Palindrome

A palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of characters which reads the same backward as
forward, such as madam, racecar. There are also numeric palindromes, including date/time stamps using
short digits 11/11/11 11:11 and long digits 02/02/2020. Sentence-length palindromes may be written when
allowances are made for adjustments to capital letters, punctuation, and word dividers, such as "A man, a
plan, a canal, Panama!".

Composing literature in palindromes is an example of constrained

writing.

The word palindrome was first published by Henry Peacham in his

book, The Truth of Our Times (1638). It is derived from the Greek roots
palin (πάλιν; "again") and dromos (δρóμος; "way, direction"); however,
the Greek language uses a different word, i.e. καρκινικός,[1] to refer to
letter-by-letter reversible writing.
Palindrome ΝΙΨΟΝ
ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ
(Nipson anomemata me monan
Contents opsin, Wash your sins, not only
your face) inscribed in ancient
History Greek upon a holy water font.
Famous palindromes The phrase can be read from left
to right or from right to left.
Types
Characters, words, or lines
Sentences and phrases
Semordnilap
Names
Numbers
Dates
In speech
Classical music
Long palindromes
Biological structures
Computation theory
Notable palindromists
See also
References
Further reading
External links

History
Palindromes date back at least to 79 AD, as a palindrome was found
as a graffito at Herculaneum, a city buried by ash in that year. This
palindrome, called the Sator Square, consists of a sentence written in
Latin: "Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas" ("The sower Arepo holds
with effort the wheels"). It is remarkable for the fact that the first
letters of each word form the first word, the second letters form the
second word, and so forth. Hence, it can be arranged into a word
square that reads in four different ways: horizontally or vertically
from either top left to bottom right or bottom right to top left. As
such, they can be referred to as palindromatic.

A palindrome with the same square property is the Hebrew

palindrome, "We explained the glutton who is in the honey was The Sator Square.
burned and incinerated",
(‫ ;פרשנו רעבתן שבדבש נתבער ונשרף‬perashnu:
ra`avtan shebad'vash nitba`er venisraf), credited to Abraham ibn Ezra in 1924,[2] and referring to the
halachic question as to whether a fly landing in honey makes the honey treif (non-kosher).

The palindromic Latin riddle "In girum imus nocte et consumimur

igni" ("we go in a circle at night and are consumed by fire")
describes the behavior of moths. It is likely that this palindrome is
from medieval rather than ancient times. The second word,
borrowed from Greek, should properly be spelled gyrum.

Byzantine Greeks often inscribed the palindrome, "Wash [thy] sins,

not only [thy] face" ΝΙΨΟΝ ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ
("Nipson anomēmata mē monan opsin", engraving "ps" with the
single Greek letter Ψ, psi), on baptismal fonts; most notably in the
Palindrome on the font at St Martin,
basilica of Hagia Sophia, i.e. of the Holy Wisdom of God, in
Ludgate
Constantinople. A variant, also a palindrome, replaces the plural
ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ("sins") by the singular ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑ ("sin"). This
practice was continued in many churches in Western Europe, such as
the font at St. Mary's Church, Nottingham and also the font of St. Stephen d'Egres, Paris; at St. Menin's
Abbey, Orléans; at Dulwich College; and at the following churches in England: Worlingworth (Suffolk),
Harlow (Essex), Knapton (Norfolk), St Martin, Ludgate (London), and Hadleigh (Suffolk).

In recent history, there have been competitions related to palindromes, such as the 2012 World Palindrome
Championship, set in Brooklyn, USA.[3]

Famous palindromes

Some well-known English palindromes are, "Able was I ere I saw Elba",[4] "A man, a plan, a canal –
Panama",[5][6] "Madam, I'm Adam" and "Never odd or even".

English palindromes of notable length include mathematician Peter Hilton's "Doc, note: I dissent. A fast
never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod"[7] and Scottish poet Alastair Reid's "T. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid
tang emanating, is sad; I'd assign it a name: gnat dirt upset on drab pot toilet."[8]

Types
Characters, words, or lines

The most familiar palindromes in English are character-unit palindromes. The characters read the same
backward as forward. Some examples of palindromic words are redivider, deified, civic, radar, level, rotor,
kayak, reviver, racecar, madam, and refer.

