculate the value of
2 π 3π 5π
A=¿ tan + tan 2 + tan 2
12 12 12 .
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5 3
Prove that: sin 6 x +cos6 x=¿ +¿ cos 4 x .
8 8
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Calculate:
A=sin 2 50 ° +sin 2 70°−cos 50° cos 70°.
1 (−188¿¿ °)
B=¿ °
+2 sin2550 ° cos ° ° .
¿
tan 368 2 cos 638 + cos 98
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