Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration 13.1 Newton's Second Law of Motion Kinetics is a branch of dynamics that deals with the relationship between the change in motion of a body and the forces that cause this change, The basis for kinetics is Newton's second law, which states that when an unbalanced force aeis on a particle, the particle will accelerate in the direction of the force with a magnitude that is proportional to the force. This law can be verified experimentally by applying a known unbalanced force F to a particle, and then measuring the acceleration a. Since the force and acceleration are directly proportional, the constant of proportionality, m, may be determined from the ratio m = F/a. This positive scalar m is called the mass of the particle. Being constant during any acceleration, m provides a quantitative measure of the resistance of the particle to a change in its velocity, that is its inertia.108 Charter 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION If the mass of the particle is m, Newton's second law of motion may ‘be written in mathematical form as F= ma ‘The above equation, which is referred to as the equattion of motion, is one of the most important formulations in mechanics.* As previously stated, its validity is based solely on experimental evidence. In 1905, however, Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity and placed limitations on the use of Newton’s second law for describing general particle motion. ‘Through experiments it was proven that dime is not an absolute quantity as assumed by Newton; and as a result, the equation of motion fails to predict the exact behavior of a particle, especially when the particle's speed approaches the speed of light (0.3 Gm/s). Developments of the theory of quantum mechanics by Erwin Schrisdinger and others indicate further that conclusions drawn from using this equation are also invalid When particles are the size of an atom and move elose to one another. For the most part, however, these requirements regarding particle speed and size are not encountered in engineering problems, so their effects will not be considered in this book. Newton's Law of Gravitational Attraction. shortly after formulating his three laws of motion, Newton postulated a law governing the mutual attraction between any two particles. In mathematical form this law can be expressed as 34) where F= force of attraction between the two particles G= universal constant of gravitation; according to experimental evidence G = 66.73(10"") m*/(kg-s*) imsmz= mass of each ofthe two particles distance between the centers of the two particles Since m is constant, we ean abo write F = diva, where my isthe particle's linear ‘momentum. Here the unbalaneed free ating om the particle proportional to the rate of change ofthe particle's linear momentum,18.1. Newton's Secono Law oF Monon 109 In the ease of « particle located at or near the surface of the earth, the only gravitational force having any sizable magnitude is that between the earth and the particle. This force is termed the “weight” and, for our ‘purpose, it will he the only gravitational force considered. From Eq. 13-1, we can develop a general expression for finding the weight W of a particle having a mass m, = m. Let m= M, be the mass of the earth and rthe distance between the earth’s center and the particle. ‘Then, if e = GM,/7, we have W= mg By comparison with F = ma, we term g the acceleration due to gravity. For most engineering calculations gis measured at a point on the surface of the earth at sea level, and ata latitude of 45°, which is considered the “standard location.” Here the values g = 9.81 m/s? = 32.2 fr/s? will be used for calculations. Tn the SI system the mass of the body is specified in kilograms, and the ‘weight must be calculated using the above equation, Fig. 13-La. Thus, W= mg) (¢ = 981 m/s%) (13-2) As a result, a body of mass I kg has @ weight of 9.81 N; a 2-ke body weighs 19.62 N;and so on, In the FPS system the weight of the body is specified in pounds. The ‘mass is measured in slugs, a term derived from “sluggish” which refers to the body’s inertia, It must be calculated, Fig. 13-1, using mh) a= simi) W= mg (N) Stoystem co) m= ¥ up) — aa Zap @=m20/) ss) Therefore, a body weighing 32.2 Ib has a mass of 1 slug; 64.4-1b body has a mass of 2 slugs; and so on, a(n) wavy FPS gstem © Fig BL110 Charree 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION @ cry {ial frame of eterence Fig BS Frectny ince diagram Signa © mss © Fara article: 13.2 The Equation of Motion When more than one force acts on a particle, the resultant force is determined by a vector summation of all the forcessi.e.,Fy = XP. For this ‘more general ease, the equation of motion may be written as (3-4) ‘Ty illustrate application of this equation, consider the particle shown in Fig. 13-24, which has a mass m and is subjected to the action of two forces, F, and Fs. We can graphically account for the magnitude and direction of each force acting on the particle by drawing the particle's ‘free-body diagram, Fig, 13-2b,Since the resultant of these forces produces the vector ma, its magnitude and direction can be represented graphically. fon the kinetic diagram, shown in Fig, 13-2c.* The equal sign written between the diagrams symbolizes the graphical equivalency between the free-body diagram and the kinetic diagram; ie, ¥F = ma In particular, note that if Fy = ZF = 0, then the acceleration is also zero, so that the particle will either remain at rest or move along a straight-line path with constant velocity. Such are the conditions of stare equilibrium, Newton's first law of motion. Inertial Reference Frame. When applying the equation of motion, it is important that the acceleration of the particle be measured With respect to a reference frame that is either fixed or translaces with a constant velocity. In this way. the observer will not accelerate and measurements of the particle's acceleration will be the same from any reference of this type. Such a frame of reference is commonly known as a Newtonian or inertial reference frame, Fig. 13-3 ‘When studying the motions of rockets and satellites, it is justifiable to consider the inertial reference frame as fixed to the stats, whereas dynamics problems concerned with motions on or near the surface of the earth may be solved by using an inertial frame which is assumed fixed to the earth. Even though the earth both rotates about its own axis and revolves about the sun, the aecelerations ereated by these rotations are relatively small and so they can be neglected for most applications, Recall the free buy diagram considers te particle fo be free ofits surrounding supports 1nd show all the forces acting onthe partele The kinetic diagram pertain othe particle's ration as eaused by the fores. "The equation of motion can also be rewriten in the form 3F — ma = 0, The vector red to as hefner force vetor. IF ete in the same way asa “oreo he state of “equlibvivi” created is feterred lo as dynamic equldrtum. Tis method af application, which will not be Used in this LeN, len refered to ab the D'Alenbe principle, aamed after tae French mathematician Jean le Road & Alembert,18.2 The Eauarion oF Monon or We are all familiar with the sensation one feels when sitting in a car that is subjected to a forward acceleration. Often people think this