QUESTION 4

( z − e )( z − e ) = z − ( e
iθ − iθ 2 iθ
+ e−iθ ) z + 1

 eiθ + e − iθ 
= z − 2 2
 z +1
 2 

= z 2 − 2 z cos θ + 1

i ( 2 k −1)π i ( 2 k −1)π
−
( 2n ) for k ∈ {1, 2,3,..., n} .
th 2n 2n
The roots of -1 are e ,e

That is θ=
( 2k − 1) π or −
( 2k − 1) π so that − π < θ ≤ π
2n 2n

Hence for each k we can write :-

 i ( 2 k −1)π
 −
i ( 2 k −1)π
  ( 2k − 1) π 
 z − e 2 n   z − e 2 n  = z − 2 z cos   z +1
2

    2n 

Since z + 1 can be written as the product of its roots and these occur in
2n

conjugate pairs as just shown, we can write:-

 2 n
 ( 2k − 1) π  
z + 1 = ∏  z − 2 z cos 
2n
 + 1
 2 n
k =1    
Part (i)

Putting z = i into the above result with n even we have:-

 n
 ( 2k − 1) π  
i + 1 = ∏  i 2 − 2i cos 
2n
 + 1
 2n
k =1    
  n
 ( 2k − 1) π 
⇒ 2 = ∏  −2i cos   
 2n
k =1   

π 3π 5π  ( 2n − 1) π 
⇒ 2 = ( −2i ) cos
n
cos cos ...cos  
2n 2n 2n  2n 

π 3π 5π  ( 2n − 1) π 
⇒ 2 = ( −2 ) i n cos
n
cos cos ...cos  
2n 2n 2n  2 n 

n
π 3π 5π  ( 2n − 1) π 
⇒ 2 = 2 ( −1) cos n
2 cos cos ...cos  
2n 2n 2n  2n 
3π π 5π  ( 2n − 1) π  n

 = ( −1) 2 2
1− n
⇒ cos cos cos ...cos 
2n 2n 2n  2n 
Part (ii)

When n odd we have:-

n −1 n −1 n −1

2  ( 2k − 1) π   ( 2k − 1) π   ( 2k − 1) π 
2 2 2

∏ cos 
2n
 ∏
= cos 
2n
 ∏
× cos 
2n

k =1   k =1   k =1  
n −1 n −1
2 ( 2k − 1) π    ( 2k − 1) π
2 
= ∏ cos   × ∏  − cos  π − 
k =1  2n  k =1   2n  

n −1 n −1
2 ( 2k − 1) π  
2
π 
= ∏ cos   ∏
× − cos  ( 2 ( n − k ) + 1) 
k =1  2n  k =1   2n 

 n +1 
n n ≠ 
 2 
 ( 2k − 1) π 
= ∏ cos 
2 n

k =1  
 ( 2n )
th
Therefore we are concerned with all the roots of -1 except where:-
π
θ =± that is where z + 1 = 0
2

2
Since we are given the factorization :-

1 + z 2 n = (1 + z 2 )(1 − z 2 + z 4 − ... + z 2 n −2 )

We can write (from our first result) :-

 n +1 
n n ≠ 
 2   2  ( 2k − 1) π  
1 − z 2 + z 4 − ... + z 2 n − 2 = ∏  z − 2 z cos 
2n
 + 1
k =1    

Putting z = −i into this we obtain:-

 n +1 
n n ≠ 
 2    ( 2k − 1) π 
n = 2n −1 ∏  cos 
2n
 
k =1   

n −1
 ( 2k − 1) π 
2
Therefore n 21− n = ∏ cos 2  
k =1  2 n 