There are also word-unit palindromes in which the unit of reversal is the word ("Is it crazy how saying
sentences backwards creates backwards sentences saying how crazy it is?"). Word-unit palindromes were
made popular in the recreational linguistics community by J. A. Lindon in the 1960s. Occasional examples
in English were created in the 19th century. Several in French and Latin date to the Middle Ages.[9]

There are also line-unit palindromes.[10]

Sentences and phrases

Palindromes often consist of a sentence or phrase, e.g., "Mr. Owl ate

my metal worm", "Do geese see God?", "Was it a car or a cat I
saw?", "Murder for a jar of red rum" or "Go hang a salami, I'm a
lasagna hog". Punctuation, capitalization, and spaces are usually
ignored. Some, such as "Rats live on no evil star", "Live on time,
emit no evil", and "Step on no pets", include the spaces.
Ambigram of the palindrome "Dogma
I am God"
Semordnilap

Semordnilap (palindromes spelled backward) is a name coined for words that spell a different word in
reverse. The word was coined by Martin Gardner in his notes to C.C. Bombaugh's book Oddities and
Curiosities of Words and Literature in 1961.[11]

An example of this is the word stressed, which is desserts spelled backward.

Some semordnilaps are deliberate creations. An example in electronics (although rarely used now) is the
mho, a unit of electrical conductance, which is ohm spelled backwards, the unit of electrical resistance and
the reciprocal of conductance. Similarly, the daraf, a unit of elastance, is farad spelled backwards, the unit of
capacitance and the reciprocal of elastance. In fiction, many characters have names deliberately made to be
semordnilaps of other names or words, such as Alucard (a semordnilap of "Dracula").

Semordnilaps are also known as emordnilaps,[12] word reversals, reversible anagrams,[13]

heteropalindromes, semi-palindromes, half-palindromes, reversgrams, mynoretehs, volvograms, or
anadromes.[14][15][16] They have also sometimes been called antigrams,[14] though this term usually refers to
anagrams which have opposite meanings. As of October 2018, none of these terms have been accepted as
official entries in the Oxford English Dictionary.[17]

Names

Some names are palindromes, such as the given names Hannah, Ava, Anna, Eve, Bob and Otto, or the
surnames Harrah, Renner, Salas, and Nenonen. Lon Nol (1913–1985) was Prime Minister of Cambodia.
Nisio Isin is a Japanese novelist and manga writer, whose pseudonym ( 西 尾 維 新 , Nishio Ishin) is a
palindrome when romanized using the Kunrei-shiki or the Nihon-shiki systems, and is often written as
NisiOisiN to emphasize this. Some people have changed their name in order to make it palindromic (such as
actor Robert Trebor and rock-vocalist Ola Salo), while others were given a palindromic name at birth (such
as the philologist Revilo P. Oliver, the flamenco dancer Sara Baras, and the sportswriter Mark Kram).

There are also palindromic names in fictional media. "Stanley Yelnats" is the name of the main character in
Holes, a 1998 novel and 2003 film. Four of the fictional Pokémon species have palindromic names in
English (Eevee, Girafarig, Ho-Oh, and Alomomola).

The 1970s pop band ABBA is a palindrome using the starting letter of the first name of each of the four
band members.

Numbers

A palindromic number is a number whose digits, with decimal representation usually assumed, are the same
read backward, for example, 91019. They are studied in recreational mathematics where palindromic
numbers with special properties are sought. A palindromic prime is a palindromic number that is a prime
number, for example, 191 and 313.

The continued fraction of √n + ⌊√n⌋ is a repeating palindrome when n is an integer, where essentially, for
any positive x, ⌊x⌋ denotes the integer part of x.