is caused by a “force” which acts on them and tends to push them back in their seats; however, this is not the case. Instead, this sensation oveurs due (o their inertia or the resistance of their mass (o a change in velocity. Consider the passenger who is strapped to the seat of a rocket sled. Provided the sled is at rest or is moving with constant velocity, then no force is exerted on his back as shown om his free-body diagram, eal fh. Atrest or constant velocity ‘When the thrust of the rocket engine causes the sled to accelerate, then the seat upon which he is sitting exerts a force F on him which pushes him forward with the sled. In the photo, notice that the inertia of his head resists this change in motion (acceleration), and so his head moves back against the seat and his face, which is nonrigid, tends to distort backward, Acederation Upon deceleration the force of the seatbelt F’ tends to pull his body to a stop, but his head leaves contact with the back of the seat and his face distorts forward, again due to his inertia or tendency to continue to move forward. No force is pulling him forward, although this is the sensation he receives. 7 Deceleration112 ChapTER 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13.3 Equation of Motion for a System of Particles ‘The equation of motion will now be extended to include a system of particles isolated within an enclosed region in space, as shown in Fig. 13-4a, In particular, there is no restriction in the way the particles are connected. s0 the following analysis applies equally well to the motion of a solid, liquid, or gas system. At the instant considered, the arbitrary -th particle, having a mass m,. is subjected to a system of internal forces and a resultant external force ‘The internal force, represented symbolically as f, is the resultant of all the forces the other particles exert on the ith particle. The resultant ‘external force F, represents, for example, the effect of gravitational, electrical, magnetic, or contact forces between the ith particle and adjacent bodies or particles nor included within the system. ‘The free-body and kinctic diagrams for the ith particle are shown in Fig. 13-4b. Applying the equation of motion, SF = ma; Reh may When the equation of motion is applied to each of the other particles of the system, similar equations will result. And, if all these equations are added together vectorially, we obtain XE) + Sf = Sma, Lon Kinetic Inertial coordinate diagram system « o Fig. 13-419.3 Equaion oF Momion For & System oF PasmicLes ‘The summation of the internal forces, if carried out, will equal zero, since internal forces between any two particles occur in equal but opposite collinear pairs. Consequently, only the sum of the external forces will remain,and therefore the equation of motion, written for the system of, particles, becomes SF, = Sma, (3-5) If re is a position vector which locates the center of mass G of the particles Fig. 13-4a. then by definition of the center of mass.mrg = Xm, where m — Em is the total mass of all the particles. Differentiating this, ‘equation twice with respect to time, assuming that no mass is entering or leaving the system, yields mag, = Ema; Substituting this result into Eq. 13-S, we obtain (3-6) Hence, the sum of the external forces acting on the system of particles is equal to the total mass of the particles times the acceleration of its center ‘of mass G. Since in reality all particles must have a finite size to possess ‘mass, Eq, 13-6 justifies application of the equation of motion to a body that is represented as a single particle vue ‘The equation of motion is based on experimental evidence and is valid only when applied within an inertial frame of reference, ‘The equation of motion states that the unbalanced force on a particle causes it to accelerate. ‘An inertial frame of reference does not rotate, rather its axes, cither translate with constant velocity or are at rest ‘Mass is a property of matter that provides a quantitative measure of its resistance to a change in velocity. It is an absolute quantity and so it does not change from one location to another. ‘Weight is a force that is caused by the earth’s gravitation. Itis not absolute; rather it depends on the altitude of the mass from the cearth’s surtace. 113Charree 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13.4 Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates When a particle moves relative to an inertial x,y,z frame of reference, the forces acting on the particle, as well as its acceleration, can be expressed in terms of their i,j, k components, Fig. 13-5. Applying the equation of motion, we have SF = ma; RAL + SF + SEK = m(ad + a) + 04k) For this equation to be satisfied, the respective ijk components on the left side must equal the corresponding components on the right side isl at Cnogucy we may wit the allowing tes alr eatin 37) In particular, if the particle is constrained to move only in the x-y plane, Fig. 18-5 then the first two of these equations are used to specify the motion. ee eR cuun ne ‘The equations of motion are used to solve problems which require a relationship between the forces acting on a particle and the accelerated motion they cause. Free-Body Diagram. Select the inertial coordinate system, Most often, rectangular or % J, 2 coordinates are chosen to analyze problems for which the particle has rectilinear motion, ‘Once the coordinates are established, draw the patticle’s free~ body diagram. Drawing this diageam is very important since it provides a graphical representation that aecounts for all he forces (2F) which act on the particle, and thereby makes it possible to resolve these forces into their.x, y, z components, ‘The direction and sense of the particle’s acceleration a should also be established. If the sense is unknown, for mathematical ‘convenience assume that the sense of each acceleration component ‘acts in the same direction as is positive inertial coordinate axis, ‘The acceleration may be represented as the ma vector on the kinetie diagram.* Identify the unknowns in the problem. “Is eonvention in this text always tose the kinetic diagram asa graphical aid when eseloping the prools and theory. The particle's aceteration or its components will be ‘shown as blue colored westors near the free-body diagram in the examples18.4 Equarions oF Moron: RecTANGULAR CooRONAres 115 Equations of Motion. + It the forces can be resolved directly from the free-body diagram, apply the equations of motion in their scalar component form, * Ifthe geometry of the problem appears complicated, which often ‘occurs in three dimensions, Cartesian vector analysis ean be used, for the solution ‘© Friction. Ifa moving particle contacts a rough surface, it may be necessary to use the frictional equation, which relates the frictional and normal forces F, and N acting at the surface of contact by using the coefficient of kinetic friction, ie, Fy = su. Remember that F, always acts on the free-body diagram such that it opposes the motion of the particle relative to the surface it contacts If the particle is on the verge of relative motion, then the coefficient of static frietion should be used. ‘© Spring. If the particle is connected to an elastic spring having negligible mass, the spring force F, can be related to the deformation of the spring by the equation F, = ks, Here k is the