Answer Key –PI –CIA 2

PART -A (Each answer 1 mark)

i) A)Dead Weight tester
ii) C) Pirani Gauge
iii) B) Increase Operating Range
iv) D)Ionization Gauge
v) C)Vacuum Pressure
vi) B)Electro-Magnetic Flow Meter
vii) D)Hot Wire Anemometer
viii) B)Positive Displacement meter
ix) A)Eccentric Orifice Plates
x) A)Pitot Static Tube

PART- B

2) Electromagnetic Flow Meter(!M)

Principle: When a flowing conducting fluid is subjected to transverse magnetic field, the
flowing conducting fluid cuts the magnetic field and causes a voltage to be induced. This
induced voltage is proportional to the fluid velocity, that is , flow rate(1M)

(DIAG 3M)

Description(2M)
 A conducting fluid flowing through a non-magnetic and non-conduction pipe, whose
flow rate is to be measured.
  Two electrodes are attached in opposite sides of the pipe carrying the conducting
fluid.
 These electrodes are in contact with the flowing conducting fluid.
 The pipe is surrounded by an electromagnet which produces a magnetic field.
Operation(2M)
This flow meter is based on Faraday’s law of induced voltage which is given as follows
e =BLV
Where
e = Induced voltage(volts)
B = Flux density (Gauss)
L = Length of conductor which is the diameter of the pipe(cm)
V = Average velocity of conductor(fluid) in (cm/sec)
 When the conducting fluid flows through the pipe which is subjected to a magnetic
field , the conducting fluid cuts the magnetic field and due to this a voltage is
induced.
 As the magnetic field is constant , the voltage obtained across the electrodes will be
directly proportional to the average fluid velocity and diameter(length) and hence
becomes a measure of volume flow rate.
Applications(1M)
 Used to measure flow rates of conducting fluids.
 Used to measure flow rates of slurries , corrosive and abrasive fluids.
 Used to measure bidirectional flows by reversing connections which can be done
automatically.
Advantages
 These meters do not cause obstruction to flow and hence cause no pressure drop.
 For measurement , it does not matter whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
 It gives accurate results.
 Its reliability is high , that is ,it gives a standard performance for an elongated
period of time.
 It can handle greasy materials and fluids containing suspended solids.
 The measurement is independent of viscosity , density, temperature and pressure
Limitations
 The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured should satisfy certain conduction
conditions.
 The fluid should full in the pipe to get accurate results.
 Air and gas bubbles in the fluid will cause errors.
 When certain fluids are used ,the electrodes might get coated with scales and this
will affect the output signal . However ,this can be taken care off by cleaning the
electrodes.
 In many cases ,the out put voltage is low and hence it requires amplification.
3) McLeod vacuum gauge
Basic principle(1M)
A known volume gas is compressed to a smaller volume whose final value provides an
indication of the applied pressure.
The gas used must obey boyle’s law given by
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑷𝟏 - Pressure of gas at initial condition(applied pressure)
𝑷𝟐 -Pressure of gas at final condition.
𝑽𝟏 - Volume of gas at initial condition.
𝑽𝟐 - Volume of gas at final condition
Initial condition – Before compression
Final condition - After compression

Note:
A known volume gas (with low pressure)is compressed to a smaller volume (high
pressure),and using result volume and pressure, the initial pressure can be calculated.

(3M)