The question of whether Lychrel numbers exist is an unsolved problem in mathematics about whether all
numbers become palindromes when they are continuously reversed and added. For example, 56 is not a
Lychrel number as 56 + 65 = 121, and 121 is a palindrome. The number 59 becomes a palindrome after
three iterations: 59 + 95 = 154; 154 + 451 = 605; 605 + 506 = 1111, so 59 is not a Lychrel number either.
Numbers such as 196 are thought to never become palindromes when this reversal process is carried out and
are therefore suspected to be Lychrel numbers. If a number is not a Lychrel number, it is called a "delayed
palindrome" (56 has a delay of 1 and 59 has a delay of 3). In January 2017 the number
1,999,291,987,030,606,810 was published in OEIS as A281509, and described as "The Largest Known Most
Delayed Palindrome", with a delay of 261. Several smaller 261-delay palindromes were published
separately as A281508.

Remarkably, a 2018 paper has demonstrated that every positive integer can be written as the sum of three
palindromic numbers in every number system with base 5 or greater.[18]

Dates

A day or timestamp is a palindrome when its digits are the same when reversed. Only the digits are
considered in this determination and the component separators (hyphens, slashes, and dots) are ignored.
Short digits may be used as in 11/11/11 11:11 or long digits as in 02/02/2020.

A notable palindrome day is this century's 2 Feb 2020 because this date is a palindrome regardless of the
date format by country (yyyy-mm-dd, dd-mm-yyyy, or mm-dd-yyyy) used in various countries. For this
reason, this date has also been termed as a "Universal Palindrome Day".[19][20] Other universal palindrome
days include, almost a millennium previously, 11/11/1111, the future 12/12/2121, and in a millenia
03/03/3030.[21]

In speech
A phonetic palindrome is a portion of speech that is identical or roughly identical when reversed. It can arise
in context where language is played with, for example in slang dialects like verlan.[22] In French, there is the
phrase une Slave valse nue ("a Slavic woman waltzes naked"), phonemically /yn slav vals ny/.[23] John
Oswald discussed his experience of phonetic palindromes while working on audio tape versions of the cut-
up technique using recorded readings by William S. Burroughs.[24][25] A list of phonetic palindromes
discussed by word puzzle columnist O.V. Michaelsen (Ove Ofteness) include "crew work"/"work crew",
"dry yard", "easy", "Funny enough", "Let Bob tell", "new moon", "selfless", "Sorry, Ross", "Talk, Scott", "to
boot", "top spot" (also an orthographic palindrome), "Y'all lie", "You're caught. Talk, Roy", and "You're
damn mad, Roy".[26]

Classical music

Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 47 in G is nicknamed "the

Palindrome". In the third movement, a minuet and trio, the second
half of the minuet is the same as the first but backwards, the second
half of the ensuing trio similarly reflects the first half, and then the
minuet is repeated.

The interlude from Alban Berg's opera Lulu is a palindrome, as are Center part of palindrome in Alban
sections and pieces, in arch form, by many other composers, Berg's opera Lulu
including James Tenney, and most famously Béla Bartók. George
Crumb also used musical palindrome to text paint the Federico
García Lorca poem "¿Por qué nací?", the first movement of three in his fourth book of Madrigals. Igor
Stravinsky's final composition, The Owl and the Pussy Cat, is a palindrome.[27]

The first movement from Constant Lambert's ballet Horoscope (1938) is entitled "Palindromic Prelude".
Lambert claimed that the theme was dictated to him by the ghost of Bernard van Dieren, who had died in
1936.[28]

British composer Robert Simpson also composed music in the palindrome or based on palindromic themes;
the slow movement of his Symphony No. 2 is a palindrome, as is the slow movement of his String Quartet
No. 1. His hour-long String Quartet No. 9 consists of thirty-two variations and a fugue on a palindromic
theme of Haydn (from the minuet of his Symphony No. 47). All of Simpson's thirty-two variations are
themselves palindromic.

Hin und Zurück ("There and Back": 1927) is an operatic 'sketch' (Op. 45a) in one scene by Paul Hindemith,
with a German libretto by Marcellus Schiffer. It is essentially a dramatic palindrome. Through the first half,
a tragedy unfolds between two lovers, involving jealousy, murder and suicide. Then, in the reversing second
half, this is replayed with the lines sung in reverse order to produce a happy ending.