spring's stiffness measured as a force per unit length, and sis the stretch or compression defined as the difference between the deformed length / and the undeformed length iy, ie.,8 = 1 ~ fy Kinematics. ‘© IF the velocity or position of the particle is to be found, it will be necessary to apply the necessary kinematic equations once the pparticle’s acceleration is determined from 3F = ma, ‘© [acceleration is a function of time, use a = de/dt and » = ds/dr which, when integrated, yield the particle's velocity and position, respectively. IF acceleration isa function of displacement, integrate a dy = v do {o obtain the velocity as a function of position. acceleration is constant, use v = Up + a.t,6 = 5 + vy + da? v= u} + 2ads ~ 50) to determine the velocity or position of the particle. If the problem involves the dependent motion of several particles, use the method outlined in Sec. 12.9 to relate their acceler In all cases, make sure the positive inertial coordinate directions used for writing the kinematic equations are the same as those used for writing the equations of motion: otherwise, simultaneous solution of the equations will result in errors, It the solution for an unknown vector component yields a negative sealar, it indicates that the component acts in the direction opposite to that whieh was assumed.116 ‘Chapter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION @ Ne o, Fig 13-6 ‘The 50-kg erate shown in Fig, 13-64 rests on a horizontal surface for which the coefficient of kinetic friction is yu = 0.3. Ifthe erate is subjected to 2 400-N towing force as shown, determine the velocity of the crate in3 s starting from rest SOLUTION Using the equations of motion, we ean relate the erate’s acceleration to the force causing the motion, The crate’s velocity can then be determined using kinematics, Free-Body Diagram. The weight of the crate is W= mg = ‘50 kg (9.81 m/s") = 490.5 N. As shown in Fig, 13-6, the frictional force has a magnitude F = jz.Ne and acts to the left, since it opposes ‘the motion ofthe crate. The acceleration ais assumed to act horizontally, in the positive x direction. There are two unknowns, namely Neand 4. Equations of Motion. Using the data shown on the free-body diagram, we have AEF, = maj 400 c0s 30° — 0.3Ne = S0a a +TSF, = may; Ne — 490.5 + 400 sin 30° = 0 2 Solving Eq. 2 for Nc, substituting the result into Eq, 1, and solving fora yields Ne = 2905N a= 5.185 m/s Kinematics. Notice that the acceleration is constant,since the app! force P is constant, Since the initial velocity is zero, the velocity of the crate in 3 sis (s) vy + ar = 0+ 5,185(3) Eee ne =a a i - wm. Sf at = & NOTE: We can also use the altemative procedure of drawing the ‘rate’s free-body and kinetic diagrams, Fig. 13-6c, prior to applying, the equations of motion,13.4 Equarions oF MoTiON: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 17 Bu fF A 10-kg projectile is fired vertically upward from the ground, with an initial velocity of 50 m/s, Fig. 13-72. Determine the maximum height to which it will travel if (a) atmospheric resistance is neglected: and (0) atmospheric resistance is measured as F, = (0.010") N, where vis the speed of the projectile at any instant, measured in m/s. SOLUTION In both cases the known force on the projectile can be related to its, acceleration using the equation of motion. Kinematics can then be used to relate the projectile’s acceleration to its position. Part (a) Free-Body Diagram. Asshown in Fig. 13-7b, the projectile’s weight is W = mg = 109.81) = 98.1 N, We will assume the unknown acceleration a acts upward in the positive z direction. Equation of Motion. +1RF, = ma 98.1 = 104, a= 981 m/s? ‘The result indicates that the projectile, like every object having free- flight motion near the carth’s surface, is subjected to a constant downward acceleration of 981 m/s? Kinematics. Initially, = Oand 1p = 50 m/s, and atthe maximum height = = fh, v = 0, Since the acceleration is constant, then oh w= op + ale — %) 0 = GO} + 2-981 — 0) h= 27m Ans. Part b) Free-Body Diagram. Since the force Fp = (0.010")N tends to retard the upward motion of the projectile, it acts downward as shown on the free-body diagram, Fig, 3-7e. Equation of Motion. +TEF = mas 0.010 = 98.1 = 104 a = -(0001e* + 9.81) Kinematics. Here the acceleration is nor constant sinee Fy depends on the velocity. Since a = fv), we can relate @ to position using Cfyads= ody; (0.0010 + 981) de = vdv Separating the variables and integrating, realizing that initially ca ‘uy = 50m/s (positive upward), and at 2 = h, v ~ 0, we have . udu i" We re errrait n= 114m Ans. NOTE: The answer indicates a lower elevation than that obtained in part (a) due to atmospheric resistance or drag. @ ¥ ORIN © Fig. 137118 Charter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION ‘The baggage truck A shown in the photo has a weight of 900 Ib and tows 42550: cart B and a 325-1b cart C. Fora short time the driving frictional force developed at the wheels ofthe truck is F, = (400 Ib, where rs in seconds. If the truck starts from rest, determine its speed in 2 seconds Also, what is the horizontal foree acting on the coupling between the ‘ruck and cart B at this instant? Neglect the size of the truck and carts, 90015 S501b ‘a25ib mT ota he « SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig, 13-84, itis the frictional riving force that gives both the truck and carts an acceleration. Here wwe have considered all three vehicles asa single system. Equation of Motion. Only motion in the horizontal direction has to bbe considered, £3h— mg Ei (ete), 322 a= 0.72561 Kinematics. Since the acceleration isa function of time, the velocity of the truck is obtained using a = dv/dt with the initial condition that vy = Oatr = 0. We have [n= [forsee Diagram, In order to determine the force between the a 03628e| = 1.45 n/s Ans 900 tty ‘truck and cart B, we will consider a free-body diagram of the truck so Wap "amen Oa aan orcas enferea fata Cy staat Fig 26, igi: TF ——_Equation of Motion. When r= 26, then sco 22m: 402)- 7 = (M2)ioras600 T=3a0 Ans NOTE: Try and obtain this same result by considering a free-body Fig. B8 diagram of earts B and Cas a single system.13.4 Eauarions oF MoTiON: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES A smooth 2-kg collar C, shown in Fig. 13-94, is attached to a spring having a stiffness k = 3N/m and an unstretched length of 0.75 m. If the collars released from rest at A, determine its acceleration and the normal foree of the rod on the collar atthe instant y = 1m, SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. The free-body diagram of the collar when it is located at the arbitrary position y is shown in Fig. 13-9. Furthermore, the collar is assumed to be accelerating so that “a” acts, downward in the positive y direction. There are four unknowns, namely, Ney Fy, a,and @, Equations of Motion. SEF, = may =Ne + F,cos8 = 0 a + URE, = mays 19.62 ~ F,sin@ = 2a 2 From Bq, 2 it is seen that the acceleration depends on the magnitude and direction of the spring force, Solution for Ne and a is possible fonee P, and @ are known, ‘The magnitude of the spring foree isa function ofthe stretch sof the peg, tas Fy i, Hove He, uoetrrtcel engine = 8, Fig. 13-94; therefore, s = CB ~ AB= V4? + (0.75)* ~ 0.75, Since k= 3N/mthen 3( Ves OI - 75) 8) From Fig. 13-9a, the angle @ is related to y by trigonometry, tan = 55 Substituting y = 1m into Eqs 3 and 4 yields F, = 1.50N and 6 = 53.1°. Substituting these results into Eqs. | and 2, we obtain Ne = 0.900 Ans a=921m/e} Ans. NOTE: This is not a ease of constant acceleration, since the spring force changes both its magnitude and dircetion as the collar moves. downward © 119120 Charrer 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION XAMPLE |g The 100-kg block A shown in Fig, 13-10d is released from rest. If the ‘masses of the pulleys and the cord are neglected, determine the velocity of the 20-kg block Bin 2s, SOLUTION Free-Body Diagrams. Since the mass ofthe pulleysis neglected, then for pulley C,ma — Oand we can apply SF, ~ 0as shown in Fig. 13-106, ‘The free-body diagrams for blocks A and B are shown in Fig. 13-10e and d, respectively. Notice that for A to remain stationary 7 = 4905 N, ‘whereas for B to remain static T = 196.2.N. Hence A will move down ‘while B moves up. Although thisis the ease, we will assume both Blocks accelerate downward, in the direction of +s, and +sy, ‘The three unknowns are T,a,,and ap. Equations of Motion. Block A, Te +438, = mays 981 — 27 = 100, i) Block B, HIS, = may 196.2 ~ T = 200 2 Kinematics. The necessary third equation is obtained by relating a, 10 ay using a dependent motion analysis, discussed in Sec, 12.9, The ) ‘coordinates s, and spin Fig. 13-10a measure the positions of A and B from the fixed datum. Itis seen that or a deg p= { ree ee tcc al eta eae Differentiating this expression twice with respect one yields BI 2a, = ~ay GB) Notice that when writing Egs 1 to 3, the postive detion was ids atway assumed downward tis very important to be consistent in his @ tssumpion since we ae seeking a smullaneous solution of equations ‘The esultsare , r= 3710N ay = 327 m/e ay = ~654 m/s Hence when block A accelerates downward, block B accelerates upward as expected, Since ay is constant, the velocity of block B in 2 sis thus Gh 1% + aa = 0+ (6542) =13.1 m/s Ans.13.4 Equarions oF MoTiON: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 121 BROW FIS-A. The motor winds in the cable with a constant acceleration, such that the 20-kg crate moves a distance = 6m in 3 s, starting from rest. Determine the tension developed in the eable. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the plane is jy = 0.8 Fd FIS-2, Mi motor M exeris a foree of F = (102 + 100)N ‘on the cable, where sin secands, determine the velocity of the 25-ke crate when = 45. The coefficients of static an kinetic friction between the crate and the plane are j, and , = 0.25, respectively. The erate is initially at rest 2 ra PISA. A spring of stiffness = S00N/m is mounted against the 10-kg block. Ifthe block is subjected to the force ‘of F = 500N, determine its velocity at s = 0.5 m, When = 0, the block is at test and the spring is uncompressed. “The contact surface is smooth. FBS. FIS4. The 2-Mg car is being towed by a winch. I the winch exerts a force of T= 10KKs + 1)N on the cable, ‘where ¢is the displacement ofthe car in meters. determine the speed of the ear when $= 10m, starting from rest Neglect rolling resistance of the car. Sapo ra FIB-S. The spring has a stiffness k= 200N/m and is ‘unstretched when the 25-kg block is at A, Determine the acceleration of the block when s= 04m. The contact surface between the block and the plane is smooth, Fins. FIS-6, Block B rests upon a smooth surface, If the covificients of static and kinetic friction between A and B are py = O4 and jy = 03, respectively, determine the ‘acceleration of each block if P = 6 ib FIM122 13-1, ‘The 64b particle is subjected to the aetion of its eight and forces Fy — (21+6)— 2m}, Fy = (71~ 4) 1a} 1 and Fy = {20} Be where 0 is in seconds Determine the distance the balls from the origin 2salter being released from rst PROBLEMS an Prob. 11 13.2, The 10-Ipblock hasan initial velocity of 10 t/ on the smooth plane. Ifa force F = (2.51) 1b, where fis in seconds, acis on the block for 3 determine the final velocity of the block and the distance the block travels during this time, 13.3. If the coefficient of kinetic fiction between the Ske crate and the ground is j, = 03, determine the distance the erate travels and its velocity when © “The erate starts from rest, and P = 200 N. “134. If the 50-ke crate starts from rest and achieves & velocity of v=4m,/s when it travels a distance of 5 m to the right, determine the magnitude of force P acting on the crate, The cocificient of kinetic friction between the crate and the ground i Probs. 13-374 Charree 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13-5. ‘The waterpark ride consists of an S00: sled ‘which slides from rest down the incline and then into the pool If the Frietional resistance on the incline is F, = 3015, And in the pool for a short distance #, = 80 Ih, determine hhow fast the sled is traveling when s = 5 ft Prob. 18-5 13-6, If P= 400 N and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the S0-kg crate and the inclined plane isu, = 0.25, determine the velocity ofthe erate after it travels 6 m up the plan. The crate starts from rest. 13-7. If the S0kg crate starts from rest and travels a distance of 6 m up the plane in 4 determine the magnitude ‘of force P acting on the erate. The coefficient of kinetic {fiction between the erate and the grounds yy = 0.25. a robs. 13-67713.4 Equarions oF MoTiON: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 123 *13-.8, The speed of the 3500+Ih sports car is plotted over the 30-5 time period, Plot the variation ofthe traction force F nceded to cause the motion, 168) Prob, 138 13.9, The crate has a mass of 80 ky and is being towed by 1 chain which is always directed at 20° from the horizontal as shown. I the magnitude of P is inereased until the erate begins to side, determine the erate’ initial acceleration if the coefficient of static friction is ,— 05 and the coeificient of kinetic friction is uy = 0.3. 13-40, The crate has a mass of 80 ke and is being towed by ‘a chain which is always directed at 20° from the horizontal as shown, Determine the erate’s acecleration in 1 = 2 if the coefficient of static frietion is, = 0.4, the coefficient of kinetic friction is y= 0.3, and the towing force is P = (907) Nywhere isin seconds Probs. 13-9110 13-11. The safe S has a weight of 200 Ib and is supported by the rope and pulley arrangement shown, If the end of the rope is given to a boy B of weight 90 Ib, determine his acceleration ifin the confusion he doesn't let go of the rope. ‘Neglect the mass ofthe pulleys and rape. °13-12, "The boy having a weight of 80 Ib hangs uniformly {om the bar. Determine the force in each of his arms in 1= 2s ifthe bar 6 moving upward with (a) a constant Yelocity of 31/5 and (b) a speed of » = (4) ft/s, where ris in scands, Prob. 1312,124 13413, The bullet of mass mis given a velocity due to gas pressure caused by the burning of powder within the chamber of the gun, Assuming this pressure creates a force cof F= Fy sin (x4) on the bullet, determine the velocity of ‘the bullet at any instant it isin the barrel, What i the bullets ‘maximum velocity? Also, determine the position of the Inulin the harzel asa function of time. z Fl Z| we BAA, The 2Mg truck is traveling at 15 m/s when the brakes ‘on al its wheels ae applied. causing it to skid for a distance of 1m before coming to rest. Determine the constant horizontal Joree developed in the coupling