Description(1M)
 A reference column with a reference capillary tube. The reference capillary tube has
a point called zero reference point .
 This reference column is connected to a bulb and measuring capillary and the place
of connection of the bulb with the reference column is called as cut off point.
 If the mercury level is raised above this point , it will cut off the entry of applied
pressure to the bulb & measuring capillary.
 Below the reference column and bulb , there is a mercury reservoir operated by a
piston.
Operation(3M)
  The pressure to be measured(𝑷𝟏 ) is applied to the top of the reference column of
McLeod gauge as shown if figure.
 The mercury level in the gauge is raised by operating the piston to fill the volume as
shown in figure.
 When this case(condition -1) the applied pressure fills the bulb and the capillary.
 Now again the piston operated so that mercury level in gauge increases. When the
mercury level reaches the cutoff point ,a known volume of gas (𝑽𝟏 ) is trapped in the
bulb and measuring capillary tube.
 The mercury level is further raised by operating the piston so that the trapped gas
in the bulb and capillary tube are compressed.
 This is done until mercury level reaches the zero reference point marked on the
reference capillary(condition - 2)
 In this condition , the volume of gas in the measuring capillary tube is read directly
by scale besides it.
 The difference in height (h) of the measuring capillary and reference capillary
becomes a measure of the volume (𝑽𝟐 ) and pressure 𝑷𝟐 of the trapped gas.
 Now 𝑽𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐, 𝑽𝟐 are known , the applied pressure 𝑷𝟏 can be calculated using Boyle’s
Law given by
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
V- volume of the bulb from the cutoff point up to beginning of the measuring
capillary tube.
a - area of cross section of the measuring capillary tube.
𝒉𝒄 - height of measuring capillary
The initial volume of gas entrapped in the bulb +measuring capillary tube =𝑽𝟏 = V + a𝒉𝒄
When the mercury has been forced upwards to reach the zero reference point in reference
capillary,the final volume of gas = 𝑽𝟐 = ah
h – height of the compressed gas in the measuring capillary tube.
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒂𝒔 (𝑼𝒏𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏)
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 +h
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = (𝑷𝟏 + 𝐡) 𝐚𝐡
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟏 𝐚𝐡 +𝐚𝐡𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑷𝟏 𝐚𝐡 = 𝐚𝐡𝟐
𝒂𝒉𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = (𝑽
𝟏 −𝒂𝒉)
Since ah is very small when compared with 𝑽𝟏
𝒂𝒉𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = thus the applied pressure is calculated using McLeod gauge.
𝑽𝟏
Applications
 Used to measure vacuum pressure (𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓).
Advantages(1M)
 It is independent of gas composition.
 It serves as a reference standard to calibrate other low pressure gauges.
 A linear relationship exists between the applied pressure and ‘h’ .
 No need to apply corrections to the McLeod gauge readings.
Limitations(1M)
 The gas whose pressure is to be measured should obey the boyle’s law.
 Moisture traps must be provided to avoid any considerable vapor in to gauge.
 Cannot give a continuous output.
4a)(i) Types of Pressure Measurement(2M)
 Instrument for measuring low pressures (below 1 mm Hg) – Manometer and low
pressure gauges.
 Instrument for measuring medium and high pressures (between 1 mm Hg to 1000
atmospheres)- bourdon tube and diaphragms.
 Instrument for measuring low vacuum and ultra high vacuum(760 torr to 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 torr
and beyond)pressures – Mcleod,thermal conductivity,ionization gauges.
 Instrument for measuring high pressures (1000 atmospheres and above)- bourdon
tube , diaphragms and electrical resistance pressure gauges.
 Instruments for varying pressure –engine indicator and the CRO
(ii) Gravitational transducers (Dead Weight Tester)[3MD+D2+CP3]

DWT consists of following parts:

 A chamber which is filled with oil free of impurities.
 A piston cylinder combination which fitted above the chamber as shown in figure
 Top portion of the piston which is attached with a platform to carry weights.
 A plunger with a handle has been provided to vary the pressure of oil in the
chamber.
 The pressure gauge to be tested which if fitted at an appropriate place
 It is pressure producing and pressure measuring device.
 It is used to calibrate pressure gauges.
Calibration procedure
Calibration of pressure gauge means introducing an accurately known sample of pressure
to the gauge under test then observing the response of the gauge.
 The valve of the apparatus is closed.
 A known weight is placed on the platform.
 Now by operating the plunger. the fluid pressure is applied to the other side of the
piston until enough force is developed to lift the piston – weight combination.
 When this happens , the piston-weight combination floats freely with in the cylinder
between limit stops.
  In this condition of equilibrium ,the pressure force of fluid is balanced against the
gravitational force of weights plus the friction drag.
PA = Mg+F
𝑴𝒈 + 𝑭
𝐏=
𝑨
P- Pressure
M-Mass (kg)
𝒎
g-Acceleration due to gravity(𝑺𝟐 )
F-Friction drag(N)
A- Equivalent area of piston-cylinder combination (𝒎𝟐 )

