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    68 Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab

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    عبدالعزيز الحازمي
    Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic phenomena can be described by four equations, known as Maxwell's Equations. [1] Gauss's law relates electric charge to electric field. [2] Gauss's law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero. [3] Faraday's law of induction shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. [4] Ampere-Maxwell law extends Ampere's law by showing that a magnetic field is produced not only by conduction current but also by a changing electric field.

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    68 Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab

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    Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic phenomena can be described by four equations, known as Maxwell's Equations. [1] Gauss's law relates electric charge to electric field. [2] Gauss's law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero. [3] Faraday's law of induction shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. [4] Ampere-Maxwell law extends Ampere's law by showing that a magnetic field is produced not only by conduction current but also by a changing electric field.

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    Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic phenomena can be described by four equations, known as Maxwell's Equations. [1] Gauss's law relates electric charge to electric field. [2] Gauss's law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero. [3] Faraday's law of induction shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. [4] Ampere-Maxwell law extends Ampere's law by showing that a magnetic field is produced not only by conduction current but also by a changing electric field.

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    31 views4 pages

    68 Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab

    Uploaded by

    عبدالعزيز الحازمي
    Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic phenomena can be described by four equations, known as Maxwell's Equations. [1] Gauss's law relates electric charge to electric field. [2] Gauss's law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero. [3] Faraday's law of induction shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. [4] Ampere-Maxwell law extends Ampere's law by showing that a magnetic field is produced not only by conduction current but also by a changing electric field.

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    of 4

    68

    Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab


     Maxwell showed that all electric and magnetic phenomena could be
    described using only four equations involving electric and magnetic fields.
    These equations, known as Maxwell’s Equations, are the basic and
    fundamental equations for all electromagnetism.

    Maxwell’s Equations:
    [1]-Gauss’s law for electricity:

    𝒒 ((Means electric charge produces


    𝑬. 𝒅𝑨 = electric field)).
    𝜺𝒐
    [2]- Gauss’s law for magnetism:

    ((Means the net magnetic flux through


    𝑩. 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎 any closed surface is always zero; the
    magnetic field is a dipole field))

    [3]- Faraday’s law of induction: net magnetic


    field equals zero)).

    −𝒅𝚽𝐁 ((Means an electric field is produced by


    𝑬. 𝒅𝒔 =
    𝒅𝒕 a changing magnetic field)).

    [4]- Ampere-Maxwell law “Ampere’s Law Extended”:

    𝒅𝚽𝐄
    𝑩. 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 + 𝝁𝒐 𝜺𝒐
    𝒅𝒕

    ((Means magnetic field produced by conduction


    current as well as changing electric field with time))

    69
    Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab
    1-Explanation of symbols:

    𝑬: electric field vector, 𝑩: magnetic field vector,

    𝒒: electric charge, 𝑰 : electric current,

    𝒅𝑨: small element of area, 𝒅𝒔: short segment of a chosen path,

    𝚽𝐄 : electric flux, 𝚽𝐁 : magnetic flux,

    𝒄: speed of light, : 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍.

    𝜺𝒐 : permittivity of free space 𝝁𝒐 : permeability of free space


    for electric field, for magnetic field,

    𝒕: refers to time.

    2-What is the meaning of flux?

    Example1 “Electric Flux 𝚽𝐄 ” Area A

    Electric Flux: Electric field passing


    through a given area;

    𝚽𝐄 = 𝐄⊥ 𝐀

    𝐄⊥ : the component of 𝑬 perpendicular to the area A.

    70
    Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab
    I-Ampere’s Law:

    𝑩. 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰

    ((Means magnetic field produced by conduction


    current))

    Ampere’s law does not give the general idea of producing the magnetic field, so
    that, Maxwell developed Ampere’s Law above. Maxwell argued that: Changing
    electric field will produce a magnetic field, and states the “Extended Form of
    Ampere’s Law” as follows:

    II- Extended Form of Ampere’s Law:

    ((Magnetic field produced by


    conduction current or by changing
    electric field))

    𝒅𝚽𝐄
    𝑩. 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 + 𝑰𝑫 = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑰 + 𝜺𝒐 )
    𝒅𝒕

    𝑰: ordinary current “the conduction current”.

    𝑰𝑫 : displacement current which is due to the changing of electric field as


    follows:
    𝒅𝚽𝐄
    𝑰𝑫 = 𝜺𝒐
    𝒅𝒕

    Note: For capacitor example above, the displacement current 𝑰𝑫 is equal to the
    conduction current 𝑰.
    71
    Lecture Notes Dr. Ashraf Diab

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