C, and the fictional force developed between the tires of the truck andl the road during this time. The total mass ofthe boat and trailer is1 Mg. Prob. 1-14 13-15. A freight elevator, including is load, has 2 mass of 500 kg It is prevented from rotating by the track and wheels ‘mounted along its sides. When 1 = 2s, the motor M draws in the cable with a speed of 6 m/s measured relative 10 the clevaior. It it starts from rest, determine the constant acceleration of the elevator and the tension in the cable. Neglect the mass of the pulleys, motor, and cables Charree 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13-16, The man pushes on the 60-b crate with a force F. “The force is always directed down at 30° from the horizontal as shown, and ils magnitude is inereased until the crate begins to slide. Determine the crate’s initial acceleration if the coefficient of statie friction is p, = 0.6 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is wy = 0.3. Prob, 13-16 18417. The double inclined plane supports two blocks A and B, each having a weight of 10 Ib. IC the coetficient of Kinetic friction between the blocks and the plane is I, determine the acceleration of each block. Prob. 12-17 13-18, A 40-Tb suitcase slides from rest 20 A dwn the smooth ramp. Determine the point where it strikes the ‘ground at C. How long does it take to go from A to C? 49. velocity down the ramp of v along ABs jy Solve Prob. 13-18 if the suitease has an inital 10 f/s and the coefticiemt Probs. 13-181918.4 Equarions oF Moron: RecTANGULAR CooRONAres "13-20, The 400-kg mine car is hoisted up the incline using the cable and motor M. For a short time, the foree in the cable is F = (32007) N, where sin seconds If the ear has a initial velocity », = 2 m/s when ¢ = 0, determine its velocity when r 13.21. The 400-kg mine car is hoisted up the inline using the cable and motor M. For a short time, the force in the cable is F = (32002) N, where 1 is im seconds. I the car has aninitial velocity », = 2m/sats = Oandr ~ 0, determine the distance it moves up the plane when ¢ = 125 13-28, The winding drum D is drawing in the cable at an accelerated rate of $ m/s", Determine the able tension if the suspended erate has a mass of 800 kg Probs. 13-2021 13-22, Determine the required mass of block A so that when it is released from rest it moves the S-ky block 075 m up along the smooth inclined plane in 1 = Neglect the mass of the pulleys and cords, “13-24. If the motor draws in the cable at a rate of v= (005s) m/s, where s is in meters, determine the tension developed in the exble when s~ 10 m.The erate has a mass of 20 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic frition ‘between the crate and the ground is jy, = 0.2 13-25, If the motor draws in the cable at a rate of (0.054) m/s, where ris in seconds, determine the tension developed in the cable when f= 5s, The crate has a mass of 20 kg and the coefficient of Kinetic friction between the crate and the ground is 4, = 0.2, Prob, 13-2405126 Cuarree 13 13-26, The 2-ka shaft CA passes through a smooth journal ‘bearing at & Initially, che springs. which are coiled loosely around the shaft, are unstretched when no force is applied to the shaft. In this position s = s* = 250 mm and the shaft Js at rest, If @ horizontal force of F = SKN is applied, determine the speed of the shaft atthe instant x ~ 50 mm, 8 = 450 mm. The ends of the springs are attached to the Dearing at B and the caps at Cand A, 13-27, ‘The 30-Ib crate is being hoisted upward with constant aeceleration of ft/s the uniform beam AB has ‘weight of 200, determine the components of reaction at A. Neglect the size and mass of the pulley at B. Hint Fist Find the tension in the cable, then analyze the forces in the ‘beam using statics KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION “13-28, The driver attempts to tow the erate using a rope that has a tensile strength of 200 Ib. If the crate is original fl rest and has a weight of 500 Ih, determine the greatest acceleration it can have if the covifcient of static friction between the crate and the road is 4, = 04, and the ‘coefficient of kinetic friction is 13.29, The force exerted by the motor on the cable is shown in the graph, Determine the velocity of the 200-Ib erate when (258 Pub) aso | 0 Prob. 13.29 13-3,_The force of the motor IY on the eabe is shown in the graph. Determine the velocity ofthe 40-kg crate A when: i) 2300 L passe 109) Prob. 13-3013.4 Equarions oF MoTiON: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 127 13431. ‘The tractor is used to Tift the 150-kg load B with the 24m-long rope, boom, and pulley system, If the tractor travels to the right at a constant speed of 4 m/s, determine the tension in the rope when s, = Sm, When sy = 0. "1R-32. The tractor is used to lift the 150-kg load B with the 24-m-long rope, boom, and pulley system. Ifthe tractor travels to the right with an acceleration of 3 m/s? and has a velocity of 4 m/s at the instants, = Sm, deteemine the tension in the rape at this instant. When sy = 0,59 Probs. 13-3132 13-33. Each ofthe three plates has a mass of 10 kg If the coefficients of statie and kinetic friction at each surface of contact are p, = 0-3and j, ~ 02, respectively, determine the acceleration of each plate when the three horizontal forces are applied, 6n<—f ISN. 13-34. Each ofthe two blocks hasa mass. The coetficient of kinetic friction at all surfaces of contact is ga. Ita horizontal force P moves the bottom block, determine the acceleration of the bottom bloek in each ease © Prob. 13-34 13-88, ‘The conveyor belt is moving at 4 m/s. If the coeificient of static Frietion between the conveyor and the 0-kg package B is 4, = 0.2, determine the shortest time the belt can stop so that the package docs not slide on the belt Prob, 13-35 $13.36. The 2b collar C fits loosely on the smooth shaft If the spring is unstretched when s = 0 and the collar is given a velocity of 15 ft/s, determine the velocity of the collar when s = If128 Charree 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13.37. Cylinder B has a mass m and is hoisted using the cord and pulley system shown, Determine the magnitude of force F as a function of the eylinder’s vertical position y so that when F is applied the eylinder rises with a constant acceleration ay, Neglect the mass of the cord, pulleys, hook and chain —42—| Prob, 13-37 13-38. The conveyor belt delivers each 12-kg erate to the samp at A such that the crate’s speed is v= 2.5 m/s, directed down along the ramp. I the coefficient of kinetic friction between cach crate and the ramp is pe = 0:3, determine the speed at which euch erate slides of the ramp at B. Assume that no tipping occurs Take 9 = 30° 13-39. An electron of mass mis discharged with an initial horizontal velocity of). If itis subjected to Wo fields of foree for which F, ~ Fy and F, =0.3F,, where Fy is constant, determine the equation of the path, and the speed of the ‘electron at any time 13-40, The engine of the van produces a constant driving traction foree F at the wheels as it ascends the slope at a constant velocity v. Determine the acceleration of the van ‘whem it passes point A and bevins to travel on a level road, provided that it maintains the same traction force18.4 Equarions oF Morion: RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 129 LB-41._The 244g collar Cis ee to lide along the smooth shaft AB. Determine the acceleration of collar C if (2) the shaft is fixed from moving. (b) collar A. which is fixed oshalt AB, moves downward at constant velocity along the vertical rod, and (c) collar A is subjected to a downward acceleration of 2m/s*. In all cases, the collar moves in the plane. 