The music of Anton Webern is often palindromic. Webern, who had studied the music of the Renaissance
composer Heinrich Isaac, was extremely interested in symmetries in music, be they horizontal or vertical.
An example of horizontal or linear symmetry in Webern's music is the first phrase in the second movement
of the symphony, Op. 21. A striking example of vertical symmetry is the second movement of the Piano
Variations, Op. 27, in which Webern arranges every pitch of this dodecaphonic work around the central pitch
axis of A4. From this, each downward reaching interval is replicated exactly in the opposite direction. For
example, a G♯3—13 half-steps down from A4 is replicated as a B♭5—13 half-steps above.

Just as the letters of a verbal palindrome are not reversed, so are the elements of a musical palindrome
usually presented in the same form in both halves. Although these elements are usually single notes,
palindromes may be made using more complex elements. For example, Karlheinz Stockhausen's
composition Mixtur, originally written in 1964, consists of twenty sections, called "moments", which may
be permuted in several different ways, including retrograde presentation, and two versions may be made in a
single program. When the composer revised the work in 2003, he prescribed such a palindromic
performance, with the twenty moments first played in a "forwards" version, and then "backwards". Each
moment, however, is a complex musical unit, and is played in the same direction in each half of the
program.[29] By contrast, Karel Goeyvaerts's 1953 electronic composition, Nummer 5 (met zuivere tonen) is
an exact palindrome: not only does each event in the second half of the piece occur according to an axis of
symmetry at the centre of the work, but each event itself is reversed, so that the note attacks in the first half
become note decays in the second, and vice versa. It is a perfect example of Goeyvaerts's aesthetics, the
perfect example of the imperfection of perfection.[30]

In classical music, a crab canon is a canon in which one line of the melody is reversed in time and pitch
from the other. A large-scale musical palindrome covering more than one movement is called "chiasic",
referring to the cross-shaped Greek letter "χ" (pronounced /ˈkaɪ/.) This is usually a form of reference to the
crucifixion; for example, the Crucifixus movement of Bach's Mass in B minor. The purpose of such
palindromic balancing is to focus the listener on the central movement, much as one would focus on the
center of the cross in the crucifixion. Other examples are found in Bach's cantata BWV 4, Christ lag in
Todes Banden, Handel's Messiah and Fauré's Requiem.[31]

A table canon is a rectangular piece of sheet music intended to be played by two musicians facing each other
across a table with the music between them, with one musician viewing the music upside down compared to
the other. The result is somewhat like two speakers simultaneously reading the Sator Square from opposite
sides, except that it is typically in two-part polyphony rather than in unison.

Long palindromes
The longest palindromic word in the Oxford English Dictionary is the onomatopoeic tattarrattat, coined by
James Joyce in Ulysses (1922) for a knock on the door.[32][33] The Guinness Book of Records gives the title
to detartrated, the preterite and past participle of detartrate, a chemical term meaning to remove tartrates.
Rotavator, a trademarked name for an agricultural machine, is often listed in dictionaries. The term redivider
is used by some writers, but appears to be an invented or derived term—only redivide and redivision appear
in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary. Malayalam, a language of southern India, is of equal length.

In English, two palindromic novels have been published: Satire: Veritas by David Stephens (1980, 58,795
letters), and Dr Awkward & Olson in Oslo by Lawrence Levine (1986, 31,954 words).[34] Another
palindromic English work is a 224-word long poem, "Dammit I'm Mad", written by Demetri Martin.[35]

According to Guinness World Records, the Finnish 19-letter word saippuakivikauppias (a soapstone
vendor), is the world's longest palindromic word in everyday use.[36]

Biological structures
In most genomes or sets of genetic instructions, palindromic motifs are found. The meaning of palindrome
in the context of genetics is slightly different, however, from the definition used for words and sentences.
Since the DNA is formed by two paired strands of nucleotides, and the nucleotides always pair in the same
way (Adenine (A) with Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)), a (single-stranded) sequence of DNA
is said to be a palindrome if it is equal to its complementary sequence read backward. For example, the
sequence ACCTAGGT is palindromic because its complement is TGGATCCA, which is equal to the original
sequence in reverse complement.
A