 Thus the pressure (P)which caused due to the weights placed on the platform is
calculated.
 After calculating pressure (P) the plunger is released.
 Pressure gauge calibrated is fitted at an appropriate place on the dead weight tester.
 The same known weight which is used to calculate P is placed on the platform.
 Due to this weight, the piston moves downwards and exerts a pressure P on the
fluid.
 Now valve in the apparatus is opened so that the fluid pressure P is transmitted to
the gauge, which makes the gauge indicate a pressure value.
 This pressure value showed by the gauge should be equal to the known input
pressure (P).
 If the gauge indicates some other value other than (P) the gauge is adjusted so that
it reads value equal to P.
 Thus the gauge is calibrated.
4b) Elastic Transducers[D3+EX3M+DATA 4]
Types of BT = C-type, spiral-type, and helical-type.
Diaphragm

Metallic Diaphragm Non-Metallic Diaphragm

Beryllium Copper Quartz
Ni-Span C
Nylon
Inconel
Stainless Steel Teflon
Monel
Buna N rubber
Bellows are usually made from thin-walled seamless tubes pressed hydraulically, or
mechanically roll formed. Wall thicknesses of 0.008 to 0.3 mm are used for instrumentation
purposes. They can be manufactured from beryllium copper, phosphor bronze, Monel,
Inconel and stainless steel.
Theory Explanation =

5.(a) Pitot Tube(Total Pressure Probe) [3MD+2MD+2MOP+1MAPP+1MADV+1MLI]

 A probe is a device used for point pressure measurement in a flowing fluid.
 This point measurement of pressure measurement is done to determine fluid flow
rate.
 The most popular probe is the pitot tube ,which is one of the total pressure probes.
 This pitot tube measures the combined pressure(Static pressure + Impact pressure).
 The pitot tube has one impact opening and eight static openings as shown in figure.
 The impact opening is provided to sense impact pressure and static openings are
provided to sense static pressure.

Operation
 The pitot tube is introduced in the fluid flow area where point pressure details is
required(which is an indirect measure of flow rate).
 The pressure in the outer tube is the static pressure in the line.
 The total pressure in the inner tube is greater than static pressure.
 Here total pressure is the static pressure plus impact pressure.
 The differential pressure (𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒔 ) is measured using differential pressure sensor.
This differential pressure becomes a measure of flow rate at that point where the pitot tube
is present in the flowing fluid
Applications
 Pitot tubes are extensively used in laboratories to measure velocity , pressure and
flow rates of fluids.
Advantages
 Causes no pressure loss in the flowing fluid.
 Cost less and very easy to install.
Limitations
 It is difficult to obtain proper alignment of the pitot tube with the flowing direction.
 Cannot be used in fluids with suspended solids and impurities.
 The fluid velocity should be high in order to get a measurable pressure difference.
5b) HOT WIRE ANEMOMETER(THERMAL METHOD)[D4M+1MP+OPERATION5M]
Basic Principle
 When an electrically heated wire is placed in a flowing gas stream , heat is
transferred from the wire to the gas and hence the temperature of the wire reduces ,
and due to this , the resistance of the wire changes.
 This change in resistance of the wire becomes a measure of flow rate.

Description
 Conducting wires placed in a ceramic body.
 Leads are taken from the conducting wires and they are connected to one of the
limbs of wheat stone bridge to enable the measurement of change in resistance of the
wire.
There are two methods of measuring flow rate using anemometer-bridge combination
namely
 Constant Current Method
 Constant Temperature Method
  CCM diagram shown in 21.11.The anemometer is kept in the flowing gas stream to
measure flow rate.
 A constant current is passed through the sensing wire. That is ,the voltage across the
bridge circuit is kept constant,that is not varied.
 Due to the gas flow, heat transfer takes place from the sensing wire to the flowing
gas and hence the temperature of the sensing wire reduces causing a change in the
resistance of the sensing wire.(The change in resistance becomes a measure of flow
rate).
 Due to this , the galvanometer which is initially at zero position deflects and this
deflection of the galvanometer become a measure of flow rate of the gas when
calibrated.

 CTM diagram shown in 21.12.The anemometer is kept in the flowing gas stream to
measure flow rate.
 A current is initially passed through the wire.
 Due to the gas flow , heat transfer takes place from sensing wire to the flowing gas
and this tend to change the temperature and hence the resistance of the wire.
 The principle in this method is to maintain the temperature and resistance of the
sensing wire at a constant level.
 Therefore ,the current through the sensing wire is increased to bring back the
sensing wire to have its initial resistance and temperature.

The electrical current required to bring back the resistance and hence the temperature of
the wire to its initial condition becomes measure of flow rate of the gas when calibrated
Application
In research applications, they are extensively used to study varying flow conditions