1342, The 2-ky collar Cis free to slide along the smooth shalt AB. Determine the acceleration of collar Ci collar A is subjected oan upward acceleration of m/s! Probs, 1341/42 BBA. The coefficient of static friction between the 200-ke erate and the Mat bed of the truck is 4, = 03. Determine the shortest time for the tuck to each a speed ‘of 60 km/h, starting from rest with constant acceleration, so that the erate does not slip. AF Prob. 13-43 "13-44, When the blocks are released, determine their acceleration and the tension of the cable. Negleet the mass of the pulley 10k SURE Prob, 1344 13-48. Ifthe force exerted on cable AB by the motor is 100°") N, where rs in seconds, determine the 50-ke crate’s velocity when 1 = 5. The coefficients of static and Kinetic friction between the erate and the ground are 4, =O and py = 03, respectively. Initially the erate is at rest BW—s Prob, 13-45130 1346, Blocks A and B each have a mass ms, Determine the largest horizontal force P which can be applied to B so that A will not move relative to B All surfaces are smooth, IAAT. Blocks A and B each have a mass me Determine the largest horizontal force P which can be applied to #50 that A will nt slip on B The eoetfiient of static friction between A and Bis u,. Neplect any frietion between B and C. robs. 13-46/47 SABAK. A. parachutist having a mass m opens his parachute from an at-rest positon a a very high altitude If the atmospheric drag resistance is Fy = kv, where k is a constant, determine his velocity when he has fallen for a lime 1. What is his velocity when he lands on the ground? ‘This velocity is referred to a8 the ienninal velocity, which is ound by letting the time ofall —* on. 13-49. The smooth block B of negligible size has'a mass m nd rests on the horizontal plane. I the board AC pushes on the block at an angle @ with a constant acceleration a, determine the velocity of the block along the board and the distance s the black moves along the board as a function of time The block starts [som rest whens = 0.1 = 0. Charter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13-80. A projectile of mass misfired into a liquid at an angle 8 with an initial velocity vp as shown. Ifthe Fiquid lovelops a frictional or drag resistance on the projectile ‘which is proportional to its veloc ‘constant, determine the x and y components ofits position atany instant, Also, what is the maximum distance yo. that ittravels? 13-81. The block A has a mass my and rests on the pan B, ‘whieh has 2 mass yy, Both are supported by a spring having stiffness k that is attached to the bottom of the pan and to the graund. Determine the distance d the pan should be pushed down from the equilibrium position and then released from rest so that separation of the biock will take place from the surface of the pan at the instant the spring becomes unstretched.13.5. Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomares 13.5 Equations of Motion: Normal and Tangential Coordinates ‘When a particle moves along a curved path which is known. the equation fof motion for the particle may be written in the tangential, normal, and ‘binormal directions, Fig. 13-11. Note that there is no motion ofthe particle in the binormal direction, since the particle is constrained to move along, the path, We have SF = ma Fu, + SFu, + Yiu, = ma, + ma, ‘This equation is satisfied provided SF, = may (13-8) | SA =0 Recall that a,(=do/di) represents the time rate of change in the ‘magnitude of velocity. So if 2F, acts in the direction of motion, the particle’s speed will increase, whereas if it acts in the opposite direction, the particle will slow down. Likewise, a, = 0/9) represents the time rate of change in the velocity’s disection. It is caused by SF, which always acts in the positive n direction, ie., toward the path’s center of curvature. From this reason it is often referred to as the centripetal force. ‘The centrifuge is used to subject a passenger toa very large normal acceleration caused by rapid rotation. Realize that this acceleration is caused fy the unbalanced normal force exerted on the passenger by the sea ofthe centrifuge Fig, B11 131132 Cuarree 13 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION ee tek cu ue ne ‘When a problem involves the motion of a particle along a known curved path, normal and tangential coordinates should be considered for the analysis since the acceleration components can be readily formulated, The method for applying the equations of motion, which relate the forees to the acceleration, has been outlined. in the procedure given in Sec. 13.4. Specifically for ,n, b coordinates it may be stated as follows: Free-Body Diagram. ‘© Establish the inertial ¢,n, b coordinate system at the particle and draw the particle's free-body diagram. ‘© The particle’s normal acceleration a, always acts in the positive m direction, ‘© If the tangential acceleration inthe positive ¢ direction. is unknown, assume it act ‘© There is no acceleration in the b direction. ‘© Identify the unknowns in the problem. Equations of Motion. ‘© Apply the equat ns of motion, Eq. 13-8. Kinematics. ‘* Formulate the tangential and normal components of acceleration; ena, = dv /dt or a, = v dv/ds and a, = 0 /o. © Tr the path is defined as y = fla), the radius of curvature at the point where the particle is located can be obtained from B= [1+ las/as 1" /|eby/ds"|13.5. Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomares Determine the banking angle @ for the race track so that the wheels of the racing cars shown in Fig. 13-12« will not have to depend upon friction to prevent any car from siding up or down the track. Assume the cars have negligible size, a mass m, and travel around the eurve of radius p with a constant speed v. SOLUTION Betore looking at the following solution, give some thought as to why it should be solved using tn, 6 coordinates. Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig. 13-12, and as stated in the problem, no frictional force acts on the car, Here No represents the resultant of the ground on all four wheels. Since a, can be calculated, the unknowns are Ne and @, Equations of Motion. Using then, b axes shown, ‘ AXP, = mas Nesin@ = a a) +t3R, = 0: Necos @— mg = 0 e Eliminating N¢ and m from these equations by dividing Eq. 1 by Eq.2, we obtain (6) ans oP NOTE: The result is independent of the mass of the ear. Also, force summation in the tangential direction is of no consequence to the solution, If it were considered, then a, = dv/dr = 0, since the car moves with constant speed. A further analysis of this problem is, discussed in Prob, 21-53. 