Palindrome of DNA structure

A: Palindrome, B: Loop, C: Stem

palindromic DNA sequence may form a hairpin. Palindromic motifs are made by the order of the
nucleotides that specify the complex chemicals (proteins) that, as a result of those genetic instructions, the
cell is to produce. They have been specially researched in bacterial chromosomes and in the so-called
Bacterial Interspersed Mosaic Elements (BIMEs) scattered over them. Recently a research genome
sequencing project discovered that many of the bases on the Y-chromosome are arranged as palindromes.[37]
A palindrome structure allows the Y-chromosome to repair itself by bending over at the middle if one side is
damaged.

It is believed that palindromes frequently are also found in proteins,[38][39] but their role in the protein
function is not clearly known. It has recently[40] been suggested that the prevalence existence of
palindromes in peptides might be related to the prevalence of low-complexity regions in proteins, as
palindromes frequently are associated with low-complexity sequences. Their prevalence might also be
related to an alpha helical formation propensity of these sequences,[40] or in formation of proteins/protein
complexes.[41]

Computation theory
In automata theory, a set of all palindromes in a given alphabet is a typical example of a language that is
context-free, but not regular. This means that it is impossible for a computer with a finite amount of memory
to reliably test for palindromes. (For practical purposes with modern computers, this limitation would apply
only to impractically long letter-sequences.)

In addition, the set of palindromes may not be reliably tested by a deterministic pushdown automaton which
also means that they are not LR(k)-parsable or LL(k)-parsable. When reading a palindrome from left-to-
right, it is, in essence, impossible to locate the "middle" until the entire word has been read completely.

It is possible to find the longest palindromic substring of a given input string in linear time.[42][43]

The palindromic density of an infinite word w over an alphabet A is defined to be zero if only finitely many
prefixes are palindromes; otherwise, letting the palindromic prefixes be of lengths nk for k=1,2,... we define
the density to be
Among aperiodic words, the largest possible palindromic density is achieved by the Fibonacci word, which
has density 1/φ, where φ is the Golden ratio.[44]

A palstar is a concatenation of palindromic strings, excluding the trivial one-letter palindromes – otherwise
all strings would be palstars.[42]

Notable palindromists
Dmitry Avaliani
Howard Bergerson
Hugo Brandt Corstius
Simo Frangén and Pasi Heikura (Alivaltiosihteeri)
Velimir Khlebnikov
J. A. Lindon
Leigh Mercer
Mark Saltveit
Su Hui (poet)

See also
Ambigram
Anagram
Anastrophe, different word order
Antimetabole
Backmasking
"Bob" by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Constrained writing
Eodermdrome
I Palindrome I by They Might Be Giants
List of palindromic places
Longest palindromic substring
Mirror writing
Palindroma, a genus of spiders with palindromic species names
Palindromic number
Palindromic polynomial
Pangram
Phonetic palindrome
Yreka, California for the palindromic Yreka Bakery and Yrella Gallery

References
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aks.com/MP3/TTRAKS%20-%20Panama.mp3)
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47/Professor-Peter-Hilton.html). Daily Telegraph. London. 10 November 2010. Retrieved
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Publishing Company: New York), 2005 p124-7
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world-51349158). BBC. 2 Feb 2020.
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Further reading
Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics. Greenwood Periodicals et al., 1968–.
ISSN 0043-7980 (https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0043-7980).
The Palindromist. Palindromist Press, 1996–.
Howard W. Bergerson. Palindromes and Anagrams. Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 978-
0486206646.
Stephen J. Chism. From A to Zotamorf: The Dictionary of Palindromes. Word Ways Press,
1992. ISBN 978-0963515209.
Michael Donner. I Love Me, Vol. I: S. Wordrow's Palindrome Encyclopedia. Algonquin Books,
1996. ISBN 978-1565121096.

External links
"Palindromes" (http://edl.ecml.at/LanguageFun/Palindromes/tabid/3104/language/Default.asp
x). Several languages. European Day of Languages (EDL). "Celebrated Sep 26"

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