133134 ae ‘Chapter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION SEER ‘The 3-kg disk D is attached to the end of a cord as shown in Fig. 3-134. ‘The other end of the cord is attached to a ball-and-socket joint located at the center of a platform. Ifthe platform rotates rapidly, is placed on it and released from rest as shown, determine the time it takes for the disk to reach a speed great enough to break the eord. The ‘maximum tension the cord can sustain is 100 N, and the coefficient of kkinetic friction between the disk and the platform is , = 0.1. @ SOLUTION FreeBody Diagram. The frictional force has a magnitude F = iN = 0.1Np and a sense of direction that opposes the relazive ‘motion of the disk with respect to the platform. I ‘gives the disk a tangential component of acceleration causing v to increase, thereby causing T to increase until it reaches 100 N. The Weight of the disk is W = 3(9.81) = 29.43. Since a, can be related to, the unknowns are Np, a,,and v, Equations of Motion. ; © SF, = mays T= (=) aT ZF, = mas O.1Ny = 3a, BF, = 0; Np ~ 2943 = 0 Setting disk needed to break the cord, Solving all the equations, we obtain M = 22.43N 4, = 0981 m/s? tq = 5.77 m/s Kinematics. Since u, is constant, the time needed to break the cord is De = Uy + af 5.77 = 0 + (0981). 89 5 =~ platform is this force that 100 N, Eq, 1 can be solved for the eritical speed 1, of the13.5. Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomares 135 Design of the ski jump shown in the photo requires knowing the type of forces that will be exerted on the skier and her approximate trajectory. If this ease the jump can be approximated by the parabola shown in Fig. 13-I4a, determine the normal force on the 150-4h skier the instant she arrives at the end of the jump, point A, where het Velocity i 65 ft/s. Also, what is her acceleration at this point? SOLUTION ‘Why consider using n,r coordinates to solve this problem? Free-Body Diagram. Since dy/dx = x/100|,-» = 0, the slope at A is horizontal. The free-body diagram of the skier when she is at A is, shown in Fig, 13-14%, Since the path is curved, there are two components of acceleration, a and a,. Since a, can be calculated, the unknowns are a, and Ny Equations of Motion. ae _ 150, esr) HEF mag Ny = 150 = 20 (SE 130 EEF, = may o= a, The radius of curvature p for the path must be determined at point A(O, ~200 ft), Here y = 3px? — 200, dye = apn yds? = 7. 50 that atx = 0, (+ Gdy/axP Ph? U1 + orf? lear] |. Til Substituting this into Eq. 1 and solving for Na, we obtain 00 1 Ny = 347 Ib Ans, Kinematics. From Eq.2, Thus, = 2 _ 6s 2 oa gy 22H ay =a, = 28/8 T Ans NOTE: Apply the equation of motion in the y direction and show that when the skier is in midair her acceleration is 32.2 ft/s" w Wig. 34136 Charter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION aid Res ‘The 60-kg skateboarder in Fig. 13-15a coasts down the circular track. WwW If he starts from rest when @ = 0°, determine the magnitude of the ‘normal reaction the track exerts on him when @ = 60°. Neglect his size 4m for the calculation. SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. ‘The free-body diagram of the skateboarder « ‘when he is at an arbitrary position @ is shown in Fig. 13-15b, At 0 = 60? there are three unknowns, N,,¢,,and a, (0F ¥). wes Equations of Motion. ae A, Nan mis ONO = GOiDe " Kinematics. Since a, is expressed in terms of 6, the equat udo=a,ds must be used to determine the speed of the o skateboarder when @— 60°, Using the geometric relation » =r, where ds=rdd = (4m) d0, Fig. 13-15e, and the initial condition, v= 0x0 =0", wehave, oe [fo [om coaen ie © 2 Fig. 3.15 P= e197 m/e Substituting this result and @ = 60° into Eq, (1), yields N, = 1829.23 = 1.53kN Ans,18.5 Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomuaTEs 137 Hl Pa ULL Wemigs <0) ] te} FIS-7._ The block rests ata distance of 2 m from the center ‘of the platform, [f the coefficient of static friction between the ‘lock and the platform is u, = 0.3, determine the maximum speed which the block can attain before it begins to slip. ‘Assume the angular motion of the disk is lowly increasing. > ria FIB-8. Determine the maximum speed thatthe jeep can travel ‘ovor the crest of the hill and not lose camtat with the road, = 2500 4 Ps F139, _A pilot weighs 150 Ib and is traveling at a constant speed of 120 ft/s. Determine the normal force he exerts on the Seat of the plane when he is upside dawn at A.The loop has a radius of curvature of 400 ft, la 00 FI3-10, The sports ear is traveling along a 30° banked road having a radius of curvature of p = S00 If the coefficient of static friction between the tres and the road is 1, = 02, determine the maximum safe speed so no slipping | ‘occurs, Neglect the siz of the ear. p= 001 Fo FISAL. If the 10-kg ball has a velocity of 3 m/s when itis at the position A, along the vertical path, determine the tension inthe cord and the increase in the speed of the ball at this position Aims = Pisa FI3A2. The motoreycle has a mass of 0S Mg and a negligible size. It passes point A traveling with a speed of 15 m/s, which is increasing at a constant rate of 1.5 m/s". Determine the resultant frictional force exerted by the road ‘on the tees al this insta Fa138 ‘Chapter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION "13-52. A gil, having 2 mass of 15 kg, sits motionless relative to the surface of a horizontal platform at a distance ‘of r=5 m from the platform's center If the angular motion ‘of the platform is slowly increased so that the it's ‘tangential component of acceleration can be neglected, determine the maximum speed which the girl will have ‘before she begins to slip off the platform. The eneffcient of static friction between the girl and the platform is e = 0.2. Pa Prob. 13-52 13-53, The 2g block B and IS-kg cylinder A are connected to light cord that passes through a hole in the center of the smooth table. Ifthe block is given a speed of v = 10m/s, determine the radius rof the ctcular path along which it travels 13-84, The 2-kgblock Band 1S-keevlinder A are connected 10 a light cord that passes through a hole in the eenter of the smooth table. I the block travels along a circular path of radius = 1 Sm, determine the speed of the block. Profs. 13-5354 13-88, The S-kg collar A is sliding around a smooth ‘vertical guide rod. At the instant shown, the speed of the collars m/s, which increasing at 3 my/s? Determine the normal reaction of the guide tod on the collar, and force Pat this instant. Prob, 13-85 “13-86, Cartons having a mass of 5 kg are required to ‘move along the assembly Fine at a constant speed of 8 m/s Determine the smallest radius of curvature, p, for the ‘conveyor so the eartons do not sip. The coefficients of static land kinetic friction between a earton and the conveyor are My = OT and yy = 05, respectively.13.5 Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomuaTes 13-57. The block B, having a mass of 0.2 ky.is attached 10 the vertex A of the right circular cone using light cord. The cone is rotating at a constant angular rate about the = axis such that the block attains a speed of 05 m/s. At this specd, determine the tension in the cord and the reaction which the cone exerts on the black. Neglect the size of the block and the effect of friction. 20min . ——— Prob, 13-87 13-88. ‘The 2-ky spool Sits loosely on the inclined rod for which the coefficient of static friction is p, = 0.2. If the spool is located 0.25 m from A, determine the minimum constant speed the spoo! can have so that it does not slip down the ro. 13-59. The 2-kg spool Sis loosely on the inclined rod for Which the coefficient of static friction is u, = 02. 1f the spool is Iocated 0.25 m from A, determine the maximum constant speed the spool can have so that it does not slip up the rod. robs, 13-58/59 139 13-60, At the instant # = 64, the boy's center of mass G has n downward speed r; = 15 f/s, Determine the rate of ease in his speed and the tension in cach of the two supporting cords of the ving at this instant. The boy has a weight of 60 Ib, Neglect his size and the mass of the seat and cords, 13-61, AL the instant @ = 60%, the boy's center of mass G "momentarily at rest, Determine his speed and the tension in each of the evo supporting cords of the swing when 9 = 90°. The boy has a weight of 60 Ib. Neglect his size and the mass of the seat and cords. Prob. 13-6061 13-62, The 10-1 suitcase slides down the curved ramp for Which the coefficient of kinetic friction is pu = 0.2, If at the instant it reaches point A it has a speed of 5 fl/s determine the normal force on the suitease and the rate of increase ofits speed. y i Prob, 13-62,140 13-463, The 150-19 man lies against the cushion for which the coefficient of static fiction is , = 0.5. Determine the resultant normal and frictional forces the cushion exerts on hhim if due to rotation about the = axis, he has 2 constant speed v= 20fi/s. Neglect the size of the man, Take O= OW 13-64 The 150-16 man lies against the cushion for which the coeticient of static frition is 4, = OS. I he rotates about the zaxis with aconstantspeed » = 30 ft/s, determine the smallest angle # ofthe cushion at which he will begin to Sip off, 13-48, Determine the constant speed of the passengers on the amusement-park ride iit s observed that the supporting cables are directed at = 30” from the vertical. Each chair Including its passenger has 1 mass of 0 kp. Also, what are the components of force in the # f and b directions which the chair exerts on a 50-kg passenger during the motion? ‘Chapter 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13-66, The man hs a mass of 80 ke and sits 3m from the center of the rotating platform, Due to the rotation his speed is increased trom rest by i = O4m/s. If the cocllicient of static friction between his clothes and the platform is , = 0.3, determine the time requived to cause him to sip. Prob, 13-66 13.67. The vehicle is designed to combine the feel of a motoreyele with the comfort and safety of an automobile. I the vehicle is traveling ata constant speed of 80 km/h along. 4 circular curved road of radius 100 m, determine the tilt langle # ofthe vehicle so that only a normal force from the seat aets on the driver, Neglect the size of the driver13.5 Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomuaTes 141 "13-68. The 0.8-Mg car travels over the hill having the shape of parabola, I the driver maintains a constant speed ‘of 9m/s determine both the resultant normal foree and the resultant frictional foree that all the wheels of the eat exert fon the road at the instant it reaches point A. Negleet the size of the ear. 13-69, The O8-Mg car travels over the hill having the shape ofa parabola. When the ear ist point A, itis traveling at 9m/sand increasing its speed at 3 m/s". Determine both the resultant normal force and the resultant frictional force that all the wheels ofthe ear exert on the road at this instant Neglect the size ofthe car 13-70, The package has a weight of 5 Ib and slides down the chute. When it reaches the curved portion AB. itis traveling a8 ft/s (0 = 0°) I'the chute is smooth, determine the speed of the package when it reaches the intermediate point C (9 = 30°) and when it reaches the horizontal plane (@ = 45°. Also,find the normal force on the package at C. Prob, 13-70 13-71. If the ball has a mass of 30 ke and @ speed b= m/s al the instant itis at its lowest point, 0 = 0°, determine the tension in the cord at this instant, Also, {determine the angle # to which the ball swings atthe instant it momentarily stops Neglect the size ofthe ball 13-72, The ball sa mass of30 kg and aspeed » = 4/s atthe instant itis a its lowest point, d= O°. Determine the tension in the cord and the rate at which the balls speed is decreasing a the instant = 20. Neglect the size of the bal. = robs. 13-7172 13-78 Determine the maximum speed st which the car with ‘mass mr cam puss over the top point A of the vertical curved road snd stil maintain contact with the road, IF the car maintains this speed, what is the normal reaction the road ‘exerts on the car when it passes the lowest point Bon the oad? Prob. 13-73 13-74. If the crest of the hill has a radius of curvature p= 2001, determine the maximum constant speed at ‘which the ear can travel over it without leaving the surface of the road. Neglect the size of the ear in the calculation ‘The car has a weight of 3500 Ih Prob, 13-74142 ChapTER 13. KINETICS OF A PARTICLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION 13-5, Bobs A and B of mass mtg and my (m,> my) are —-ABLT7. The skier starts from rest at A(IO m, 0) and connected to an inextensible light string of length 7 that descends the smooth slope, which may be approximated by passes through the smooth ring at CIT bob B moves as aa parabola, Ifshe has a mass of S2 kz. determine the normal conical pendulum such that A is suspended a distance of k _foree the ground exerts on the skier at the instant she from C, determine the angle @ and the speed of bob B. arrives at point B. Negleet the size of the skier. Hint: Use Neglect the sizeof both bobs. the result of Pra. 13-16, m—| L — |» Prob, 13-77 13-78. A spring, having an unstretched length of 2, has ‘one end attached to the 10-10 ball, Determine the angle # of the spring ifthe ball has a speed of 6 f1/s tangent to the horizontal circular path. 212-1, Prov hat ite bloc i eee fom rest at pein 2 ots smooth gah of arbtrey haps te sped Tis hen irnches pt aequalotespedaais sn ‘hon ae esi trgh diane ecw = gh f Prob. 13-7613.5 Equations oF Monion: NORMAL AND TaNGeNTiAL CooRomuaTes 13-79, ‘The airplane, traveling ata constant speed of $0 m/s, is executing a horizontal turn. If the plane is banked at = 15°, when the pilot experiences only @ normal foree on the seat of the plane, determine the radius of curvature p of the turn. Also, what is the normal force of the seat on the pilot i he has-2 mass of 70 kg. Ws Prob, 13-79 13.80, A 5-Mg airplane is Mying at a constant speed of 350 km/h along a horizontal circular path of radius 7 = 300m. Determine the uplift force L acting on the airplane and the banking angle @, Neglect the size of the airplane 13-81. A S-Me aipplane is flying at # constant speed of 350 km/h along a horizontal cicular path. If the banking angle @ = 15°, determine the uplift force L acting on the airplane and the radius r of the circular path, Neglect the size ofthe airplane. robs, 13-8008 13-82. The 800-kg motorbike travels with a constant speed ‘of 8 km/h up the hil Determine the normal force the surface ‘exer omits wheels when it reaches point A. Neglect its size. Prob. 13-82 143 413-83, “The ball has amass nr and is attached 10 the cond of length L The cords ied a the tp 1 a swivel and the balls elven a velocity. Show thatthe angle # which the cord ‘makes with the vera as the ball travels uround the cular path must satisy the equation tan sin 0 = sf. Neglect, Airresstance and the sizeof the ball "13-84. The Sb collar slides on the smooth rod, so that when i is at A ithas a speed of 10/8 I the spring to which itis atached has an unstretched length of 3 ft and a stifiness fof = 10 /tidetermine the normal force on the collar and the magnitude of the zeeleration ofthe collar at this instant.